The designation of world currencies is used to simplify the view economic information. Each currency has its own three-digit code, where the first two letters indicate the country, and the last third letter is the name of the currency itself (dollar - D, franc - F, pound - P).
This procedure for the three-digit designation of currencies is regulated by a special standard ISO 4217. In 1978, the International Organization for Standardization recommended that all countries use three-letter and three-digit currency codes.
Any currency symbol:
The main purpose of this use of the designation of currencies was aimed at international documentation under international agreements, in which it was more efficient to use the abbreviated names of currency codes to identify their names, since the names of some currencies are quite similar (US dollar, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, etc.).
Of course, each country has adapted the ISO 4217 standard to suit its needs. For example, in Russia there is All-Russian classifier currencies. Only the European Union uses ISO 4217 directly.
The designation of currencies, according to the ISO 4217 standard, has been improved several times: digital codes, data on fractional monetary units Oh.
In order to facilitate the use of the ISO 4217 standard, the designation of currencies was displayed in special tables - lists that indicate the name of the currency, the place of currency circulation, a three-letter alphabetic code, a three-digit alphabetic code, and decimal places for monetary units.
It is clear that some currencies are going out of circulation, so they are marked in additions to the ISO 4217 standard with an explanation of the reasons for such changes, and the dates of input and output of information.
All changes in the designation of currencies are officially published on their website by a special agency - SIX Interbank Clearing in English and French.
The most interesting thing is that since 1978, during the use of the designation of world currencies, practically all available currency signs have been used, therefore, for new currencies, they came up with the idea of entering the letter N, from the English word - new.
Currency codes were needed to automate and unify currency designations, so each country develops them independently, taking into account the ISO 4217 standard.
The letter designation of the currencies of the world
| Currency name | Currency code | |
| Australian dollar | AUD | 036 |
| Austrian shilling | ATS | 040 |
| Belgian franc | BEF | 056 |
| British pound | GBP | 826 |
| Canadian dollar | CAD | 124 |
| Czech crown | CZK | 203 |
| Danish krone | DKK | 208 |
| Dutch guilder | NLG | 528 |
| Estonian kroon | EEK | 233 |
| Single European currency | EUR | 978 |
| Finnish stamp | FIM | 246 |
| French franc | FRF | 250 |
| deutsche mark | DEM | 276 |
| Greek drachma | GRD | 300 |
| Hong Kong dollar | HKD | 344 |
| Hungarian forint | HUF | 348 |
| Irish pound | IEP | 372 |
| Italian lira | ITL | 380 |
| Japanese yen | JPY | 392 |
| Latvian lats | LVL | 428 |
| Lithuanian litas | LTL | 440 |
| Mexican peso | MXN | 484 |
| New Zealand dollar | NZD | 554 |
| Norwegian krone | NOK | 578 |
| Polish zloty | PLN | 985 |
| Portuguese escudo | RTE | 620 |
| Russian ruble | RUB | 643 |
| Singapore dollar | SGD | 702 |
| Slovak koruna | SKK | 703 |
| South African rand | ZAR | 710 |
| Spanish peseta | ESP | 724 |
| Swedish krona | SEK | 752 |
| Swiss frank | CHF | 756 |
| Ukrainian hryvnia | USD | 980 |
| U.S | USD | 840 |
You probably noticed when you filled out payment order in your bank that you have columns of currency codes: for the dollar - 840, for the euro - 978, for the Russian ruble - 643, for the Ukrainian hryvnia - 980.
World currency symbols
In addition to currency signs and currency codes, there are also currency symbols $, £, ¥, €, which you often see in everyday life.
The history of the dollar symbol $ has a number of versions.
The first version says that in 1492, King Ferdinand II of Aragon from Spain approved a symbol that looked like the Pillars of Hercules entwined with a ribbon as his monetary unit.
The second version tells the appearance of the dollar symbol between 1573 and 1825. in Potosi, which at that time was the largest industrial center in the world, and was located on the territory of modern Bolivia. The fact is that the coins that were in circulation at that time in Potosi are very similar to the modern dollar symbol.
