Anglicisms present in modern Russian (and other) languages, by their very presence, confirm that with all the wealth of the “great and mighty”, in some cases it is not enough. And the point is not only in the number of phonemes contained in the average phrase. There are nuances that need to be distinguished. In addition, due to historical circumstances, our business vocabulary is quite behind the times. What is a "tender"? Why does the meaning of the long expression “trust” easily fit into the short English “trust”?
The title of Elvis Presley's famous song “Love Me Tender” was jokingly translated in the 90s as “love me, tender.” The four English words printed on dollar bills “In God We Trust” are also interpreted not without humor by the Americans themselves.
God-fearing people
Every person who knows at least a little English, or, in as a last resort Armed with a dictionary, you can figure out this phrase. You shouldn’t use an electronic “translator”; it can give out something completely unreadable, like “In God we trust.” The content is, in general, understandable. It is “confidence in faith” that the phrase “In God We Trust” expresses. The translation of the biblical phrase “In God we trust” is the closest both in spirit and linguistically. To believe in English - to believe. “To Trust” means to trust (in other senses - to care, patronize), and according to the church - to hope. Printing such a slogan on money was a really good idea. Looking at the coins or banknotes earned, a believer and honest person should feel a sense of satisfaction and peace, while a criminal or bribe-taker, receiving unjust loot, may feel remorse. If he has one, of course.
Story…
In 1864, a coin was decorated with this motto for the first time. “In God We Trust” is a line from the text of the American anthem of 1814, its appearance on means of payment was intended to affirm the primacy of Christian values in internal and external public policy young country of the New World. How this lofty goal was achieved is a complex and ambiguous question, as are the answers to it, but the intention itself certainly deserves respect. Among numismatists, the first metal ones are highly valued; some specimens are very expensive, sometimes tens of thousands of dollars.
... and modernity
The tradition was continued, although it had its opponents. The fact is that in America, in addition to believers, there are also atheists who do not want to read mentions of God every day (this irritates them), but their opinion was not listened to.
The last time a lawsuit on the legality of using the phrase “In God We Trust” as a state attribute was considered Supreme Court USA in 1977. The decision was made conservatively: to leave everything as it is.
In 2013, after a long break, a new two-dollar bill came into circulation. The issuer was the Atlanta Bank. In total, almost 45 million copies were printed. Naturally, the sample is decorated with the same motto, “In God We Trust.”
American humor
In ordinary eateries, which in the United States are traditionally called “drug stores,” that is, pharmacies (pharmacists were forced to expand the range of goods and services offered after pharmaceutical companies finally conquered the drug market), and especially in bars, signs and posters are often hung on the walls, sometimes very witty. They are intended for those clients who do not want to follow the order without a reminder, but demand food and drink on credit. “If you are so smart, then where is your money?” - asks one, “No Money - No Drink!” - warns another, “Credit worsens relationships” - admonishes a third. There are also some state symbols. The phrase “In God We Trust” is complemented by the definitive follow-up “All Others Pay Cash”!” “We believe in God, and everything else is for cash” - this is roughly how the whole expression is translated, not very briefly, but extremely clearly conveying the essence of the religious basis of the American economic superstructure.
Is the official national motto of the United States and the U.S. state of Florida. The motto first appeared on a United States coin in 1864, but In God We Trust did not become the official U.S. national motto until after the passage of an Act of... ... Wikipedia
In God We Trust- “In God We Trust” on the US banknote In God We Trust (Russian: We trust in God) is the official motto of the USA, as well as the state ... Wikipedia
In God We Trust- La devise "In God We Trust", sur une pièce de un cent des États Unis datant de 2003 "In God We Trust" (traduit de l anglais en "En Dieu nous croyons", * * * In God We Trust, the official motto of the United States since 1956 … Useful english dictionary
In God We Trust- 1. a motto appearing on U.S. currency. 2. motto of Florida. * * * …Universalium
In God We Trust- Voir La Bible ne fait pas le moine… Dictionnaire mondial des Films
Books
- Sheherazade, Bowler Bill. King Shahriyar cannot trust women. Every afternoon he marries a wife, but the next morning he always kills her. One day, the Vizier cannot find any more wives for the King. What can he do? I... Buy for 481 RUR
- The African A Trust From God To The American, Cummins George D. The book is a reprint edition. Despite the fact that serious work has been done to restore the original quality of the publication, some pages may contain...
