Reproduction processes in a normally functioning economic entity are continuous. The goal, the main guideline for expanded reproduction in modern conditions both at the micro level and at the macroeconomic level is the process of production of material goods. In the course of production, means of labor and objects of labor are consumed, and therefore its continuity depends on the constant renewal of these production resources, which, in turn, is associated with the continuous and precise implementation of the procurement process (material and technical supply).
Procurement process- a set of operations to provide an economic entity with objects and means of labor necessary for its implementation economic activity(in order to ensure uninterrupted development of production and increase its efficiency).
During the procurement process, business entities enter into contracts with suppliers for the supply of items and means of labor. The contracts stipulate the volumes of supplies, prices, sizes of supplies by time period, the conditions for the transfer of ownership to the buyer, the terms of payment for the cost of received valuables and other resources, and other conditions.
In accounting main tasks of the procurement process the following:
¾ identification of all costs for the procurement of means and objects of labor;
¾ defining them actual cost;
¾ identification of the results of procurement activities.
Accounting for the procurement process makes it possible to ensure control over the fulfillment of contractual conditions for the receipt, acquisition of funds and objects of labor, as well as to determine, for the purposes of analysis and management, the cost structure of procured assets.
The main sources of income for the property of an economic entity are:
¾ contribution to authorized capital;
¾ acquisition under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) not in cash (barter agreements);
¾ purchase for a fee;
¾ donation ( free receipt);
¾ production.
Accounts payable of a business entity arising in the process of procuring funds and objects of labor, depending on the sources of receipt, are reflected, as a rule, using the following settlement accounts:
¾ account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” - when purchasing property for a fee directly from suppliers, as well as when receiving property under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) not in cash (barter agreements);
¾ account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” - when purchasing property for a fee through accountable persons;
¾ account 75 “Settlements with founders” - upon receipt of property as a contribution to the authorized capital;
¾ account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - when carrying out non-commodity transactions related to the procurement of property.
As for property received free of charge (donation), it is reflected in the credit of the account 98 “Future income” (subaccount 2 “Gratuitous receipts”) in correspondence with the accounts of one or another type of asset.
Production of property of a business entity for own needs can be carried out:
¾ economically- by the economic entity’s own forces. The peculiarity of the economic method is that cost accounting accounts associated with the procurement (manufacturing) of relevant assets (means and objects of labor) are reflected in correspondence with accounts accumulating information about the costs incurred in creating these assets;
¾ contract method- specialized business entities. This method, as a rule, involves the use of accounts for recording costs associated with the procurement (manufacturing) of relevant assets (products and labor items), in correspondence with the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.
In accounting, costs associated with the receipt of means of labor (fixed assets, intangible assets) are collected in the debit of account 08 “Investments in outside current assets"with their subsequent write-off to account 01 "Fixed assets" or 04 "Intangible assets" for the corresponding objects as they are put into operation.
Fixed assets requiring installation are first recorded in the account 07 “Equipment for installation”, and after implementation installation work- On account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” with subsequent transfer to the account 01 "Fixed assets" as they are put into operation.
Accounting for the receipt of fixed assets is schematically presented in Fig. 4.
The purpose of this work is to study business processes as objects of accounting. Groupings of the elements of property of an economic entity according to their composition and economic content as a whole, and internally according to the constituent parameters, represent accounting objects.
Chapter I
1. Business processes as an object of accounting
1.1. Concept and types economic processes
1.2. Stages of the circulation of economic processes
Chapter II
2. Accounting during the procurement process
2.1. The process of procuring materials and labor
2.2. Determining the cost of the procurement process
Conclusion
conclusions
List of used literature
The work contains 1 file
1.1. Concept and types of business processes
1.2. Stages of the circulation of economic processes
2.1. The process of procuring materials and labor
2.2. Determining the cost of the procurement process
Accounting is an orderly system for collecting and summarizing information in monetary terms about the property, obligations of organizations and their movement through continuous, continuous and documentary accounting of all business transactions.
