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ORDER of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation dated 12/25/2002 148 ON THE APPROVAL AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LABOR SAFETY RULES WHEN WORKING ON RADIO RELAY... Relevant in 2018

3.5. Safety requirements for servicing antenna mast structures and antenna-waveguide paths

3.5.1. Maintenance and repair of antenna mast structures (AMS) and antenna-waveguide paths (AWT) must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of these Rules, a maintenance project or instructions approved by the chief engineer of the organization.

3.5.2. Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination and are trained safe methods work that has passed the knowledge test of labor safety requirements and has the appropriate qualifications in accordance with the tariff and qualification reference book.

3.5.3. All work related to ascent to the AWS must be carried out in accordance with the work permit (Appendix 12).

Painting of masts and towers must be carried out by specially trained persons with mandatory compliance with the safety requirements set out in regulatory documents for this type of work at height.

3.5.3. The dangerous zone around masts and towers during their operation is considered to be the zone whose border is located from the center of the base of the support to 1/3 of its height.

When working in a hazardous area, only persons directly associated with this work are allowed to be present, mandatory use safety helmets. Safety helmets are also used for any work on supports.

Protection of service personnel located in the danger zone in case of possible falling of ice and snow from the AWS must, in addition, be carried out:

a) designation of the danger zone with the installation of warning signs;

b) drawing up instructions and conducting briefings on the danger of ice;

c) protection of passages located in the danger zone with canopies or structures of a permanent or removable structure (for RRS operating in a serviced mode).

3.5.4. When the equipment is turned on and power is supplied to the antenna system, maintenance personnel are prohibited from carrying out any work on the AMS and AVT in conditions exceeding the standards given in Appendix 12.

3.5.5. All work on servicing AMC and AVT is carried out only with the permission of the hub or terminal station. At the same time, the volume, start and end times of the work must be precisely determined, and all persons responsible for the work must be appointed.

3.5.6. The procedure and frequency of technical inspections and repairs of AMS and AVT must comply with the instructions mentioned in clause 3.5.1.

3.5.7. The right to issue a work order and conduct briefings before starting work on the AWS is granted to persons specified in the order for the organization.

3.5.8. A person who combines the duties of a responsible manager, a work supervisor and a permitter can participate in the work of only one team, without having the right to supervise the work of other teams.

3.5.9. Work at height and steeplejack work on installation (dismantling), maintenance and repair of automatic and mechanical devices must be carried out by at least two persons.

When carrying out steeplejack work by a team of antenna-mast operators, an observer must be appointed from among them, who is obliged to continuously monitor the workers from the ground and wear a fitter’s belt and helmet in order, if necessary, to provide immediate assistance to workers performing steeplejack work.

Before starting work on the automated station, the shift supervisor of the RRS or the senior APG (for automated RRS) is obliged to carry out the measures prescribed by the order to ensure the safe conduct of work, incl. if necessary, turn off the power to the COM, the heating of the upper sealing inserts, etc., and hang posters on the corresponding switches and circuit breakers: “Do not turn on! People are working.”

3.5.10. It is prohibited to be in the open areas of masts and towers during a thunderstorm and when it is approaching, as well as when the wind force is more than 12 m/s, ice, rain and snowfall.

3.5.11. During a thunderstorm and as it approaches, it is prohibited to stay near grounding conductors. There must be warning signs at the installation sites of grounding conductors.

3.5.12. Work on masts and towers in the dark is permitted during accidents and shutdowns to carry out preventive work on the RRL. In this case, the workplace is illuminated with a battery-powered flashlight attached to the cradle of the antenna-mast operator and providing sufficient illumination of the workplace. The lifting mechanism must also be illuminated.

3.5.13. When climbing masts and towers using stairs, the following requirements must be met:

a) the antenna-mast operator must have a helmet and a serviceable installation belt, with which he must be attached to the structural elements of the mast or tower during work;

b) climbing stairs without guardrails that meet the requirements of these Rules is possible only in emergency cases and each time by written order of the technical manager or chief engineer of the organization operating the RRL, or under the direct supervision of one of them;

c) when one person is lifting along the mast trunk, the hatches of the sections must be closed as they rise;

d) climbing vertical stairs is permitted only in shoes with non-slip soles and leather gloves. The climber's clothing must be tightly fitted;

e) if a group of people is climbing a vertical ladder, then the next worker is allowed to climb only when the hatch on the platform above is closed;

f) if several people are climbing a lattice tower, then only one person should climb each flight of stairs in turn;

g) it is prohibited to climb the shaft of a round mast using an elevator or an emergency staircase if the inside of the mast is not illuminated (except in cases where the internal lighting of the masts has been eliminated).

3.5.14. During the ascent and descent of the antenna-mast operator, his working tools and small parts must be in a bag with a lock that prevents it from opening spontaneously. When ascending and descending the antenna-mast operator along the stairs, the bag must be attached with straps to him, and when ascending and descending in the cradle, to the latter. It is prohibited to place tools, nuts or other objects on the mast structure.

3.5.15. Raising and lowering the antenna-mast operator is necessary only at his command. When working at high altitudes, the mast antenna operator must be equipped with a megaphone or portable radio station.

The command to lift and lower loads and structures is given by only one responsible person.

3.5.16. When lifting an antenna-mast operator onto a mast or tower, it is necessary to avoid touching the cradle rope of the mast structures.

3.5.17. Lifted loads should be secured in accordance with the work execution plan (WPP). It is prohibited to stand under the lifted load.

3.5.18. To lower antennas or other loads (with free rotation of the winch shaft), it is prohibited to use winches without safe handles; using only a band brake is not enough. Climbing a mast or tower while raising and lowering the antenna is prohibited.

3.5.19. Inspection of guys and mechanical parts from the cradle is permitted only with the help of specially designed and duly approved maintenance systems.

3.5.20. Guys consisting of steel ropes must be replaced if a violation of the steel rope rejection standards is detected. Replacement is carried out by a specialized organization in accordance with the approved PPR.

3.5.21. When replacing guys, you should follow the special instructions or design.

Removing permanent guy wires is permitted only after installing temporary guy ropes. It is prohibited to be on the mast at the time of transferring loads from a replaced guy to a temporary one, at the moment of transferring loads from a temporary guy to a newly installed one, as well as during work on adjusting guys.