Dec 8
If you have ever seen iron coins or paper US currency bills, then you could not help but notice the minted phrase “In God We Trust”. The translation of In God We Trust is quite simple: we trust in God (sometimes also translated as “we trust in God”).
The phrase "In God We Trust" is today the official motto of the United States, which first appeared on coins in 1864. However, only since 1956 its use has become national.
Despite the fact that most Americans are religious people, the use of this motto has been repeatedly criticized. One of the counterarguments to the use of this motto was the opinion that freedom of religion is legally recognized in the United States, and the motto infringes on the rights of a certain part of Americans who are not adherents of Christianity. Another counter-argument is that coining a phrase on money contradicts one of the commandments: “Thou shalt not take the name of thy Lord in vain.”
However, despite all these disputes, on November 1, 2011, the US House of Representatives once again approved a resolution on the national status of the motto In God We Trust.
Everyone knows the American dollar. And in Africa and in Uryupinsk. In Russia, the dollar has practically become the second (if not the first) currency. Many have seen dollar bills, and some even know which US president is depicted on which banknote. But not everyone has thought about what else (besides portraits of American statesmen of the past) is depicted on these banknotes?
What does the inscription on the dollar mean - annuit coeptis
On the left side of the one-dollar bill, made according to the plan of the theosophist Sergei Makronovsky (aka Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich) and by order of US Vice President Henry Wallace, the goal of establishing a world " New Order for the Ages" as Masonic truncated pyramid, dominated by a separate peak, indicated by the symbol Masonic deity - "Great Architect of the Universe".
This makes it clear which god the motto inscribed in the center of the banknote refers to:
"In God We Trust"
.The truncated pyramid itself, consisting of thirteen brick tiers, where each brick represents an individual nation or state with its coin, symbolizes the incompleteness of humanity without an all-powerful “top.” The symbol of the powerful “peak” - the triangular eye of the “Great Architect of the Universe” - is crowned with a Latin inscription of thirteen letters:
"Annuit Coeptis"
Which clearly emphasizes that the “chosen” class is destined to rule the world.
The meaning of the pyramid is also confirmed by the Latin inscription at the bottom of the ribbon:
"Novus Ordo Seclorum" - "A New Order for the Ages".
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Let's take a closer look at this miracle of human imagination. In the left circle is a truncated pyramid, crowned with a triangle framed by a bright glow, which completes the entire structure, giving it a complete shape. And the triangle contains an attentive and not a very kind eye. Above the pyramid there is a Latin inscription: “ANNUIT COEPTIS”, and below, on the ribbon, there is another: “NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM”. At the base of the pyramid, the number "1776" is written in Roman numerals - this is the year of the US Declaration of Independence.
The first phrase is translated as “start time” (and the date seems to be indicated), or as “he contributed to our endeavors” (then, probably, “he” is none other than the eye nestled at the top of the pyramid, or even the owner of the said eye himself ).
The inscription on the tape can be translated as " new order for generations (to come)", a slightly more free translation of "new order of times" is acceptable ("seculum" in classical Latin means "generation", but sometimes the same word meant "age", that is, some long period of time). Therefore, Now another translation is more common - “new world order” (if we take the meaning of “seculum” as “epoch” - in the broadest sense of the word).
There is also a joint translation of all five words: "A new (world) order has been predicted (for all eternity)". It is difficult to say what exactly the authors of the mysterious slogans wanted to say. In any case, a “new order” is being declared - there is no doubt about it.
The inscription “Great Seal” under the circle with the big-eyed pyramid explains what it is - nothing more than the reverse side of the so-called Great Seal of the USA. By the way, this reverse side of the seal does not exist in metal (it was never cast), so the dollar bill depicts a virtual object. And in the right circle the front side of the same Great Seal is depicted - with a proud eagle. But this eagle is also strange.
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To the right is a bald eagle covered by a shield decorated with the 13-stripe Stars and Stripes. In one paw the eagle holds an olive branch (symbolizing peace), with 13 berries and 13 leaves (symbolizing the 13 colonies that formed the USA), in the other - 13 arrows (symbolizing war). Above the eagle are 13 stars in the shape of the Star of David. The eagle's head is turned towards the olive branch, which should indicate the US desire for peace (until 1945, the eagle looked the other way). The top of the shield represents the legislative branch, the eagle's head the executive branch, and the tail the judicial branch. Above the eagle’s head there is a ribbon with the Latin inscription (also of 13 letters) E Pluribus Unum - “One of Many.”