The purpose of this work is to study business processes as objects of accounting. Groupings of the elements of property of an economic entity according to their composition and economic content as a whole, and internally according to the constituent parameters, represent accounting objects.
Accounting objects are understood as specific units of economic assets and sources of their formation in value terms, as well as their dynamics and statistics determined by economic processes.
In general, the objects of accounting are the objects that provide (economic means and their sources) and make up the economic life of an economic entity (economic processes by type or sequence in the circuit and business operations).
The objective of the study is to characterize economic processes and consider the features of these processes. Economic assets as accounting objects have a dual character: on the one hand, their composition is formed, that is, there is a constant, relatively uniform process of receipt, that is, investment of internal financial resources in the initial creation and subsequent increase in the economic resources of the enterprise. And the accounting value of the resources received into ownership is fully (in absolutely equal amounts) reimbursed by sources of funds - on the other hand.
Owned enterprises household supplies in accounting are reflected simultaneously for each individual fact in two manifestations: in the form of the composition of funds for placement and their purpose and in the form of the sources of their formation. The principle of duality of economic assets will be manifested and reflected throughout the entire accounting cycle; it is not lost in the financial statements. The composition of accounting objects in individual sectors of the economy is predetermined by the specifics of the activities of its economic objects. For example, they cannot be the same in mechanical engineering and in retail trade.
The chosen topic is relevant, since economic processes are the most important objects of accounting, and their results cause changes in property and the sources of their formation. The turnover of funds in economic processes is endless. Thus, in each of these processes there is a change from one form of property value to another. The main content of the work of any organization is the processes (stages) of the circulation (supply, production, sales) of its capital. These processes are interconnected, complement each other as objects of accounting and create conditions for the accumulation of capital and expanded reproduction.
The first chapter of this work will characterize business processes and their results. These processes are interconnected, complement each other as objects of accounting and create conditions for the accumulation of capital and expanded reproduction.
The second chapter will discuss the classification of business processes. Thus, the main task of manufacturing enterprises is the production of products, which are partially used within the enterprise itself, but are mainly sold to other enterprises, organizations and directly to the population. The circulation of funds occurs continuously and consists of basic economic processes: supply, production and sales, as a result of which objects of labor pass from one form to another. To organize the successful and continuous operation of an enterprise, it is necessary to have production reserves with which the enterprise is provided during the supply process.
Accounting is a continuous, continuous, interconnected reflection of the economic activities of an enterprise on the basis of documents. A continuous reflection of economic activity implies mandatory accounting of all property, all types of inventories, costs, products, debts of the enterprise, etc., and all this requires continuous constant monitoring and recording in documents of facts occurring at the enterprise about the movement of material assets and funds and other accomplishments. Interconnectedness is caused by the dependence of the facts occurring among themselves.
It is precisely all these qualities that distinguish accounting from operational and statistical accounting, which exceeds its role and importance in the general accounting system, because operational accounting data is used only for day-to-day management of the enterprise; statistical accounting data is used to analyze and forecast the socio-economic development of society.
There are Labor, Natural and Monetary measures, which carry with them a lot of important when organizing accounting, since with their help they identify the performance indicators of the enterprise. So, with the help of Labor meters, the time and labor spent are determined, which forms the basis for calculating wages and calculating labor productivity. With the help of Natural Meters, control is exercised over the safety of various forms of ownership, the volume of the procurement, production and sales process, production tasks and reporting indicators are compared and analyzed. Monetary measures are general in nature. By determining the property rights of the enterprise, its costs, previously expressed in Labor and Natural meters, estimates, assignments, reports and balances are drawn up.
The objects of economic accounting are the organization’s property, its obligations and business transactions carried out in the process of financial and economic activities. Accounting objects are divided into three interrelated sections: the organization’s property by composition and location; the organization’s property by sources of its formation (own and borrowed obligations); business transactions and their results obtained in the areas of supply, production and sales. Hence, the subject of accounting is divided into three similar sections, each of which includes specific types of property.
