GOU VPO
Russian Economic Academy named after. G.V. Plekhanov
Department of Economic Theory

INDEPENDENT WORK (ESSAY)
In the discipline "Macroeconomics" on the topic:

"Problems of macroeconomics: unemployment"

Performed
StudentGroup No. 32-04
Fedorova T.V.
Scientific adviser:
Lonskaya G.M.

Moscow 2008
ContentsIntroduction……………………………………………………………………………….…..3

Unemployment……………………………………………………………………...4

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………11

List of used literature…………………………………………..12

Introduction

The sphere of labor is an important and multifaceted area of ​​the economic and social life of society. It covers both the labor market and its direct use in social production. In the labor market, the cost of labor is assessed, the terms of employment are determined, including the amount of wages, working conditions, the opportunity to receive education, professional growth, job security, etc. The labor market reflects the main trends in the dynamics of employment, its basic structures, that is, in the social division of labor, as well as labor mobility, the scale and dynamics of unemployment.

The transition to market relations currently underway in Russia is associated with great difficulties and the emergence of many socio-economic problems. One of them is the problem of employment, which is inextricably linked with people and their production activities.
Unemployment is a macroeconomic problem that has the most direct and severe impact on every individual. Losing a job for most people means a decline in their standard of living and causes serious psychological trauma. It is therefore not surprising that the problem of unemployment is often the subject of political debate.

UNEMPLOYMENT

An economic condition in which those willing to work are unable to find work at the normal wage rate.
The concept of “full employment” is difficult to define. At first glance, it can be interpreted in the sense that the entire amateur population, that is, 100% of the labor force, has a job. But that's not true. A certain level of unemployment is considered normal, or justified.
The unemployment rate is the percentage of unemployed people in the labor force, which does not include students, pensioners, prisoners, and boys and girls under 16 years of age.
The overall unemployment rate is the percentage of unemployed persons to the total labor force, which includes persons engaged in active military service.

A). Types of unemployment
Frictional unemployment
If a person is given freedom to choose his type of activity and place of work, at any given moment some workers find themselves in a position “between jobs.” Some voluntarily change jobs. Others are looking for new jobs because they were laid off. Still others are temporarily losing their seasonal jobs. And there is a category of workers, especially young people, who are looking for work for the first time. When all these people find a job or return to their old one after a temporary layoff, other “seekers” of work and temporarily laid off workers replace them in the “general pool of unemployed.” Therefore, although specific people left without work for one reason or another replace each other from month to month, this type of unemployment remains.
Economists use the term frictional unemployment (related to seeking or waiting for work) to refer to workers who are looking for work or waiting to get work in the near future. The definition of “frictional” accurately reflects the essence of the phenomenon: the labor market...

Introduction

1. The concept and essence of unemployment

1.1 Main types and subtypes of unemployment

1.2 Causes and features of unemployment in Russia

1.3 Consequences of unemployment

2. Employment: concept, principles and types

2.1 Types of employment

2.2 Factors influencing the dynamics of employment and unemployment

3. State regulation of employment and unemployment

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The relevance of the topic is that unemployment and employment are among the most important macroeconomic problems that have the most direct and strong impact on every person. Losing a job for most people means economic instability and a decline in living standards. Employment reveals one of the most important aspects of human social development, related to the satisfaction of his needs in the world of work. As a socio-economic category of employment, it characterizes the activities of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs.

Unemployment has a negative impact not only on the person who lost his job, but also on the state’s economy, for example, tax revenues to the budget decrease and government spending increases. Also, as economic researchers show, long-term unemployment reduces the level of wages of workers.

Unemployment gives rise not only to economic consequences, but also to serious moral, psychological, social and political problems. An unemployed person loses self-esteem, begins to feel superfluous and unnecessary in society, which negatively affects a person’s moral character, harms his psychological and physical health, undermines the foundations of the family, a person can resort to extreme actions and crimes in order to earn money.

Of course, the processes of employment and unemployment must be regulated by the state, which is why employment policy is carried out. The state supports unemployed citizens through material payments (unemployment benefits) and provides assistance in finding employment.

Any economic system, in order to maintain the desired stability, strives to maintain in the process of its development full employment of the able-bodied population, ensuring, other things being equal, the maximum possible volume of GNP production. Full employment can, it would seem, be interpreted as 100 percent employment of the country's able-bodied population willing to work. However, it is not. A certain level of unemployment in any economic system is considered completely normal and justified.

The purpose of the course work is to characterize unemployment and employment and reveal the mechanism of state regulation of these phenomena.

In connection with this goal, the objectives of the course work are as follows:

Reveal the essence, concept and types of unemployment;

Identify factors contributing to unemployment in Russia;

Explain concepts such as full employment and effective employment;

Consider ways of regulation and decision-making related to eliminating unemployment or reducing its level, as well as studying government policy measures that affect employment.

To write the test, scientific works of such authors as E.N. Chizhova, V.I. Vidyapin were used. A.I., Dobrynina A.I., Gryaznova A.G. and etc.

1. The concept and essence of unemployment

In a market economy, there is always a certain number of people who are unemployed. However, not every person who is not working is considered unemployed. It is obvious that children, the elderly and disabled people do not belong to the working population. People who have some income or simply do not want to work are also not considered unemployed. An unemployed person is a person of working age (from 16 to 60 years old), who does not have a job or any other income, who is looking for a suitable job and is ready to start it.

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon when part of the active population cannot use its labor force. Unemployment means the inability of the state to effectively use one of the most important factors of production - labor.

1.1 Main types and subtypes of unemployment

There are three types of unemployment: natural, forced and cyclical. At the same time, natural unemployment includes subtypes: frictional, voluntary and institutional unemployment.

Natural unemployment finds its manifestation in several forms of its existence: frictional, voluntary, institutional.

Frictional unemployment. It characterizes the process of migration of labor from one enterprise to another in search of a better, more profitable application of their abilities and efforts. This form of unemployment is a natural process of redistribution of labor resources in accordance with the existing structure of jobs. Frictional unemployment is transient. A high level of frictional unemployment due to high staff turnover can cause great losses to society in the form of huge losses of working time.

Voluntary unemployment includes a contingent of unemployed able-bodied people who voluntarily withdraw from work, i.e. he just doesn't want to work.

Institutional unemployment is caused by the functioning of the labor market infrastructure, as well as by factors that distort supply and demand in this market. Relatively large unemployment benefits may lead to longer job search periods, which has a significant impact on labor supply.

The system of ensuring a guaranteed minimum wage, which has a negative impact on the flexibility of the labor market, also has a certain impact on unemployment. On the one hand, a guaranteed minimum wage excludes the possibility of employment at a lower rate, which causes an increase in unemployment. On the other hand, such a minimum has a positive effect on limiting inefficiently operating enterprises, since by setting the minimum acceptable price of labor, the state thereby indirectly sets a lower limit for the profitability of enterprises that should not make a profit by understating the cost of one of the factors of production - labor.

Another type of unemployment is the so-called forced unemployment, which is imposed or dictated by ongoing changes in the territorial distribution of production forces. In accordance with these processes, three forms of forced unemployment are distinguished: technological, structural and regional.

Technological unemployment is associated with technological principles of production functioning that replace each other, the main ones being instrumentalization, mechanization and automation of production. In this very simplified model, the replacement of manual labor with mechanized labor, which is being replaced by automation, is clearly visible.

At the same time, despite the fact that technological unemployment concerns certain industries (and in principle, all production and industries go through this), nevertheless, it causes not only an increase in the level of qualifications of the workforce and the intellectualization of labor, but also shifts in the structure of employment.

At the same time, the very idea of ​​the workplace is radically changing. Thus, the use of personal computers included in integrated communication systems leads to an increase in home employment. This indicates a significant reduction in the cost of fixed capital required to create jobs in the traditional sense (buildings, offices, bureaus). At the same time, information technologies make it possible to modernize the employment service and qualitatively improve the system of information about the state of affairs in the labor market.

Structural unemployment is caused by the release of labor as a result of ongoing changes in the structure of the national economy. In conditions of accelerated Scientific and Technical Progress, large-scale structural changes are taking place in social production, which entail significant changes in the structure of labor force employment.

Regional unemployment is associated with a whole complex of factors of a historical, demographic, cultural, national, and socio-psychological nature. Therefore, when solving this problem, there should be close interaction between local administrative-national-territorial authorities and the central, federal authorities, not excluding interaction with the governments of neighboring states.

A special place in the structure of involuntary unemployment is occupied by hidden unemployment, characterized by underemployment during the working day, working week, month, or year. It also includes that part of the employed workforce that performs a noticeably incomplete amount of work. Hidden unemployment in Russia reached colossal proportions in 1992-1998, which was primarily the result of erroneous policies during the transition to a market economy, which led not to a structural restructuring of the national economy, but to a socio-economic crisis of unprecedented depth in peacetime.

Stagnant unemployment covers that part of the working population that has lost its job, lost the right to receive unemployment benefits, despaired of finding jobs, has already adapted to living on social handouts from society and has lost all interest in active work. It can also be characterized by the lack of finding work in regions affected by economic recession, when even the total number of available jobs is less than the number of unemployed.

Stagnant unemployment is caused by an excess of labor, overpopulation, and covers the most professionally untrained part of the labor force. These are, as a rule, bankrupt entrepreneurs, former housewives, unskilled workers, etc. Such unemployment can last for years.

Cyclical unemployment is of independent significance, which is predetermined by the cyclical nature of social reproduction and occurs at the stage of decline in production or in the phase of economic crisis.