The third version tells about the similarity of the modern dollar symbol with the monetary unit sestertia from Ancient Rome. The sestertia was designated as IIS.
And according to the fourth version, it is assumed that the $ symbol was obtained as a result of the contraction of the Spanish peso. That is, in a singular expression, peso was abbreviated as ps. Later, ps was simplified to a single letter S, which was simply crossed out by the missing letter p, and the $ symbol came out.
With other currencies, everything is easier. The pound symbol £ comes from the Latin word libra, which means scales. At that time, the value of a pound was equal to a pound of silver.
The designation of the euro currency - € arose as a result of a sociological survey of the population. That is, the people themselves chose what their national symbol should look like. The euro itself is a very young European currency, which was born in 1999. The € symbol, according to the European Commission, denotes two elements: the importance of Europe in the Greek letter Epsilon, and the stability of the currency in two parallel lines.
The symbol for the Japanese yen currency - ¥ arose as a result of drawing two parallel lines on the Latin letter Y. The Japanese describe their currency with the character 円.
Most countries of the world, when designating currencies, do not bother with a special invention, but simply take abbreviations of the first letters in the name of the country. So, in Poland, złoty is denoted as zł, and the former German Deutsche Mark is simply abbreviated as DM.
Some countries designate their currencies with a symbol that is associated with the dollar. For example, the Nicaraguan cordoba looks like C$.
The shekel currency designation in Israel in Hebrew stands for the first letters of the currency name - ₪.
The history of the designation of the Russian ruble indicates that the very name of the ruble was first encountered in the 13th century and meant a pound of silver, which weighed one hryvnia and was cut into pieces. Over time, the symbol of the ruble has changed. In the XVII - XIX centuries the ruble was depicted by combining the two letters R and U. The modern symbol of the Russian ruble was approved only at the end of 2013 and denotes the letter R with a horizontal line crossing the letter R - ₽ (but this symbol is not displayed correctly for everyone yet, since such a symbol appeared in Unicode tables quite recently).
Thus, we have dealt with the designations of the currencies of the world, examined the signs, codes and symbols of the main world currencies.
In the section on the question How to type in Word a letter with a dash at the top? given by the author cane the best answer is Right click on the panel next to the text: Help window...
Settings ->
Commands ->
Insert ->
Formula Editor -> Pull to panel.
Then open the FORMULA EDITOR.
Overline and underline templates - choose format - enter text. press ENTER. READY
Answer from 22 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: How to type a letter with a dash at the top in Word?
Answer from lanor[active]
use formula wizard
Answer from chevron[newbie]
+ 773
Answer from Advise[guru]
Insert menu -- formulas. There you will find everything you need
Answer from Nick[guru]
Answer from Dr. Moon[newbie]
In Word, as in other office applications, there is an insert Microsoft Equation (formula editor), which allows you to type completely arbitrary mathematical formulas.
And as for the letters with dashes. In the Start Menu, Accessories, Utilities, Character Map. Choose the font Arial or Times and find a similar symbol. Choose. Copy. Paste in Word
Answer from DIS[newbie]
In the top panel, click "Add Delete Buttons" - "Formatting" - and there you put a checkmark over the x in the square (i.e. x, and the top two).
Or, to enter formulas, use Insert - Object - Microsoft equetion (I don’t remember exactly how this word is spelled in English.)
The most common currencies used in different countries ah world, have a huge impact on the processes on financial markets. Each currency unit is designated with a special symbol. This makes any of them recognizable and avoids confusion. Today, almost everyone can immediately distinguish such signs of world currencies as the US dollar and sterling, the euro and the Japanese yen. Each of these symbols has its own history of origin and carries a certain meaning. In this material, it is proposed to consider the signs of the most popular world currencies.
U.S. dollar
Today, there are several versions of the origin of the sign of this currency. Some people are of the opinion that the symbol "$" came to the US from Spain. At the time of the discovery of the American continent, the Spanish currency was the real. It was equal to 1/8 of English pound sterling. This ratio was the reason for the name of the real, which was fixed among the British - "peace of ait" (1/8). And, accordingly, the sign of the real currency was chosen in the form of a vertically crossed-out eight.