In particular, property by composition and placement - non-current and current assets, property by sources of formation (own and borrowed liabilities) - capital and reserves, long-term liabilities, short-term liabilities; business operations (processes) and their results - supply, production, sales and financial results.
The application of the dialectical approach requires the study of the phenomena of economic processes and results in interrelation and interdependence. The study of the activities of enterprises and associations of business units is associated with the study of the factors that determined the results.
In economic research, factors are understood as the conditions in which economic processes are carried out and the reasons under the influence of which the processes themselves and their results change.
The interrelated study of economic processes includes:
Dependency detection.
Determining the nature of dependence.
Determination of the scheme of connection between the result indicator and the factors.
When studying relationships, it is customary to distinguish between two types:
deterministic (functional),
probabilistic (correlation).
Functional connections are characterized by a strict correspondence between cause and effect.
Each factor value corresponds to one or more well-defined result values. With a functional connection, you can accurately calculate how much the value of the result will change when the factor changes. Thus, the relationship between the time worked and the wage rate of a time worker is functional. However, most often the results of economic processes are influenced by many causes that act simultaneously and in mutual connection, and it is not known exactly to what extent each cause influences the magnitude of the result; the connections are also called probabilistic.
With correlations, between cause and result, there is no strict correspondence, but known relationships are observed. For example, there is a certain correspondence between the production experience of workers and the level of their wages; in most cases, the longer the experience, the higher the average wage. However, there are many more factors that determine the level of wages. This includes the qualifications of the workers, the condition of the equipment on which they work, the provision of tools to the workers, and the quality of the materials used. The influence of these factors can lead to the fact that with increasing experience, wage will increase to varying degrees, and may decrease.
With probabilities or correlation relationships, as a rule, the closeness of the connection between the factor and the generalized result is determined.
When analyzing functional dependence, the following types are distinguished:
additive dependencies,
multiplicative,
combined. 1
With an additive form of communication, the result is the sum of the factors that determine its value.
For example, volume products sold can be considered as follows:
PP=VP+OH-OK,
where RP is product sales,
VP - production output,
OK - balances of unsold products at the end of the period,
OH - balances of unsold products at the beginning of the period.
With an additive form of connection, the size of the influence of a factor on the general indicator is equal to the size of the change in the factor itself relative to the base level. With this connection, no special techniques need to be used for factor analysis. The size of the factor change is its influence on the characteristic.
However, in this case, it is important to determine the direction of influence; factors can be in both direct and inverse relationship with generalizing indicators.
If the relationship is direct, then as the factor increases, the generalizing indicator also increases, with feedback the generalizing indicator will decrease as the factor increases.
With a multiplicative communication scheme, the effective indicator is considered as the product of a number of factors. For example, when analyzing the use of labor resources of an enterprise or association, the volume of production is usually considered as the result of 4 factors:
VP= H*D*P*W hour,
where VP is the volume of production (thousand soms); N - average number of workers; D - average number of days of work per worker per period (per month); P - average duration of a work shift, W hour - average hourly output (in som).
Identification of dependencies is important for choosing a method for calculating the influence of factors on changes in characteristics. With additive dependence, the change in the characteristic is equal to the change in the factor, so there is no need to use any additional techniques.
With a multiplicative dependence, the influence of factors can be determined by any of the elimination techniques.
With a combined dependence, the influence of factors is determined only by the method of chain substitutions.
In correlation or probabilistic relationships, the techniques of correlation analysis and other economic and mathematical methods are used. This analysis includes 3 main stages: 2
Construction of a correlation model.
Solving the adopted model by finding the correlation level parameters.
The procurement process is a set of operations to provide the enterprise with the objects of labor necessary for the production of products. He begins the first stage of the circulation of funds, which begins with the monetary form. At this stage of economic activity, money turns into means of production. The main task of accounting for the procurement and acquisition process is to determine the actual volume of procurement and calculate the actual cost of acquired means of production.