Cyclical unemployment is caused by a decline in production, affects all spheres and sectors of the economy and can exist in hidden (latent) and open forms. The hidden form means a reduction in the working day or week, sending staff on forced leave, or reducing wages. An open form means the dismissal of an employee, complete loss of work and income. With cyclical unemployment, the supply in the labor market is less than the demand that capital places on labor resources. When the overall demand for goods and services in a country decreases, employment declines and unemployment rises. For this reason, cyclical unemployment is sometimes called demand-side unemployment.

Studying the problems of unemployment, economic science came to the conclusion: frictional and structural unemployment are normal phenomena and do not pose a threat to the development of the country. Moreover, without them, development is simply impossible. After all, if all workers are busy, then how can you create new companies or expand the production of goods that are in high demand on the market? In addition, the presence of unemployment makes people fear losing their jobs and encourages them to work more productively and efficiently. From these positions, unemployment can well be called an incentive for better work.

The full employment unemployment rate (the "natural" unemployment rate) is difficult to define precisely and there are several alternative concepts to choose from. One defines the natural rate of unemployment as the level at which wages and inflation caused by rising prices are either stable or at an affordable level. Another defines the natural rate of unemployment as the level at which the number of unfilled jobs equals the number of unemployed people. Still others define it as the level of unemployment at which any increase in aggregate demand does not lead to a further reduction in the number of unemployed. As a variation of the latter definition, the natural rate of unemployment is considered to be one in which unemployment is voluntary (frictional and possibly seasonal) in nature. Finally, the natural rate of unemployment has recently been defined as the level at which the unemployment rate remains constant and both movements into unemployment and the duration of unemployment are normal.

1.2 Causes and features of unemployment in Russia

One of the characteristic features of unemployment registration in Russia is the alarming fact that its duration is increasing.

The most “unemployed” category in our time is young people. Mass unemployment among young people, due to the specific nature of the psyche, the excessive ambitions of newly minted specialists, youthful maximalism and reactivity, is a deep problem. Young professionals are the pride and hope of any developed state, and if this “hope” does not have appropriate social security, the “unplacement” of youth turns into one of the most significant threats to the economic security and social stability of the country.

Big problems for those whose age is approaching retirement, since in our society there is a persistent opinion that they are not so active and are not capable of what is easy for younger workers

Since the emergence of unemployment in Russia, its characteristic feature has been the predominance of women among the unemployed officially registered with the employment service. At the same time, the number of women among the officially registered unemployed is 1.5 times less than among the total number of unemployed. The problem of female unemployment is primarily related to the provision of unequal opportunities for women in hiring and firing. The most difficult situation in the labor market is faced by women with young children, graduates of educational institutions with no work experience, women of pre-retirement age, as well as women with professions in which preference is given to men when hiring. According to the ILO methodology, the proportion of women among the unemployed in September 2010 was was 47.5%, the share of urban residents was 64.2%.

Unemployment of the urban and rural population is characterized by an excess of the unemployment rate among rural residents compared to the unemployment rate among urban residents. In September 2010 this excess was 1.7 times. « see table. 1.1"

"Table 1.1."

Unemployment rate by gender and place of residence in percentage

				Urban population	Rural population
September
September

Along with the growth of open unemployment, changes are taking place in public consciousness; people are increasingly concerned about the threat of mass unemployment, the loss of their jobs and social status. According to sociological research, among the problems of greatest concern to Russians, unemployment, along with crime and rising prices, occupies one of the leading places. Attitudes towards unemployment and the unemployed are changing: if at one time the unemployed were identified with parasites and lumpens, then they began to be considered “victims” of the elements of the market, and more recently, simply people who temporarily found themselves in a difficult situation, in need of social protection of society.

All those employed in the economy can be divided into three groups: those employed in the formal state, formal non-state (private), and informal sectors. The latter includes economic activities that are not registered in accordance with the law, and those involved in them do not pay taxes. In Russia, the informal sector is extremely diverse; several types of employment are distinguished within it: according to professional qualification level and income level, qualified, fairly well-paid work is distinguished (private lessons, medical services, tailoring, repair of household appliances, construction work), which does not require qualifications work (small trade, shuttle business). These are the so-called “stall traders”, “shuttle traders” and other citizens who do not pay taxes on their shadow income.

Attention should be paid to the phenomenon of fictitious unemployment, when citizens who have officially received the status of unemployed have uncontrolled income from individual labor activities and non-labor activities, mainly trade and intermediary activities.

The following features of modern unemployment in Russia can be distinguished:

The presence, along with open unemployment, of significant amounts of hidden unemployment, both in the form of surplus labor at enterprises and in the form of partial and underemployment;

The presence, along with officially registered unemployment, of unregistered but real unemployment, the scale of which is several times greater than the size of official unemployment;

The presence of significant fictitious unemployment (hidden employment in informal labor markets);

Underdeveloped labor market infrastructure;

The presence of large gaps in unemployment levels across regions, industries and areas of the national economy, due to the specifics of the transitive economy of Russia and the characteristics of market forms

1.3 Consequences of unemployment

It is advisable to highlight the economic consequences of unemployment at the national level and at the individual level. At the national unemployment rate, GDP is declining. This relationship is expressed in OWEN'S Law: if “the actual unemployment rate exceeds the natural rate by 1%, then the lag in GDP is 2.5%.” Unemployment, by reducing GDP, leads to a reduction in taxes that go to the state. Unemployment increases government spending as it grows. In some industries (the defense complex, science), unemployment is accompanied by mass disqualification and retraining of workers and even their emigration. However, with the onset of economic recovery and recovery, the demand for these workers should increase sharply, but it will be impossible to satisfy it in a timely manner. This will lead to a delay in the country's economic development and to its even deeper destabilization.

For an individual, unemployment means the loss of a constantly received income, kills a person’s initiative, and creates uncertainty. Unemployment may allow businesses to reduce labor prices.

It not only has a negative consequence, unemployment is one of the conditions for the normal and uninterrupted functioning of the economy.

Ensures the formation of a labor reserve as an important factor in the development of a market economy, which constantly places demand for labor. Unemployment provides the necessary redistribution of personnel for production. A decrease in unemployment gives a significant effective signal to the employee that his profession, special knowledge, and work skills are outdated, his level of qualifications does not meet the requirements of today, and therefore stimulates the employee to improve his skills.

The social consequences of unemployment are the destruction of a person’s confidence in universal employment of the population, in compulsory employment. Unemployment reduces family incomes, increases differentiation of the population, suppresses the moral principles of its behavior, leads to human degradation, and worsens the socio-psychological climate in society. The consequences of unemployment can be social outrage and even social explosion. This is possible when its dimensions exceed the permissible level. In foreign literature, an unemployment rate of more than 10-12% is considered a critical value.

According to the calculations of American scientists, an increase in the unemployment rate by 1%, which persists for 6 years, causes (in%) almost all the phenomena of modern “social pathology”: overall mortality - by 2.0; the number of suicides - by 4.1; number of murders - by 5.7; the number of people in prison - by 4.0; the number of mentally ill people is 4.0.

At the same time, the impact of unemployment on the economic and social life of society is contradictory. The following can be highlighted as positive points:

Unemployment acts as a condition for production growth and the emergence of new enterprises. Without this factor, expanded reproduction, which requires additional resources, would be difficult;

Unemployment increases the discipline and labor efficiency of those who are still employed in production;

Unemployment is an incentive to improve the quality of the workforce, increase labor potential and competitiveness of labor resources.

However, in general, unemployment creates serious costs for both society and its individual citizens.

2. Employment: concept, principles and types

The concept of “full employment” is difficult to define. At first glance, it can be interpreted in the sense that the entire amateur population, that is, 100% of the labor force, has a job. But that's not true. A certain level of unemployment is considered normal, or justified.

In any society there is an objective connection and interdependence between the existing working population and the character and degree of its participation in social production. The set of economic relations associated with the provision of jobs and participation in economic activities can be considered as employment.

Employment reveals one of the most important aspects of human social development, related to the satisfaction of his needs in the world of work. As a socio-economic category of employment, it characterizes the activities of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which do not contradict the law and bring them earnings (labor income).

The Law of the Russian Federation of April 19, 1991 No. 1032-1 “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” formulates the basic principles of employment.

The first principle is ensuring freedom in work and employment, prohibiting forced and compulsory labor. A person has the priority right to choose: to participate or not to participate in social work.

The second principle is the creation by the state of conditions to ensure the right to work, protection from unemployment, assistance in employment and material support in case of unemployment in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The entire working population of working age, depending on whether it is engaged in socially useful work or not, can be divided into two categories: employed and unemployed.

According to Article 2 of the above-mentioned Law, the following citizens are considered employed:

Those working under an employment contract, as well as those who have other paid work (service), including temporary, seasonal work;

Those who provide themselves with work, including individual labor activity (farmers, writers, etc.), entrepreneurs, as well as members of productive cooperatives;

Elected, confirmed or appointed to a paid position;

Those undergoing military service, serving in internal affairs bodies;

Able-bodied students of any full-time educational institutions, including training in the direction of the employment service;

Performing work under civil labor contracts;

Temporarily absent from work (due to vacation, illness, retraining, etc.).

The working population, as already noted, consists of two groups: the economically active and economically inactive population, the ratio of which is influenced by social, economic, demographic and political conditions. The share of the economically active population depends on the share of the population of working age, as well as on the degree of employment of individual age groups.

