1. Agro-industrial enterprises

2. Agro-industrial associations

3. Agro-industrial plants

4. Economic group

5. Agrarian financial and industrial group

6. Holding

7. Concern

8. Association (union)

9. Unitary enterprise

1. Agro-industrial enterprises

Agro-industrial enterprises – These are production and economic units that, with the help of their collective, carry out the production of agricultural products, their processing, and in some cases, sales. As part of an agro-industrial enterprise, both agricultural and industrial production lose their legal independence and become a new production division of a new combined enterprise, have a common authorized capital, a single production and financial plan, a balance sheet, a bank account, and a single management body. This is, in essence, a new type of intersectoral enterprise, the economic basis of which is industry specialization and concentration of the raw material base, close territorial and technological connections.

Agro-industrial enterprises can be created either by merging independent processing enterprises with agricultural ones, or by constructing processing enterprises directly on the farms themselves. One of the organizational features of an agro-industrial enterprise is its territorial integrity. This means that the processing plant in mandatory must be located on the territory of the farm with which it is connected.

The criterion for inclusion in this group of enterprises is the presence of permanent staff in a non-agricultural division, as well as a high volume (at least 25%) of processing of products in which the enterprise specializes. The group of agro-industrial enterprises does not include farms in which industrial units are auxiliary and perform functions not related to agricultural production (production of consumer goods, production of furniture, building materials, etc.).

Agro-industrial enterprises may include farms that have fairly large capacities for processing both their own raw materials and those supplied by nearby farms or the population. Here, industrial production is leading, inextricably linked with agricultural production, does not complement it, but continues in one combined enterprise. With the development of the raw material base, there is a need to expand storage and processing capacities, which can be created on an inter-farm basis, i.e. with the participation of other farms. Previously, in practice, such large agro-industrial enterprises were called collective farm factories or state farm factories.

A number of agricultural enterprises are developing multi-industry combined production, processing several types of products, have their own retail space, and carry out foreign trade activities, thereby turning into a kind of factories.

Management of both industrial and agricultural production at such enterprises is carried out by the director of the agricultural enterprise. The relationship between industrial and agricultural divisions is based on the principles of intra-farm accounting. Raw materials for processing are transferred via purchase prices taking into account its quality, production waste - at prices prevailing at similar agro-industrial enterprises or the market.

The total profit is formed regardless of which division it was received in, and is used in accordance with the development plan for all industries.

The most common agro-industrial enterprises in the republic are the production and processing of fruits and vegetables and meat products. The largest agro-industrial enterprises in the republic include the state farm “Brilevo” in the Gomel region and the state farm “Lyuban” in the Vileika region. Currently, the agricultural enterprises of the republic are undergoing a broad process of building capacities for processing not only crop products, but also livestock products. In some cases, such enterprises are created on an inter-farm basis. This indicates that agro-industrial integration has become an objective reality and is increasingly making its way, not only in the form of agro-industrial enterprises but also in the form of more complex organizational forms - agro-industrial associations.

2. Agro-industrial associations

Agro-industrial associations- represent a single production and economic complex of agricultural and industrial enterprises, the activities of which are carried out on the basis of specialization, concentration and integration of production, processing, storage, and in some cases, sales of manufactured products.

Agro-industrial associations are a form of organization of combined production and, unlike agro-industrial enterprises, unite a number of agricultural and industrial enterprises that are legally independent. They achieve close coordination in their work through technological, territorial and organizational integration, the creation of common management bodies, and production and technical plans. One of the most important requirements when creating agro-industrial associations is the integrity of the territory. In practice, this means that the processing enterprises included in the association must be located in a compact raw material zone.

Enterprises and organizations included in agro-industrial associations are interconnected technologically, territorially and organizationally and thereby form a compact and stable raw material zone of the processing enterprise. Depending on the number of types of products or semi-finished products produced, agro-industrial associations can be specialized and complex. Agro-industrial associations created on the basis of sugar factories, flax mills, etc. can be specialized in nature. The complex nature is more inherent in regional agro-industrial associations, in which legally independent agricultural and processing enterprises are connected mainly territorially and organizationally.

An important feature of agro-industrial associations is the centralization of a number of economic and production functions, as well as financial resources. These may include functions of providing resources, centralized delivery of products for processing and storage, marketing activities and sales. finished products. In this case, there is no need to have similar services in each farm. Such associations have large financial, material, technical and labor resources, which allows them to quickly introduce industrial technology, deepen the division of labor, and make fuller use of raw material processing capacities. Centralization of management makes it possible to subordinate the activities of each farm to the interests of the association as a whole, to develop a unified strategy for the development of integrated production, and to concentrate resources on its most important areas. Concentration in uniting parts financial resources, the creation of reserve and insurance funds allows you to increase them financial stability and achieve a certain stability in work.

The highest governing body in the association is the Council, consisting of representatives of member farms of the association and coordinating their activities. The Chairman of the Board and General Director of the association is usually the head of the processing enterprise.

The high efficiency of integration is more fully manifested in agro-industrial associations, which include all links of the technological chain “production-storage-processing-sales”, working for a common result. Relations between them are based on economic interests and equal opportunities for reproduction and stimulation of labor. The development of functions of branded trade in final products leads to the transformation of agro-industrial associations into agro-industrial trade associations.