In accounting, this process is reflected in two ways:
Dt Cash Kt Dt Means of production Kt
The supply (procurement) process includes facts of economic life (operations):
1) Payments to suppliers
2) Operations for delivering products to suppliers
3) Receipt of raw materials and materials from the warehouse
4) Storage costs material resources
Materials received by the enterprise are accounted for in material accounts. In this case, three options for accounting for material assets are possible:
1.at actual cost
2.at discount prices
3.at planned cost
The cost of purchased items includes:
Purchase price (invoice value)
Transport and procurement costs (TZR)
TZR is the cost of paying for delivery, delivery itself, loading and unloading operations, storage.
Depending on the method of evaluating materials at the time of writing them off as production costs, they are used various systems interactions of accounting accounts.
Option 1.
The “materials” account takes into account the purchase cost of materials and technical equipment. When purchasing materials, the buyer enterprise pays the supplier the purchase price of the materials and at the same time the enterprise bears the TRP. Actual cost materials consists of the purchase price and technical requirements.
Example:
1. Materials received from suppliers 100 pcs. for the amount of 200 USD. e.
2. The markup on materials was 21 USD. e.
3. wages accrued to employees for the delivery of materials 10 USD. e.
4. accrued to the transport organization for the delivery of materials 14 USD. e.
5. materials written off for production 50 pcs. according to actual s/s.
Let's show this in the accounting accounts:
Dr Calc. from supplier Kt Dt Materials Kt Dt Main production. Kt.
Received material from suppliers
200 200 Materials written off for production
Markup 122.5 122.5
Dr Calc. from persons CT
Wages accrued
Dt. Auxiliary prod. Kt.
Cost of transportation services
Actual s/s = 245 USD /100 = 2.45 USD
Option 2
With this option, raw materials and materials are written off as production costs at supplier prices. TZR is accounted for in a separate account. The “materials” account includes materials at supplier prices (or at purchase price) and is also written off as production costs.
TZR are written off to production costs in proportion to the cost of materials at supplier prices either once a month or once a quarter. For these purposes, the percentage of fuel and equipment to the cost of materials is determined. It is determined by the formula:
% TRP = (Sum balance at the beginning of the month. TRP + TRP for received materials)
/(Sum. remaining balance at the beginning of the month + Sum. cost of incoming materials for the month.)
Let's reflect this on the accounts:
Dt. Payments from suppliers Kt. Dt. Materials Kt. Dt. Main production Kt.
Receipt of materials Written off for production of mat. (50 units)
At supplier prices (wholesale) 100 50*2 = 100 100
Dt. TZR Kt.
Dt. Calc. from Persian by payment Labor Kt.
Salary accrual 22.5 USD e.
Dt. Auxiliary Prod. Kt.
Cost of transportation services
The TZR account can have the value of an analytical account to the “Materials” account. The accounting chart of accounts provides for the “ZIP” account, which is usually used by enterprises that procure raw materials and materials for processing. The account is kept to record procurement costs for each type of procured raw materials and materials.
3. Option.
With this option, raw materials and supplies are accounted for in the “Materials” account according to the planned cost, which consists of the supplier’s wholesale prices and planned procurement costs.
IN in this case A “ZIP” account is opened to which all delivery costs and the cost of materials are charged at the supplier’s prices.
Calc. with suppliers Z&P Materials Main production.
Fast. Materials Receipt of materials Written off for production
200 200 240 100 units*2.54 240 240 240
Settlements with personnel Difference in cost of materials
10 10 Overexpenditure funds
Auxiliary prod.
245 – fact. Wed.
Dt. “Z and P” - actual s/s
Kt. “Z and P” - planned s/s
This assessment method is used by enterprises that consume materials daily for production. The difference appears in the “Purchase and Procurement” account:
If the amount on DT. (the actual amount of acquisition costs) exceeds the amount for CT. (planned assessment of materials), then the difference will show cost overruns - Dt. “Main production” Kt. "Materials".