According to the ILO classification, the population over a certain minimum age established to account for the economically active population (in Russia - 16 years old) is divided into three mutually exclusive categories - employed and unemployed - which constitute the labor force, or the population active in a given period, forming the labor supply at a given time. moment. The third category – persons outside the labor force – includes residual groups of persons who do not have a job, are not looking for it and are not ready to work, including persons under working age, i.e. this category represents the population that is currently economically inactive.

2.1 Types of employment

Depending on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics, employment is distinguished between full-time and productive (effective), freely chosen, part-time, hidden, seasonal, pendulum, non-periodic, etc.

Productive (effective) employment is characterized from two positions. First, employment must bring workers income that provides living conditions worthy of a person. This implies a direct connection between employment policy and income policy, anti-inflationary actions, etc. Secondly, productive employment is contrasted with formal employment. A special case of the latter is the maintenance of redundant workers or the creation of formal jobs to avoid unemployment.

Freely chosen employment - assumes that the right to control one’s own ability to work belongs exclusively to the owner of the labor force, i.e. to the employee himself. This principle guarantees the right of every employee to choose between employment and non-employment, prohibiting any administrative involvement in work.

Thus, full employment reflects a quantitative, and productive – a qualitative balance between the population’s need for work and jobs, which creates favorable conditions for the socio-economic progress of society.

The diversity of socio-economic processes occurring within the labor market gives rise to the existence of various forms of employment. One of the classifications of employment is its division into standard and non-standard employment.

Standard employment is full-time employment, based on open-ended employment contracts, under the direct control of the employer.

The range of non-standard forms of employment is diverse and may include:

Underemployment is a situation in which only a certain part of the economically active population is engaged in socially useful work;

Hidden employment of the population is characterized by the fact that a certain part of the people on long-term leave without pay, the unemployed, and pensioners are engaged in trade, providing various services to the population (repairs, construction, etc.) outside the framework of their official registration as employed;

Seasonal employment is a periodic (usually in certain seasons) involvement of the working population in socially useful activities, taking into account natural and climatic features;

Temporary employment based on employment contracts for a specific period;

Employment based on civil contracts;

Overtime;

Secondary employment is the activity of citizens associated with additional work in addition to the main place. Appears in various forms:, by, - casual, one-time work, etc.;

Informal employment, which includes: employment in individual entrepreneurship, employment by individuals, employment in the household producing goods for subsequent sale.

When considering the problems of employment and unemployment, one cannot help but dwell on finding out what impact human capital has on employment.

In general terms, human capital is understood as the totality of a person’s abilities and health, as well as the stock of knowledge, skills, experience and motivations.

Achieving full and effective employment is inseparable from the formation of human capital, which means investments in education, health, and vocational training.

2.2 Factors influencing the dynamics of employment and unemployment

There are no universal recipes for successful regulation of employment and unemployment. Each country, region, and locality has its own characteristics of the functioning of the labor market. Therefore, to select the most effective measures to influence the level of employment, it is necessary to know what factors influence these processes. Let us consider together the factors influencing the dynamics of employment and unemployment:

Demographic factors. These include:

Changes in the share of the economically active population as a result of shifts in fertility and mortality rates;

Sex and age structure of the population;

Average life expectancy;

The scale and direction of migration flows.

Technical and economic factors associated with the pace and directions of scientific and technical progress, as a result of which labor is released from production and replaced with technology.

Economic factors include:

State of national production;

The degree of investment activity and direction of investment;

Direction of fiscal policy and monetary policy of the state;

Price level and inflation.

4. Social factors:

Level of education of the population;

Level of health and quality of life;

Attitude and motivation to work;

Development of trade unions.

5. legislative factors, including the development of laws and regulations governing employment.

6. Organizational and managerial factors:

Literacy and efficiency of government decisions;

Level of scientific organization of labor, production and management;

Organization of the activities of the state employment service and labor exchanges;

The degree of awareness of the population about the state of the labor market.

Consequently, preference should be given to one or another type of employment policy, taking into account the direction, duration and intensity of the action of these factors.

3. State regulation of employment and unemployment

The labor market is a specific sector of the economy. It differs from all markets in that it is not goods that move on it, but living people. Therefore, the regulation of employment and unemployment is of enormous socio-economic and political importance and is a special concern of the state. However, the task of the state is not to provide everyone with a job, as this will increase inflation, but to keep unemployment at a natural level, which means achieving full employment.

Back in the 30s. J. Keynes called unemployment “the most significant vice of society,” since it gives rise to many other vices. That is why the fight against unemployment is one of the priority tasks of the state’s economic policy.

In modern economic theory, there are various approaches to regulating employment. Traditionally, there are two main directions: classical and Keynesian.

According to the classical concept, the economy is self-regulating and maintains full employment without the intervention of government institutions. Proponents of the Keynesian concept believe that the most effective influence on employment is through stimulating effective demand. The main task is to find the optimal combination between the planned reduction in unemployment and increased inflation.

Proponents of monetarism and the “supply theory” see the main task of the government as ensuring effective changes in the structure of employment. First of all, this should include increased motivation to work and opportunities for advanced training and acquiring new professions.

Whatever theoretical concept underlies the state's measures, one thing is obvious - without an appropriate economic policy, it is impossible to achieve full and effective employment. In Russia, for this purpose, an employment policy is being pursued, according to which, in accordance with the Employment Law, the state must implement:

Development of financial, credit, investment and tax policy measures aimed at the rational allocation of productive forces, increasing the mobility of labor resources, developing temporary and self-employment, encouraging the use of flexible labor regimes and other measures that contribute to the preservation and development of the job system;

Legal regulation in the field of employment;

Development and implementation of federal and territorial programs to promote employment;

Creation of a public employment service.

The mechanism for regulating the employment of the population is implemented through state executive authorities at the federal level and the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments by studying the current conditions, developing and implementing programs to ensure employment of the population.

Directions of employment policy can be divided into the following components: measures of state employment policy; methods of its implementation and types of government influence on employment.

All measures to regulate employment are divided: according to the object of impact on the labor market (general measures and specialized), according to the source of financing.

Methods for implementing employment policy can be both direct (legislative regulation) and indirect (economic).

There are the following types of government influence on employment: passive and active. In the case of passive influence, we are talking about registering the unemployed and paying temporary unemployment benefits. For 2009, the minimum and maximum unemployment benefits in the Russian Federation are 850 rubles. and 4900 rub. respectively.

Active influence measures mean pursuing an active employment policy. These include: assistance in employment, professional training and retraining of personnel, creation of new jobs, public works, stimulation of self-employment, quotas of jobs (for the most socially vulnerable categories of the population - disabled people, youth), early retirement, measures to help the regions and etc.

State regulation of employment includes the development of targeted and comprehensive programs to promote employment.

To implement a unified state employment policy and regulate the labor market in Russia, a state employment service has been created, which coordinates the solution of these problems.

The main functions of the employment service include:

Analysis of the state of the labor market, forecast of labor supply and demand;

Development and implementation of targeted programs to promote employment;

Registration of unemployed citizens and assistance to them in selecting suitable work and employment;

Organization of vocational guidance and consultations for the population, training and retraining of unemployed citizens;

Assisting enterprises in selecting the workers they need;

Providing the population with information about available jobs;

Payment of unemployment benefits, scholarships during the period of study, provision of financial assistance to unemployed citizens;

Monitoring the correct formation and use of funds from the state employment fund and the use of employment legislation by enterprises.

Financing of activities carried out by the employment service and the maintenance of the system of public employment service bodies itself are provided from the state budget.

The costs of employment services can be roughly grouped into four areas:

1. for unemployment benefits, financial assistance to the unemployed, payment of early pensions;

2. for training and retraining, organization of public works;

3. for financial support, purchase of securities and other expenses;

4. for the development of the employment service (maintenance, investment, advertising).

The development of market relations has led to the creation of non-state employment structures involved in employment and vocational training. These are various types of commercial recruitment agencies, labor exchanges, employment societies, training centers, etc. The most common areas of activity of these structures are:

· sale of information containing descriptions and general data about the professional qualities of employees;

· assistance to enterprises and firms in working with personnel, consisting in diagnosing and selecting more suitable employees;

· formation of groups of workers in those specialties that are not in demand, their retraining, training in new professions.

Information about registered unemployment is compiled into statistical reports of regional employment services using forms 1-T and 2-T (employment).

According to the survey, in September 2010. 36.6% of the unemployed used contacting government employment services as a way to find work, 53.0% of the unemployed used contacting friends, relatives and acquaintances as a way to find work. "cm. table 3.1."

unemployment employment

Table 3.1.

Unemployed by methods of finding work as a percentage of the total number of unemployed

	Appeal					advertisements in print, response to advertisements
	to government employment agencies		to commercial services employment	to friends, relatives, acquaintances	to the administration, to the employer
September

By the end of September 2010 1.8 million citizens not engaged in labor activities were registered in state employment service institutions, of which 1.6 million people had unemployed status, including 1.3 million people receiving unemployment benefits.

It is necessary to pay attention to the following aspect of state regulation of employment and unemployment. All measures taken are aimed, as a rule, at reducing unemployment and increasing employment. But the basis of economic growth and well-being is effective employment, that is, the productive use of human resources and human resources potential of society.