The US State Department offers an official interpretation of the painting. According to him, the pyramid (the symbol itself is quite ominous) is just personification of the country’s reliability and the strength of its foundations. The incompleteness of the pyramid, it turns out, means that the United States will always will grow and become more and more perfect. Of course, perfection is wonderful, but what about growth... The size of the globe is limited, and the natural limit of this notorious growth is our entire planet.
Hence, state goal, imprinted on his monetary units similar symbolism is clearly defined - achieving world domination under the watchful eye unknown deity.
Deciphering all the symbols depicted on the dollar coincides with such a super task, but something else is interesting: throughout its not so long history, America has always (and strictly!) followed the plans of its founders.
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Photo of dollar, Masonic symbols, In God We Trust
as well as others Mottos, inscriptions, emblems in Latin
PHOTO of dollar
In God We Trust
In 1956, the phrase "In God We Trust" became the official motto of the country, replacing the Latin expression "E Pluribus Unum" ("Out of many, one"). It is interesting that a new appeal to the Almighty also coincided with a war - this time a “cold” one. Since 1957, the placement of the national motto on banknotes and coins has been required by law throughout the United States.
Against placing the inscription “In God We Trust” on national currency Theodore Roosevelt also spoke. However, he did this not because he did not believe in God, but because he believed using God's name on money is sacrilege.
The reasons why dollars acquired a green color are not known for certain. Until 1929, different colors were used in the manufacture of dollars - monotonous green appeared only in 1929. The explanation for this fact sounds like this: green dyes were quite cheap and the green color was relatively resistant to external influences, and, moreover, this color psychologically evoked trust in money and a sense of optimism. IN last years dollar bills once again acquired new colors - shades of yellow and pink.
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American currency, Star of David, Masonic inscriptions on the dollar
Audacibus annue coeptis - Be favorable to new beginnings
Fortes fortuna adjuvat - Fate helps the brave
E pluribus unum - Out of many - unity
Note: USA motto, inscription on dollar. Source: Cicero, "On Duties"
Annuit coeptis novus ordo seclorum; MDCCLXXVI- A new order of centuries is predicted; 1776
Note: Inscription on the dollar surrounding Masonic symbolism and the date of the US Declaration of Independence
Let's take a closer look at the inscriptions on the US dollar
New Order for the Ages?
For example, on the left side of the one-dollar bill is presented in the form of a Masonic, truncated pyramid, dominated by a separate peak, designated by the symbol of the Masonic deity - the “Great Architect of the Universe.”
In God We Trust (We trust in God)
A truncated pyramid, consisting of thirteen brick tiers, where each brick represents a separate nation or state with its coin, symbolizes the incompleteness of humanity without an all-powerful “top.”
Symbol of the powerful "peak"- the triangular eye of the "Great Architect of the Universe" - is crowned with a Latin inscription of thirteen letters: "Annuit Coeptis", which clearly emphasizes that the "chosen" class is destined to rule the world. This is evidenced by the inscription below, in English: “The Great Seal”, symbolizing, in accordance with a number of traditions, the ownership of wealth and goods and the subordination of services and labor energy to the owners of the “Seal”. The described meaning of the pyramid is confirmed by the Latin inscription: “Novus Ordo Seclorum”, that is, “New order for centuries”.
On the right side of the note is an "American" eagle, carrying a shield with thirteen stripes and holding in its right paw an acacia branch with thirteen leaves and thirteen buds.
Acacia is the sacred tree of Freemasonry, opening the tomb of Hiram, its legendary founder, and symbolizing the strength of Masonic tradition and organization, the possession of secret knowledge and the ability to resurrect or immortality.
The arrows in the eagle's left paw symbolize knowledge and powers designed to pacify and, if necessary, kill enemies (rebellious subjects), therefore each of the thirteen arrows ideally threatens one of the thirteen tiers that form the pyramid of enslaved humanity. If we look more broadly, they personify the success that should accompany progress towards the highest goal of the world “New Order for the Ages”. What is this goal?
