Main areas of the economy: Production Distribution Exchange Consumption Illustrations in the textbook, page
The main participants in the economy The producer is the one who participates in the creation of goods or the provision of services. one who is involved in creating goods or specifying services. one who uses goods and services to satisfy his needs. Consumer
The manufacturer is interested in organizing his activities in such a way as to obtain the planned result at the lowest cost of all the funds necessary for the production of goods and provision of services. The consumer, in turn, seeks to extract as much as possible great benefit from the consumption of goods and services, while satisfying their needs at the lowest cost
QuestionsNatural farming Commercial farming Who produces Producers - family members Using hired labor work force Who consumes Production for themselves For mass consumption How they produce Traditional methods The use of technology to increase the quantity of production and make a profit What is labor productivity Usually not high The desire to increase labor productivity
Internet sources Presentation template: Game "Monopoly": Emoticon with a question: Picture of the "basics of the economy": Subsistence farming: 1). 158_d01590_73529_519e2f55.jpg 2). Road transport:
Internet sources Commercial farming: Eating child: Cheese making: iYI/AAAAAAAAHLQ/2xzreAsCiPg/s288/69837.jpg Manufacturer: Consumer: Seller and buyer (exchange): Person with a question:
- What motivates a person to act?
- What are the main needs of people?
- What role does work play in the life of society?
- Is it possible business processes without human intervention?
- Is the economy capable of satisfying all people's needs?
What is economics
You start to get to know the individual sides economic life society. An initial understanding of economics will help you prepare for a more complete assimilation of its fundamentals at the next stages of education.
You encounter manifestations of the economy every day: you hear conversations at home and on the street about the prices of goods, you learn about the size of your parents’ salaries, you read about taxes in the newspaper, you participate in the repair of school furniture, you buy groceries in the store. All these separate phenomena can be combined general concept"economy".
Initially, the word “economy” translated from ancient Greek meant “management according to rules and laws.” Over time, this concept has received a broader interpretation. Thus, the English writer George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) stated: “Economics is the ability to make the best use of life,” and modern scientists have concluded: “Economy is a system of life support consciously built and used by people.”
Getting acquainted with the activities of people in history and geography courses, you can see that the concept of “economy” is considered in two meanings: 1) economy; 2) area of knowledge. You can offer your options on how to supplement the following definitions: “Economics is the ability...”, “Economics is the knowledge about...”.
We started the conversation with individual manifestations of economic life, but behind them you can see the most general processes and phenomena.
The main manifestations of the economy, reflecting the stage of product movement, include production, distribution, exchange, consumption. These phenomena are interconnected. The constantly repeating process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption represents the reproduction of the product. During the production process, they are created economic benefits(goods and services) needed to satisfy people's needs. The produced product must be distributed by carrying out actions related to its movement from the manufacturer to the consumer. After distribution comes exchange - the process of obtaining the desired product with the offer of something in return. Reproduction of a product ends with consumption - the use of the product in the process of satisfying needs.
Let us consider the stages of reproduction using the example of satisfying a person’s need to consume bread. A baker, using a certain technology, bakes, i.e. produces, bread. (Production.) The bakery supplies one part of its products to kindergartens and schools, and the other part to stores. (Distribution.) A salesperson in a store sells bread to people, that is, exchanges it for money. (Exchange.) Schoolchildren eat fresh bread during breakfast. (Consumption.)
Using text and illustrations, talk about the main manifestations of the economy.
Subsistence and commercial farming
Let us remember how diverse human needs are for food, clothing, housing, communication, health care... Why is it necessary to satisfy these needs? Quite obviously - to ensure the life and activities of people. The economy takes an active part in meeting these needs.
The purpose of the economy is to maintain and continue the life of society. For this purpose, various material goods are produced.
Material (economic) benefits are food products, objects, goods and services that satisfy human needs.
Economic benefits are created using such forms of economic organization as natural and commercial.
Subsistence farming is a way of organizing life in which everything necessary is produced by the people themselves and only for their own consumption. This is the most ancient form of farming. It is distinguished by the use of mainly primitive production tools and simple technologies. In a subsistence economy, there is no exchange of products and services, which makes it difficult to improve people's living standards.