According to another version, the symbol "$" originates from the name of the US state. Thus, American patriots believe that the first two letters of the English name USA form a dollar sign. As evidence, the argument is given that this symbol was used as a postal stamp for government correspondence.
Another curious version of how the "$" currency sign came about is another "Spanish" variant. So, it is alleged that when exporting gold from the territory of the colonies on the American continent, the stamp “S” was placed on the goods. It symbolized the country of the recipient - Spain. After arriving in Spanish ports, a vertical strikethrough was added to the sign, and when sending cargo in the opposite direction, the symbol was marked with another additional line.
English pound
The English pound currency sign "₤" is a combination of two characters: the Latin letter L and two horizontal strokes. Sometimes a single bar symbol (£) is used to represent this currency. It would be opportune to say that a similar sign is used for other world currencies. For example, with its help, the Turkish lira is also indicated. The Latin word libra was used to define a measure of weight in Ancient Rome and later in England.
The monetary unit of the European Union
The sign of the currency of the European Union "€" was chosen based on the results of a sociological survey, in which residents of the member countries of the Commonwealth took part. The symbol was officially introduced at the end of 1996. It should be noted that the euro is a very young currency. Symbols of the world's currencies, such as the symbol for the dollar, the pound sterling, the yuan, and the yen, have a much longer history. Officially, the euro began to be used in early 1999. The sign was developed by the European Commission, which chose a combination of two symbols: the Greek letter "epsilon" and two parallel strokes, symbolizing the stability of the new monetary unit.
Swiss frank
A few years ago in Europe there were a number of currencies that bore the name "franc". However, today only the Swiss representative of this monetary unit is used in circulation. The sign "Fr" itself consists of a combination of two letters: an uppercase "F" and a lowercase "r". The appearance of the franc currency in Europe dates back to the XIV century. Then it began to be used in France.
Japanese yen and Chinese yuan
The name "yuan" appeared during the reign of the Qin dynasty in China. This is how silver coins were called in those days. Local hieroglyphs were used for designation. Nowadays, the international sign is a combination of the Latin letter "Y" and a horizontal line.
Russian ruble
The ruble is the official currency in Russian Federation. In addition, at one time the same name was given to money in the Russian principalities, the Russian kingdom, the Russian Empire and the USSR. It should also be noted that the Republic of Belarus uses its own rubles.
The modern symbol of the Russian monetary unit consists of the capital letter "R" and one horizontal line crossing it out. An interesting fact is the fact that back in the 17th century, the sign of the ruble currency looked like a combination of two letters: “R” and “U”. The first of them was located at an angle of 90 degrees to the second counterclockwise. By the way, the very name "ruble" began to be used as early as the 13th century.
The Russian ruble has finally acquired an official graphic symbol - now the national currency will be denoted by the crossed-out letter "R". About why currencies need special graphic signs and why most symbols of the monetary units of the world contain horizontal "dashes" - in the material of the site.
Why do currencies need graphic symbols
Not every currency in the world can boast of its own sign. So, Latvian lats do without special characters, Swiss francs, Danish, Norwegian, swedish kroner, Croatian kunas and many other monetary units of the world. In total, according to the global Unicode standard (a standard for encoding characters and signs of written languages), at the moment only about thirty world currencies have officially registered graphic symbols. Among them there are already unused ones - for example, the signs of the Italian lira (£), German mark (ℳ), French franc (₣), obsolete after the introduction of the euro.
Meanwhile, it is hard not to admit that currencies with their own graphic designations are much more widespread than monetary units that do not have their own symbols. Thus, the dollar ($), pound (£), euro (€), as well as the yen (¥) are undoubtedly not only the most popular, but also the most powerful and influential currencies in the world.
Ruble symbol approval
The introduction of the official symbol of the Russian ruble, according to the Bank of Russia, has become a major event in the country's economy. "Moscow claims the status of an international financial center. There is an objective need to introduce a national currency symbol recognized at home and abroad," Elvira Nabiullina, chairman of the Central Bank of Russia, said on December 11, presenting the approved designation of the Russian currency.