From Many - One(Out of many - unity)
According to the Masonic doctrine of the origin of the world, borrowed from ancient materialistic teachings, at the beginning of existence there was only “One,” which then disintegrated and is still disintegrating into a “Many” of various beings, objects and phenomena, forms and names, types and categories.
The ideal goal is to destroy the “Multitude”, to eliminate the wealth of diversity inherent in people, their cultures and traditions; all this is for the sake of restoring the renewed “One”. That is why the eagle holds in its beak a ribbon with a Latin inscription-motto of thirteen letters: “E Pluribus Unum” (“Out of Many, One”).
In a narrow sense, thirteen is the number of degrees of energy development and human transformation. In a broader sense, thirteen acts as a symbol of the incompleteness of the world and its need to be led by a separate “top”, for only under this superpower will it gain integrity and avoid the danger that this number also symbolizes.
Above the eagle hovers the Star of David, composed of thirteen Masonic five-pointed stars and originally symbolizing the “reconciliation of opposites,” the reconciliation of “heaven” and “earth.” Here she personifies the ideal of erasing the richness of human differences and corresponding values.
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Masonic symbols on the dollar
In the book of the Yugoslav specialist D. Kalajic “The End of Freedom”, the most “Western” of currencies is branded on all sides with symbols of esoteric, secret, intended only for initiates, teachings of the East.
On the $1 bill, the number 13 is repeated many times, which in Kabbalistic symbolism signifies the 13 degrees of initiation and evolution of energy. In the left corner of the bill above the inscription "THE GREAT SEAL" ("Great Seal") - there is Masonic pyramid of 13 brick steps.
The bricks in the pyramid symbolize the unity of all money in the world, ordered in a hierarchy, which is determined by the top of the pyramid - a luminous Masonic triangle with the eye of the “great architect of the universe.”
Aligned Pyramid- a symbol of the world order established by the “free masons”. It expresses the Masonic dream that Freemasonry is predetermined by the role of the future elite, the ruling clan, to which, as the “chosen people,” all the power and all the values of other peoples will be transferred.
The slogan "NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM" means a new order in the world empire under the rule of the dollar. On the right side of the bill, the American eagle holds a shield with 13 stripes, in the right paw there is a symbol of peace - an acacia branch with 13 leaves and 13 flowers, and in the left - a symbol of war - a bunch of 13 arrows.
In the eagle's beak is a ribbon with the traditional Masonic slogan, again consisting of 13 letters: "E PLURIBUS UNUM" ("Unity in diversity").
Soars above the eagle six-pointed star of David out of 13 Masonic pentagrams- five-pointed stars.
Read also:
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What do you know about the US dollar, Interesting facts and assumptions
- Paper money was introduced to America in 1690 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
- Large denomination bills ($50, $100) remain in circulation for up to 8 years
- $20 bills have been in circulation for approximately 2 years
- The “lifespan” of a $5 banknote is about 15 months
- average life expectancy dollar bill only 18 months
- The number 172 can be seen on the $5 bill in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln Memorial.
- The security thread and microprinting found on most banknotes today were introduced in 1990 on the $100 and $50 bills.
- On the $1 bill, the Latin phrase above the pyramid ANNUIT COEPTIS means “God supports our endeavors.”
- The Latin below the pyramid on the $1 bill, NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM, means "New World Order"
- At the base of the pyramid on the $1 bill is the Roman numeral MDCCLXXVI, meaning “1776.”
- On the $1 bill, an owl can be seen in the upper left corner, and a spider is hidden in the upper right corner.
- The number 13 (corresponding to the 13 colonies quite often) is used on the $1 bill. The number of digits in 1776 (4) and its Roman equivalent MDCCLXXVI (9) add up to 13
- There are 13 stars above the eagle on the dollar
- There are 13 rows on the Pyramid
- 13 letters in ANNUIT COEPTIS
- E PLURIBUS UNUM contains 13 letters
- There are 13 vertical stripes on the shield
- There are 13 horizontal stripes at the top of the shield
- 13 leaves and 13 berries on an olive branch.
- Dollar bill contains 13 arrows
- On the $100 bill, the clock on the tower of Independence Hall in Philadelphia shows 4 hours and 10 minutes. There is no explanation why exactly this time.
- In 1929, a standard for American currency was introduced, according to which full-face portraits were placed on the front side, and emblems and monuments were placed on the back side.