Employers and owners of the workforce should first strive for effective returns from the use of human capital. But the state is also able to stimulate this motivation of economic subjects of the labor market by performing the following functions:

Monitoring compliance with state standards in the field of safety, working conditions and labor protection;

Maintaining the required levels of wages in accordance with the cost of reproduction of the labor force and ILO recommendations (for example, the gap between the minimum and average wages should not exceed 4.5-5 times);

Providing normal conditions for the civilized resolution of social conflicts and labor disputes.

The effectiveness of the system of government measures on employment and the labor market depends on the active implementation of employment policy, improving the functioning of the labor market and the creation of an effective network of special institutions and social infrastructure operating in accordance with the market, as well as a practical solution to the problem of unemployment, which is possible only in the conditions of developing production .

In the Belgorod region there is a Program for stabilizing the situation on the labor market of the Belgorod region for 2010, the goals of which are:

Providing temporary employment for citizens under threat of dismissal or working part-time, unemployed and job-seeking citizens;

Sending graduates of educational institutions for internships in order to gain work experience;

Promoting employment of people with disabilities;

Promoting self-employment of unemployed citizens and stimulating the creation by unemployed citizens who have opened their own businesses of additional jobs to employ unemployed citizens;

Organization of professional advanced training for employees at risk of dismissal.

The development of the Program in 2010 is intended to mitigate the impact of the negative consequences of the global financial crisis on the regional economy and keep the unemployment rate within acceptable limits. At the same time, the implementation of federal programs in the region made it possible to minimize the reduction of citizens engaged in all types of economic activities by 23.6 thousand people, including under the program to stabilize the situation on the labor market of the Belgorod region - by 14.5 thousand people, under the Small Business Support Program - by 5.0 thousand people, as part of the implementation of investment projects - by 4.1 thousand people.

The average number of citizens employed in the regional economy increased to 686.2 thousand people. The number of unemployed people registered with the employment service decreased to 13.0 thousand people. The registered unemployment rate is 1.64 percent.

The implementation of the Program’s activities made it possible to soften the situation in the regional labor market, create temporary jobs for citizens working part-time, reduce tension and ensure an optimal level of unemployment and social support for citizens.

Conclusion

In conclusion of my work, I would like to summarize some results. The problem of unemployment is one of the biggest problems in a market economy, and without solving it, it is impossible to establish effective economic activity. Unemployment is predetermined by various factors: scientific and technological progress causes a reduction, first of all, of manual workers; structural changes in the economy cause a decrease in the number of employees in certain sectors of production; an increase in labor productivity also leads to a decrease in the number of people employed; The reduction of living labor is facilitated by the law of saving time.

There are three types of unemployment: natural, forced and cyclical. There are also many subtypes of unemployment, such as:

frictional, voluntary, institutional, technological, structural, regional, cyclical.

Unemployment is never evenly distributed among a country's population. Some groups of the population suffer more from unemployment than others. In this regard, a distinction is made between youth, female and male unemployment, as well as rural and urban. In terms of duration, unemployment can be short-term, long-term and persistent

Unemployment has exclusively negative social consequences for society as a whole, its individual groups and layers, for families, for each person. Among all these consequences, an increase in mortality from heart disease, an increase in the number of suicides and murders, the number of patients in psychiatric hospitals, deterioration of family relationships, an increase in crime, etc., because people are acutely worried about the lack of demand for their knowledge, production experience, the transition from one social groups to another.

Unemployment can be measured using the unemployment rate and its duration. The unemployment rate is calculated as a percentage of the number of unemployed people to the total labor force. The goal of combating unemployment is to achieve full and effective employment. Full employment is understood as a state of the economy in which everyone who wants to work could have a job at a certain level of wages. In fact, the prevailing situation in the labor market is that there are vacancies, and at the same time there are unemployed people who have difficulty finding work. For example, not every person with a higher education who, for some reason, is left without a job will go to work as a janitor. The question immediately arises: is full employment effective? Effective employment should ensure a decent income, personal development, and growth in the educational and cultural level of each person. Here we can recall natural unemployment, which maintains the level of effective employment.

Not only citizens working under a contract are considered employed, but this category can also include students of any full-time departments, those undergoing military service, or engaged in entrepreneurship.

To regulate employment and unemployment by the state, employment services are created that assist in finding employment and also provide material support to the unemployed. The employment service interacts with enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership, citizens and provides its services free of charge.

As for the Belgorod region, there is a Program for stabilizing the situation in the labor market of the Belgorod region for 2010, according to which local governments, in coordination with the employment service and employers, help not only unemployed citizens in finding work, but also organize advanced vocational training for workers in under threat of dismissal; organize community service, train graduates of educational institutions in order to gain work experience; promote employment of people with disabilities; promote self-employment of unemployed citizens.

Thanks to such programs, unemployment is effectively reduced, which has a positive effect not only on a person’s standard of living, but also on the economy of the entire country.

Used Books

1. Vidyapin V.I. Economic theory. - M.: INFRA-M, 2006.- 672 p.

2. Gryaznova A.G. Economic theory. – M.: Exam, 2005. – 593 p.

3. Dobrynin A.I. Economic theory. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house. Peter, 2066. – 544 p.

4. Chizhova E.N. Economic theory6 in 2 hours. Part II. Macroeconomics. – Belgorod: BSTU Publishing House, 2010. – 428 p.

5. Russian statistical yearbook. 2010 / State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics. - Electronic journal. 2010. -Access mode: http://www.gks.ru

6. State employment service. / State Institution “Employment Center of the City of Belgorod”. – Access mode: http://belgczan.ru

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"BASHKIR STATE UNIVERSITY"

NEFTEKAMSK BRANCH

Faculty of Economics and Mathematics

Department of Economic Theory and Analysis

Essay

in the discipline "Economic Theory"

on the topic “Is there hidden unemployment in Russia?”

Completed:

1st year student

economic-mathematical

faculty

day department

groups E-14

Grade book no.

Kandeeva S. M.

Checked:

Ass. Rafikov R.I

Neftekamsk 2010

Unemployment is a macroeconomic problem that has the most direct and severe impact on every individual. Losing a job for most people means a decline in their standard of living and causes serious psychological trauma.

Full employment is a goal to strive for. It is achieved when the demand for labor coincides with its supply. But this is a fleeting phenomenon that will constantly be disrupted due to changes in the needs of society and the structure of production.

The intensity of the release and redistribution of labor depends on many factors. Therefore, processes affecting the fundamental interests of all segments of the population and the conditions of their employment must necessarily be regulated. An active government policy in the field of employment and labor relations is needed.

Economists study unemployment to determine its causes and to improve public policies that affect employment. Some government programs, such as programs for professional retraining of the unemployed, make it easier for them to find future employment. Others, such as unemployment insurance programs, alleviate some of the economic hardships faced by the unemployed. A number of government programs also affect the unemployment rate indirectly. For example, most economists believe that laws requiring high minimum wages lead to increased unemployment. By identifying the undesirable side effects of government policies, economists can help policymakers evaluate alternative solutions to various problems.

It is therefore not surprising that the problem of unemployment is often the subject of political debate.

Hidden unemployment is a form of unemployment characterized by underemployment of people who have the opportunity to work at full capacity: part-time work week, shortened work day. Hidden unemployment most often occurs in conditions where, in order to retain company personnel, owners or managers, not being able to employ workers full time, reduce working hours.

In the Russian Federation, there is a high level of hidden unemployment, which arose as a result of the fact that the country has too strict labor legislation in relation to employers. It is worth recalling that according to the labor code, which was in force in 2009, when dismissing an employee, the employer is obliged to pay him two months’ wages. Thus, employers try by any means to force an employee to leave of his own free will, in order not to fall under the above-mentioned article of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The main way to influence laid-off employees was to place them on indefinite forced leave and transfer them to part-time work. This allows you to reduce the average annual salary of an employee and further reduce staff at lower costs. As of June 2009, the number of part-time employees, according to official data, was around 9%. But this figure is actually much higher. Another method to reduce costs is the gray wage method. But due to its illegality, employers more often use methods that increase the level of hidden unemployment.

A characteristic feature of unemployment in Russia during the crisis period is that it is significantly lower than would be expected from the level of decline in production in the country. The noted discrepancy between unemployment and the decline in industrial production in Russia is partly due to the existence of production hidden from official statistics.

The regions of the Far East are characterized by the largest scale of hidden unemployment. The high cost of leaving the region for an employee and the difficulty of attracting new labor for an employer determines that the latter tend to maintain some of the staff that are not actually working just “just in case.” Among the residents of the Northeast and the Far East, there are noticeably more people who are active, mobile and prone to life risks and even adventurism. Such people tend to look for work themselves, not trusting this to any “office”, incl. employment service. In addition, the more risky nature of the local residents leads to their greater employment in newly emerging (and therefore not yet registered) areas of employment, as well as in the criminal sphere.

Minimal hidden unemployment is typical for industrially developed regions of Siberia and the Urals. Firstly, this reveals the consequences of lower employment in agriculture, which is characterized by hidden unemployment to the greatest extent. Secondly, the migration outflow of surplus labor is more pronounced here.

In the European part of the country there are two large zones of hidden unemployment - the steppe regions of the lower Volga and Don, and the northwestern economic region, including the Kaliningrad region.

The scale of real “hidden unemployment” can be judged at least by the fact that the volume of industrial production in Russia, and the proportional number of workers and engineering workers are not thrown out of the gate - they are artificially retained, paying meager amounts, and people are afraid to quit because They understand that they may not find a new job at all.

The situation is also masked by the large volume of slave labor on the Russian market - first of all, guest workers were thrown onto the streets, who, as it were, “do not exist” at all in our labor force statistics. They also do not have the right to join the ranks of the Russian unemployed.