The adoption of one sign as a designation of a monetary unit allows, in addition, to unify all variants of its former spelling: for example, after the official approval of the ruble symbol, you no longer have to doubt how best to say about the ruble in writing - 100 rubles, 100 r. or 100 rubles.
What do the symbols of different world currencies have in common
Some of the graphic images of monetary units developed naturally, as a result of various historical events, and some were formed during the development of many options, as well as popular votes. So any special requirements to create a symbol of a particular currency cannot be presented. However, the graphic image must be convenient and easy to write, otherwise it will be useless - after all, currency signs are introduced in order to become recognizable and replace the full names of currencies in writing.
Dollar, euro, pound, Japanese yen, Vietnamese dong, Israeli new shekel
Graphic designations of almost all currencies of the world have horizontal "dashes" in their structure. It's not just British Pound Sterling (£), Euro (€), Ukrainian hryvnia(₴), Japanese yen (¥), Kazakh tenge (₸) and, finally, the symbol of the Russian ruble, which received official status. Thus, the symbols of the Indian rupee (₹), southern Korean won(₩) and many other currencies of the world are also written using one or more horizontal bars through.
Such stripes on signs are a universally recognized symbol of the stability of the currency in which they are written. That is why, as the representatives themselves said Central Bank Russia, the line is also used in the symbol of the ruble.
From Russia with love
The approved symbol of the Russian ruble, which is a crossed out "P", is not at all the first sign of the national currency, but the only one officially recognized. It should be added, however, that for a long time it was the most popular of the unofficial designations of the Russian currency.
At times Russian Empire there was another way to write the ruble: it was a combination of capital letters "r" and "y". According to the most common version, "p" was turned 90 degrees counterclockwise, and then "y" was written over the letter. Such a designation of the ruble was indicated not after the numbers, as today, but above them. However, despite the attempts of some publishers, such a sign of the ruble was not widely used in the press.
Now the graphic symbol of the ruble has become - and already quite legally - the crossed-out letter "R". This sign was approved on December 11 central bank Russia. The selected symbol was recognized as the most popular according to the results of the voting, which the Central Bank conducted on its website. A one ruble coin with a new graphic sign of the national currency will appear in circulation as early as 2014.
The approved designation of the ruble. Photo: cbr.ru
In early November, the Central Bank submitted for public discussion the graphic symbol of the ruble. Finalists have been selected working group Bank of Russia from more than three thousand options. The crossed-out "P" during the voting was supported by more than 61% of respondents.
Crossed letters and more
Since horizontal stripes are a fairly popular "attribute" currency symbols, it is not surprising that there are already a number of monetary units in the world, the signs of which are very similar to the new designation of the ruble. Thus, most countries in which the peso is accepted for payment use the sign to designate their currencies. US dollar($) or similar, with only two transverse stripes. But in the Philippines, the peso, meanwhile, is denoted by a different symbol - ₱, which is similar to the new designation of the Russian ruble.
Symbols of various currencies of the world: including the American dollar, the Korean won, the Netherlands Antilles guilder
The Nigerian naira is also crossed out - however, already with two stripes (₦). In addition, similar designations - in the form of crossed out letters - have the Ukrainian hryvnia (₴) and the Lao kip (₭).
In the graphics of some national currencies horizontal lines are present in a different way. So, the new Israeli shekel looks more like a beautiful rectangular pattern (₪), the taka of the countries of Bangladesh looks like a solid sign from the Russian alphabet (৳), and the guilder of the Netherlands Antilles looks like a mathematical notation for a function (ƒ).
Where did the most famous currency symbols come from?
Today there is no single view on the origin of the $ sign, but it is quite possible that with its characteristic style american currency owes to the inhabitants of Foggy Albion. The fact is that the English king George III ordered at one time to use Spanish reals in circulation, which cost 1/8 of the British pound sterling. This money was called "piece of eight" ("a piece of eight"), which eventually turned into an abbreviated "peso". Soon they began to pay with them in the North American colonies of England, where they were also called dollars.