The well-known literary hero Robinson Crusoe ran a completely natural economy. Peasants of medieval Europe, India, and China lived in conditions close to subsistence farming. For many centuries, subsistence farming was characteristic of the inhabitants of the Russian village, nomadic pastoralists of the Asian and Black Sea steppes.
If your family uses food grown with their own labor, can you say that you have a subsistence economy? What else does a family use to meet basic needs?
The main disadvantage of subsistence farming is low labor productivity. As a rule, it provided only the most basic human needs.
Natural production has been replaced by commodity production. This is a way of organizing the economic life of a society in which people, specializing in certain types of activities, produce goods and provide services for exchange with each other.
Give examples of people specializing in certain types of economic activities.
Commodity farming, to a greater extent than natural farming, meets the goals of the economy - to satisfy people's needs as much as possible. All produced products become goods intended for exchange (purchase and sale). Manufacturers strive to increase productivity and improve the quality of goods to make profitable exchanges. People's awareness of the advantages of this way of life led to the fact that commercial farming, replacing natural farming, became predominant in the life of society.
Main economic participants
Main actors economies are producers and consumers. What role does it play in this moment person, easy to understand by characteristics economic activity, of which he is a member. Andrey is a graduate of the Civil Engineering Institute. He and his friends created the Zodchiy company. Young people are building beautiful and comfortable country houses. Andrey is a manufacturer.
After work, Andrey relaxes with friends at the Altair cultural and leisure center: plays billiards, works out in the gym, and has dinner in a cozy cafe. Andrey is a consumer.
As we see, the same economic participant can perform both roles.
A manufacturer is someone who is involved in creating goods or providing services. A consumer is someone who uses goods and services to satisfy their needs.
The producer and consumer in the economy can be either an individual person or a group of people, an enterprise, or a state.
The manufacturer is interested in organizing its activities in such a way as to obtain the planned result at the lowest cost of all resources necessary for the production of goods and provision of services. This allows him to earn income and develop his production.
Deciding to earn money to travel around the country, Peter and a friend opened the Urgent Photo salon. What is the economic interest of the salon organizers as producers? What economic knowledge will they need to achieve success and develop their business?
The consumer, in turn, strives to extract as much benefit as possible from the consumption of goods and services, while satisfying his needs at the lowest cost. The buyer's reliance not on emotional, but on rational choice when purchasing allows him to reduce costs and save income.
The economic interests of the main participants in the economy are closely interconnected. The manufacturer strives to produce those goods that will later find their consumers. He is forced to focus on his requests and needs. The consumer, making his choice of a product or service, tells the manufacturer what, how much and of what quality needs to be produced. This behavior of the main participants in the economy allows for careful (economical) and wise use of available resources (material, financial, labor).
Let's check ourselves
- How does the economy serve people?
- What form of management most successfully achieves the goals of the economy?
- What are the similarities and differences between the economic interests of the producer and the consumer?
- How are the activities of the main participants in the economy interconnected?
In the classroom and at home
Learning to make a rational decision
Why do we make certain purchases? Researchers have divided purchasing motives into emotional and rational.
Emotional motives include: a feeling of superiority (the need to be better than others), a desire to be different from others (the desire to buy fashionable, original things), a feeling of comfort (the desire to make life easier), entertainment (the desire to diversify the lifestyle), the need to simply bargain.
Rational ones include: savings (interest in a transaction from the point of view of saving money), quality (for example, the desire to purchase durable items such as a refrigerator, vacuum cleaner, tape recorder, computer with a guarantee for greater confidence in the quality of the product).
Think about what, in your opinion, has a greater influence on the formation of consumer motives: the state of the economy, advertising, the level of consumer income. Offer and justify your options.
Economists advise the thinking consumer to rely on rational motives when making his choice in order to get the maximum benefit from his purchase. Try to take this advice into account.
Analyze what motives prevail in you as a buyer. Is there room for rational decisions in them?