Social pressure will be intensified by the fact that devaluation will soon eat up all possible increases in benefits, but the rise in prices, even for everyday goods, will be significant - up to 80% of imported food products are consumed in Russian cities, and already today import deliveries are planned for the spring in an extremely reduced form, especially in regions where a sharp increase in unemployment is planned.

At the same time, Prime Minister Putin sharply increased duties on meat imports - in the absence of our own sufficient sources of meat and meat products, apparently, a significant percentage of the population (30-40 percent, or even more) could easily fall out of the “food chain.” It is unlikely that this will be direct famine, but systematic malnutrition, not to mention a lack of animal protein and vitamins, affects a good half of “dear Russians”. In any case, spring vitamin deficiency will again become a mass phenomenon. By analogy with “hidden unemployment,” this can be called “hidden hunger.”

By the summer of 2010, hidden unemployment in the Russian Federation may rise to 14 million people.

Hidden unemployment in Russia has become widespread, reaching 7 million people, and by mid-2010 it may double.

This opinion was expressed by Nikolai Volgin, head of the department of labor and social policy of the Russian Academy of Public Administration.

At the same time, he noted that the category of hidden unemployed includes not only those on partially paid leave, but also highly qualified specialists forced to engage in unskilled labor.

“Hidden unemployment is very attractive for employers, many of whom are convinced that they will feel absolutely calm if they do not fire one employee, but send two on leave with partial pay. The economic effect is the same, but there are no complaints from the regional authorities,” - Volgin outlined the problem.

Essay on the topic “Unemployment” 4.25 /5 (85.00%) 4 votes

Every person needs food, home and much more to exist. It’s impossible to get it just like that - the modern world is designed in such a way that in order to get something, you need to give something. That is, in modern language, in order to survive in the modern world, a person must work and receive compensation for his work. Usually a person works most of his life and is only supported in early youth and late old age by his parents and the state, respectively. However, work brings not only money, but also a feeling of being in demand, of demand for your mind and your skills in society. From a psychological point of view, work is no less important for a person than from a material point of view.

But today, not every person has a job and the opportunity to realize themselves. The modern world has become too developed to give work to absolutely all people, so the phenomenon of unemployment has arisen. Unemployment is the lack of demand for a person's work in the labor market. It has very negative consequences for society and for the individual. Firstly, without a job, a person has no money, cannot satisfy his needs and therefore is forced to reduce them as much as possible. This makes a person's life much worse. At the same time, the person feels useless to society; she understands that there is nothing for which they would be willing to reward her with money. Unfortunately, all of the above applies not only to those people who did not receive higher education or did poorly at school. Unemployment is becoming a mass phenomenon and can affect everyone.

Who is to blame for unemployment? And what to do with it? Typically, mass unemployment appears in those states where there is illiterate social policy on the part of the state. It is she who is entrusted with the main responsibility of ensuring a situation where people feel good - they work, receive rewards and are happy because of it. The country's leaders must change their approaches and eliminate unemployment. Every country has its rich people. Of course, it is much easier for the state to reach an amicable agreement with them, but sometimes this is ineffective. In such cases, the state must put pressure on the rich, force them to invest in the domestic economy and create jobs. At the same time, citizens must behave responsibly at work, work efficiently in order to create quality products and services.

Unemployment is an extremely negative phenomenon, but in general it is quite possible to solve it. Humanity has not dealt with such problems. It seems that even if a country cannot be efficient and give everyone a job, it should pay high social assistance to compensate for the lack of funds among its citizens.

The work was added to the site website: 2015-01-21

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FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY OF THE RF
State educational institution
Higher professional education
Tver State Technical University
ABSTRACT
on the topic of:
Unemployment as a social problem
I've done the work:
student of the PIE group.
3 years, correspondence faculty
Terentyev Vladimir
Tver, 2010

Table of contents
Introduction
1. Theoretical aspects that determine the essence of unemployment.
1.1 Unemployment is a companion to our economy and people’s lives
1.2 Causes of unemployment
1.3 Main forms of unemployment
2. Assessment of the current state of unemployment
2.1 The danger of hidden unemployment for the economy
2.2 Segments of the population most susceptible to the problem of unemployment
2.3 The number of unemployed at the present stage
3. Main directions for solving the problem of unemployment and measures to reduce it
3.1 The impact of unemployment on people
3.2 The need to reduce unemployment
3.3 Ways of the state to combat unemployment
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction
2008 was the year the global economic crisis began, which was triggered by the collapse of the American mortgage system. Now the economic crisis has already affected the economies of all countries of the world, Russia, unfortunately, is no exception. Any economic crisis, regardless of the reasons for its occurrence, is always accompanied by a decline in production associated with a decrease in demand from potential buyers, as well as a lack of funds among enterprises to implement projects. Manufacturers are forced to save money and reduce production. One of the fairly common ways to save money is to reduce workforce. When people are laid off en masse, the unemployment rate increases.
As a result, the unemployment rate in Russia is growing inexorably. According to official data, the growth rate of unemployment decreased in 2009, and in the summer the growth of unemployment stopped altogether. Growth has stopped, but the level remains, despite the efforts of the Russian government to create new jobs, as well as despite the summer season, which is always characterized by increased activity in the construction industry and industry.
According to the generally accepted definition, unemployment is the lack of employment of the economically active population. The economically active population refers to citizens who have or may have their own income. The economically active population does not include children, pensioners, women on maternity leave and the disabled. An officially unemployed person must be unemployed, looking for work and be ready to begin performing official duties at any time. There are many types of unemployment. In this article we will talk about indicators of registered unemployment and will pay great attention to involuntary unemployment, the growth of which was led by the economic crisis of 2008-2009. The unemployment rate refers to the share of unemployed people to the total number of economically active population, as a percentage.
Since the summer of 2009, the army of unemployed has been supplemented by university graduates. The state is trying to work at a faster pace, and on July 27, 2009, a law was adopted to allow the creation of small enterprises on the basis of universities, the staff of which will be formed from graduates. However, this measure is partial, since such enterprises will not be able to operate at full capacity. They do not have the commercial power and skills that take years to develop. Competition in the domestic market (and they will be focused specifically on the domestic market) is high, and demand is small.
Therefore, studying the problem of unemployment and finding ways to solve it is not only important, but also a pressing issue now.
The purpose of this work is to consider such a phenomenon of people's lives as unemployment, to identify its causes and main forms, in order to understand what causes unemployment in our country and how we can fight it or at least reduce its level.