The crossed-out eight was wisely chosen as the written symbol for "piece of eight". However, soon such a spelling turned out to be too long and inconvenient, as a result of which the symbol turned into a "truncated" eight - $.
According to the theory of American patriots, however, $ originated differently: becoming a simplified combination of the letters "U" and "S" (the first letter of the name of the United States - US), superimposed on each other. Another version of the appearance of the American dollar symbol says that the "progenitors" of the $ sign were the Spaniards, who in writing denoted the peso currency by combining the letters "P" and "S".
The roots of whimsical writing British pound sterling lie in the Latin letter "L", supplemented horizontally by a line (or two lines) in the middle. The very same "L" comes from the Latin word libra (libra, pound), denoting the main measure of weight in ancient Rome and England.
Pound - £ or ₤ - is used not only in Great Britain, but also in some other countries of the world.
Euro, as a young currency, received its sign as a result of an analysis of European public opinion. It is believed that the authors of € were four experts, whose names, for some reason, it was decided not to disclose.
According to the European Commission, the graphic image of the euro carries the significance of European civilization (it is symbolized by the Greek letter "epsilon"), identity with Europe itself (the letter "E") and stability (parallel lines crossing the letter).
From $ to €
1972 dates back to the first use of the symbol of any (some) currency. It may be necessary if, for example, in a computer font, the character desired currency not available.
Designation of any currency
The sign of a certain currency is a circle, from which, like from the sun, four rays depart at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to each other.
Anna Teplitskaya
If you are typing in another language (for example, German), there are ways fast entry diacritics (diacritics), namely, signs above (rarely below) letters. The exact way you type diacritics depends on the program you're typing in, but this article describes the most common methods.
Note: The keyboard layout must be switched to English in order to use the methods shown here. Be aware that some keyboards have letter keys with diacritics.
Steps
Typing diacritics in Windows
- As a rule, the symbol "`" is located on the same key as the symbol "~" (tilde). It's not an apostrophe key.
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Press Ctrl + " to type an accent. Hold Ctrl, and then press the key with the symbol """ (apostrophe), which is located next to the Enter key. Release the keys. Then press the key with the desired letter.
Press Ctrl, then press Shift, then press 6, and finally press the key with the desired letter to enter the circumflex (“hat”). Hold Ctrl and Shift, and then press the key with the number 6. Release the keys and press the key with the desired letter. The number 6 key is used because of the "^" symbol found on this key.
Press Shift + Ctrl + ~ to type the tilde. The "~" (tilde) character is on the same key as the "`" character, which is used to enter gravity. Do not forget to hold down the Shift key, otherwise you will enter a grave instead of a tilde. Release the keys and press the key with the desired letter.
Press Shift+Ctrl+: to enter an umlaut. The key with the symbol ":" (colon) is next to the key with the symbol "'" (apostrophe). Do not forget to hold down the Shift key, otherwise you will enter a semicolon instead of an umlaut. Release the keys and press the key with the desired letter.
Enter capital letters with accents in the same way. But change the order of keystrokes: first press Ctrl + (symbol key), then press Shift, and then press the key with the desired letter. An uppercase letter with an accent character will be entered.
Use keyboard shortcuts (shortcut keys). They are available on most modern Windows computers in Microsoft Word. Keyboard shortcuts are generally easier to remember than ASCII codes, which are also used for diacritics.
Press Ctrl + ` to enter gravity. Hold down the Ctrl key, and then press the "`" key, which is located in the upper left corner of the keyboard. Release the keys. Then press the key with the desired letter.