ECONOMY AND ITS MAIN PARTICIPANTS
The purpose of the lesson:
To introduce students to the concept of “economics”, as well as to develop ideas about its necessity.
Tasks:
To form an idea of the economy as a sphere of social life, its main manifestations and participants;
Reveal the role and importance of the economy in ensuring the most important needs and livelihoods of people;
Identify the specifics and interrelationships of the main spheres of eq. O nomic life, the nature of the activities of its participants;
Help students understand strengths and weaknesses various forms management (subsistence and commercial farming).
During the classes.
Org moment. Greetings. Good morning, guys. We begin new section textbook "Man and Economics". And the topic of our lesson today is “Economy and its main participants.” (Slide 1) Write it down in your notebook. You can see the lesson plan on the screen. (Slide 2)
1. What is economics.
2. Why is economics needed?
State the purpose of the lesson.
Let's remember:
What motivates a person to act? What are the eyes V new needs of people? What role does work play in the life of society? What is created by labor?
1. What is economics
Question to the class: What is economics?
You encounter manifestations of the economy every day V but: you hear conversations at home and on the street about the prices of goods A ry, you find out about the size of your parents’ salaries, you read in A you know about taxes, you participate in the repair of school furniture, you buy food in the store. All these department b These manifestations can be united by the general concept of “ec” o nomica."
You already know from the 5th grade course that initially O “Economy” translated from ancient Greek meant “management according to rules and laws.”(Slide 3) Over time, this concept has received a broader interpretation. So, for example And Mer, the English writer George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) argued: “Economics is the ability to make the best use of life,” and modern scientists e They concluded: “The economy is a life support system consciously built and used by people.”
Getting to know different economic phenomena or by studying them in a course of history, geography, you can kill e It is clear that this concept is considered in two meanings:
economics as an economy and as a field of knowledge. You m O you want to offer your own options on how to complement the next e The following definitions: “Economics is knowledge about...”, “Economics is skills...”.
Thus, the author of the book “Economics” P. Samuelson suggests, A example, the following definitions of economics: economics are: 1) activities related to exchange and monetary s our transactions between people; 2) everyday business life h active activities of people, their extraction of means of subsistence e creation and use of these funds; 3) establishment and implementation of consumption and production; 4) wealth.(Slide 4)
The following issues may be discussed: why and in does torus offer different definitions? As in these definitions e different aspects of economic life are revealed in the h no society? Which of the definitions with which you are familiar A piled up during the lesson, can be considered the most complete?
We started the conversation with private manifestations of economic e life of a person, but behind them you can see the most O more general processes and phenomena.
The main manifestations of the economy include: proi s production, distribution, exchange, consumption.These processes are interconnected and have a periodically repeating nature; they can occur not only strictly sequentially, but also simultaneously, in parallel. Let's consider this using the example of satisfying one of the most important human needs - the need to eat bread.Textbook on pp. 89 – 90.Baker using a certain technology, bakes, i.e. produces, bread. (Production.) The bakery supplies one part of the products to kindergartens and schools, and the other part to stores. (Distribution.) The store seller sells bread, that is, exchanges it for money, buying A tel. (Exchange.) Students eat during school A fresh bread for breakfast. (Consumption.)
Let's complete the task (Slide 5)
Write down the listed types of economic activities O enter the corresponding column of the table: making Christmas tree decorations, drawing up a family spending plan for the month, breakfast in the school canteen, visiting a bet To hairdresser's shop, payment of benefits to families for children, use b installation of lighting in everyday life, purchase of equipment for a hiking trip.
Next, we will look in more detail at the characteristics of the main manifestations of economic life. Right here O We are trying to determine the role of the economy in the life of a person, of the whole society.Physical education minute.
2. Why is economics needed?
Remember how diverse human needs are And clothing, housing, communication, health care, etc. More do we need to satisfy these demands and needs?Quite obviously - to ensure his life and de I telnosti. The economy takes an active part in the V Satisfying these needs, its goal is to maintain and continue the lives of people. For this purpose, various O figurative products, goods, services are provided.