- The first paper money was printed in denominations of 1, 5, 25 and 50 cents. The US government first issued paper money in 1862 to finance the Civil War and fill a coin shortage that resulted from people hoarding gold and silver coins.
- Nearly half (48%) of bills printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing are $1 bills
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- The small bills are 2.61 inches wide by 6.14 inches long (156 x 66 mm) and 0.0043 inches (0.10922 mm) thick. Large banknotes in circulation before 1929 were 3.125 by 7.4218 inches (189 × 79 mm)
- Martha Washington is the only woman whose portrait is printed on an American banknote. This was the obverse of the 1886 and 1891 series $1 Silver Certificates, and the reverse of the 1896 $1 Silver Certificate.
- If you had 10 billion dollars and spent 1 dollar every second around the clock, then. It would take 317 years to spend the entire amount.
- The $5 bill is called "fin" or "finnif" from the Yiddish number five.
- The $10 bill is called a “sawbuck” or “saw” for short (translated as “wood sawing goats”) for the Roman X on back side.
- The $20 bill is called the "double-sawbuck"
- The image of the elm tree on the back of the $20 bill near the White House represents a real tree in a real location. But, on June 25, 2006, the tree, whose age exceeded 100 years, was broken by a hurricane.
- There are no portraits of African Americans on US banknotes, although five people of African descent have signed the currency (as the Secretary of the Treasury and Treasurer of the United States)
- In 1963, the $2 note was redesigned by adding the motto “IN GOD WE TRUST” on the back and removing the words “Payable to bearer on demand” on the front. Additionally, the pledge on the Federal Reserve Note was changed to its current wording: “THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE.”
- The $2 bill was last issued in 2003.
- You need to bend the bill approximately 8,000 times (back and forth) before it breaks.
- Most people keep $2 bills thinking they are rare and valuable, but they are actually worth $2...
- Quite a lot of people are searching everywhere and collecting $2 bills. These people now have a common name: Tom Crawl
- American money is not made of paper, in fact it is made of cloth.
- The fifty dollar bill is often called the Grant because it features a portrait of Ulysses S. Grant
- The $100 bill has many names: C-note, Hundo, Hunksy, Franklin, Ben, Benjy, Benny, Big one and 100 bones.
- Large denomination notes ($500-100,000) are officially issued notes, but the last ones were printed in 1945 and were officially discontinued on July 14, 1969 by the Federal Reserve.
- President Richard Nixon stopped the circulation of large denomination bills in 1969 in accordance with the Executive Order on Suppression of Organized Crime.
- 97% of all paper dollars contain traces of cocaine
- The famous name of 1 dollar “Greenback” comes from Promissory note, created by Abraham Lincoln in the late 1800s to finance the Civil War. These bills were printed in black on the front and green on the back.
- In 75% of American households, women manage money and pay expenses.
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SYMBOLS on THE DOLLAR, The point of view of the American historian Alfred Siegert
- Mr. Siegert, why are you interested in the secrets of the dollar bill?
– It all started with my interest in Russia, from where my ancestors came to the USA at one time. As a philosopher, I was attracted to the philosophical systems of the great Russian thinkers Blavatsky, Vernadsky and Roerich. Few people in modern America know that the overall design of the dollar bill belonged to a native of Russia, but this is the honest truth. In the US state archives, authorship is attributed to a certain “Sergei Makronovsky,” but, most surprisingly, no information about this person could be found even in the border service. It turned out that the creator of the drawing of the most common banknote, on which people pray and which they curse, on which they rest world economy- disappeared... Never entered American territory, and maybe didn’t even exist.
It took a whole investigation, but in the end I was dumbfounded. None other than the Russian mystic, philosopher and artist Nicholas Roerich worked under the pseudonym “Makronovsky”!
Moreover, Roerich not only created the design of the American currency, but also had a huge influence on the then US President Franklin Roosevelt and Vice President Henry Wallace, and the entire Democratic Party.
The political opponents of Roosevelt and Wallace hated Roerich with all their hearts. The popular historian Schlesinger, an ardent enemy of Roosevelt and Roosevelt’s course of rapprochement with Russia/USSR, called Roerich a “swindler” and attributed to him almost absolute power over the “fooled” Roosevelt and Wallace.