3.5.22. The roofs of RRS buildings used to check the condition of the antenna-waveguide path should be fenced around the perimeter with a metal fence with a height of at least 1.0 m.

Chapter 18. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

18.1. Maintenance and repair of antenna mast structures (AMS) must be carried out in accordance with the maintenance project or instructions approved by the chief engineer of the enterprise, in compliance with the requirements of these Rules.

18.2. Persons who are permitted to work at height and who meet the requirements of clause 2.1 of these Rules are allowed to work at height.

Work on structures that do not have fencing, as well as work related to going beyond the fencing, must be carried out by steeplejacks.

Individuals (workers and technical engineers) who are at least 18 years old, who have passed a medical examination and are found fit, who have at least one year of experience in steeplejacking, and tariff category not lower than 3rd. Workers admitted to steeplejack work for the first time must work for one year under the direct supervision of experienced workers appointed by order of the head of the enterprise.

Note. Climbing work is considered to be work performed at a height of more than 5 m from the surface of the ground, ceiling or working floor on which work is being carried out, directly from structures during installation or repair, while the main means of protecting workers from falling from a height is a safety belt.

18.3. Employees of repair and construction organizations working at the operated facility are allowed onto the antenna field in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations specified in clause 2.2. In this case, responsibility for compliance with the Rules rests with the technical manager of the repair and construction organization.

18.4. The dangerous zone around masts and towers during operation is considered to be the zone whose boundary is located from the center of the base of the support at a distance equal to 1/3 of its height.

When working in a hazardous area, only persons directly associated with this work are allowed to be present, with the obligatory use of protective helmets.

The presence of persons not associated with their maintenance is not permitted on the antenna fields of transmitting radio stations, television centers, television repeaters.

18.5. Lifting people onto the AWS is prohibited:

when the voltage is not removed above 42 V;

during a thunderstorm and as it approaches;

in case of ice, heavy rain, snowfall or fog;

when the carabiner of the safety belt is not fastened to the cradle;

at wind speeds above 12 m/s;

in the dark;

on a lifting device whose next test period has expired;

on defective ropes;

without a protective helmet and safety belt.

In the spans of tubular supports limited by solid floors with folding hatches, the simultaneous movement of more than one antenna-mast operator is prohibited. In this case, the hatches must be closed.

18.6. Work on supports in the dark is possible only during the elimination of accidents and in cases specifically permitted by the relevant higher organization. In this case, it is necessary to provide adequate lighting.

18.7. The antenna mast operator must:

wear a working safety belt and, while working on the support, be attached with a chain to its structures. When climbing the mast on claws, to be able to safely cross the yoke to which the guy ropes are attached, you should use a belt with two chains;

carry out repair work on the support only after it is attached to its structures with a safety belt. Supports should be painted from ladders, scaffolding or from a cradle;

work in safety helmets and special shoes with soles without metal nails. An exception may be work in workshops, and on the surface of the earth - outside hazardous areas.

18.8. When working on antenna-feeder structures, you must use canvas gloves.

18.9. Climbing work on the AWS must be carried out by at least two mastmen, one of whom is an observer.

The observer must be outside the danger zone and have a mechanic's belt, in case of work on wooden supports, and claws.

18.10. Welding work is allowed to be carried out from the inventory cradle of the lifting device, provided that the cradle is suspended from the load rope through an IT type insulator and measures are taken to prevent it from falling.

18.11. During a thunderstorm and as it approaches, it is prohibited to stay near grounding conductors. Work on the antenna field must be stopped and people must be moved indoors. Warning posters “Stop. Voltage” must be installed at the installation sites of grounding conductors.

12.18. At radio centers where several transmitters operate simultaneously, work on supports, antennas and feeders is possible only after portable grounding connections have been installed to ensure minimal induction of EMF at the workplace.

18.13. Work on antenna structures (masts, antennas, feeders, etc.) of existing transmitting centers and radio stations is possible only with the permission of the shift supervisor, having received a special order (Appendix 9), which is issued for work on each antenna structure.

The work order is issued by a person authorized to do so by order of the enterprise. A written order for the enterprise also appoints a responsible work manager, a work performer and a permitter.

A person who combines the duties of a responsible manager, a work supervisor and a permitter can participate in the work of only one team, without having the right to supervise the work of other teams.

The person issuing the order must have electrical safety group V, the responsible manager must have at least group IV, and the work performer must have at least group III.

The procedure for issuing and storing a work order for work on antenna-mast and feeder structures is the same as for a work order for work on electrical installations (see Chapter 10 of these Rules).

18.14. Antenna-feeder devices of receiving centers are serviced without a work order, but with an entry in the operational log.

18.15. Before working on antenna structures, the shift supervisor must allow access to the work site, having previously completed technical measures in accordance with the work order.

18.16. At the antenna switchboard, the person performing the shutdown hangs up a prohibitory poster: “Do not turn it on. People are working.”

18.17. If the transmitter has only one antenna and work on it or the antenna feeder is carried out when the transmitter is turned off, then this work can be performed without a work order and an entry in the operational log.

In this case, the shift supervisor must turn off the disconnector or switch for the mechanical blocking of the transmitter and hang on it a prohibitory poster “Do not turn it on. People are working.”

On a transmitter with a rod lock, the key to the switch lock or lock disconnector is issued to the responsible work manager against a signature in the operational log.

18.18. On feeder supports and portals with several feeders, at least one of which is energized, two people must work simultaneously, one of whom must have an electrical safety group of at least IV, the other - not lower than III group.

The antiphase wires of the section of the transmitting antenna feeder on which work is being carried out must be short-circuited to each other on both sides and grounded.

Repair and other work on the upper feeder is prohibited if the lower feeder is energized.

18.19. With any switches and any switching scheme, before switching the antenna, you must first turn off the anode voltage at the transmitter. Personnel on the antenna field or inside antenna pavilions or technical buildings must switch feeder lines in accordance with instructions that take into account the existing switching system at the radio center and the features of the equipment installed there.

Before switching antennas on a feeder pole or in a separate room, the person on duty must turn off the anode voltage at the transmitter, apply grounding to the feeder, and hang a poster on the interlock disconnector "Do not turn on. People are working."

Grounding is applied to the feeder if the transition to another antenna is carried out without a switch equipped with a steering wheel drive.