If it’s the other way around, then the savings are written off using the “red reversal” method.
Dt. Z&P Kt. Dt. Materials Kt. Dt. Main production Kt.
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The procurement process is a system of economic events, including the acquisition by an organization from suppliers of raw materials, goods, tools, equipment, fixed assets and other material assets that ensure the continuity of the production process. As a result of the procurement process, the organization receives the main and working capital. In accounting, expenses associated with the acquisition of fixed assets are allocated as an independent accounting object.
During the procurement process, organizations enter into contracts with suppliers for the supply of inventory items. Therefore, all operations related to the procurement process are reflected in accounting in accordance with the conditions defined in the contracts (volumes of supplies, prices, VAT amounts, conditions for the transfer of goods and materials into the ownership of the buyer, procedure and forms of payment, sanctions for non-compliance with the terms of the contract, etc.) , based primary documents issued by suppliers and transport organizations (invoices, payment requests, waybills, etc.).
Costs associated with the purchase and delivery of raw materials, materials and other goods and materials are called transportation and procurement costs (services transport organizations, costs of loading, unloading, customs duties and fees, cargo insurance, etc.).
The actual cost of procurement of goods and materials consists of the purchase price (suppliers' price) and the costs associated with their delivery. Based on this, the accounting process of the procurement process faces the following tasks: to monitor the fulfillment of contractual obligations, to correctly and timely determine the volume of procurement, the actual cost of purchased goods and materials. In the chart of accounts, the presence and movement of inventory items is reflected in accounts 10 “Materials”, 11 “Animals for growing and fattening”, 41 “Goods”, 43 “Finished products”. To account for the procurement process, accounts 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”, 18 “Value added tax on purchased goods, works, services” are intended.
In the current analytical accounting of an organization, accounting for the procurement process of inventory items can be carried out at actual cost, as well as at planned accounting prices. In the case when analytical accounting of inventory items is carried out at actual cost, on account 10 “Materials” in the assessment at actual cost reflect opening balance, income and expense of inventory items. With this accounting option, transportation and procurement costs are taken into account in separate analytical accounts in order to control the correctness of their write-off in the areas of use of inventory items.
When current accounting of inventory items is carried out at planned accounting prices, their actual cost is preliminarily accumulated in account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets,” and the resulting difference between the cost of inventory items at fixed accounting prices and the calculated actual costs of procurement is reflected in account 16 “Deviation in value of material assets." Let's consider the first option for accounting for procurement in the accounting accounts of inventory items at the actual cost of acquisition.
First operation. The organization received materials: the contractual cost of materials is 200 thousand rubles, incl. material “A” in the amount of 30 pieces at a price of 3 thousand rubles/piece. in the amount of 90 thousand rubles; material “B” in the amount of 22 pieces at a price of 5 thousand rubles/piece. in the amount of 110 thousand rubles; value added tax on purchased materials - 40 thousand rubles. Received material values credited to the warehouse, payment not made. The amount of the contractual cost of materials should be reflected in the debit of account 10 “Materials”, as well as value added tax in the debit of account 18 “Value added tax on purchased goods, works, services” and at the same time on total amount credit account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”. As a result of this operation, the organization's inventories of materials increased, and at the same time the debt to the supplier increased in the amount of their contractual cost of materials and the amount of VAT. The scheme for reflecting this operation on the accounting accounts is as follows:
Debit account 10 “Materials” - 200 thousand rubles.
Debit of account 18 “Value added tax on purchased goods, works, services” - 40 thousand rubles.
Credit to account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” - 240 thousand rubles.
Second operation. Costs for transporting materials across railway from the supplier to the buyer's organization amounted to 12 thousand rubles. The value added tax on railway services according to the presented invoice amounted to 2 thousand rubles. This transaction shows that the organizations provided the buyer with services for the transportation of materials (transportation and procurement costs).
Debit account 10 “Materials” - 10 thousand rubles.
Debit of account 18 “Value added tax on purchased goods, works, services” - 2 thousand rubles.