Such associations in the agro-industrial complex of the republic are not yet functioning, but from a socio-economic point of view they represent one of the optimal forms of organizing production based on intersectoral cooperation and integration Agriculture, industry and sales of goods, which may be the most promising in the conditions of the establishment of market relations and the development of new forms of management.

3. Agro-industrial plants

Agro-industrial plant (agricultural plant, state farm plant)- This is a fundamentally new integrated formation in the country’s agro-industrial complex system. It is a production and economic complex, the main task of which is the production, procurement and sale of products and high-quality goods on the basis of modern technology, intensive technology and on the basis high level profitability.

Previously, the well-known enterprise of the agricultural production complex “Progress-Vertilishki” in the Grodno region was called the Agro-production collective farm “Progress” since 1987.

The agricultural complex is created by decision of the government of the republic. It includes agricultural enterprises, processing enterprises, service enterprises, rural construction, transport, specialized trade enterprises, scientific institutions (research institutes, design bureaus, technical schools, etc.). The agricultural complex may include enterprises and organizations of other departments.

All enterprises that are part of the agricultural complex retain their economic and legal independence.

The functions of the agricultural complex include:

1 improving the supply of food and other consumer goods to the population;

2 increasing the efficiency of production, processing, storage and sale of products, ensuring their complete, waste-free use and balanced development of all industries and productions;

3 improvement of the economic mechanism of management.

It carries out its activities in accordance with the economic and social development, has an independent balance sheet and is a legal entity. The relationship between the plant and enterprises is determined by agreement.

A characteristic feature of the plant is that it acts not only as new form organization of agro-industrial production but also a kind of management body and its constituent organizations.

The highest management body of the plant is the Council. It provides planning, financing, logistics for all enterprises as a single production organism. For prompt solution issues of the plant's activities, a presidium of the council is created in the period between meetings. To manage the daily activities of the agricultural complex, a separate management apparatus is created, which is headed by the general director of the plant.

The activities of the agricultural complex are planned and financed as a single whole. The five-year and annual plans for the economic and social development of the plant establish state orders for the supply of products, payments to the budget and allocations from the budget, the volumes of material and technical resources allocated to the plant, general fund(standard) wages. All other plan indicators are reviewed and approved by the plant’s council.

The agricultural complex, in turn, communicates, according to established indicators, the tasks of five-year and annual plans to the enterprises, organizations and farms that are part of it, and the standards of payments to the budget. Performing the functions of a procurement organization, the plant enters into contracting agreements with the agricultural enterprises that are part of it, contracts for the purchase from the population of surplus agricultural products and products produced by tenants, peasant farms, family farms, based on the state order communicated to it for the supply of products to the all-Union and republican funds. The plant can assign these functions to individual enterprises and organizations (meat processing plant, dairy plant, sugar plant, flax plant, grain receiving enterprises, etc.).

The sale of produced agricultural and industrial products to the republican fund in accordance with planned targets is carried out at approved state prices and at cooperative trade prices. Fruits and vegetables and potatoes are sold, as a rule, at negotiated prices.

Sales of products through our own trading network produced at prices set by the plant council, taking into account the quality of products and consumer demand, and sales on the market and other consumers are carried out at prices as agreed.

The plants make settlements with the budget for all types of payments centrally. The plant can cooperate and develop direct connections with enterprises foreign countries, create joint ventures, develop trade.

The most famous in the republic are the Snov agro-industrial complex in Nesvizh district, the Zhdanovichi agro-industrial complex in Minsk region and some others.

4. Economic group

Integration of production on the basis of economic groups was initiated in accordance with Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 482 of November 1995 “On the creation and activities of economic groups in the republic” and the adoption of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus “On state registration of industrial and other economic groups No. 40-19 June 1996 In May 1999, it was adopted by the House of Representatives and approved by the Council of the Republic, and in June the Law “On Financial and Industrial Groups” No. 265-3 was signed by the President.

Economic group represents a set of legal entities that coordinately carry out entrepreneurial activities in accordance with an agreement concluded between them on the creation of an economic group. It is created in order to increase production efficiency, establish rational economic and technological connections, and attract additional investments.

Relationships between participants are built in one of the following ways:

1. One member of the group (parent organization) owns a share in the property of each of the other members of the group or other rights permitted by law in such a way that this share or these rights provide the parent organization with the opportunity to make or reject decisions in the supreme body of each other member of the economic group.

2. One group member (trustee) carries out trust management of the property of other group members (trustors) on the basis of an agreement trust management property.

3.Each of the participants is a member of the highest management body of other group members, but cannot single-handedly ensure the adoption or rejection of decisions of this body.

4. Group members jointly make decisions to coordinate their entrepreneurial activity

An economic group is not a legal entity.

The formation of economic groups is caused by the need for a rational unification of rural commodity producers, workers of processing enterprises at all technological stages: production - processing - sales.

5. Agricultural financial and industrial groups

One of the progressive forms of agro-industrial integration is agricultural financial and industrial groups (AFIG) or agro-industrial financial groups (APFG), which united the spheres of production, processing and financial structures in order to implement investment and other projects (programs).