1. Theoretical aspects that determine the essence of unemployment in Russia.
1.1 Unemployment is a companion to our economy and people’s lives
The topic of this work is always relevant and requires special attention. Surely, each of us has been in a situation where we ourselves were looking for work and thus joining the countless ranks of the unemployed in our country. So, we need to understand the problem of unemployment, its essence and understand its true cause.
Let's start by defining the unemployed. An unemployed person is a person who does not have a job and is ready to start work, or has been looking for work within the last four weeks, or who has already taken a job but has not yet started work.
For the most part, the unemployed are simply people with work experience, formerly employed.
In our country, the employment law recognizes as unemployed able-bodied citizens who do not have work or income, are registered with the employment service, in order to find a job that suits them, are looking for work and are ready to start it.
Thus, unemployment is a rather complex phenomenon that is inherent in a society with a market economy, when part of the working-age population is not engaged in the production of goods and services and cannot realize itself in the labor market due to the lack of suitable jobs, as a result of which a person remains without wages. payments as the main source of necessary means of subsistence. In real life, unemployment is not a situation where there is more labor than demand for it. The number of unemployed people in each specific period of economic development depends on the rate of economic growth and labor productivity, the degree of correlation between the professional and qualification structure of the labor force and the demand for it, the specific demographic situation, and state policy in the field of employment. Unemployment increases when various economic crises occur.
Socially, unemployment is the right of each of us to work, to self-realization. Unemployment is not only a lack of money, but also a kind of spiritual death. Unemployment always exacerbates social tension in society and contributes to the growth of crime, drug addiction and disease.
To successfully combat unemployment, it is necessary to identify the main reasons causing the emergence and spread of this socio-economic phenomenon.
1.2 Causes of unemployment
Unemployment arose and developed along with the emergence of a market capitalist economy in our country, being an important part of the labor market. No other society (primitive, slaveholding, feudal, Soviet) knew unemployment.
This alone is enough to conclude that the most common reason for the emergence and existence of unemployment is the market capitalist economy itself.
Let's consider the market mechanism that gives rise to unemployment. Science has established that unemployment exists objectively, regardless of our will, through the mechanism of market self-regulation and the laws of market competition. Every businessman or entrepreneur, in order to survive in a competitive environment, directs all his efforts to strengthen and expand his business. Even the largest companies go bankrupt and this is a completely normal phenomenon for a capitalist economy. And the bankruptcy and ruin of companies means that a large mass of hired workers find themselves on the street, who become unemployed and appear on the labor market.
The structure of the market mechanism is such that it imposes efforts on the entrepreneur to strengthen and expand his business. There are two ways to do this.
The first is the expansion of an enterprise, a company on a technical basis that does not change and is constant. The number of workers should increase along with the increase in the volume of products manufactured in the company; accordingly, the demand for labor in the labor market increases, and this, according to the law of supply and demand, leads to an increase in the price of labor. As a result, the price of labor becomes higher than its cost and this excess is covered from the profit of the entrepreneur, which should be used to expand production. Expansion resources are depleted, and a natural limit to the competitiveness of the firm's survival arises. With this method of strengthening its position, the company ultimately goes bankrupt, causing unemployment.
To prevent this, the company combines the expansion of production with a decrease in the demand for labor in the labor market. An entrepreneur introduces new technologies that produce more products with fewer workers. By replacing old technologies with new ones, an entrepreneur displaces some of the no longer needed workers, and by expanding production with the help of new technologies, he reduces the demand for workers in the labor market.
As a result, there are fewer costs for workers, and production increases. This makes it possible to reduce prices for its products and, accordingly, the company becomes more competitive; new technologies displace previous workers and attract fewer additional workers. If we also take into account the population growth, a significant part of the workers remain outside the gates of enterprises, creating unemployment.
Thus, the main reason for the existence of “extra” labor force unemployment is the mechanism of competition in the market, the laws of capitalist accumulation. There are also sudden recessions, depression crises, production declines, wave after wave of bankruptcy of firms, banks, enterprises, etc. All this is accompanied by the dismissal of workers, the ruin of small businesses, and difficulties in finding employment for young people.
There are other explanations for the causes of unemployment. According to Keynes, people tend to save money because of the unstable situation in a market economy. And this leads to ominous results. There are a lot of goods, and the saved income is not spent on purchasing them. This leads to overstuffing, a reduction in production and, accordingly, a reduction in workers, who form an army of unemployed. To avoid this, people must pay for goods on the market with their income. As a result, employers would have a profit, they would not cut production, and people would work and unemployment would be eliminated, combined with high profitability of the firm.
According to Keynes, we make ourselves redundant by saving our money. Unemployment is ineradicable in a market economy - this is an eternal law of human psychology.
The disproportionately high level of average wages in relation to labor productivity is only one of the reasons for unemployment. There are other reasons, some of which are directly related to Russia. First of all, it should be noted that in a market economy, the labor market is in constant flux. Some companies are downsizing, others are increasing staff. People retire or leave work for other reasons (For example, women go on maternity leave). They are replaced by new workers, say, graduates of educational institutions. Labor market movements affect the unemployment rate in different ways.
Even in normal times, many people are temporarily unemployed (because they have left one job and are looking for another) or are looking for work for the first time. In market conditions, when the level of wages and benefits greatly depends on the enterprise, people are in no hurry to look for a decent job and do not always agree to the first job offer that comes their way. Unemployment of this kind can reach 2-3% of the overall unemployment rate.
There are many other explanations for the causes of unemployment, but, in my opinion, the true reason lies in the properties of the market form of economic management itself, in private property, in which the need for a worker is determined only by the interests of enrichment and survival of business representatives.
The effectiveness of the fight against unemployment directly depends on the successful elimination of the causes that cause it, according to which in economic science it is customary to distinguish several types of unemployment.
1.3 Main forms of unemployment
Unemployment can be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary occurs as a result of the dismissal of an employee of his own free will, for personal reasons. This may be dissatisfaction with the level of wages, working conditions, or other circumstances due to which the employee quits even against the will of the employer. The less chance a worker has of finding a new job, the lower the size of voluntary unemployment.
Involuntary unemployment is when an employee does not want to quit, but is forced by a company that is cutting staff or simply wants to get rid of an employee. It also arises as a result of the lack of raw materials, energy, components, which led to the shutdown of the enterprise, and is generated by new conditions for the functioning of enterprises and forms of hiring, as well as forced relocation.
Frictional unemployment or turnover
Workers have different inclinations and abilities, and each specific workplace has certain professional requirements. In addition, the system for disseminating information about job applicants is imperfect, and the geographical movement of workers cannot occur instantly. Finding a suitable workplace requires some time and effort. In fact, since different jobs vary in both complexity and pay, an unemployed person may even refuse the first job offered to him.
In addition, workers, unexpectedly for themselves, may find themselves fired if the enterprise goes bankrupt, if the quality of their work is considered unsatisfactory.
Unemployment caused by the fact that matching workers and jobs takes time.
Structural unemployment means that the supply and demand for the same types of labor do not match across firms, industries, and regions. For example, in some places painters are fired and carpenters and plasterers are needed, in other places it’s the other way around.
New technologies are emerging, the number of workers in agriculture and industry is decreasing, and is growing in knowledge-intensive industries, etc. Therefore, structural unemployment exists continuously and there is a need for advanced training and retraining of personnel at enterprises.
Another classic form of unemployment is cyclical unemployment. It is caused by a decline in production during an industrial crisis, depression, recession, i.e. a phase of the business cycle that is characterized by insufficient total, or aggregate, spending. When aggregate demand for goods and services decreases, employment falls and unemployment rises. For this reason, cyclical unemployment is sometimes called demand-side unemployment. With the transition to recovery and recovery, the number of unemployed usually becomes smaller.
Cyclical unemployment, associated with a persistent downward trend in the economy, is the main form of unemployment in a transition economy.
Long-term unemployment includes the most stable stratum of the unemployed. These include homeless people, tramps, degenerates, and in general all those individuals who have long lost all hope of finding a job. It happens that stagnant unemployment includes people who work for hire, since this work is seasonal in nature and the workers themselves, for health reasons or family reasons, cannot work at the company’s workplace.
Long-term unemployment is so called due to the length of time a person remains unemployed from 8 to 18 months. The level of qualifications and efficiency decreases. Prolonged inaction leads to the fact that the employee becomes unsure of himself, degrades as a person, and develops various complexes and anger. This is associated with difficulties in finding a job; the employer does not need such workers. These workers need help from psychologists and employment services.
There is also female unemployment. The professional structure of women's employment is characterized by the fact that, having a higher level of education compared to men, they implement it in the least paid professional groups, where their share is constantly increasing. Proof of this situation is the tendency when, with an increase in wages in jobs previously considered traditionally for women, women are immediately replaced by men. Thus, a change in the structure of employment by gender towards an increase in the share of men began to occur in the banking sector simultaneously with a sharp increase in wages and an increase in the social status of banking.

While sharp declines in real incomes have made women's wages necessary for family survival, jobs have shrunk and competition for them has become more intense. Women are the first to be fired, the last to be hired, and have longer unemployment periods. Upon subsequent employment, their social status often decreases. The range of categories of women for whom the likelihood of rights violations in employment increases is expanding. These include: women of pre-retirement age, pregnant women, disabled people, single and large mothers, women who have been unemployed for a long time, as well as women released from prison or undergoing compulsory treatment by court decision.
Discrimination against women in the labor sphere manifests itself everywhere, regardless of the form of ownership. The differences appear only in the fact that in private enterprises and in firms that are distinguished by a more closed nature of their activities, a small number of personnel, a contract form of employment with clearly defined conditions, limited information about working conditions, facts of violation of the law do not receive wide publicity even within the team. These facts manifest themselves in a wide variety of forms: from non-payment of family benefits to forced signing of obligations not to get married, not to have children, etc. for a certain time.
In addition to these types of unemployment, there is also a special form of unemployment, which is called hidden. The features of this type of unemployment require detailed consideration, since hidden unemployment comes in different types and is of great importance for the economy of our country.