Of course, when I established that the one dollar bill was designed by Roerich under the personal direction of Roosevelt, I was stunned.
The first thing I did was take my wallet out of my pocket and began to peer closely at the design of the buck. Everyone knows that the dollar has significant symbolism - but no one has thought to analyze it from the point of view of “Russian” influence.
– Many people believe that the dollar bill contains Masonic signs such as the “all-seeing eye” and the Star of David.
– Yes, upon a superficial examination. This is what symbol hunters traditionally notice. An unfinished pyramid, above which is a triangle of the “all-seeing eye.” Both of these symbols are Masonic. They mean that the work of creating the United States is not yet completed and that the inspirer of this work is the Almighty. The pyramid casts a shadow in the western direction, and the light naturally comes from the East. This is a very multi-valued symbol, and it was designed specifically for the dollar bill, since there is simply no shadow on other Masonic signs (including the US state seal). The author of this symbol was Roerich.
To the right of the pyramid is an image of an eagle. There are even more secret signs here. The eagle is a symbol of St. John, the patron saint of mysticism, the author of the Apocalypse. In his paws he holds a bunch of arrows - a symbol of the biblical King David, a warrior and, by modern standards, a terrorist, as well as a branch of an olive tree - a symbol of King Solomon, a creator and peacemaker. Above the eagle’s head is a crown in which the small stars of Solomon (five-pointed) form the pattern of the large Star of David (six-pointed), symbolizing the impossibility of peace without war.
But all these signs are obvious and well studied. But what is little studied is Roerich’s contribution. Why, for example, does the number 13 appear so many times on the dollar? This seemingly unlucky number can be found on the banknote, you guessed it, 13 times!
If you follow primitive logic, then a dollar bill is just a bundle of bad luck.
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But what did Roerich mean? Why did he impose the design on the States?
– In order to understand Roerich’s plan, which he, apparently, never explained to any of his American followers, you need to think about the most important aspects philosophy of this great mystic. Roerich carried out a synthesis, fusion, of the Jewish-Christian tradition with Indian magic, the teachings of the great Mahatmas.
Traditionally, we consider the number 13 to be unlucky. According to legend, Judas sat thirteenth at the table of the Last Supper. In addition, thirteen is the number of the Moon, not the Sun, which means it is the number of darkness. Some consider thirteen to be the number of Lilith, the first wife of Adam, the leader of the demons.
But there is also very significant evidence about the special, neither good nor evil, character of this number. 13 - the number of the highest esoteric power, capable of directly addressing the Almighty. And how things will turn out further depends on the merits and virtues of the one who calls for help from above.
In Jewish tradition, 13 is the number of the patriarch Enoch, the only person taken to heaven alive. 13 is also the number of Metatron, an angel who serves as the ears and mouth of the Almighty. This is also the number of facets of the Fruit of Knowledge (yes, yes, the same one from which Eve and Adam ate). And the Fruit of Knowledge itself is a schematic representation of a four-dimensional cube, a tesseract, which encloses a three-dimensional sphere, our world.
And in the Indian mystical tradition, especially in the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev, thirteen is the number after which one should stop counting, because human things can be counted in numbers from one to a dozen, while supernatural things begin with thirteen, but they are incomprehensible. So after twelve comes thirteen, then thirteen again, then again... And so on thirteen times.
Nicholas Roerich managed to combine the mystical defense of Jewish and Indian traditions - and the world received a great currency, the indestructible dollar. The US economy not only recovered from the Great Depression of 1929-1933, but also expanded to unprecedented, truly universal proportions. The Roerich dollar began to rule the world.
– But how then can we explain the current, very difficult situation? The dollar is falling, the USA is on the verge of a crisis, credit derivatives are depreciating, gold has risen in price 5 times in 8-9 years. But the dollar bill has not changed. Was Roerich’s magic really so short-lived?
Where is the owl in the dollar?
– Who told you that the dollar has not changed? A change was made to Roerich's design. A new magical symbol appeared on the dollar, which was not intended by the Russian philosopher (see figure). This symbol is the Horned Owl, the sign of the goddess Astarte, the goddess of discord and hardship.
And it appeared quite recently, after President Nixon abandoned the gold standard. The dollar has become impossible to exchange for gold - and in the upper right corner of the banknote, almost invisible to the uninitiated eye, the Horned Owl sits and squints angrily.
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