Economic products,are created using such forms of organization or management as nat at ral and commodity.
Question to the class: Remember what subsistence farming is?
Natural economy -it's a way of organizing life h nor people in whom everything necessary for life b production is produced by them themselves and only for their own about th consumption. (Slide 6). This is the most ancient form of farming using mainly primitive tools. h agriculture, simple technologies. In a subsistence economy, there is no trade, exchange of products and services, which makes it difficult to improve people's living standards.
Question to the class: What do you think is the disadvantage of this form of management?
The main disadvantage of this form of management is that z kaya labor productivity,allowing to provide only the most minimal conditions for survival. A lifestyle based on subsistence farming, although extremely difficult, is well known to residents of Russian villages. e jealous.
Question to the class: Remember what commodity farming is?
Commodity farming -way of organizing economy And ical life of society, in which people, specialization And By engaging in certain types of activities, they produce goods and provide services for exchange with each other.(Slide 6).
Question to the class: Why is commercial farming better than natural farming?
This form of farming is largely about T meets the goals of the economy - to satisfy people's needs as much as possible. All manufactured products O are goods intended for exchange. Produced O Drivers strive to increase labor productivity and improve the quality of goods to make profitable exchanges. People's awareness of the advantages of this way of life led to the fact that commodity farming, replacing natural farming, became predominant in the economic life of society.
Subsistence farming is a low-efficient form of farming and its preservation in the economy, as A for example, is a brake on socio-economic developmentsociety, a particular country, a factor in reducing living standards h no population. The development of society has led to the emergence of a more efficient and advanced form - a commodity economy, which allows us to better meet people's needs.
3. Main participants in the economy.
We read the text of the textbook with the teacher’s explanation, p. 93.
To consolidate, we perform the following tasks: (Slide 7).
1. You are going to have breakfast at a fast food cafe. at living (for example, at McDonald's). Apply the concepts of “product”, “producer”, “consumer”, “exchange” to this situation.
Particularly noteworthy is the conclusion about the relationship and interdependence of the goals and results of the economic activities of its main participants. Deeper understanding and understanding O It will help to discuss the following questions: what is it in Does consumption of goods and services affect production? Does the level of consumption depend on the level of production?
Homework: § 8,
to "4" and "5" question No. 2, 4 from the “in the classroom and at home” section on page 96. (Slide 8)
If you have free time:
Question to the class: Please tell me, have you ever had to buy goods? Have you ever wondered why you make this or that purchase?
Exercise: Think about the purchase of any three goods by you or your family members. Using the material from the “Knowledge for Everyday” section, analyze what you need e beating motives influenced the choice of one or another O Vara, and determine how rational the choice was. Think about whether you need to change anything in your strat e buyer's gis. If yes, then what?
Product Name | Consumer motives | conclusions | |
emotional | rational 1 . What is economics? P. Samuelson offers the following definitions of the economy: 1) activities related to exchange and money transactions between people; 2) the daily business activities of people, their means of livelihood and the use of these means; 3) establishment and implementation of consumption and production; 4) wealth. 1 . What is economics? Production Distribution Exchange Consumption making Christmas tree decorations, drawing up a family spending plan for the month, breakfast in the school canteen, visiting a hairdresser, paying benefits to families for children, using lighting in the home, purchasing equipment for a camping trip. 2. Why is economics needed? Subsistence farming is a way of organizing people's lives, in which everything necessary for life is produced by them themselves and only for their own consumption. Commodity farming is a way of organizing the economic life of society, in which people, specializing in certain types of activities, produce goods and provide services for exchange with each other. 