Credit to account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” - 12 thousand rubles.
Third operation. Transferred from current account cash towards repayment accounts payable to the supplier for goods and materials in the amount of 240 thousand rubles, including VAT of 40 thousand rubles, as well as to the railway for delivery of goods and materials in the amount of 12 thousand rubles, including VAT - 2 thousand rubles.
This transaction is reflected in the following accounting entry:
Debit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” - 252 thousand rubles.
Credit to account 51 “Current account” - 252 thousand rubles.
Thus, the actual cost of purchasing and procuring goods and materials includes their purchase price (excluding VAT) and the amount of transportation and procurement costs.
Determining the actual cost of purchasing inventory items is necessary for calculating the cost of manufactured products. When calculating the actual cost of received inventory items, it is necessary to determine the amount of transportation and procurement costs (TZR) attributable to each item of valuables. To find the amount of TZR for each item of value, we determine their percentage:
We find the amount of labor and production costs attributable to material “A”:
the amount of technical and production requirements attributable to material “B”:
Table 5.1
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Determination of the actual cost of procurement inventory items |
The supply (procurement) process is a set of operations to provide an enterprise with objects and means of labor necessary for carrying out economic activities.
Prices for items of labor can be set taking into account the costs of delivering products to the departure station (place of loading into wagons, ships, barges, etc.). In this case, the price of the goods will be called the ex-departure price.
The price of products, set taking into account the costs of transporting goods to the receiving station, is called the ex-station price of destination.
The cost of products, works and services is formed during the production process. The main objectives of accounting for the production process are:
- accounting for production volume and product range;
- accounting of actual costs for the production of products, works and services;
- calculating the cost of products, works and services;
- identifying reserves for reducing the cost of products, works and services.
Accounting for the production process involves:
- separate cost accounting by type of production;
- dividing all costs into direct and indirect.
There are main and auxiliary production.
The main production includes workshops that produce products according to the profile of the enterprise. By auxiliary we mean shops engaged in servicing the main shops in order to create favorable conditions for their work. Therefore, production costs are recorded in accounts 20 “Main production” and 23 “Auxiliary production”.
In analytical accounting, the costs collected on these accounts are divided by department, processing stage, and order.
During the reporting period, accounts 20 “Main production” and 23 “Auxiliary production” collect direct costs directly related to the manufacture of specific types of products, works and services.
Accounting for expenses for managing workshops is kept on account 25 “General production expenses”, and for managing the organization as a whole on account 26 “General expenses”.
Based on frequency, costs are divided into fixed and periodic.
Fixed costs are incurred constantly (daily or at least once a month): materials consumption, labor costs, etc.
Periodic costs are incurred less frequently than once a month: costs for the preparation and development of new types of products, etc.
The most important tasks of accounting include calculating in monetary terms the practical value of costs for the production of certain types of products (works, services), as well as acquired material resources, comparing these costs with standard (planned) ones, identifying the magnitude of deviations of the actual cost from the standard (planned) cost. . The solution to this problem is achieved by using product costing as an element of the accounting method.
Costing is a method of accounting for the costs of production and sales of products, works, and services. Costing allows you to know and analyze the costs of producing products and services and set prices reasonably. Cost is the basis for determining the price of production products, work performed and services. Correctly compiled costing allows you to realistically estimate all possible costs for different kinds products and choose the one that will give the highest profit.
Completeness and correctness of attribution of costs to individual species products is an important task facing accounting.
Accounting for the sales process
During the sales process, the products of labor are converted into cash. At the same time, the surplus product created in the production process is realized.
The main objectives of accounting for the implementation process are:
- determination of the full volume of sales in quantitative and in value terms;
- identification of actual results from product sales.
At the sales stage, the total (commercial) cost of production is added up, which differs from the production cost by the amount of sales expenses.
Accounting for expenses on sales of products is carried out on synthetic account 44 “Sales expenses”. The debit of this account collects:
- costs of containers and packaging of products in finished product warehouses;
- costs of transporting products;
- commission fees - deductions paid to sales organizations (intermediaries) in accordance with established standards and contracts;
- other sales expenses.
In this case, account 51 is credited Current accounts", 50 "Cash" and others for the amount of expenses incurred.
The procedure for accounting for selling expenses can be presented as follows.
During the reporting period, the debit of account 44 “Sales expenses” collects expenses for shipping products. From the credit of account 44 “Sales expenses” the costs related to products sold on account 90 “Sales” are written off.
The debit balance of account 44 “Sales expenses” shows the amount of costs for packaging and transportation of products shipped but not sold in a given month.
The debit of account 45 “Goods shipped” reflects the actual production cost of goods shipped to customers. In this case, account 43 “Finished products” is credited. The credit of account 45 “Goods shipped” reflects the actual production cost of products sold in correspondence with the debit of account 90 “Sales”. The debit balance of the account shows the actual cost of products shipped to customers, payments for which have not yet been received.
On account 90 “Sales” the result from the sale of products is determined. The debit of the account reflects the full actual cost of products sold, and the credit reflects the selling cost of products sold (revenue). The debit balance of the account shows the loss from sales, the balance of the credit of the account shows the sales profit. The account is closed monthly, the result of sales of products, works and services is written off to account 99 “Profits and losses”.
Enterprises and organizations are payers of value added tax (VAT). VAT is part of the net income of society, which goes to the state budget in the form of established deductions. All settlements between the enterprise and the state regarding VAT for products sold are reflected in passive account 68 “Calculations for taxes and duties”. The accrued amounts of value added tax are reflected by the posting: credit to account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” and debit to account 90 “Sales”, and the transfer is debit to account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”, credit to account 51 “Settlement accounts”.
In practice, two options for accounting for the implementation process are used:
I. Accounting for product sales at the time of payment
With this option, the products are considered sold only after the seller receives money. Products shipped to the buyer, but not paid for, are recorded on account 45 “Goods shipped”. Accounting for the sales process at the time of payment can be presented in the form of a diagram.
At the end of the reporting period, account 90 “Sales” is closed, i.e. the result from the sale is written off to account 99 “Profits and losses”.
The shipment of products is reflected in account 45 “Goods shipped”.
After the products are shipped, the proceeds from the sale are reflected: debit 62 “Settlements with customers”, credit 90 “Sales”, and VAT is also charged: debit 90 “Sales” credit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”.
Receipt of payments from the buyer is reflected by an entry in the credit of account 62 “Settlements with customers” and the debit of account 51 “Settlement accounts”. Only after the receipt of money in the debit of account 90 “Sales” is the full actual cost of paid products determined. By comparing the credit and debit turnover in account 90 “Sales”, the result of the sale is identified and written off to account 99 “Profits and losses”.
II. Accounting for product sales at the time of shipment.
With this option, the products are considered sold at the time they are sent to the buyer, regardless of receipt of payment. Account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” reflects the buyer’s debt for the products sent to him.
The sequence of operations when accounting for sales at the time of shipment:
- Release of finished products from production.
- Shipment of products to customers.
- Reflection of customer debt.
- VAT is charged after the products are shipped.
- Collecting selling expenses.
- Write-off of selling expenses.
- Write-off of general business expenses.
- Write-off of profit (loss) from the sale.
- Receipt of revenue (including VAT).
Account 90 “Sales” is closed at the end of the month, i.e. the result from the sale of products is written off to account 99 “Profits and losses”.
Valuation of economic assets in the balance sheet and in current accounting. Types of assessments
To account for the movement of funds, a correct assessment of all accounting objects is necessary. Valuation is one of the elements of the accounting method. This is the way in which economic assets receive monetary value. The assessment of accounting objects must be real and uniform.