Anode voltages can be applied to the transmitter only after the order is closed. The duty officer disconnects the grounding and removes the prohibitory posters.

18.20. The configuration of antenna-feeder devices of transmitting radio centers and measurements on them related to the connection of drives to live parts of the antenna or feeder must be carried out by at least two persons, one of whom must have electrical safety group IV, the others - III.

Work must be performed according to work orders.

Before starting adjustments or measurements, a worker with electrical safety group IV must make sure that there is no constant voltage on the antenna or feeder and that the high-frequency chokes designed to drain static charges are in good condition.

Measuring instruments and indicators used when setting up AFU at transmitting radio centers must have insulating handles.

18.21. When antenna-feeder devices related to television, VHF FM transmitters, radio relay stations, etc. are located together on a support, work on the support is permitted only if the EMF intensity at the workplace does not exceed the established standards. In other cases, work must be carried out when the corresponding transmitting devices are turned off.

18.22. Traffic through the antenna field is permitted only along routes established by the administration of the radio enterprise. Traffic outside established routes is possible only with permission issued for each trip by the chief engineer; he also appoints an accompanying person for the duration of the vehicle's passage. The administration of the radio enterprise must also establish possible parking locations on the antenna field.

18.23. Wooden masts, anchors and feeder poles, in which the thickness of the rotted layer at the surface of the earth is 10% of the diameter or more, must be replaced.

18.24. When replacing rotten anchors, the guy ropes must be transferred to a new anchor pre-installed in close proximity to the old one.

18.25. Permanent guy lines can only be removed after installing temporary ones. It is prohibited to stand on the support while adjusting the guys.

18.26. The bases of antenna masts isolated from the ground must be surrounded by a fence with a lockable gate. A warning sign “Stop. Voltage” should be posted on the fence. The key to the fence door lock must be kept by the supervisor of the duty shift and issued against signature in the operational log.

18.27. In cases where permanently operating equipment of several enterprises is mounted on a support, the following order of work is determined.

Each of the tenant enterprises and the parent enterprise (organization), on the balance sheet of which the support is located, by their orders appoint persons responsible for carrying out work on the support with the right to issue orders for their implementation. Surnames responsible persons and the positions they hold must be officially reported to the parent organization.

The work order for carrying out work on the equipment located on the support is issued by the organization that owns this equipment. This organization is responsible for implementing all measures for the safe conduct of work.

Before carrying out work, the tenant enterprise must agree on the time, duration and conditions of the work with other tenant enterprises, and then obtain permission from the chief engineer of the parent organization. Regular work must be carried out according to a predetermined schedule, agreed upon with all tenant enterprises and approved by the chief engineer of the parent organization.

Permission to work on the support is carried out by the parent organization and the tenant company responsible for carrying out work on the equipment located on the support. At the same time, the parent organization records in the operational journal the name of the organization that issued the work order for work on the support, the number of the work order, the date of its issue, the duration and type of work, the name of the person who issued the work order.

If necessary, a representative of the parent organization indicates in the work order and logbook additional organizational and technical measures for the safe conduct of work on the support.

The magazine is signed by representatives of both enterprises (parent and tenant).

After finishing work, the work order is closed in as usual with a mark and entry about the completion of work in the journal.

The work order remains with the tenant company performing the work.

18.28. Antenna mast structures mounted on the roofs of technical buildings or other structures of this kind must be repaired taking into account the requirements of Chapter. 22 of these Rules.

18.29. When working on supports, if necessary, the antenna-mast operator must be equipped with means of communication: a receiving and transmitting radio station, a megaphone or a telephone.

18.30. Climbing onto supports on claws is permitted only with a support height of no more than 16 m. Climbing onto supports with a height of more than 16 m is permitted only in a cradle raised using a manual or electric (for support heights of more than 60 m) winch, in an elevator (if available) or along a specially equipped staircase.

18.31. The distances from the feeder wires to the ground surface, as well as various structures, must meet the requirements given in table. 5.

Object name	Distance from feeder wires to object, m, not less
Object name	for transmitting antennas	for receiving antennas
Ground surface	3,0 <*>
Roadbed on the technical territory of the radio station	4,5
Roadbed outside the technical territory of the radio station	6	5,5
Roof ridge	2,5	1,5
Rail head when a feeder crosses railways	7,5
Elements of wooden and asbestos-cement feeder supports	0,4	0,1
Elements of reinforced concrete support	0,5 <**>	0,3
Building walls	0,8	0,3
Branches of trees or bushes	2,0 <***>

<**>With power over 250 kW - 0.8 m; at power below 5 kW - 0.3 m.

<***>Tree branches at any height above the feeder are not permitted.

18.32. During the lifting and work of the antenna-mast operator in the cradle, his working tool must be tied to the cradle structure.

Small tools and parts should be kept in the fitter's bag attached to the cradle.

It is prohibited to place tools or other objects on the support structure.

18.33. When performing work on antenna fields and in the premises of transmitting radio stations, safety measures must be taken to prevent injury to people, as well as fire or explosion of flammable substances from the effects of electric current induced by the electromagnetic field on resonating oscillating circuits made of metal structures, ropes and wires.

Carrying out work in areas of possible danger must be coordinated with the operating schedule of technical equipment that is a source of the induced electromagnetic field.

In areas of possible danger, the placement of explosive and fire hazardous materials and drilling and blasting operations should be prohibited.

The following methods should be used to protect personnel and equipment from induced voltages:

insulation (sectioning with insulators) of load-bearing ropes, in particular slings of assembly cranes;

grounding of metal structures and non-insulated (open) parts of structures, wire busbars;

shunting electrical circuits with capacitors;

connection to conductive circuits and circuits of detuning high-frequency circuits or elements;

shielding of equipment and structures.

Chapter 19. LIFTING DEVICES

19.1. Lifting devices use winches with manual or electric drive. The winch must be installed on a horizontal surface and secured with a force of at least twice the maximum working load. Winches and outlet blocks must be attached to permanent (operational) or installation anchors. The use of old rope anchors is prohibited. To service several closely spaced supports, you can use mobile winches mounted on skids or wheels with appropriate attachment to the anchor pile.

19.2. The connection between the electric winch motor shaft and the drum shaft must be carried out using a gear or worm gear. The use of winches with belt and friction drives, friction and cam clutches is not permitted.

19.3. Permissible output of winch parts is determined in accordance with the passport and instructions for installation and operation of this mechanism.

19.4. The electric winch control panel should be installed at a distance of no more than 3 m from it. The connection of the remote control to the power supply line must be made through a connector that is fixed on the outside of the remote control, in an accessible place for emergency de-energization of the electric motor if the control button is “stuck”.

19.5. All non-current-carrying parts of electric winches must be grounded.

19.6. In cases where, when lifting with an electric winch, it is possible that the cradle intended for raising and lowering the antenna mast operator will touch the protruding parts of the antenna structure, and also when the speed of movement of the cradle exceeds 0.33 m/sec., it is necessary to install a guy rope or guides (flexible) or hard) and measures must be taken to protect the cradle from possible contact with protruding parts of the structure. Flexible guides can be installed horizontally, obliquely or vertically, and their ends must be securely fastened to the structures. It is necessary to prevent the cradle rope from touching the mast structures or antenna sheet.

19.7. The cradle, designed for raising and lowering masts onto single-barrel masts using a manual winch, can be made without a fence, from dry oak or pine boards with a thickness of 50 mm and dimensions of 600 x 300 mm. To attach the cradle, four holes are made in the corners of the board at a distance of at least 50 mm from the edges, through which a rope with a diameter of 7.7 to 8.7 mm is passed. The ends of the rope are woven under the board diagonally at a length of at least 200 mm and with a number of punches of at least 5.5 on each side. The length of the rope should be such that after braiding, two loops of about 1.2 m each remain above the board, which should be fastened with a straight knot to the lifting rope. The end of the lifting rope is secured with three clamps.

19.8. The coupling of the carriage with the cradle must exclude the possibility of spontaneous disengagement.

19.9. Each block, bracket or hook used for lifting people must be provided with a manufacturer's passport or test report in the prescribed manner.

19.10. It is prohibited: to use mounting blocks on bushings in a system with an electromechanical drive; use cradles made of timber to raise and lower masts using an electric winch; hang cables, hoses and other items from the cradle, except for tools and spare parts; install mechanisms and other objects that are not directly related to them near the winches of lifting devices.

11.19. The presence of working ropes of lifting devices must be excluded from the transmitting antennas during operation of the transmitters. In this case, a tarred rope must be passed through the block of the lifting device, intended for prompt reeving of the lifting rope. Antenna structures where installation and other types of work are carried out must be taken out of service for the entire period of these works.

19.12. Lifting devices and auxiliary devices for them, intended for lifting people and loads onto AMS supports, before putting into operation, as well as periodically every 12 months. (spring) must undergo a full technical examination by a commission of the organization operating these devices, consisting of the head of the antenna group and the antenna mast operator.

If during the inspection dangerous defects are revealed, then the operation of the lifting device or auxiliary device is prohibited.

In autumn, lifting devices and auxiliary devices are inspected (without testing).

The results of the survey and inspection are recorded in a report approved by the technical director of the enterprise.

A lifting device for lifting people can only be put into operation after testing for 10 minutes. static load exceeding the load-carrying capacity of the device by 1.5 times, and dynamic load by 10%. Requirements for technical examination of winches for lifting loads are indicated in the table of Appendix 10.

19.13. Lifting devices must have:

periodic inspection log;

passports of winches indicating the type, purpose, manufacturer, year of manufacture, serial number, load capacity, type of brakes, electric motor data, drum diameters, electrical wiring diagram (for electric winches), etc.;

block passports;

installation drawing indicating the location of guys, lifting and guide ropes, as well as drawings for fastening blocks.

19.14. When lifting the antenna-mast operator onto the support, the manual winch must be operated by two trained or instructed workers. The electrically driven winch can be operated by one person. Persons servicing the winch are prohibited from leaving it when the antenna operator-mast operator is on the mast.

19.15. When the rope approaches the winch horizontally, it should be wound onto the drum of the electric winch from above, and from the bottom of the manual winch.

19.16. The winch electric drive must be controlled by continuously pressing one of the “Lifting” or “Downloading” buttons without locking. When the button is released, the electric drive should turn off.

19.17. Lifting or lowering must be stopped at the signal of any worker who notices the danger.

lift and lower people without commands from the cradle (the command to lift or lower loads and structures is given by only one responsible person);

repair or turn off the remote control while people are in the cradle;

stand over the rope going to the drum;

clean, lubricate or repair the winch while it is in operation;

lift more than 2 people in a cradle;

remove the hand winch ratchet wheel latch.

19.19. To avoid injury to operating personnel when objects fall from the cradle, the winch must be installed outside the danger zone. If this is not possible, then the work area near the winch must be protected from objects falling from above.

19.20. Before each rise to the support:

the lifting winch is inspected, checking the condition of the ratchet mechanism, gears, latch, attachment of the winch to the frame and the frame to the anchor;

inspect the hoisting rope during its reeving.

During inspection you should pay attention Special attention on the condition of lifting ropes, which can be damaged not only by corrosion and wire breaks, but also by spark discharges.

19.21. When using hand winches, the speed of lifting and lowering the load is regulated only by changing the speed of rotation of the handle.

Currently, the service associated with the maintenance of antenna mast structures (AMS) is becoming increasingly popular and in demand. Regular maintenance is required for any devices, equipment, relay stations, objects cellular communications. Now there are a huge number of antenna mast structures on the territory of our state. All of them, sooner or later, need maintenance.
Today there are several typesapplication of antenna mast structures, which are most widespread in domestic spaces. Among them:

1. Metalmasts. This type of AMC includes special structures made of steel and aluminum. The guy system provides stability to such structures. They can be installed in various places. Such structures can be seen on the roofs of houses, administrative buildings, engineering structures. They are often built on the surface of the ground. The material used in the manufacture of this type of AMC is steel corners. Angles made of aluminum can be used. You can find structures that are made of round steel rods or pipes with a circular cross-section. They may vary in height. This altitude range is between 8 and 80 meters. As for the absolute height range of such structures, it is 35-80 meters above ground level.

2. Steeltowers. This type of antenna mast structures includes special steel structures that are free-standing, rather than attached to roofs or using special guy wires. They have a high degree of rigidity. Its stability is ensured by the power circuit of the AMC itself. Compared to the first type, this type of structure is much more diverse. They can be lattice and combined, triangular or round, tetrahedral. You can often find structures of this kind that are made of steel pipes or angle steel. In most cases, the height of such structures above the ground is in the range from 40 to 70 meters.

3. Reinforced concretetowers. This type of antenna-mast structures includes special free-standing structures made of reinforced concrete. The basis of this type of structure is a special drain. This can be stock brand SK-26 or SK-22. A metal structure is built onto it to the required height. Maximum stability of the entire structure is ensured thanks to its power circuit. In height, such structures can reach 32 or even 40 meters above the ground.

Whatincluded in AMS maintenance

There are several types of AWS maintenance. Let's look at them using the example of a cellular operator's AMS.

1. Prophylacticinspection. This type includes several subtypes of maintenance:

Inspectioncontainers and the base of the AWS, fencing barriers of the territory. In other words, when it is carried out, specialists conduct a visual inspection reinforced concrete foundation, which is located above the surface of the earth. If necessary, the base and support plates on which the masts are installed are added. Here, external anchors, existing embedded parts, and containers are inspected to determine their condition.

The soil located near it, as well as the internal grillage, is inspected for subsidence, what condition is the blind area, soil envelope, and whether there is water inside the grillage.

In addition, the paintwork, its external cladding, and the container support frame are visually inspected. Each one is subject to inspection separate element design, what condition the fencing is in (this applies not only to paint and varnish coatings, but also to pillars, all kinds of welding joints, the presence of lubricant in the hinges and locks located on the gate is checked).

All existing brackets are also subject to visual inspection; debris is removed not only from the fenced area, but also around it within a radius of one and a half meters. If necessary, the grass is mowed inside and outside the fence at the above distance.

Carrying outAMS inspection. IN mandatory the condition of the supporting connections, abutting and flanged elements, the connection of all chords are checked (all elements must be pressed tightly against each other, there should not be even the slightest gap between them), the condition of the bolts and how securely they are tightened.

After this, the condition of the lattice of the support shaft of the structure is checked. Are there any gaps between the fastening units (between the braces and chords, between the struts and platform elements, antenna pipe supports and diaphragms...) and the gussets.

It is mandatory to check the welded connecting seams, heat-affected zones on the barrel elements, what condition they are in, whether there are cracks or other damage.

The visual inspection also includes a visual inspection of the existing threaded connections on each element of the barrel support grid to ensure its compliance with the requirements. Technological sites are also subject to visual inspection.

In addition to them, fences and all existing hatches are inspected and the serviceability of safety devices (fences and safety chute..) and fastenings is checked. What is the condition of the paint and varnish coating, and whether the applied daytime marking of the AMC barrel has become unusable.

Subject to separate inspection systemlight fence. Here the condition of the light fence equipment and its operability are checked. All available controller channels, all possible outputs are checked, whether alarm loops are connected. All existing LED lamps must be checked, their condition, and whether they require replacement.

Separately, the condition and tightness of the POM lamps, distribution boxes are visually inspected, whether there is a drainage hole and the tightness of the boxes, and the condition of the grounding cable armor. In addition, the condition of the COM cables, their integrity, and the grounding conductor armor are checked.

Examinationquality of grounding and lightning protection. When carrying out these works, lightning protection grounding is subject to visual inspection. The presence or absence of damage on the lightning protection strips, whether there are any defects in the welded joints, and the degree of corrosion are determined. All elements of equipment included in the grounding system and AMS lightning protection devices are also subject to inspection here.

InspectionAMS. This subtype of preventive inspection includes checking the completeness, condition of amplifiers and antennas, how reliable the mounts are and whether they require replacement.

Coaxial cables are separately inspected and the condition of their attachments to metal structures is in place. Are there anti-ice visors (they must be on horizontal sections of the cable growth and located at least 1/3 the height of the structure itself), what condition are they in?

All existing insulating cables must also be checked to see if they are damaged, and if there is insulation in the places where they are connected to amplifiers and antennas. The condition of the connections between the cable shield and the grounding device and the condition of the insulation are checked separately. Are there markings on the antennas themselves and all cables? The sealing condition of the cable entry is also checked here. It is checked whether graphite lubricant is applied in the places where the grounding devices are connected to the ground electrodes, whether the grounding cables are securely connected to the grounding amplifiers, the integrity of the entire network and the connection of the existing RPC units.

2. Carrying outmeasurements is another type of AWS service. With this type of maintenance, the conformity of the position of the shaft with the structure, in other words its geodetic position, is checked. Are the supporting parts of the AMS base causing settlement (the settlement is checked not only relative to each other, but also relative to the supporting leveled slabs). Measurements are taken of the straightness of the belts, and what electrical resistance the insulating cables responsible for the light fence have. Integrity of the lightning protection grounding circuit and their electrical resistance.

3. Carrying outaudits. This type of maintenance includes work related to checking the condition of the ground part of the base of the antenna-mast structure, whether there is a need to add support to the base plates, whether they have cracks and cavities, chips and signs of erosion, and the condition of the waterproofing layer. If necessary, all identified deficiencies are eliminated. In other words, in this type includes all of the above work, which are indicated in the preventive inspection. And this is an inspection of: fences and containers, the base of the AWS; work related to the inspection of the antenna mast structure itself and its trunks; grounding system and lightning protection system; antenna-feeder devices; light fencing system for antenna-mast connection.

Additionaltechnical and preventive work on antenna mast structures.

As a separate subspecies, we can distinguish work that is associated with preventive and maintenance of automated systems. In other words, this subspecies can be called as emergency- restoration work. They are performed when the need arises:

when the support trunk deviates from the permissible verticality and it is necessary to restore it to the desired position;

the metal structure tower requires painting;

when it is necessary to restore the lightning protection contours of a tower. This includes work on restoring the lightning protection circuit in electrical connections, the need to establish additional connections using special bolts on the AMS, if there is a need to replace existing bolted connections with welded ones, on lightning protection strips it is necessary to remove the remnants of the old coating, stripping, painting lightning protection strips;

On metal structures, towers require replacement of hardware. This may be the installation of lock nuts or high-strength bolts that have exhausted their service life and need to be replaced;

a protective casing must be installed or replaced on the cable shelf;

the tower lighting system requires repair or it is necessary to additionally install anti-vandal devices;

the container equipment room requires repairs or it is necessary to dismantle old equipment and install new one;

installation of injectors or LNA;

it is necessary to carry out measurements of the antenna-feeder path...