3. Main participants in the economy. You are going to have breakfast in a cafe fast service. Apply the following concepts to this situation: “product”, “producer”, “consumer”, “exchange”. How does consumption of goods and services affect production? Does the level of consumption depend on the level of production? A manufacturer is someone who is involved in creating goods or providing services. A consumer is someone who uses goods and services to satisfy their needs. Homework: § 8, on “4” and “5” question No. 2, 4 from the heading “in class and at home” on page 96. Product name Consumer motives Conclusions emotional and rational Economics is the ability to run a household according to the rules Economics is a science The economy is a life support system built by people Economics (in history) – Agriculture, industry, trade Advance homework: come up with a law on the protection of producers and consumers (so that the word is used: product, goods) Public lesson Goals: Educational Improve the ability to work with educational and additional literature, laws. Create conditions for learning new material in class Key concepts: economy, resources, needs, producer, consumer. Understanding the main issues and terms in the field of economics. Application of acquired knowledge for Everyday life, choosing a profession, independently solving problematic problems Educational Creating conditions for the formation of a communicative culture Ability to work in a study group Ability to listen and respect the opinions of others Formation of a humanistic worldview and tolerance among students Developmental Create conditions for the development of logical thinking and the formation of intellectual skills Forming the ability to critically analyze acquired knowledge based on independent study of educational and additional literature, formulate a conclusion and update one’s position Promote further growth of interest in the process of cognition Equipment -projector, PC, cards, Constitution, Civil Code, Labor Code, plasticine, dictionaries, teaching material - resource table, terms, magnets. Lesson is the second on the topic “Economy and its participants” A.S. Pushkin: Scolded Homer, Theocritus; Board: number, plan, rational (lat.) - reasonable. During the classes. 1 .Organizational moment. Greetings. (I'm very glad to see you!) Aiming for active activities in the lesson. Today we have our second lesson on the topic “Economy and its participants.” (Therefore, you don’t have to write down the topic) Key participants in the economy. Producer and consumer. The state is protecting the participants economic process. Laws. The main rule of economics.- at the end of the lesson we must bring it out and formulate it together. 2.Repetition. 1-2 people – individual cards 1 person - at the board. (Distributes correctly - exchange, technology, distribution, production, consumption, product) The rest - in groups of 2 people - work with cards, textbooks, dictionaries. SLIDE about the rules independent work: 1. There are no bad ideas. 2. Think creatively. 3.Take risks. 4. Don't criticize. 1 card: fairy tale “Turnip”, what is technology? Card 2: verse “We shared an orange”, what is economics? Card 3: verse “Robin Bobin Barabek”, what is subsistence farming? Card 4: verse “A squirrel sits on a cart”, what is commodity production? We check the work at the board. 3Working with the textbook. We continue the topic of the last lesson. SLIDE For the first time they started talking about economics as a science: Xenophon, Aristotle (384–322 BC). It was they who first identified two main participants in the economic process: the producer and the consumer. So, to participate in the economic process, by and large, two participants are needed: the one who produces the product and the one who consumes it. Let's call them producer and consumer. SLIDE We write it down in a notebook. We found concepts in a textbook or in a dictionary (p. 94) and read them aloud. Is the hero of a fairy tale a consumer? The buzzing fly, when you went to the market and bought a samovar? (Yes) The old man in relation to the goldfish. (no, because the old man does not pay the fish for his services.) Robinson Crusoe on the island? (No) I'm talking about Andrey (example, builder Andrey and he is also relaxing in the evening) Who is the manufacturer in in this case? Can there be only 1 person or a group of people as a producer? Imagine that Andrey did not create a company with his friends, but works at a state plant, so who is the manufacturer? (state) Let's focus on the state. The state is not only a producer, it performs another function. Do you think the state should protect producers, consumers and other participants in the economy or not? (Yes) How can you protect the consumer or producer? (create Laws) 4.Legislative experiment. Work on drafting a law on producers, consumers and goods. (given to be completed as advanced homework for a group of students) Let's imagine that you were asked to take part in a competition for the best law on consumer, producer and goods. The two groups were given homework. Let's listen. (at the blackboard.) What is the name of main law countries? (Constitution) What laws actually exist? 5.Search activity. Practical work in groups of 2 people with the Constitution. – chapter 2. We look for articles about economics and write them down in a notebook. (Art. 34. Art. 35, Art. 36, Art. 37) SLIDE Let's read it out loud. Let's check the slide. In addition to the Constitution, the Russian Federation has many more documents regulating the activities of participants in the economic process. For example, “Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights”, “Civil Code”, “Labor Code” and others. Write them down in your notebook . SLIDE 6.Information Let's return to the concept of Consumer. Who is this? (p. 94 is someone who uses goods and services to satisfy their needs) What human needs can you name? (took place in 6th grade - biological, social, spiritual - food, water, sleep, communication, listening to music, reading, etc.) We will talk in more detail about needs and their types in high school. Question: Are human needs limited? (No) Why? (example, food, new disk, etc.) If Old Man Hottabych, for example, fulfilled all your wishes at 12.30, would you be absolutely happy at 13.00? Why? Man as a biosocial being is in constant development and in the course of communication, new desires are formed in him. Russian poet of the 18th century. Mikhail Matveevich Kheraskov wrote, So, human needs are unlimited and must be constantly satisfied. This is what a manufacturer is needed for. He produces goods to satisfy our needs. But any product is made from raw materials, material, using resources. Bread is made from wheat that is grown on the ground, paper is made from wood, we need people who will produce all this. Everything that is involved in the production process is resources - in a notebook . SLIDE Let's add resources to the economic process. We will add to the work of the person answering at the board resources, class helps - where? (from students) The manufacturer uses 4 types of resources: – 7.Search and research activities using additional material, dictionaries. Assignment: using additional literature (handouts), dictionaries, choose the name of an economic resource, give an example and prove that it is limited. SLIDE about the rules of independent work. 1. There are no bad ideas. 2. Think creatively. 3.Take risks. 4. Don't criticize. We are working. (While they are working, hand out the tables) There is didactic material on the table for everyone - a table with only headings, the guys write down answers there as they speak. Explaining a task using an empty table (gradually appears on SLIDE) Economic resources Example Limitation Human physical and mental abilities + (age, gender, ability, mortality) Natural resources of the planet Means of production: machines, buildings, money Wear out, waste Entrepreneurship Initiative, ability to conduct economic activities Not all people are capable So, let's fix it. (according to the slide) - ask about Peter 1 - forest - connect with history. 8. Let's conduct a small game-research, where now I will try to prove to you that resources are limited (Game). Distribute plasticine (to all participants). We sculpt one production product - a product ( one thing) food or industrial. We count. We break. (if we were producers, our consumers would die of hunger). We prove that resources are limited, and food needs need to be met more. (While they are sculpting, music is playing: close the projector) 9.Joint conclusion. So, we come to the main question of economics: It is necessary to satisfy human needs, but then how to use resources? (RATIONALLY) (note the word “rational” on the board) The main rule of economics is: To satisfy human needs, resources must be used rationally. SLIDE Let's remember: what are the needs? What about resources? This means that the main rule of economics sounds a little different: To satisfyunlimited human needs must be used rationallylimited resources. SLIDE Write it down in your notebook. 10. Will what we talked about be useful in life? Where? In what situations? (in everyday life, we live in market economy, maybe you will become businessmen, laws - to protect yourself from deception, a fashionable profession - manager - organizer - be able to think, know human needs) 11. Fastening. 1.What laws protect participants in the economic process? 2.What resources of the economy did you learn? 3.What does it consist of? main question economy? SLIDE with test questions: 1.Which of the following cannot be characterized as Natural resources? A. oil 1. A person who creates economic products: buyer manufacturer consumer reseller 3.Insert the missing words in the text of the Law (Article 34 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) (law, property, economic) Article 37 (free, abilities, profession) 12.Homework: paragraph 8, task No. 2, select newspaper articles about working people. SLIDE 13.Lesson grades. 14. Reflection - handout on desks, mark with any sign what you think is necessary. Thanks everyone! Sinkwine (if time) - economics, science, system, rational, private, public, manage, produce, trade, (With unlimited needs, etc.) "Song about the fair" Leonid Filatov (with changes) Whether you are a sheriff or a cowboy, every product is needed here Although coins happen, here you can easily find - It's sold under the hammer here. Well, in a word, whoever you are, Bring even a broken chest of drawers, |