The reality of assessment is the objective correspondence of the monetary expression of one or another object of accounting for its actual value. By unity of assessment we mean its uniformity and immutability. The same accounting objects are valued in the same way in all organizations. The reality and unity of assessment are important for the correct reflection of the property status of the organization and the determination of the financial results of its activities. Any inaccuracy in estimating funds can affect the organization's performance indicators. Fixed assets, as a rule, are valued at historical cost, which includes the actual costs of the organization for the acquisition, construction and production, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except in cases provided for by law Russian Federation). Actual costs for the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets may be:
- amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);
- amounts paid to organizations for performing work under construction contracts and other contracts;
- amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;
- registration fees, state duties and other similar payments made in connection with the acquisition (receipt) of rights to an object of fixed assets;
- non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of an item of fixed assets;
- interest on loans for purchase investment assets, before their commissioning;
- remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which the fixed asset was acquired;
- other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets.
"Intangible assets" are taken to accounting at original cost.
The initial cost of intangible assets acquired for a fee is determined as the amount of actual acquisition costs, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
The actual costs of acquiring intangible assets may be:
- amounts paid in accordance with the agreement of assignment (acquisition) of rights to the copyright holder (seller);
- amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of intangible assets;
- registration fees, customs duties, patent duties and other similar payments made in connection with the assignment (acquisition) of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder;
- non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of an intangible asset;
- remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which the intangible asset was acquired;
- other expenses directly related to the acquisition of intangible assets.
When paying for acquired intangible assets, if the terms of the contract provide for deferred or installment payment, actual expenses are accepted for accounting in the full amount of accounts payable.
When acquiring intangible assets, additional costs may arise to bring them into a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes. Such expenses may include the amount of remuneration of the workers involved, corresponding contributions to social insurance and security, material and other expenses. Additional expenses increase initial cost intangible assets.
IN balance sheet intangible assets are reflected at residual value.
Accounting for materials is maintained on account 10 “Materials” and is accepted for accounting at actual cost.
When purchasing for a fee, the actual cost is the amount of the organization's expenses for the acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation). Actual costs could be:
- amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);
- amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of materials;
- customs duties and other payments;
- non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the purchase inventories;
- fees paid to the intermediary organization;
- costs of procurement and delivery of materials to the place of their use, including insurance costs;
- other costs.
The actual cost of material inventories when they are manufactured by the organization is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of relevant types of products.
The assessment of inventories when released into production and other disposal is carried out using one of the following methods:
- at the cost of each unit;
- By average cost;
- at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method).
The application of one of the methods by type (group) of inventories is carried out during the reporting year.
The cost of each unit is estimated precious metals, precious stones, etc., which cannot replace each other in the usual way.
Material inventories can be valued by the organization at the average cost, which is determined for each type (group) of inventories as the quotient of dividing the total cost of the type (group) of inventories by their quantity, respectively, consisting of the cost and quantity of the balance at the beginning of the month and the received inventories in this month month.
The FIFO method is an assessment based on the cost of the first acquisitions of inventories. With this method, materials are written off in the chronological order of receipt of batches. First, the first batch of received materials is written off when released into production or sales, then the second batch, then the third, etc.
When applying this method, the assessment of material resources in stock (in warehouse) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost, and the cost of sales of products (works, services) takes into account the cost of earlier acquisitions.
Accounting for finished products is kept on account 43 “Finished products”. This account is used by organizations engaged in industrial, agricultural and other production activities. When accounting for finished products at actual production cost in analytical accounting, the movement of its individual items can be reflected at accounting prices (planned cost, selling prices, etc.) highlighting deviations of the actual production cost of products from their cost at accounting prices.
Account 41 “Goods” is used mainly by trading organizations, as well as catering establishments. Products in organizations engaged trading activities, as a rule, are accounted for at purchase or sale (retail) prices.
Shipped goods are accounted for in account 45 “Goods shipped” at a cost consisting of the actual production cost and expenses for shipping products (goods).
Compliance with the rules of assessment ensures its uniformity in all organizations.
To ensure the reality of the assessment of funds, it is necessary to accurately determine their actual cost.