Alt codes in Windows (ASCII codes)
- The following codes are intended for entering gravity:
- a = 0224; À = 0192
- è = 0232; È = 0200
- м = 0236; Ì = 0204
- ò = 0242; Ò = 0210
- ù = 0249; Ù = 0217
- The following codes are intended for entering an acute accent (accent):
- a = 0225; Á = 0193
- e = 0233; É = 0201
- i = 0237; h = 0205
- ó = 0243; Ó = 0211
- u = 0250; Ú = 0218
- ý = 0253; Ý = 0221
- The following codes are intended for entering the circumflex:
- â=0226; Â = 0194
- ê = 0234; Ê = 0202
- î = 0238; О = 0206
- ô = 0244; Ô = 0212
- û = 0251; Û = 0219
- The following codes are used to enter the tilde:
- ã = 0227; Ã = 0195
- ñ = 0241; Ñ=0209
- õ = 0245; Õ = 0213
- The following codes are intended for entering the umlaut:
- ä = 0228; Ä = 0196
- ë = 0235; Ë = 0203
- ï = 0239; Ï = 0207
- o = 0246; Ö = 0214
- ü = 0252; Ü = 0220
- ÿ = 0255; Ÿ = 0159
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Release the Alt key. The superscript will appear above the corresponding letter (as shown in the previous step). The codes can be memorized well after some practice, because there are quite a lot of them. If you often enter diacritics, make a cheat sheet and keep it near your computer so that you can quickly find the code you need. If you're constantly working with accented letters, add appropriate keyboard layouts to speed up your typing.
Use Alt codes. To do this, you will need a separate numeric keypad, which is located on the right side of the standard keyboard. ASCII codes are applicable in Microsoft Office suite programs. These codes are not supported by all Windows compatible programs, so check each program to see if it works with Alt codes.
Hold down the Alt key. There are many numeric codes, but remember that in order to apply them, you must first hold down the Alt key. Keep the key pressed until you have finished entering the numeric code.
On the numeric keypad, enter the code corresponding to the specific diacritic.
Typing diacritics in Mac OS X
Use keyboard shortcuts to type diacritics on a Mac OS X computer. This method is applicable in Pages and in a web browser. First you need to hold down the Option key, and then press a combination of two other keys to enter a specific accent.
Press Option + ` and then press the desired letter key to enter gravity. Hold Option and press the key with the "`" symbol. Release the keys. The screen will display a superscript highlighted in yellow. Then press the key with the desired letter. Gravis can be placed over any vowel.
Press Option + E, and then press the key with the desired letter to enter an acute (accent). Hold Option and press the E key. Release the keys. The screen will display a superscript highlighted in yellow. Then press the key with the desired letter. Acute can be placed over any vowel.
Press Option + I and then press the desired letter key to enter the circumflex. Hold Option and press the "I" key. Release the keys. Then press the key with the desired letter. A circumflex can be placed over any vowel.
Press Option + N and then press the desired letter key to type the tilde. Hold Option and press the "N" key. Release the keys. Then press the key with the desired letter. The tilde can be placed over the letters A, N, O.
Press Option + U and then press the letter key to enter the umlaut. Hold Option and press the "U" key. Release the keys. Then press the key with the desired letter.
Hold Shift to enter an uppercase letter with an accent. Do this before pressing any other keyboard shortcuts. As a rule, if the desired letter is at the beginning of a sentence, it is automatically changed to uppercase.
Copying and pasting letters with diacritics
- Gravis - à, è, ì, ò, ù
- Acut - á, é, í, ó, ú, ý
- Circumflex - c, ê, î, ô, û
- Tilde - ñ, õ, ã
- Umlaut - ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, ÿ
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Find an example of the desired letter or word. This can be done in existing document, in the symbol table, or on the Internet. If you're looking for a word that includes an accented letter on the internet, copy that word directly from an online resource.
Highlight the desired letter (word). Then right-click on the letter and select Copy from the menu (Windows). Press Ctrl + C to copy the selection if you are on a computer running Mac OS X.
Insert a letter or word with an diacritic into the text. On Mac OS X, right-click and select Paste and Match Style from the menu to match the style of the letter or word to all text. In Windows, highlight the inserted word and change the font to match the style of the entire text. This is the best solution for people who rarely use diacritics or want to type them quickly.
Learn the diacritics first. It is necessary to enter letters with specific accents, because the wrong diacritic can completely change the meaning of some words. The most common superscripts used in European languages are the following: