ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS PROCESSES
In accounting, there are three business processes:
1. Accounting for the supply process (procurement) of commodity- material assets.
2. Accounting for the production process.
3. Accounting for the process of realization (sale) of production of products of performed works (rendered services).
The supply process is a set of operations to provide the enterprise with the objects of labor necessary for the manufacture of products.
The enterprise purchases materials, fuel and other items from suppliers at a wholesale price, which is a purchase price for the enterprise.
The purchase price may include VAT, which must be accounted for separately.
The enterprise bears the costs associated with the transportation of acquired valuables, their loading, unloading, etc. Such costs are called transportation and procurement costs (TZR).
Purchase price + TZR = actual cost of purchased items of labor.
Purchasing process accounting tasks:
Determine the actual volume of supply;
Calculate the actual cost of purchased items of labor;
To solve these problems, accounts are used: 15,16,19,10.
Sch.15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets"
Active; costing.
The debit reflects the costs of acquiring materials without VAT (account 19 “Value Added Tax on Acquired Valuables” is used for VAT accounting)
The credit shows the formation actual cost material assets and its write-off for each type of material assets.
The following entries are made in the account:
Dt 15 Kt 60 - materials purchased from suppliers at the purchase price without VAT;
Dt 19 Kt 60 - reflected VAT on acquired values;
Dt 15 Kt 20 (23) - materials from production were credited;
Dt 15 Kt 71 - materials were prepared with payment from accountable amounts;
Dt 15 Kt 76 - materials purchased from other organizations and enterprises; reflected the costs of transportation, loading, unloading of material assets;
In warehouses, materials are accounted for at accounting prices, so if upon receipt there are discrepancies between the accounting price and the actual cost of acquisition, account 16 is applied.
Account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets"
Active-passive; regulatory; counter,
counter-supplementary.
Records are made in the account:
Dt 16 Kt 15 - if the actual cost exceeds the accounting price (by the amount of the deviation, when the debit turnover on account 15 is greater than the credit one) - overspending;
Dt 15 Kt 16 - when the actual cost of acquisition is lower than the accounting one (by the amount of the deviation, when there will be an excess of credit turnover on account 15 over debit) - savings.
At the end of the reporting period, a special calculation is drawn up, according to which the amount of deviations that have arisen is revealed.
The calculation is done like this:
1) Determine the % deviation:
Sn.sch16+D.ob. sc16. / Sn.sch10+Add.v.sch10 * 100%
2) Determine the amount of deviations:
%deviations * cost of consumed materials
Dt 10 Kt 15 - reflected book value purchased materials
Account 16 is closed and deviations are written off to the cost accounting accounts.
Dt 20 (25.26) Kt 16 - deviations are written off.
IN balance sheet count 15 and count 16 are not shown.
Sch.10 "Materials" basic, material, active
Sub-accounts are opened for it:
1.raw materials;
2.purchased semi-finished products and components;
3.fuel;
4. container and container materials;
5.spare parts;
6. other materials;
7.materials transferred for processing to the side;
8.building materials;
9. inventory and household supplies;
10.Special equipment and special clothing in stock;
11.Special equipment and special clothing in operation.
In synthetic accounting make the following entries:
Dt 10.1 Kt 60 - materials were received from the supplier without VAT and TZR;
Dt 10.tzr Kt 60 - TZR are reflected (a separate subaccount is opened to account for transport and procurement costs);
Dt 19 Kt 60 - reflected VAT on received materials;
The amount owed to the supplier is collected under the loan account 60.
Dt 10 Kt 20 (23) - materials received from the main or auxiliary production;
Dt 10 Kt 71 - materials were credited with their payment from accountable amounts;
Dt 10 Kt 76 - materials received from other organizations or enterprises;
Dt 10 Kt 91.1-surplus materials were credited during the inventory;
At the end of the month, a special calculation is made for the amount of TZR to be written off.
The calculation is done in the following form:
1) % TZR=Sn.10tr+D.ob. sch10tr / Sn.sch10.1+Additional sch10.1*100%
2) Sum of deviations = % TZR * cost of consumed materials
Dt 20, 23, 25, 26, 28 Kt 10-materials written off for production costs;
Thus, all received materials and the share of TZR falling for this month are written off to the costs of the main or other production.
Dt 91.2 Ct 10 - materials sold to other organizations (on the side);
Dt 94 Kt 10 - a shortage of materials for production was revealed;
At enterprises with a large range of material assets, they maintain a price tag nomenclature.
When making materials as a contribution to authorized capital make a record:
Dt 10 Kt 75.1 - a contribution was made to the authorized capital by the founder in the form of materials;
Upon receipt of materials under a donation agreement or free of charge, a record is made:
Dt 10 Kt 98.2 - materials received free of charge.
Main normative document regulating the accounting of materials is RAS 5/2001 “Accounting material and production reserves."
PBU 5/01 shows how to write off materials for production:
1) At the cost of each unit (jewelry).
2) According to the FIFO method
3) By average cost
Each organization chooses one of the proposed methods and
indicates it in the accounting policy of the organization.
The FIFO method is the valuation of material assets at their original cost.
With this method, the rule "first batch for arrival - first for consumption" ("first price in purchase - first on vacation"; "first in stock - first in production") is applied.
It is allowed to use accounting prices upon receipt of goods and materials. But under such conditions, it is required to apply account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets." It fixes the resulting difference in value.
Often, an organization whose activities require a large number of materials of various kinds, use the services of different suppliers. Depending on the conditions of purchase, transportation costs and other factors, prices for the same homogeneous product may vary. Sometimes inventories (goods) need to arrive even before the receipt of documents containing information about actual cost.
In such cases, organizations may resort to accounting prices. Their size is approved periodically and remains unchanged for a certain time (for example, during the year). For these purposes, account 16 is used in accounting.
The economic department, if necessary, revises the value of accounting prices, based on one or more conditions:
- Set negotiable prices.
- actual cost of materials.
- The size of the planned and estimated price approved by the organization. Used for internal movement of materials.
- Average prices are set when there are many products of the same group.
The actual formed cost of goods is not subject to change, with rare exceptions. The following costs are included in the actual cost:
- amounts paid directly to the supplier;
- customs fees and related non-refundable taxes;
- accrued remuneration to intermediary organizations;
- costs for the delivery of goods, procurement, storage;
- other expenses.
If it is impossible to immediately determine the correct price, organizations use accounting prices. This provision should be written in the accounting policy.
Posting of materials occurs on account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" by analogy with the usual receipt of goods and materials. Further, the resulting difference between the real and accounting prices is formed using account 16. The posting itself is reflected in 41 or 10.
The resulting difference in value is then written off to production costs, sales costs, other expenses.
The received deviations are taken into account monthly on the respective accounts. Write-off is carried out in proportion to the accepted book value. For this purpose, the total value of deviations obtained at the beginning of the month and formed during the month is divided by the sum of the received goods and materials and the balance at the end of the month. The identified percentage (after multiplying the resulting result by 100) is subject to write-off.
Simplified options for writing off deviations immediately to cost accounts are also allowed if their value does not exceed 10%. Deviations can be fully taken into account in the cost of materials, if the specific weight of their value is up to 5%.
postings
- Receipt of materials or goods using accounting prices:
Dt 15 - Kt 60 - materials received from the supplier;
Dt 19 - Kt 60 - VAT was revealed on the accepted materials;
Dt 15 - Kt 60 - other related expenses upon admission (transportation, etc.);
Dt 10 - Kt 15 - acceptance of materials at accounting prices;
Dt 15 - Kt 16 - posting if the discount price is more than the actual one;
Dt 16 - Kt 15 - if the discount price is less than the acquisition costs;
- Write off variance to costs:
Dt 44 (20, 25, 26) - Kt 16 - the resulting difference in the cost of materials (goods) was written off. Provided that the accounting price is less than the actual cost, then the positive difference is attributed to the costs. In case the accounting prices are higher, the costs are reversed for the received difference. As a result, purchased materials (goods) are written off to costs at their actual cost.
Account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" is intended to summarize information on differences in the cost of acquired inventories, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, as well as data characterizing sum differences.
The amount of the difference in the cost of acquired inventories, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, is debited or
credit of account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" from account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets".
Accumulated on account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" of the difference in the cost of acquired inventories, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, are written off (reversed - with a negative difference) to the debit of accounts for accounting for production costs (expenses for sale) or other relevant invoices.
Analytical accounting on account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" is carried out for groups of inventories with approximately the same level of these deviations.
According to the accepted procedure, account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” can be considered additional to accounts 10 “Materials” and 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”.
The fact is that part of the deviations that occur when acquiring valuables relate to valuables written off for production, and part to valuables left in stock.
The cost of materials entered into the warehouse, received from the supplier, is:
at accounting prices - 492,000 rubles; at actual cost - 500 OOO rubles. The deviation in the cost of materials will be 8000 rubles. (500,000 - 492,000).
Based on the example data, we will show the correspondence of accounts.
(1) The supplier's invoice for materials was accepted - 500,000 rubles: Dr. 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets"
(2) Materials credited to the warehouse at accounting prices -492,000 rubles:
Dr. c. 10 "Materials"
K-tsch. 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets."
Dr. c. 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" K-tsch. 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets." Let's continue the example.
Suppose that out of 492,000 rubles received by the enterprise during the reporting period, 60% were written off to production, and 40% remained in the warehouse. This means that 8,000 rubles accumulated on account 16 “Deviation in the value of material assets” should be distributed as follows:
materials written off for production amounted to 295,200 rubles;
there are materials left in the warehouse for 196,800 rubles.
However, these values are calculated at accounting prices, while their deviations from the actual cost amount to 8,000 rubles.
Consequently, it was necessary to write off not 295,200 rubles to production, but a large amount.
The above reasoning leads to additional entries, which will look like this.
New operations are added to already known operations (1), (2), (3).
(4) Materials written off to the main production -295,200 rubles. (60% of the total incoming volume):
(5) Written off price deviations relating to materials released during the reporting period to the main production, -4800 rubles.
(60% of all accumulated deviations for the reporting period):
Set of c. 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets."
Thus, on account 20 “Main production”, the debit turnover will be equal to 300,000 rubles. This amount shows the actual cost of materials released into production during the reporting period.
We analyzed the case when the discount prices turned out to be lower than the actual ones. If the opposite case occurs, then the correspondence will be next.
(1) The supplier's invoice for materials was accepted - 492,000 rubles: Dr. 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets"
Set of c. 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".
(2) Materials are credited to the warehouse at accounting prices of -500,000 rubles:
Dr. c. 10 "Materials"
Set of c. 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets."
(3) Deviations between the actual cost of materials and their cost at accounting prices are written off - 8000 rubles:
Dr. c. 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets"
K-tsch. 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets -" those ",
if the accounting prices are higher than the actual ones, then the enterprise has a kind of profit (in our case, 8,000 rubles).
(4) Materials written off to the main production -300,000 rubles. (60% of incoming volume):
Dr. c. 20 "Main production" Kt sc. 10 "Materials".
(5) Written off price deviations related to materials released during the reporting period to the main production, reversal - 4800 rubles. (60% of all accumulated deviations for the reporting period):
Dr. c. 20 "Main production"
K-tsch. 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" (reversal).
Transaction 5 can be written as follows:
Dr. c. 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" Kt sc. 20 "Main production" - 4800 rubles.
The disadvantage of this entry is the distortion of the debit turnover on account 20 "Main production", which will be equal to 300,000 rubles. instead of the correct amount of 295,200 rubles. Therefore, it is more preferable to use “variegated” posting (on the debit of account 20 “Main production” using the “red reversal” method and the debit of account 16 “Deviation in the value of material assets” by a regular entry).
In both examples, at the end of the month, account 16 “Deviation in the value of material assets” will have a balance of 3200 rubles. (in example 1 - debit, in example 2 - credit). When drawing up the balance sheet, the amount of 3200 rubles. (without posting) in the first case will be added to the balance of account 10 "Materials", and in the second case it will be deducted from the balance of this account.
We analyzed the cases of distribution of deviations in proportion to the materials remaining and written off to the main production.
However, the provision was removed from the text of the instruction that the write-off of deviations is carried out "in proportion to the cost at the accounting prices of the materials used in production." This is due to the fact that paragraph 25 methodological recommendations on the procedure for the formation of indicators financial statements organizations approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated June 28, 2000 No. 60n, organizations are granted the right to accept accounting policy establish the procedure for writing off detected deviations. And this means that Chief Accountant, choosing the order of distribution of expenses concentrated on account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets", independently decides how best to close this account, but we do not know the better option that we have outlined.
Paragraph 88 Guidelines By accounting Inventories offer other ways to write off deviations in the cost of materials:
writing off deviations in full to those accounts of production costs and (or) circulation, to which materials are written off. This method may be applicable if the specific gravity of the deviation does not exceed 10% of the accounting cost of materials;
during the current month, deviations can be distributed based on the specific weight (as a percentage of the book value of the relevant materials) that prevailed at the beginning of this month. However, if this results in a significant underwriting or excessive write-off of variances, in the following month the amount of variances allocated is adjusted by the specified amount of the previous month. Materiality level in this case should not exceed 5%;
deviations can be distributed in proportion to their specific gravity (norm), fixed in the planned (normative) cost estimates, to the book value of the materials used. If the actual deviations differ from standard sizes, next month ( reporting period) the sum of distribution deviations must be corrected. The remaining deviations at the beginning of each month (reporting period) are calculated based on the specific weight (norm) of the deviations provided for in the planned (normative) cost estimates to the actual availability of materials at accounting prices;
deviations can be fully written off on a monthly basis (in the reporting period) as an increase in the cost of used (issued) materials, if their share (as a percentage of the contractual (accounting) cost of materials) does not exceed 5%.
The instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts recommend that analytical accounting for account 16 “Deviation in the value of material assets” be carried out for groups of inventories with approximately the same level of these deviations. However, in this case, the connection between the amount of deviations and the cost of specific materials for which these deviations were formed is lost. Therefore, the basis analytical accounting on account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" should not be the level of deviations, but groups of inventories that are homogeneous in their purpose and use. In the same instruction, the functions of account 16 “Deviation in the value of material assets” were expanded: it can also take into account the amount differences that arise if, under the agreement, the parties express their obligations in foreign currency or in conditional monetary units to be repaid in rubles.
However, according to paragraph 6 of PBU 5/01, “the actual costs of acquiring inventories are determined (reduced or increased) taking into account the sum differences that arise before the acceptance of inventories for accounting, in cases where payment is made in rubles in the amount equivalent to the amount in foreign currency (conventional monetary units)”. Inventories are understood as materials, goods, finished products.
The purchase and sale agreement defines the cost of goods as 600 USD. (including VAT - 100 USD). Payment for goods is carried out in rubles at the exchange rate Central Bank RF on the day of payment. The exchange rate of the Central Bank: on the day of posting the goods - 25 rubles, on the day of payment - 26 rubles. The buyer before payment sold half of these goods for 10,500 rubles, including VAT - 1,750 rubles. (Revenue for tax purposes is considered by shipment.)
1. The receipt of goods is reflected in the accounting: Dt c. 41 "Goods" - 12,500 rubles. ($500 25),
Dr. c. 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" - 2500 rubles. (100 c.u. 25) Set of sc. 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" -15,000 rubles. ($600 25).
2. The shipment of goods to the buyer is reflected in the accounting: Dt c. 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"
Set of c. 90-1 "Revenue" - 10,500 rubles.
3. The sold goods are written off: Dt c. 90-2 "Cost of sales"
Set of c. 41 "Goods" - 6250 rubles. (12,500:2).
4. VAT is charged to the budget on goods sold: Dt c. 90-3 "Value Added Tax"
Set of c. 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees" - 1750 rubles.
5. Money transferred to the supplier for the goods:
Set of c. 51 " Settlement accounts"- 15 600 rubles. ($600 26).
After this operation, on the debit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, an amount difference of 600 rubles is formed. due to the fact that the cost of goods 600 USD. upon posting, it was determined at one rate (25 rubles), and upon payment - at a different rate (26 rubles). The total difference includes, among other things, VAT (100 rubles). To account for this amount difference, you can use account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets."
6. The sum difference is reflected in accounting:
Dr. c. 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" -500 rubles,
Dr. c. 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" -100 rubles. Set of c. 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - 600 rubles.
7. Presented for VAT deduction on goods used and paid for:
Set of c. 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" - 2600 rubles. (2500 + 100). The total difference reflected on account 16 “Deviation in the value of material assets” in the amount of 500 rubles is divided equally between the balance of goods in the warehouse and the goods sold (since half of the purchased goods have been sold).
8. The sum difference is written off:
Dr. c. 90-2 "Cost of sales" - 250 rubles.
K-tsch. 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" - 500 rubles.
In this case, a positive sum difference has formed. If the exchange rate of the ruble on the day of payment for goods was higher than on the day of posting, then the sum difference would be negative.
In principle, to reflect in the accounting of sum differences, you can not use account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material prices
and immediately write off this amount to the appropriate accounts (41 “Goods”, 90 “Sales”, 91-2 “Other expenses”, etc.).
According to paragraph 25 of the Guidelines on the procedure for the formation of accounting indicators, account 16 “Deviation in the value of material assets” may reflect deviations associated with the provision of discounts (capes) to the organization under the agreement.
According to the supply contract, the cost of goods purchased from suppliers is 6,000 rubles, including VAT - 1,000 rubles. If the buyer pays for the purchased goods within 20 days after receipt, he will be given a 2% discount. The buyer paid for the goods 15 days after receipt.
1. Received goods are credited: Dt c. 41 "Goods" - 5000 rubles,
Dr. c. 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" - 1000 rubles. Set of c. 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" -6000 rubles.
2. Money transferred to the supplier for the goods:
Dr. c. 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"
Set of c. 51 "Settlement accounts" - 5880 rubles. (6000 - (6000 -2:100)).
As a result, a balance of 120 rubles is formed on the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, which is a discount received from the supplier (including VAT - 20 rubles).
3. The discount amounts were written off from account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”:
Dr. c. 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"
K-tsch. 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" - 120 rubles.
4. Distributed discounts to the respective accounts (reversed):
Dr. c. 19 "Value Added Tax on Acquired Values" -
K-tsch. 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets"
Thus, the cost of goods and VAT on these goods are adjusted (reduced) by the amount of the discount.
5. The amount of VAT on credited and paid goods presented for deduction:
Dr. c. 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees"
Set of c. 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" - 980 rubles. (1000 - 20).
In transaction (1), the goods were capitalized in gross valuation, i.e. excluding discount. You can apply a net valuation, i.e. minus the discount. In this case, there is no need to use account 16 “Deviation in the value of material assets”. If at the same time the goods are not paid for within 20 days, the amount of the unreceived discount may be reflected on account 16 “Deviation in the value of material assets”. However, in this case, you can do without account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets", writing off deviations directly from account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors":
Dr. c. 41 "Goods" - 100 rubles.
Dr. c. 19 "Value added tax
by acquired values" - 20 rubles. Set of c. 60 "Settlements with suppliers
and contractors" -
Summing up, we will try to deduce general rule write-offs of deviations in the value of material assets:
Deviations in the value of material assets are debited to those accounts to which material assets were debited.
Therefore, if the materials were written off to accounts 08 “Investments in fixed assets", 28 "Marriage in production", 29 " Service industries and economy", 58 " Financial investments”, 79 “Internal settlements”, 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”, 99 “Profits and losses”, the amount of deviations attributable to these materials is subject to debiting to the same accounts.
08.06.2016Account 16 is used by organizations that reflect the cost of inventories at discount prices. Such organizations take into account the acquisition of inventories using account 15. Read more about this in our article prepared by Berator's experts.
Account 16 takes into account the difference (deviation) between the accounting price and the actual cost of inventories. Consider how to reflect specific transactions in accounting.
How to reflect the deviation in the cost of acquired inventories
If the accounting price of the inventory exceeded their actual cost, make an entry in the accounting for the excess amount:
DEBIT 15 CREDIT 16
- the excess of the accounting price of inventories over their actual cost (savings) is written off.
LLC "Saturn" buys materials and reflects their cost at accounting prices. The accounting price of a unit of materials is 500 rubles. 500 items of materials were purchased. According to the supplier's settlement documents total cost materials amounted to 236,000 rubles. (including VAT - 36,000 rubles).
DEBIT 10 CREDIT 15
- 250,000 rubles. (500 rubles × 500 units) - materials received at the warehouse are credited at accounting prices;
DEBIT 15 CREDIT 60
DEBIT 19 CREDIT 60
DEBIT 15 CREDIT 16
- 50,000 rubles. (250,000 - 200,000) - the excess of the accounting price of materials over their actual cost was written off.
If the book price of the inventory is less than its actual cost, make an entry in the accounting:
DEBIT 16 CREDIT 15
- the excess of the actual cost of inventories over their accounting price (overrun) has been written off.
LLC "Saturn" buys materials and reflects their cost at accounting prices. The accounting price of a unit of materials is 300 rubles. 500 items of materials were purchased. According to the supplier's settlement documents, the total cost of materials amounted to 236,000 rubles. (including VAT - 36,000 rubles).
The posting of materials accountant "Saturn" must reflect the postings:
DEBIT 10 CREDIT 15
- 150,000 rubles. (300 rubles × 500 units) - materials received at the warehouse are credited at accounting prices;
DEBIT 15 CREDIT 60
- 200,000 rubles. (236,000 - 36,000) - reflects the actual cost of materials;
DEBIT 19 CREDIT 60
- 36,000 rubles. – reflected VAT on received materials according to the invoice of the supplier;
DEBIT 16 CREDIT 15
- 50,000 rubles. (200,000 - 150,000) - the excess of the actual cost of materials over their accounting price was written off.
How to write off the deviation in the cost of inventories
The debit balance on account 16 is written off at the end of the reporting month to those accounts to which the spent or sold inventories were written off, in proportion to the cost of inventories released into production or sold to buyers.
Write off the deviation in the cost of materials released for production to the cost accounting accounts (sales expenses):
- written off the deviation in the cost of materials.
DEBIT 91-2 CREDIT 16
Write off the deviation for the goods sold to subaccount 90-2 "Cost of sales":
DEBIT 90-2 CREDIT 16
- written off the deviation in the cost of goods sold.
- debit balance on the account 16 - 2000 rubles.
In March, materials were credited at accounting prices in the amount of 50,000 rubles.
According to the supplier's settlement documents, the actual cost of materials amounted to 70,800 rubles. (including VAT - 10,800 rubles).
DEBIT 10 CREDIT 15
DEBIT 15 CREDIT 60
- 60,000 rubles. (70,800 - 10,800) - reflects the actual cost of materials according to the supplier's settlement documents;
DEBIT 19 CREDIT 60
- 10 800 rubles. – VAT on materials is taken into account;
DEBIT 16 CREDIT 15
- 10,000 rubles. (60,000 - 50,000) - reflects the deviation in the cost of materials;
DEBIT 20 CREDIT 10
The deviation in the cost of materials to be written off to account 20 will be:
(2000 + 10,000) : (30,000 + 50,000) × 40,000 = 6,000 rubles.
When writing off a deviation, you must make an entry:
DEBIT 20 CREDIT 16
- 6000 rubles. - written off the deviation in the cost of materials.
The credit balance on account 16 is reversed at the end of the reporting month in correspondence with those accounts to which inventories were debited, in proportion to the cost of inventories released into production or sold to customers.
Calculate the amount of deviations to be written off using the formula:
Write off deviations for materials released for production, reflect the entry:
DEBIT 20 (23, 25, 26, 44, …) CREDIT 16
– The material cost variance has been reversed.
Write off the deviation in the cost of materials sold to sub-account 91-2 "Other expenses":
DEBIT 91-2 CREDIT 16
- the variance in the cost of goods sold has been written off.
Deviations for goods sold, reflected at accounting (planned) prices, you need to write off the entry:
DEBIT 90-2 CREDIT 16
– The variance in cost of goods sold has been reversed.
LLC "Saturn" reflects the cost of materials at accounting prices.
As of early March, Saturn had:
- the balance of materials in the warehouse (account balance 10) - 30,000 rubles;
- credit balance on the account 16 - 2000 rubles.
In March, materials were credited at accounting prices in the amount of 50,000 rubles. According to the supplier's settlement documents, the actual cost of materials amounted to 47,200 rubles. (including VAT - 7200 rubles).
In March, 40,000 rubles were written off to the main production of materials. at discount prices.
When purchasing materials and writing them off for production, the Saturn accountant made the following entries:
DEBIT 10 CREDIT 15
- 50,000 rubles. - materials are credited at accounting prices;
DEBIT 15 CREDIT 60
- 40,000 rubles. (47 200 - 7200) - reflects the actual cost of materials according to the supplier's settlement documents;
DEBIT 19 CREDIT 60
- 7200 rubles. – VAT on materials is taken into account;
DEBIT 15 CREDIT 16
- 10,000 rubles. (50,000 - 40,000) - reflects the deviation in the cost of materials;
DEBIT 20 CREDIT 10
- 40,000 rubles. - materials are written off for production at accounting prices.
The release of materials into production at accounting prices forces enterprises to use account 16 “Deviation in the cost of materials” in accounting. Its main purpose is to reflect the difference between different types of prices for goods and materials. Accounting prices are allowed to be applied only when moving materials within one enterprise, the possibility of their reflection in accounting is approved by the accounting policy.
Account 16 in accounting
When moving material assets that do not have a finally formed actual cost, standard accounting valuations are used. If they do not coincide with the actual values of the cost, deviations are formed on account 16 and written off as expenses. It is allowed to use account 16 without linking it with account 15.
Account 16 is active or passive, in relation to the sections of the balance sheet - it combines the features of both types, according to the Chart of Accounts it is classified as active-passive. The debit takes into account the cost overrun when comparing the book value with the actual cost. That is, the level of planned prices for material objects turned out to be lower than the fixed figure in the consignment note and invoice. Credit turnovers are formed when savings are obtained as a result of comparing the book price and the real one. Savings occur if the level of the book price exceeds the value of the actual cost.
Account 16 is intended to reflect single deviations and accumulated cost differences in goods and materials. In analytics, materials are systematized by the level of deviations and are taken into account in the context of created groups. Sub-accounts for deviations in the cost of materials in accounting are not provided.
Account 16: postings
In the case of using a bunch of 15 and 16 accounts in accounting, postings are generated:
- D16 - K15 in case of revealing a negative difference between the cost of goods and materials (overrun);
- D15 - K16 in the formation of savings.
The debit of account 16 can occur in correspondence with the credit of account 79 when taking into account the amounts of deviations on materials received from separate subdivisions.
Account 16 is intended to reflect the difference between the actual and book value; for a loan, it is accounted for in combination with the debit of such accounts:
- – when evaluating materials intended for construction on their own;
- 20, , , , 29, at the time of write-off of deviations for different types activities and corresponding type of costs;
- 79 when attributing part of the deviations to the account of separate divisions that have their own balance sheet;
- when it comes to sold materials;
- when reflecting deviations in prices for materials that, according to the results of the inventory, turned out to be in the category of shortages and losses.
Account 16 - an example of use in accounting
Print LLC in June purchased a batch of materials in the amount of 122,000 rubles. (at discount prices). The actual cost of capitalized goods and materials is at the level of 101,000 rubles. (without VAT). Within a month, 60% of the purchased valuables were sent to the main production.
Account 16 in accounting will be used when reflecting the described operations in the following postings:
- D10 - K15 in the amount of 122,000 rubles. at the time of receipt of materials.
- D15 - K60 in the amount of actual cost equal to 101,000 rubles.
- D15 - K16 for 21,000 rubles. (122,000-101,000) - reflects the deviation in the cost estimates of materials.
- D20 - K10 for 73,200 rubles. (122,000 * 60%) when sending part of the purchased materials to the production workshop.
- D20 - K16 (by the reversal method) in the amount of 12,600 rubles. (21,000 x 60%) to write off deviations in the value of material assets transferred to production.