Agro-industrial financial group is an association of agricultural, processing, industrial enterprises, financial, banking and scientific institutions, formed to coordinate the activities of these structures, increase the efficiency and competitiveness of science and production, decision social problems and ensuring food security of the state.

AFPG is created for the purpose of economic integration of its participants for the implementation investment projects and programs aimed at increasing the competitiveness of products (works, services) and expanding their sales market, increasing production efficiency, and creating new jobs. Participation of an enterprise in more than one AFPG is not allowed. AFPG is not a legal entity. The highest governing body of the AFPG is the governing council, which includes representatives of all its participants. The scope of powers of this body of the AFPG is established by the agreement on its creation.

AFIG participants are legal entities of any organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership - residents and non-residents of the Republic of Belarus, who have signed an agreement on the creation of a financial and industrial group, and the Central Company established by them, which all FIG participants create in the form of a joint-stock company to coordinate their economic activities and conducting business of financial industrial groups.

The highest governing body of the group is the Board of Governors. Current activities are carried out by CEO, and control over the economic activities of the group is the audit commission.

The peculiarity of the functioning of AFPG is that all its member enterprises have complete economic independence. Required condition - share in the process of production, processing and sales of products.

Experience in creating financial and industrial groups in Russian Federation shows that in conditions of disintegration of economic relations and instability of the economy, such formations can become a specific form of survival in a crisis and help stabilize the supply and demand situation. One of them is the financial and agro-industrial group (FAPG) “Golden Grain of Altai”. FAPG includes 69 agricultural enterprises from 35 districts Altai Territory, 10 seed farms, 8 specialized state farms for growing and fattening young animals, 4 state breeding plants, 11 poultry farms, 23 processing enterprises (mills, bakeries, pasta factories), commercial Bank"Zernobank"

A certain system has developed in the functioning of financial industrial groups. Agricultural enterprises produce crop products (mainly wheat grain) and transfer them to mills through OJSC “Golden Grain of Altai” and CJSC “Zernotsentr”. Flour and other products of the latter go to bakeries and pasta factories, the other part of the flour is sold on the local and foreign markets; a certain part of the flour is returned when paying for the supplied grain to agricultural producers for own needs. As a result of operation, a grain bank is created, which represents the volume of grain stored by producers. They are the owners of it during the entire storage period. Bringing commercial grain to basic conditions and storing it is carried out by elevators and mills free of charge.

Over the past four years, FAPG member enterprises have seen stable development of production, increased solvency and stability of the financial system. Agricultural producers receive preferential benefits from commercial companies commodity loans at 20-30% per annum, and to clear up non-payments, a bill system of mutual settlements is used using Zernobank bills at 8-10% per annum.

The central company carries out mutual settlements by barter for spare parts, equipment, fuel and lubricants, seeds, electricity, FAPG operates a leasing lending system for CB Zernobank, a management scheme has been developed financial flows and organization of consolidated accounting.

Economic groups can be formed without including financial institutions in its composition and consist of pooling funds of only enterprises and organizations. The bank is preferable for only one reason - the availability of reserve financial resources. Therefore, inclusion in the group financial structures expands the possibilities of using liquid assets.

Attracting bank capital in the republic into the turnover of an economic group is possible only in conditions of stable economic situation conditions of an unstable financial and credit system functions, coordination financial activities, consolidation of free financial resources of group members, in accordance with Article 121, paragraph 1 of the Civil Code and the Law “On Financial and Economic Groups”, it is advisable to assign to the integrator enterprise (parent enterprise) or the created Central Company of the group in the form of a business company, association, union.

As studies conducted at the Belarusian Research Institute of Agrarian Economics have shown, such a system makes it possible to organize effective mutual settlements and manage financial flows. When using bank loans, the procedure for payments and taxes becomes significantly more complicated. To produce finished final products (for example, sausages), livestock feeding enterprises use a loan for the purchase of compound feed, also produced with the help of borrowed money jar. To purchase meat, the plant turns to the bank and, finally, trading structures By attracting credit resources, they purchase the final product from the meat processing plant for stores. In each individual case, interest on bank loans that each business entity must pay are included in the cost, which accordingly leads to an increase in the price of the final product for the consumer.

Within the integrated structure, the loan is provided only at one stage and directly to the integrator parent company. In this case, the parent company receives a loan and sends it to the feed mill. The plant supplies feed to the livestock complex, which supplies its product to the meat processing plant. It turns out to be a kind of closed cycle when the meat processing plant, having given money to one, receives raw materials from another. The price of the product is significantly reduced. In the Mogilev Association of Bakery Products, this procedure for mutual settlements makes it possible to improve the pricing system and reduce the cost of final products by 20%. In this system, each enterprise is interested in the rhythmic work of its partner, in the effective use of allocated financial resources, mutual assistance between enterprises, and product quality control in order to increase the profitability of production.

Based on this, the task is to find new market strategies that allow balancing the self-supporting interests of agricultural producers, processors and trade, and orienting them towards the final result. In the current economic conditions, the most acceptable and effective form integration is the organization joint activities based on a contract. Economic basis, uniting joint activities, is the transition of the enterprise to settlements for final products through the objective distribution of proceeds from the sale of final products between the parties to the contract, which allows:

— to orient all integration partners to achieve maximum final (and not intermediate) results of joint activities;

- create equal benefits for all parties to the agreement economic conditions(without affecting intra-business relations) based on consolidated income (sales revenue);

— concentrate the processing of agricultural products on large, technically equipped and highly profitable enterprises until production capacity is fully utilized;

— to increase the marketability of agricultural products in agricultural enterprises, to ensure flexible maneuverability of raw materials in order to improve the structure and depth of processing, and better provide the population with food;

- determine the real volume of production by administrative region, since the proceeds from the sale of final products will be distributed at the location of suppliers of raw materials and enterprises serving agriculture (and not at the place of processing of raw materials, as now):

- streamline the taxation system by deducting taxes and other mandatory payments at the location of suppliers of raw materials, used

inclusion of double taxation by eliminating intermediate settlements associated with the transshipment of raw materials and semi-finished products;

- speed up turnover working capital and eliminate the problem of mutual non-payments by eliminating intermediate payments for raw materials;

Concentrate funds on the synchronous development of efficient and promising industries.

Along with general patterns and dependencies, other features of relationships can be taken into account, but they should be considered in each case separately in relation to a specific type of cooperative-integration formations.

Today, the only Zhlobin AFPG operates in the republic.

The scheme of its functioning is presented below:

6. HOLDING

A holding is understood as a legal entity of any organizational and legal form, the property of which includes and (or) under the management of which are shares (shares) in the property of other legal entities, providing it with the right to make or reject decisions made by their highest management bodies. The purpose of creating a holding is consolidation controlling stake shares, strengthening industrial relations and ensuring the structural integrity of the industry, introducing market methods of managing privatized enterprises.

It is advisable to create holdings in industries that have a high proportion of corporatized enterprises. At the first stage - through transfer or sale, and subsequently - only through the sale of part of the shares of enterprises.

An executive apparatus (directorate) is formed within the holding.

In terms of organizational characteristics, a holding is an association of business entities uniting to achieve common goals, and in terms of its form of ownership it is predominantly joint stock. The specificity of the holding is that it is a form of centralized distribution of capital and profit, most often for the purpose of development of the members of the association while simultaneously providing them with organizational independence, which are enterprises with the status of joint stock companies.

Holding company:

- allows you to maintain the integrity of the production complex, achieve significant centralization of capital compared to the totality of individual enterprises and thus create high potential opportunities to vary financial resources in order to carry out joint effective investment policy within the company;

— has the ability to create closed technological chains up to the release of finished products and bringing them to the consumer;

— saves on marketing, sales and other services (for example, through the possibility of receiving discounts through bulk purchases);

— takes advantage of production diversification in order to reduce risk and mitigate crisis consequences. For example, initially a financial group of joint-stock companies of a holding company may directly or indirectly subsidize a separate company entering a new market for this financial group;

- having a single tax and financial and credit policy, exercises effective financial control over production, despite the fact that the holding employs capital much larger than equity parent company;

— carrying out consolidation financial statements within the entire company, has the opportunity to develop a strategy for the lowest taxes through the redistribution of profits between participating business entities so that the greatest income is received by those who use tax benefits;

- can increase profits by using the difference in the stock price at which the shares of the parent and subsidiary companies are controlled, as well as the possibility of direct financial speculation (the parent company, having inflated (lowered) the stock price of a subsidiary, can sell (purchase) a certain amount of its shares).

In our country, it is advisable to create holdings in the form of open joint-stock companies, the activities of which are regulated by laws and regulations adopted in relation to joint-stock companies.

For Belarus, as for most countries, a promising option is possible, in which the role of the parent company is taken over by banks and other financial institutions, uniting under their leadership agricultural, industrial, trade, financial, investment, Insurance companies and carrying out control and management functions with the help of financial and credit levers. However current legislature does not provide for banks to carry out such activities.

The prospects for holding companies in Belarus must certainly be associated with the gradual development of both public and private organizational forms formed as the number of joint-stock enterprises grows, the processes of their association, merger, and formation of market infrastructure intensify.

Classification of holdings.

By type of ownership Among the holdings we can highlight:

1. A holding of joint-stock ownership, created on the basis of joint-stock companies and operating according to market rules with indirect regulation economic relations from the state.

2. Holding of joint-stock and private forms of ownership, operating on the terms of the first type of holding.

3. Holding of state, joint-stock and private forms of ownership, ensuring the implementation of various tasks that are set by the state for business entities included in the holding system, in accordance with national interests.

By function, nature of activity holding companies are divided into three groups:

1. Pure holding - a holding company that owns a controlling stake and has no other type of core activity other than financial control and management of subsidiaries, usually joint-stock companies. This type of holding carries out exclusively investment activities through the transfer of property (own and borrowed cash, securities, equipment, technologies) to the authorized capital of business entities. In accordance with the law, he is prohibited from marketing the products of controlled business entities, as well as regulating prices for these products.

2. Mixed holding - a holding company that, in addition to the functions of financial control, investment activities and management, is engaged in entrepreneurial activities - agro-industrial, industrial, trade, transport, credit and financial, etc. A mixed holding is one of the forms of organization financial capital, uniting under its control commercial banks, agri-food industrial and trading enterprises, investment, insurance and other companies.

3. Intermediate holding (subholding) - a separate company that is the holder of a controlling stake in a separate group of enterprises of a pure or mixed holding, carries out general financial management and performs specific tasks, for example, investment, innovation, consulting activities. Trusts and concerns in developed countries, especially widely diversified international corporations, often use intermediate holdings for the purpose of control and management of groups of contractual companies, distinguished on any basis (geographical, industrial, functional, etc.).

According to the forms of financial ties, existing between firms, three types of holding companies can be distinguished:

- financial ties between “parent” and “subsidiary” companies are one-sided in nature - either “from above” or “from below”, but there are no financial ties between “subsidiaries”;

- financial ties between “parent” and “subsidiary” companies are of the same one-sided nature, but at the same time there are financial ties between “subsidiary” companies;

— between “parent” and “subsidiary” companies, as well as between “subsidiaries” there are multilateral connections.

By territorial basis holdings are divided into regional, which are formed within a certain region, and international, which are created in the form of transnational (interstate) companies.

International holdings (such as joint ventures and mixed enterprises) are characterized by the fact that not only domestic, but also foreign capital takes part in their authorized capital. As world experience shows, transnational holding companies are currently developing so actively that we can talk about the formation of a system of transnational holdings and associations that are increasingly controlling world trade.

Holding company structure includes:

- the parent (parent) company, which forms the development goals of the holding, develops a strategy, coordinates and ensures communication links between the subjects of the holding system, conducts innovative activities, a unified financial management for the purpose of optimal distribution and use of resources, as well as attracting capital;

— subsidiaries, as a rule, joint-stock companies engaged directly in production and household activities;

— infrastructure of the holding company: banks, venture capital, financial, investment, insurance, consulting, expert and audit companies, centers economic research, training centers, etc.

In Belarus, holdings began to operate on April 1, 2010, when Decree No. 660 of December 28, 2009 “On some issues of the creation and activities of holdings in the Republic of Belarus” came into force. Previously, on the territory of the country, associations of legal entities engaged in entrepreneurial activities could be created in the form of financial-industrial and other economic groups and state associations.

Among the first in 2010, a holding was created on the basis of OJSC Horizon. According to the Ministry of Industry, the holding company included 11 subsidiaries. The creation of the holding allowed Horizon to separate production, sales and service of products.

Today, holdings have become an objective economic reality in Belarus. A holding is recognized only as an association that is registered as such with the Ministry of Economy in accordance with the established procedure.

The main idea of ​​forming holdings is to create a system of economic relations and financial control through a system of participation in the property of subsidiaries, that is, ownership of their shares (stakes) in the authorized capital.

In accordance with the decree, two types of holdings are distinguished. The first type of holding is an association of commercial organizations, in which one of them is the holding’s management company due to the ability to influence decisions made by the holding’s subsidiaries. Such an opportunity management company arises on the basis of ownership of 25% or more shares or shares in the authorized funds of the holding's subsidiaries - business entities or having the status of a founder in relation to the holding's subsidiaries - unitary enterprises.

The second type of holding is an association of commercial organizations in which the management of subsidiaries or participation in the management of subsidiaries is carried out directly by the owner of 25% or more shares or shares in the authorized funds of these companies without the formation of a holding management company.

The holding is not a legal entity. Its participants can only be business companies and (or) unitary enterprises and cannot be legal entities registered in states with which the Republic of Belarus does not have an agreement providing for the exchange of information on tax issues.

A holding is created based on a decision of the holding’s management company or owner. At the same time, the decree does not provide for the need to obtain the consent of subsidiaries to join the holding. The management company of the holding carries out management decisions: carries out the agreed financial, investment and production policies of the holding, develops plans promising development. She has the authority to act on behalf of the holding's participants in relations related to the creation and its activities, to maintain consolidated accounting and reporting on the financial and economic activities of the holding.

Subsidiary companies are required to represent the management company financial statements at least once a year. And the responsibility of the management company is to ensure the confidentiality of information received from the holding’s subsidiaries, which must be recorded in its charter.

When creating holdings, it is important to take into account the possibility of maintaining technological and cooperative unity, pursuing a centralized investment policy in relation to the merged enterprises, attracting new funds for technical improvement and development of production, its restructuring, and increasing competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets, the Ministry of Economy emphasized.

7. CONCERN

The concern is an association of commercial organizations, which includes enterprises of republican ownership - agricultural, processing, industrial, financial and trading enterprises and organizations, research institutions, training centers that support the activities of a diversified complex. The concern is created with the aim of pursuing a unified economic and business policy that ensures increased efficiency of the business entities that are part of it.

The concern is usually headed by a general director, under whom a council is formed from representatives of participating enterprises.

The council consists of the general director of the concern, his deputies, and authorized representatives of the enterprises participating in the concern. This body may also include heads of departments of the concern’s management apparatus and representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food.

In Belarus, an example of such a formation is Belgospischeprom.

The main tasks of the concern:

1. creating conditions for increasing food resources and agricultural raw materials, improving the supply of food to the country’s population;

2. implementation of a unified economic, technical and technological policy in organizations of the food industry of the Republic of Belarus, regardless of the form of ownership;

3. ensuring food industry organizations increase production to meet the needs of the domestic market and increase export supplies;

4. participation, together with local executive and administrative bodies, in the formation of raw material zones for the production of agricultural products necessary to provide the food industry with raw materials.

The concern includes 50 organizations. Including 18 republican unitary enterprises of direct subordination. The concern manages them in terms of approving charters, appointing and dismissing the heads of these organizations, monitoring the effective use and preservation state property. The concern includes 31 Joint-Stock Company. The Educational Institution “Minsk State Agricultural and Commercial College” is also subordinate to him.

To put it very briefly, the Belgospischeprom concern performs the functions of a body government controlled in the following sectors of the food industry of the Republic of Belarus: Distillery, Confectionery, Winemaking, Sugar, Oil and fat, Canning and vegetable drying, Beer and non-alcoholic, Alcohol, Tobacco, Food concentrate

The largest enterprises of the concern: Republican Unitary Enterprise "Grodno Tobacco Factory "Neman", SJSC "GrodnoBioproduct", Volkovysk OJSC "Bellakt", CJSC "Minsk Soft Drinks Plant", OJSC "Gorodeya Sugar Refinery", OJSC "Zhabinkovsky Sugar Plant", OJSC "Krinitsa" , JV OJSC "Spartak", OJSC "Skidel Sugar Refinery", OJSC "Lidapishchekontsentraty".

8. Association (union).

The creation and operation of an association (union) is carried out in accordance with Art. 121 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus, clause 2.6 of Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 22 of November 16, 2000.

An association (union) is a legal entity. Members of the association (union) retain their independence and rights legal entity which is not responsible for the obligations of its members. At the same time, members of the association (union) bear subsidiary (that is, additional) liability for its obligations in the amount and manner provided for by the constituent documents. Minimum size This responsibility is not legally defined, so it can be purely symbolic.

An association (union) is created for the purpose of coordinating business activities, as well as representing and protecting common property interests on the basis of an agreement between participants and is a non-profit organization. If, by decision of the participants, the association (union) is entrusted with conducting business activities, then it will be transformed into a business company or partnership in the manner prescribed by law. To carry out entrepreneurial activities, associations (unions) can create business companies or participate in them, however, the income received from such activities cannot be distributed among the participants of the association (union), but must go to the needs of the association as a whole. Transformation of entrepreneurial activity into the main goal of an association (union) is not permitted.

Members of the association (union) have the right to use its services free of charge. In addition, they may, at their own discretion, withdraw from the association (union) at the end of financial year. In this case, they bear subsidiary liability for the obligations of the association (union) in proportion to their contribution for two years from the date of withdrawal, if these obligations arose during their membership in the association (union).

A member of an association (union) may be excluded from it by decision of the participants in the cases and in the manner established by the constituent documents. The rules regarding withdrawal from the association (union) apply to the property and liability of an expelled member of an association (union). With the consent of the members of the association (union), a new participant may join it. The entry into an association (union) of a new participant may be conditioned by its subsidiary liability for the obligations of the association (union) that arose before its entry.

Registration of associations of legal entities is carried out by regional executive committees at the location of the association's governing body. Before submitting documents for state registration, provided for by law, the name must be agreed with the registration authority.

The name of the association (union) must contain an indication of the main subject of its activities and the activities of its members, including the term “association” or “union”.

The constituent documents of an association (union) are the constituent agreement signed by its members and the charter approved by them. Documents must contain: name; information about the location; goals of activity; management procedure; subject of activity; conditions on the composition and competence of management bodies and the procedure for their decision-making, including on issues on which decisions are made unanimously or by a qualified majority of votes, as well as on the procedure for the distribution of property remaining after its liquidation.

For state registration of an association (union), its founders submit to the registration authority:

— an application drawn up in the prescribed manner;

— a copy of the decision on the creation of an association (union), approved in the prescribed manner, or the minutes of the meeting of founders (participants) with such a decision;

— constituent documents (two copies of the charter and the constituent agreement);

— notarized copies of constituent documents and certificates of state registration confirming state registration a legal entity acting as a founder of an association (union) (participant);

— a letter of guarantee or other document confirming the right to locate a commercial (non-profit) organization at its location;

— a payment document confirming payment of the registration fee.
Registration of an association (union) may be denied if:

it is located in a residential area;

in relation to at least one of its founders there is an unfulfilled judgment about foreclosure on property;

at least one of its founders has a debt on wages, payments to the budget and (or) government off-budget funds, or is the owner of the property (founder, participant) of a legal entity that has such debt, and is also the owner of the property (founder, participant) of a legal entity in respect of which a decision on liquidation has been made, but the liquidation process has not been completed.

The advantage of creating an association in the form of an association (union) of legal entities is the possibility of collecting membership fees from legal entities. Disadvantages include the cumbersome registration procedure (for example, you need to indicate all members in the charter and agreement, as well as provide copies of the constituent documents of each of them) and the need to amend the constituent documents when the composition of participants changes.

In addition, if an association (union) has arrears in wages, payments to the budget or extra-budgetary funds, and also if a decision is made to liquidate, members of this association (union) will be deprived of the opportunity to be among the founders (participants) of other legal entities or create subsidiaries.

Members of the association (union), as legal entities, retain full independence, themselves determine the types of activities of the association and manage it. The same legal entity can simultaneously be a member of several associations (unions).

Associations (unions) operate on the basis of two constituent documents - an agreement and a charter. In the constituent agreement, the participants undertake to create an association, determine the conditions for participation in it, as well as the goals of its activities. The charter defines the status of the association (union), including the procedure for formation and the competence of governing bodies, the conditions and procedure for reorganization, as well as liquidation of the association and other issues.

The association (union) is the owner of the property transferred to it by the founders. Its ownership may include buildings, structures, equipment, inventory, housing stock, cash and other property, including land(owned or in perpetual use).

The sources of formation of the property of the association (union) are as follows:

regular and one-time receipts from the founders (participants, members);

voluntary property contributions and donations;

dividends (income, interest) received on shares, bonds, other securities and deposits;

income received from property;

other sources not prohibited by law.

The property of the union association) can only be used to achieve the statutory objectives. The remainder of this property formed during its liquidation, after satisfying the creditors' claims, is not subject to distribution among the founders, but is transferred for the purposes provided for by the constituent documents of the association.

The highest governing body of an association (union) is the general meeting of participants; its main function is to ensure control over the implementation of the tasks for which the association was created.

The executive body of an association (union) can be collegial or individual. His competence includes resolving all issues that do not constitute exclusive competence general meeting. The association (union) maintains accounting records and statistical reporting, provides information about its activities to state statistics bodies, tax services, founders and other persons in accordance with the legislation and constituent documents.

Members of the association (union) retain their independence and rights as a legal entity. They have the right to use its services free of charge.

9. Unitary enterprises.

Agro-industrial associations can act in the form of unitary enterprises (GU, KUP, RUP, etc.), the creation and operation of which is carried out in accordance with Civil Code The Republic of Belarus.

A unitary enterprise is recognized commercial organization, not endowed with the right of ownership of the property assigned to it by the owner. The property of a unitary enterprise is indivisible and cannot be distributed among contributions (shares, shares), including among employees of the enterprise. In the form of unitary enterprises, state (republican or communal) unitary enterprises or private unitary enterprises can be created.

An integrated formation can be a republican unitary enterprise - a commercial organization whose property is assigned to it under the right of economic management, which has the opportunity, with the consent of the owner, to create subsidiary unitary enterprises by transferring to them in the prescribed manner part of its property for economic management.

It is advisable to form Republican unitary enterprises as integrated structures taking into account the following criteria:

The members of the association are enterprises that are not subject to privatization;

— business entities included in the association provide scientific and production services to all agricultural enterprises and have a high degree of knowledge intensity, which requires significant capital investment from the state.

The agro-industrial complex is an extremely important sector national economy RF. This area determines the level of food security, and can also be one of the powerful incentives for the growth of the entire economic system of the state. What are the specifics of the agro-industrial complex in Russia?

Definition of AIC

The agro-industrial complex is, in fact, a combination of several branches of the national economic system that are aimed at producing or processing raw materials of agricultural origin, as well as obtaining various types of products from them. The noted set of economic segments includes: agriculture itself, represented in a wide variety of industries that process raw materials, supply farmers with equipment, necessary fertilizers and other resources of industrial origin, as well as transport and logistics enterprises responsible for supplying agricultural products to consumers.

The agro-industrial complex, according to a number of points of view, also forms sectors of the national economic system that are not directly related to the industrial or agricultural sphere, but are extremely important from the point of view of the prospects for the development of the corresponding segment of the economy. First of all, this is education: it may include public, private, and international institutions of various profiles. also in Lately The role of the IT industry is becoming increasingly significant, especially in terms of software development for automated control of various production processes, CRM systems, etc.

The role of the agro-industrial complex in the Russian economy

Russia is a state with a relatively small share of agriculture in GDP, about 5%. However, as many experts believe, there is a large number of related industries (in fact, forming the agro-industrial complex), which represent a significant group of subjects in the macroeconomic sense. In connection with changes in the foreign policy vector of the country's development, the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, as many analysts are inclined to believe, has a chance of significant growth. Some of its signs are already visible. For example, in connection with trends in the framework of import substitution, the emergence of which was due, if we adhere to the popular point of view, to the food embargo, as well as the depreciation of the ruble, the production of some types of agricultural products in the Russian Federation in 2014 increased by tens of percent, and in 2015- m has a chance of further growth, as many analysts believe. Thus, the role of the agro-industrial complex in the Russian economy is likely to increase in the coming years. However, we will study aspects of import substitution in more detail a little later.

The agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is also extremely important from the point of view of ensuring the food security of the state. Until recently, in many key segments of providing the population with food, a high dependence on imports remained (and in a number of industries remains relevant). The state, experts believe, should make every effort to provide the population with products primarily of domestic production. By at least, in those segments in which it is possible to achieve acceptable results due to climatic conditions: it is clear that, for example, many types of fruits in Russia simply cannot grow due to the long winter.