Published in the joint venture "Ukrainian mobile connection", August-September 2004

LLC "SVYAZTECHSERVICE"

A COMMON PART

The data that formed the basis of this document was obtained as a result of detailed inspections of the technical condition of existing antenna mast structures (AMS) of the Central Control Center of the joint venture "UMS" (ground-based and roof-based masts, towers), as well as technical supervision of the AMS under construction.
To unify the data and simplify the analysis, all surveyed AWSs were divided into three groups:
Group I. “Steel masts”. This included masts of the “pine” (or “plane tree”) type, the “UNZHA” type and other lattice steel structures, the stability of which is ensured by a system of guy ropes. They are installed both on the roofs of buildings and structures, and on the ground. The structures are made of steel angle, round steel bar or round pipes. The height range of the AWS ranges from 20 to 80 m. The range of absolute heights (from ground level) is 35 - 80 m.
Group II. "Aluminum masts." All structures of this type are installed on the roofs of buildings and structures. All elements, with the exception of mounting elements, are made of aluminum alloy. The structure has a triangular cross-section and, as a rule, one tier of guys. The height of the AMS usually does not exceed 15 m. The absolute height is 30 - 40 m.
Group III. "Steel towers." This type includes free-standing steel structures, the stability (rigidity) of which is ensured by the power circuit of the structure itself. Structurally, towers are more varied than masts - lattice and combined; triangular, tetrahedral and round; from angle steel and steel pipes. Height, as a rule: 50 - 70 m.

The characteristic defects identified during the examinations were classified according to DBN 362-92, some of them were combined and, as a result, grouped into nine types, presented in the next section. Defects that were similar in their impact on the structure and had a common nature were combined and grouped. This assumption was made for the convenience of statistical calculations and analysis of the causes of defects. So that this work carried a practical meaning, and was not intended for theoretical reasoning; defects that were not encountered in the actual surveys mentioned above, or that were isolated in nature, were not taken into account in the analysis. To assess the danger of the type of defects, we conditionally define them as: dangerous, medium danger and insignificant.

STATISTICAL DATA

During the period from February to July 2004. 83 AWSs of the Central Territorial Administration of the JV "UMS", located in the Kyiv, Chernihiv, Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa and Cherkassy regions, were examined. Of them:
- steel masts (ground and roof based) - 46 pcs.;
- aluminum masts (roof-mounted) - 12 pcs.;
- steel towers (ground-based) - 25 pcs.
Detailed statistical data on the presence of defects is presented in Appendix No. 1, and the final (summarized) data is given below in the table.

	By AMS groups
	Group I	Group II	Group III	General quantity
NAME OF DEFECT TYPE*
Deviation from verticality and curvature of the AMS trunk.
Twisting the AMS barrel around a vertical axis.					19, 7
Violations of guy wire adjustments.					72,4
Absence or replacement of sections of structural elements.
Violation and defects of paintwork or protective coating.					85,9
Corrosion of structural elements.**
Corrosion of guy system elements.					75 ,9
Insufficient waterproofing and corrosion of anchors (studs, nuts), base plates.
Destruction and defects of waterproofing and concrete structures foundations.					52, 1

Note.*Only typical typical defects that can be classified (detected during examination) are presented.
**In aluminum structures we mean aluminum-steel contact corrosion.

DEFECT ANALYSIS

1. Deviation from verticality and curvature of the AMS trunk .
These defects are typical for steel masts and towers. On aluminum structures, due to their small height and fairly large transverse size, they are absent.
The presence of these defects can lead to loss of load-bearing capacity and failure of the AWS. Therefore, defects of this type must be recognized dangerous .
Violation of the verticality or straightness of newly constructed AMS is, as a rule, a consequence of a manufacturing defect that was not eliminated during installation, and an increase in deviation over time may indicate subsidence of the foundations (natural subsidence during the first years of operation, or abnormal subsidence - as a result, for example, of washout soil). In masts, deformations arise due to changes (for some reason) in the tension of the guys during operation, or the setting of an initially incorrect tension - insufficient, excessive or uneven.
Elimination of defects during the process repair work(in field conditions) can be carried out using a standard procedure - placing shims, adjusting the tension of guy ropes, etc., but it can result in a whole range of measures, including the use of special equipment and devices, or even the manufacture of such for a specific object, in view, practically, of the uniqueness of each. As a result, elimination of the defect may not be possible without dismantling or partial dismantling of the structure.

2. Twisting the AMS barrel around a vertical axis.

This defect does not occur often. Usually present in combination with Type 1.
The presence of a defect does not pose a direct threat to the loss of stability or performance of the AWS. However, a non-design redistribution of loads and forces in the structure is created. This circumstance requires monitoring the development of deformation, since progression can lead to the destruction of some power elements of the structure, which in turn can cause failure of the AMS. In the initial stage, the defect can be classified as a defect of medium danger, but capable of developing and provoking other deviations.
Mainly occurs due to non-compliance with project requirements during the process. manufacturing and/or installation of AWS structures. Hypothetically, it can form during the operation of structures that do not have sufficient torsional rigidity as a result of tangential (torsional) wind loads on high-windage technological equipment.
Eliminating the defect without dismantling the structure is almost impossible. Control required at stage production design and installation.

3. Violations of guy wire adjustments.

One of the most common defects found in masts.
Directly affects the stability of the AWS, it can lead to a violation of verticality, bending and twisting of the AWS trunk, and, as a result, to loss of bearing capacity and failure of the AWS. Belongs to the category of dangerous.
There are quite a lot of reasons for this. The main reason is non-compliance with the correct installation technology: installation of ropes without pre-stretching them; use of ropes that do not meet strength requirements; errors (inaccuracies, incorrect methods) in calculating the design tension force; ignoring the operating temperature of guy ropes; lack of control of guy tension during installation, or measurement of tension with instruments of insufficient accuracy, etc. During operation of the AMS, a violation may occur as a result of natural stretching of guy wires (which is unlikely if the guys are properly prepared), or as a result of unauthorized access to the adjustment system.
Eliminating this defect, despite its apparent simplicity, is associated with a number of significant problems. Today in Ukraine there is no unified methodology for calculating tension forces. The results obtained by calculation using different methods vary significantly. To comply with design requirements during installation, a set of special measuring equipment and qualified personnel are required. And since the adjustment of guy tension is directly related to the adjustment of the verticality of the mast shaft, the requirements for the Contractor are greatly tightened.
To avoid such defects, it is very important to strictly follow the technology and standard requirements when working with ropes and carry out the entire sequence of preparatory and final activities. Be sure to check the tension repeatedly during execution. installation work and upon their completion. Use only standard adjustment systems and mounting devices.