2. Assessment of the current state of unemployment
2.1 The danger of hidden unemployment for the economy
A special form of unemployment in Russia is hidden, determined by the persistence of excess employment at enterprises in the context of a decline in production. Hidden unemployment exists in the form of underemployment and administrative leave. Hidden unemployment contributes to the growth of inflation, prevents the formation of employment and the economy from the crisis, the growth of labor productivity and its remuneration, the introduction of new technologies, in conditions of cheap labor, and slows down the process of transfer of labor resources into promising industries.
Hidden intra-company unemployment, like open unemployment, exists in the form of full and partial. Its features require detailed consideration, since it is of great importance to this type of unemployment for the country's economy, and the attention paid to it by employment and social protection authorities.
In-house hidden unemployment includes workers who maintain their employed status and receive wages at the enterprise, but for some reason do not work, and also those whose labor is not used for its intended purpose, which forces them to look for additional work.
On the one hand, this means that the work of these workers does not produce appropriate products and they are not of sufficient quality. On the other hand, workers themselves who have the status of employed are still not completely deprived of earnings or their amount is insufficient. This is the essence of intra-company hidden unemployment and the general criterion of its diverse forms.
There are hidden forms of intra-company unemployment, which are easily captured by statistical bodies and employment services; these include permanently employed workers who temporarily do not work at all, since there is no work for them for one reason or another, as well as those who work on a reduced day schedule , shortened week. Hidden intra-company unemployment, therefore, is involuntary unemployment.
When workers, for various reasons, have no work at all, they are sent on forced administrative leave. Such leaves are paid differently in each specific enterprise. They are divided into paid, partially paid, completely unpaid, it depends on the capabilities of the enterprise, the will and desires of the management. True, in some cases, compensation is paid for so-called priority enterprises, which are used to cover the costs of hidden unemployment at the expense of local, federal budgets and employment services. But, in fact, all these payments are nothing more than forms of hidden unemployment benefits. This is essentially an unofficial form of hidden benefit for hidden unemployment.
Unlike visible hidden intra-company unemployment, which can be measured and assessed, invisible unemployment also still exists.
There are two types of invisible hidden unemployment: disguised and potential. Disguised - when the qualifications of workers are not fully used, and also not in the profession in which the employee wants to work. This unemployment became widespread, especially in Moscow.
Potential invisible hidden unemployment - when the worker is of little use, productivity is low, and the use of workers, even if they themselves want it, in jobs that do not require the high professional training that they have. The general reasons for hidden unemployment can be divided into two groups: the reasons why managers do not undertake mass layoffs of workers, and the reasons why the workers themselves do not want to leave their enterprises, although wages often barely reach the subsistence level and are even delayed.
The first group of reasons for the persistence of hidden unemployment includes the following points:
– Firm managers, even in conditions of falling production, try to retain employees for the future by introducing part-time work, paid and unpaid vacations;
– Retention of personnel also allows us to hope for financial support from the state;
– Often companies simply do not have the funds to pay dismissed employees benefits and wages for the period of their employment, due to the law, so employees are dismissed at their own request.
The second group of reasons for the persistence of hidden unemployment is associated with the reluctance of workers to leave their previous place of work, even despite low wages.
– In small settlements, people simply have no other opportunity to find work;
– For older people, continuous work experience to receive pensions is very important;
– Unemployment benefits, even if you can get them, do not compensate for lost wages;
– A person simply does not want to quit; employment stability is a factor.
Hidden unemployment spreads poverty, psychological and moral suffering. People are deprived of income and are forced to look for other sources of livelihood.
They solve this problem in the following way: rely on pensions and scholarships of relatives, various subsidies and compensation payments from enterprises, on products that they themselves grew, on the earnings of other family members, child benefits and help from relatives, then there are alimony, savings, income from personal farms, sale of their property and other sources.
Thus, the persistence and increase of hidden unemployment in our country is associated with inaction on the part of the state, even during crises and decline in production. The growth and expansion of hidden unemployment stops only when the decline in production stops. It can be reduced if production is revived and the economy is brought out of the crisis, which is quite difficult to do to this day.
2.2. Segments of the population most susceptible to the problem of unemployment
The problem of unemployment has become particularly acute among young people, single and large families raising minor children, women raising preschool children, disabled children, people of pre-retirement age who have been unemployed for a long time, also people who have been in prison, refugees and forced migrants. The problem of regulating their employment and protecting them from unemployment is one of the most pressing tasks of state policy in the labor market. The threat of unemployment for these categories of the population is especially high, since various payments (scholarships, benefits and pensions) are so small that it is impossible to live on them, they do not correspond to the subsistence level, and discrimination and lack of competitiveness are also high. The state must develop measures to reduce unemployment, employ socially vulnerable citizens, and increase income levels in order to provide them and their families with a normal life.
Today the situation among young people is alarming. Analysis Most students, after graduating from school, go to study at technical schools, institutes or institutions of primary vocational education (schools, lyceums). Unemployment among young people is mainly of a structural nature: half of the professions and specialties acquired in educational institutions remain unclaimed; they study and then find a job, but then cannot. Many young people change their profession after working in it for a very short time. Now the tasks facing educational institutions have changed; they must produce not only well-trained specialists and workers, but also competitive ones.
Primary vocational education solves important problems. It trains blue-collar specialists. This problem is especially acute now. Young people are not particularly keen to be workers in industrial enterprises. According to sociological research, only 4% of schoolchildren see themselves as workers. The situation, in my opinion, is critical.
On the other hand, the role of primary education is great to solve the problems of children from disadvantaged families or with low income, the number of which is growing. Schools are the only way for them to get a vocational education.
But the production of skilled workers does not meet the needs of the economy. For example, with an increase in the volume of activity in the metallurgical industry, the scale of production of workers decreased by more than 2.5 times, and in the food industry by almost 17%.
The situation with technical school graduates is quite stable – the unemployment rate is below the national level.
When analyzing the process of mature workers, we need to consider the issue of those who went to work immediately after school; the situation here is difficult. School knowledge is not enough to get a job with a good salary; young people are not ready yet, but they are forced to work for it.
Women are also a socially vulnerable group of the population in the labor market; their share among those registered is about 70%. Women are more actively turning to the employment service. There is constant discrimination against the employment of women; when applying for jobs, greater preference is given to men. The main reason for the problem of women's employment today is that they give birth to children, raise them (go on maternity leave).
Also, the level of paid benefits for children in our country is very low, it is tied to the minimum wage, and it is much lower than the official subsistence level. This, in turn, also makes the problem of employment of women who have minor children urgent.
Over the past ten years, the number of disabled people who are registered with social protection authorities has increased. It is very difficult for disabled people to compete with those who do not have any limitations in their ability to work. Pensions received by disabled people do not exceed two to three times the minimum wage, and they are forced to look for work or additional income. And if any economic downturn occurs, then the first thing that suffers from it are disabled people; they are laid off from jobs, fired, and various enterprises designed for the work of disabled people are closed. Therefore, the issue of unemployment of able-bodied disabled people has sharply worsened.
Also, in every state in Russia there is a certain part of the population that does not want to work. This group is a permanent dependent of the state, will not go to the labor exchange and will not be registered as unemployed. However, this mass of people, reaching several million people according to some estimates, without putting pressure on the labor market, will nevertheless constantly put pressure on the budget, especially when the law on poverty benefits comes into force. The second group is directly or indirectly connected with the criminal world. As the state fights crime, people belonging to criminal groups will join the ranks of the unemployed. The third group - wealthy people, but who do not officially work anywhere, are also formally unemployed.

2.3 The number of unemployed at the present stage
In the 90s, unemployment in Russia was widespread. The highest unemployment rate in our country was recorded in 1995-2000. – up to 7 million people. had official unemployed status. In the period from 2002 to 2007, the unemployment rate in the Russian Federation decreased annually. And in 2007, the minimum mark was reached - 4.2 million people.
The global financial crisis caused a production decline in many economic sectors. In October 2008, a wave of layoffs began across Russia. The weakest links were construction, metallurgy, the automobile industry, as well as credit and banking institutions.
According to operational data from the Federal State Statistics Service, unemployment in the Russian Federation in November 2008 increased by 8% compared to the third quarter of 2008. The employment service registered 1.5 million people as unemployment. While, according to the results of surveys conducted by State Statistics Service, 5 million people considered themselves unemployed at the end of November, which is 6.6% of the total working population.
At the same time, we must not forget about the category of so-called latent unemployment. The fact is that official statistics take into account only those unemployed who contacted the employment service, as well as those who admitted to losing their jobs during the survey. However, those citizens who worked without official registration under the Labor Code and lost their source of income due to the crisis difficulties of the employer are not taken into account. The specifics of employment in Russia are such that the level of latent unemployment may well be comparable with official data.

3. Directions for solving the problem of unemployment and measures to reduce it
3.1 The impact of unemployment on people
Most often, in our minds, the appearance of unemployment is always associated with economic reforms.
The most important social factor is loss of qualifications. If you pay attention to a person who has not worked for more than a year, he is no longer able to work successfully. And if a person does not work for two years, he will no longer be able to carry out any professional activity at all; he again needs to be taught a new profession, since he has practically forgotten everything.
To eliminate the consequences of unemployment, people who are of working age need to be employed.
Also, the consequences of unemployment include competition in the labor market between potential workers for the most prestigious jobs. High competition can lead to people being forced to work in low-prestige and uninteresting jobs in order to earn a living. Their work will be of a forced nature, and, as we know, such work cannot be of high quality and effective if you work only to get money for it.
An increase in unemployment leads to an increase in migration and the number of people without a fixed place of residence, a deterioration in the socio-psychological climate in society, and people become more embittered.
A special place is occupied by young people (from 15 to 24). Her position on the labor market is most unfavorable. There is no certainty that after graduating from an educational institution, a young man will not find himself unemployed tomorrow. And the reason for this is the low level of professional training, the discrepancy between the training profile and the structure of jobs; a young specialist has a theory, but, as a rule, there is absolutely no practice of his specialty.
The contribution of young people to the overall unemployment rate is large. If it was possible to reduce it by at least 10%, then the overall level of unemployed would decrease. The duration of the unemployment period for young unemployed people directly depends on the level of well-being of his family and how long it can support him.
In fact, there is discrimination against young people, an eternal confrontation with “old” people, I believe that we need to support not people of retirement age, but us. Attention to youth should be one of the tasks for our government.
Unemployment leads to inactivity of a person, he wants nothing and is constantly degrading. Depression appears, just yesterday you were a good worker, you had money, and suddenly you lost everything and became unclaimed, and there is no confidence in the future.