4. Absence or replacement of sections of structural elements.

Here we can note the absence or non-compliance with the requirements of such elements: lightning rod, ice protection for feeder outlets, cable growth, guy clamps, turnbuckles, anchors, hinges, etc. Less common is the absence or discrepancy in the sizes of power structural elements.
Such defects cannot occur during operation. The reasons for the occurrence are poor-quality execution of installation work, non-compliance with design requirements during installation, and sometimes - non-compliance with norms and rules during the implementation of the project.

5. Damage to paint and/or protective coating.

This defect does not directly affect the performance of the AMS, however, being the cause of the development of corrosion, as a result of which the cross-sectional area of the structural elements decreases and, as a consequence, the deterioration of their strength characteristics, leads to the loss of the load-bearing capacity of the entire AMS structure and its destruction. Therefore, the defect should be recognized as very significant when assessing the technical condition of AWS, especially newly built ones.
The main cause of the defect is the initially poor quality anti-corrosion treatment of metal structures during their manufacturing process. This occurs due to the use in projects outdated materials, or the use of low-quality anti-corrosion and paint protection materials that are not able to withstand aggression environment properly; insufficient (poor) surface preparation in the manufacturing process metal structures; non-compliance installation technologies(failure to comply with the requirements for transportation and storage of metal structures, carrying out slinging and crane work).
The second reason for this defect may be a violation of the frequency of routine maintenance and routine repairs.
Removal involves work in the field, therefore it is quite labor-intensive work that requires careful compliance with all technological requirements for applying a protective coating, since violation of the technology will not allow achieving the desired result.
Due to the unique nature of this defect, the main thing is its prevention: prevention and elimination at the stage of design, manufacture and installation of metal structures. And the discovery of this defect during operation should serve as a signal for the next current repairs, even if the deadline has not yet arrived.

6. Corrosion of structural elements.

This defect is typical for almost all AWSs.
The presence of this defect for a fairly short time (compared to the estimated operating time of the AWS) can lead to loss of functionality of the AWS and its failure. Therefore, this type, depending on the degree of its development, can be classified as both dangerous defects and defects of average danger.
The occurrence of a defect is a consequence of the development of a Type 5 defect and its logical conclusion.
The exception is aluminum structures, where this defect was classified as “contact corrosion” at the locations of fastening (mounting) elements.
The main problem is to exclude contact between aluminum and steel fasteners (bolted connections), since contact corrosion between aluminum and steel develops much more intensely than corrosion from environmental aggression and precisely in the most stressed areas of the structure. To solve this problem, you can use bolts and nuts made of aluminum alloys, however, this will lead not only to an additional increase in the cost of an already expensive product, but also to a loss of strength characteristics. The use of galvanized hardware is also not a sufficient measure of protection against contact corrosion. Thus, one advantage of aluminum resulted in many disadvantages, not to mention the cost of the product.
Elimination of the defect requires measures depending on the degree, depth, location, surface area affected by corrosion, and other reasons.

7. Corrosion of guy system elements.

This defect occurs only in masts. The fastening and tensioning elements of the guy system are more susceptible to corrosion than the ropes themselves. This circumstance is due to the use of special alloy steels (more resistant to corrosion) for the production of ropes, the use of galvanized ropes on many masts and the spatial position of the guys themselves.
The defect does not directly affect the stability of the structure. However, as it progresses, it can lead to loss of performance and failure of the AMS, therefore, it should be placed in the category of medium danger.
The causes of the defect are similar to Type 6 - insufficient anti-corrosion protection, non-compliance with installation technology.

8. Insufficient waterproofing and corrosion of anchor elements (studs, nuts), support plates.

This defect is similar to the Type 6 defect, however, relating to more critical structural elements, it is classified as a separate type.
According to the degree of importance, it may well be considered dangerous at the stages of its progression.
The causes are the same as for corrosion of other structural elements. But due to the positional arrangement of these structural elements, the effect of factors causing corrosion is greatly enhanced. Being at the very bottom of the structure (at the level of the 0th mark) in contact with flat horizontal elements, in addition to high mechanical loads, they experience increased exposure to chemical (hydration) from rain and melt water flowing down the structure, snow cover, icing, (greenhouse effect) .
Prevention of this type of defects - compliance with installation technology, use of high-quality protective materials .
The effect of this defect on the performance of the automated system is similar to Type 6, but is more significant due to the responsibility of the structural elements.

9. Destruction and defects of waterproofing in concrete foundation structures.

A fairly common defect in all ground-based structures.
At the initial stage, this defect does not pose a threat, but in the process of development it can lead to the destruction of concrete foundation structures and, as a consequence, to the failure of the automatic installation, especially at peak loads. Depending on the extent of the lesion (stage of development), Defects of this type can be classified from minor to dangerous.
As a preventative measure, it is enough to fulfill all design requirements, follow the installation technology, and during operation - monitor the integrity of the waterproofing and blind area and restore it in a timely manner.

As a result of analyzing data obtained as a result of surveys, studying typical defects, the reasons for their occurrence and methods for eliminating them, we can say with complete confidence that the vast majority of defects were initially inherent in the process .

In our opinion, it is absolutely necessary single approach to issues design, manufacturing and installation AMS for all TU JV "UMS". To do this you need:

1. Refuse to use quickly deployed temporary structures (aluminum masts, steel masts such as “pine”, “plane tree”, UNZHA, etc.).
2. Unify designs. Determine the types and nomenclature of the most reliable AMS structures (3, 4, 5 types, preferably steel structures).
3. Unify design. With the involvement of specialists from the Research Institute of PSK named after. Shimanovsky" and "Ukrinvestexpertiza" to organize an examination of reuse projects.
4. Unify installation technology. From best projects production of works (WPR) to create recommended technological maps (TC) for re-use by all Contractors. Include in the TC a list mandatory control devices performing construction and installation works.
5. Pay due attention to the anti-corrosion protection of all structural elements of the AMS:
- use new modern anti-corrosion and paintwork materials in projects;
- control whether the subcontractor - manufacturer of metal structures has the ability to comply with the technology of applying paintwork;
- it is necessary to waterproof the foundation heads;
- to avoid flooding of foundations, cover the area under the AMS (around the foundations) with asphalt or concrete.