Many employers take advantage of the fact that too many people are looking for at least some work. They deliberately make the working week longer, reduce vacations, do not pay sick leave, including in connection with childbirth, and do not hire women, as they may go on maternity leave. The employer can even terminate the employment contract without any valid reasons, etc.
But it cannot be said that the consequences of unemployment are only negative.
If the number of people who cannot find a job increases, then the employee begins to wonder whether his skills and qualifications are outdated. This stimulates the employee to improve himself and improve his professional skills. When I was faced with the problem of employment, I realized that my knowledge and skills were not enough to find a decent job and decided to continue my education at the university by correspondence and work in a place where I could combine work and study.
In this case, I do not suffer moral losses, and the monetary costs, I think, will “pay off” in the future.
For enterprises, the positive consequences of unemployment are the dismissal of an employee, the reduction of staff and an increase in profits. By “getting rid” of a not very necessary employee, it will save on the salary paid to him over a certain period of time, on taxes, etc. Having fired such an employee, the company can hire a more qualified one or increase the salary of others. But, I believe that with this behavior of employers, they very often lose the most qualified personnel (especially at large enterprises, when reductions in production and sales volumes require staff reductions).
Assessing the consequences of unemployment, I came to the conclusion that unemployment does not improve the quality of work, labor discipline, etc. If a person thinks that he could be fired tomorrow and it is difficult to find a job in the nearest place, then, with all his desire, he will not ensure the quality of his work and will not make it more effective.
3.2 The need to reduce unemployment
The development of the main directions, ways and methods of reducing unemployment involves a preliminary analysis of its causes, dynamics, structure, identification of its forms and types that cause the greatest economic and social damage to the individual and society, hinder the stabilization of the country's economy and the further development of reforms.
It is necessary to reduce unemployment, as it causes enormous harm to workers, employers, the economy and society as a whole.
The lower the unemployment, the greater the total income of the population, the higher its effective demand in the consumer market. And according to the laws of the market, prices for goods will rise even faster, depreciating people’s money (inflation).
If unemployment is not reduced, then there will be even more poor people, which entails the creation of entire groups of the criminal world. Unemployment expands, confirms and makes indestructible the existence of the social “bottom” of society.
Now the situation is such that nowadays a person has received the right to voluntary unemployment; he decides for himself whether to work or not. And if he doesn’t want to work, then the state has no right to force him to do it.
Now a person can no longer work under the control of the state, but engage in independent activities if he has the means and opportunities.
There is a choice - from self-employment to working for the state.
The person became economically independent. Work does not play a central role in a person's life; work is a way to get money in order to exist.
The development of a diverse economy and a wide choice of professional activities leads to the emergence of competition: from enterprises for the most qualified and physically healthy worker, from people for the best and most prestigious job.
Opportunities for self-realization today are very limited. In my opinion, we need to pay attention to a person’s personality, create opportunities for career growth, and ensure a decent place for work in the lives of each of us.
It is necessary to improve the quality of work; this, of course, requires material and human costs and a restructuring of the fundamentals of personnel management.
Today, the main task of all enterprises and the state should be to change people’s attitudes towards work; it is necessary to allow people to reveal their abilities through freedom of choice of work.
Our state must somehow organize, interest citizens in realizing their abilities, give them protection and support, and thereby ensure the coordination of the interests of citizens and the state.
Often there is no combination of spiritual and moral principles in the employee, he is only interested in money for the work done, there is no enthusiasm, the state should pay attention to this problem.
In a market economy, all of us have the possibility of being unemployed. Now only knowledge can help a worker adapt to constantly changing production conditions and learn to use new equipment and technology. All this requires a different attitude towards education among citizens.
The basis for solving this problem is the school. What quality of work can we talk about if a teacher does not receive a salary for months, there are not enough textbooks, visual aids, not all schools even have classrooms with a sufficient number of computers or there are none at all, etc.
Children today are not the same as they used to be. They develop faster, mature, are more informed, many even have cell phones. Many people don't like to go to school. Children's education needs to change. The main thing should not be the quantity of knowledge, but its quality, so that it can be applied in practice, in life. The school must, first of all, teach children to think so that they can analyze various situations, make decisions and be responsible for them. Such training will change children's attitude towards school, knowledge and their accumulation. Only such a person can take a worthy place in life and the information society.
3.3 Ways of the state to combat unemployment
First of all, the state must take all measures to create new jobs for citizens, as well as support socially vulnerable groups of the population in the labor market, it is necessary to promote their employment, create various programs, clubs for people who are looking for work. This kind of initiative involves creating additional jobs in which non-competitive groups of the population could work.
To reduce unemployment among teenagers and graduates of educational institutions, the state provided for various measures for the professional guidance of youth, seasonal employment of youth, including at educational institutions themselves, the development of youth labor exchanges, centers for socio-psychological adaptation of graduates, especially for the disabled and children who remained without parental care. Often, young people are disappointed in their choice if the job does not live up to their expectations, and are forced to quit, joining the army of unemployed. Due to their young age, these people do not have the necessary experience, skills, and often knowledge to make the right choice. And in this they need to be helped in every possible way so that, on the one hand, the education they received does not turn out to be in demand, and on the other hand, jobs that require a high level of qualifications are not occupied by people who do not have it. Also very important today is unregistered unemployment among teenagers under 16, which is fraught with serious consequences. It is necessary to introduce compulsory secondary education and pay scholarships for schoolchildren from low-income families.
The government attached great importance to teaching the unemployed the basics of entrepreneurship and providing them with financial support when starting their own business.
The development of small businesses is one of the ways to combat unemployment. It may also be promising in Russia and contribute to the creation of new jobs.
The variety of types of unemployment makes the task of reducing it extremely difficult. Since there is no single way to combat unemployment, any country has to use different methods to solve this problem.
The level of frictional unemployment can be reduced by:
– improve information support of the labor market. In all countries, this function is performed by employment organizations (labour exchanges). They collect information from employers about existing vacancies and communicate it to the unemployed;
– eliminating factors that reduce labor mobility. To do this, you must first of all:
a) creation of a developed housing market;
b) increasing the scale of housing construction;
c) abolition of administrative barriers to moving from one locality to another
Professional retraining and retraining programs are most conducive to reducing structural unemployment. These types of programs should result in a workforce that is best suited to available jobs. This task is achieved by a vocational training program and information about jobs. Vocational training programs provide both on-the-job and institutional training for the unemployed, youth, and older workers whose professions have become obsolete.
The most difficult thing to combat is cyclical unemployment. To solve this problem, the following measures are the most effective:
Creating conditions for increased demand for goods. Since demand in the labor market is derivative and depends on the situation in the markets for goods and services, employment will increase and unemployment will fall if the product markets show greater demand and it will be necessary to hire additional workers to satisfy it.
Some relief may come, for example, by providing the opportunity for early retirement to workers who have not yet reached retirement age. In Russia, for example, with the abolition of union-level government bodies, men working in their states were allowed to retire at 57-58 years old, and women at 53-54 years old. Without this, older employees would have to look for work. And since they had little chance of finding a job at this age. They would increase the army of unemployed. Early retirement made it possible to prevent such developments. However, this method can only be used on a very limited scale, since it entails a significant increase in pension payments.
Creating conditions for the growth of self-employment. The point of these types of programs is that they help people start their own businesses so that they can feed themselves and their families, even if they cannot find paid work.
Implementation of programs to support young workers. Unemployment hits the hardest on the elderly (no one wants to hire them anymore due to falling productivity and deteriorating health) and the youngest (no one wants to hire them yet due to low qualifications and lack of experience).
Various methods can be used to help young people:
1. economic stimulation of youth employment;
2. creation of special companies offering jobs specifically to young people
3. creation of centers for training young people in those professions in which the chances of employment are greatest.
The list of programs to reduce unemployment can be continued for a long time, but it is important to understand that all these programs cannot completely eliminate or significantly reduce cyclical unemployment. This result can only be achieved with a general improvement in the economic situation in the country.
Regarding unemployment, the state has three types of policies: social, macroeconomic and employment.
The function of social policy is to provide assistance to the unemployed in order to maintain their standard of living.
Macroeconomic policy involves the use of monetary and fiscal measures to reduce unemployment.
Employment policy is aimed at creating new jobs, personnel retraining systems, employment centers, etc.

Conclusion
At the end of our work, let us summarize some results.
Unemployment is a complex socio-economic phenomenon in which a certain part of the working-age or economically active population is not employed in the production of goods and services. According to the definition of the International Labor Organization, an unemployed person is a person who wants to work, can work, but does not have a job.
In accordance with Art. 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation”, able-bodied citizens who do not have work and earnings, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for work and are ready to start work are recognized as unemployed. In the cited law, suitable work means work that corresponds to the professional suitability of the employee, taking into account the level of his professional training, the conditions of his last place of work, his state of health and transport accessibility of the workplace. Depending on the nature of the reasons causing unemployment, it is customary to distinguish between its three main types, or types: frictional, structural and cyclical.
There are many reasons causing unemployment, but the main one is still the market economy itself, in which the need for a worker is determined only by the interests of enrichment and survival of business representatives. The main reason for mass, cyclical unemployment in Russia is the fall in demand (according to Keynes) and, consequently, the level of social production. Unemployment in our country has a mainly structural component, rather than a cyclical one. Hidden unemployment is most pronounced in Russia.
The problem of unemployment has become particularly acute among young people, single and large families raising minor children, women raising preschool children, disabled children, people of pre-retirement age who have been unemployed for a long time, also people who have been in prison, refugees and forced migrants. The problem of regulating their employment and protecting them from unemployment is one of the most pressing tasks of state policy in the labor market.
1. Social consequences of unemployment
– positive: increasing the social value of the workplace (people stick to their jobs and treat them more responsibly); increase in free time; increasing the social significance of work.
– negative: aggravation of the crime situation; increased social tension; an increase in the number of physical and psychological diseases; decrease in labor activity.
2. Economic consequences of unemployment
– positive: creation of a labor reserve; increasing the competitiveness of employees (which is an incentive to develop professional qualities); training opportunity at the expense of the employment service
– negative: devaluation of vocational education; costs of helping the unemployed; decline in living standards; decrease in national income (decrease in tax revenues)
3. Psychological consequences of unemployment
changes in lifestyle, changes in relationships with others, increased anxiety and depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicidal behavior.
The number of unemployed is constantly changing and one cannot rely on the reliability of official data (many people are looking for work on their own and are not registered with employment services).
There should be a state policy to reduce the unemployment rate, social support for the unemployed, more information needs to be provided about job vacancies, etc.
In any case, it is true that a person decides how to live, and whether he works or not also largely depends on himself.

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