Carrying out the above activities will require some costs, but the savings (as a result of a unified approach to design, manufacturing and installation) will provide immeasurably greater savings in effort and money during the operation, repair and maintenance of the AMS.

10.1.1. Installation and installation of AMS and AFU are carried out according to the documentation supplied by the equipment supplier company complete with the equipment, and are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Industry Construction and Technological Standards for the installation of structures and devices for communication, radio broadcasting and television OSTN-600-93 in accordance with the work project , developed by installation organizations.

10.1.2. Persons at least 18 years of age who have passed a medical examination and are authorized to work at height are allowed to work on the construction and maintenance of automatic mechanical installations and automatic control units.

10.1.3. All work related to ascent to the AWS must be carried out according to work orders (Appendix 8) by teams of at least 2 people, one of whom must have an electrical safety group of at least IV, the other - at least III group.

10.1.4. The right to issue a work order and conduct briefings before starting work on the AWS is granted to persons specified in the order for the organization.

10.1.5. All work with AFU within areas where EMF intensity exceeds the norms must be carried out with the transmitters turned off, and warning posters must be posted.

10.1.6. The dangerous zone around masts and towers (hereinafter referred to as supports) during their operation is considered to be the zone whose border is located from the center of the base of the support to 1/3 of its height.

When working in a hazardous area, only persons directly associated with this work are allowed to be present, with the obligatory use of protective helmets. Safety helmets are also used for any work on supports.

Protection of service personnel located in the danger zone in case of possible falling of ice and snow from the AWS must, in addition, be carried out:

A) designation of the danger zone with the installation of warning signs;

B) drawing up instructions and conducting briefings on ice hazards;

C) protection of passages located in the danger zone with canopies or structures of a permanent or removable structure.

10.1.7. It is prohibited to be on the open areas of the supports during a thunderstorm and when it is approaching, as well as when the wind force is more than 12 m/s, ice, rain and snowfall.

10.1.8. During a thunderstorm or when it is approaching, it is prohibited to stay near grounding connections. There must be warning signs at the installation sites of grounding conductors.

10.1.9. When climbing ladders onto supports, the following requirements must be met:

A) climbing stairs without safety guards that meet the requirements of these Rules is possible only in emergency cases and each time by written order of the technical manager of the organization operating radiotelephone communication facilities, or under the direct supervision of one of them;

B) when one person is lifting along the mast trunk, the hatches of the sections must be closed as they rise;

C) climbing vertical stairs is permitted only in shoes with non-slip soles and gloves. The climber's clothing must be tightly fitted;

D) if a group of people is climbing a vertical ladder, then the rise of the next worker is permitted only when the hatch on the platform above is closed;

E) if several people climb the lattice tower, then only one person should climb each flight of stairs in turn;

E) it is prohibited to climb the shaft of a round mast using an elevator or an emergency staircase if the inside of the mast is not illuminated (except in cases of eliminating the failure of the internal lighting of the masts).

10.1.10. The antenna operator must:

Wear a serviceable safety assembly belt and, while working on the support, attach it with a chain to its structures. When climbing onto a support on claws, in order to be able to safely pass through the yoke to which the guy ropes are attached, you should use a belt with two chains;

Work in safety helmets and special shoes with soles without metal nails. An exception may be work in workshops, and on the surface of the earth - outside hazardous areas.

10.1.11. When working on antenna-feeder structures, you must use canvas gloves.

10.1.12. Climbing work on the AWS must be carried out by at least two antenna operators, one of whom is an observer.

10.1.13. When lifting and lowering the antenna operator on the support, his working tools and small parts must be in a bag with a lock that prevents it from opening spontaneously. When climbing stairs, the bag is attached with straps to the antenna operator; when climbing on a cradle, it is attached to the latter. It is prohibited to place tools, nuts or other objects on the support structures.

10.1.14. In cases where permanently operating equipment of several organizations is mounted on a support, the following order of work is determined.

Each of the tenant organizations and the parent organization on the balance sheet of which the support is located, by their orders, appoint persons responsible for carrying out work on the support with the right to issue orders for their implementation. The names of responsible persons and their positions must be officially reported to the parent organization.

Before carrying out work, the tenant organization must agree on the time, duration and conditions of the work with other tenant organizations, and then obtain permission from the technical manager of the parent organization. Regular work must be carried out according to a predetermined schedule, agreed upon with all tenant organizations and approved by the technical manager of the parent organization.

Permission to work on the support is carried out by the parent organization and the tenant organization responsible for carrying out work on the equipment located on the support. At the same time, the parent organization records in the operational journal the name of the organization that issued the work order for work on the support, the number of the work order, the date of its issue, the duration and type of work, the name of the person who issued the work order.

If necessary, a representative of the parent organization indicates in the work order and logbook additional organizational and technical measures for the safe conduct of work on the support.

Representatives of both organizations (head and tenant) sign the order.

After completion of the work, the work order is closed in the usual manner with a mark and an entry about the completion of work in the journal.

The work order remains with the tenant organization performing the work.

10.1.15. Work on servicing AFUs mounted on the roofs of technical buildings or on other structures of this kind must be carried out using special devices designed for work at heights, and taking into account the requirements for them set out in Chapter 10.2 of these Rules.

10.1.16. When servicing AMS located on the roofs of technical buildings, before going onto the roof it is necessary to check with an indicator that there is no extraneous voltage on the roof of the building, metal stairs, etc.

10.1.17. Work on flat fenced roofs is permitted using a safety belt and wearing shoes with non-slip soles.

If it is necessary to approach the edge of a flat roof, then the use of a safety rope is mandatory.

10.1.18. When working on supports, if necessary, the antenna operator must be equipped with means of communication: a receiving and transmitting radio station, a megaphone or a telephone.