Classification of agricultural sector segments

Above we outlined what main areas form the agro-industrial complex. Let us consider the essence of their classification in more detail.

One of the key areas of the agro-industrial complex is the production of agricultural machinery and other material resources needed by farmers (including, in particular, feed and fertilizers). The next segment is the production sector, which unites agriculture itself, within which the practical work of farmers is carried out, as well as industries in which products are produced based on agricultural raw materials.

The third component of the agro-industrial complex is a sphere that combines the transport industry, logistics, communications, retail - everything that is associated with the supply of agricultural products to consumers, as well as with the establishment of inter-production communications. Some experts believe that agriculture and industry, which produces products based on the corresponding types of raw materials, should be considered as separate areas of the agro-industrial complex.

One way or another, the industries that form the agro-industrial complex are classified within the framework of the designated scheme rather conditionally. Often the boundaries between them are very fluid: for example, many agricultural companies combine business lines related to both the production of products for consumers and their delivery. Therefore, many experts prefer to classify the agro-industrial complex not so much within the framework of certain industries, but rather by the method of distributing certain activities according to the types of activities of enterprises. This is due, analysts believe, to active integration processes in which many organizations of the agro-industrial complex are participating, if we talk, in particular, about the Russian model.

One way or another, the considered classification of the agro-industrial complex within the framework of spheres or types of activity - depending on what point of view you adhere to - is quite logical. The fact is that it assumes a three-stage, sequential system of production cycles. At the very first level, technical means for agricultural activities are produced. At the second stage is the production of main products. The third stage is its sale to the end consumer.

It can also be noted that with the structures of the agro-industrial complex, if we talk, in particular, about Russian economy, state and municipal authorities actively interact. The management may be in charge of the most important issues of development of the agro-industrial complex. Economic condition of certain industries often depends on how effectively a specific regional committee of the agro-industrial complex will work. In particular, priorities in the provision of loans, subsidies and other forms of support needed by farmers are the responsibility of the relevant structures.

Let us consider the specifics of each of the areas (or areas of activity) in more detail.

Agro-industrial complex supply sector

This area is thus formed by the branches of the agro-industrial complex responsible for the production of material and technical resources of agricultural enterprises. Which ones exactly?

First of all, this is, of course, mechanical engineering - mainly represented by the tractor sector, enterprises producing combines, as well as various types of technological equipment and inventory. The most important role is played by the food industry, which interacts with the agro-industrial complex, producing feed and other types of products that are in demand in livestock farming. The scope of supply to the agro-industrial complex also includes enterprises engaged in qualified repairs of various equipment. The most important industry in this area of ​​the agro-industrial complex is rural construction.

Production sector of the agro-industrial complex

This industry is a set of activities related to the direct labor of farmers, which can be represented within a wide range of entities - private farmers, peasant farms, large holdings, etc.

It can be noted that many of the relevant elements of the industry under consideration also implement production-type activities. That is, these enterprises can directly participate in the production of the main agricultural product. Such firms can form an industry represented in the agro-industrial complex in a wide range of industries - food, dairy, meat. Enterprises of the corresponding profile are also divided into a large number of types.

Transport and logistics sector of the agro-industrial complex

This area includes enterprises of the agro-industrial complex that are engaged in logistics, delivery, retail and other issues related to the direct supply of agricultural products to consumers. As we noted above, in the economies of developed countries of the world various integration processes are often observed at the level of individual spheres of the agro-industrial complex. The development of the Russian agro-industrial complex, as many analysts believe, occurs generally within the framework of the same patterns. Therefore, enterprises whose main profile, for example, is agricultural production, also form in their corporate structure divisions responsible for logistics, sales and other areas of activity relevant to the area in question.

Prospects for the Russian agro-industrial complex

Let us now consider how the Russian agro-industrial complex is developing in more detail. We noted above that among the key factors of the processes that are currently taking place in this sector of the economy are import substitution, as well as the foreign policy situation. As many experts believe, the Russian agro-industrial complex as a whole has overcome the crisis period characteristic of the 90s, when production in most areas decreased, therefore a huge percentage of food products were imported.

At the same time, as some analysts believe, in many respects Russian agriculture has not yet reached, in particular, the indicators Soviet period, and therefore there is something to strive for. Although there are estimates according to which indicators in the relevant industry are quite comparable with the figures, in particular, for 1990, and in some areas they exceed them.

Let us study in more detail the specifics of one of the most pronounced, as many analysts believe, drivers of growth in the Russian agro-industrial complex today—import substitution.

Was the agro-industrial complex ready for import substitution?

An interesting fact is that the process in question did not begin with mutual sanctions between Russia and Western countries, although, of course, its current dynamics are largely due to the foreign policy factor in the form of corresponding activities. Programs of the agro-industrial complex in the Russian Federation began to be actively formed and implemented several years before the preconditions for complications in relations between our country and the West arose. Thus, the prospects that opened up for large-scale import substitution during the period of sanctions, analysts believe, had every chance of being realized due to the presence in the Russian Federation of the necessary infrastructure, technology, and personnel. In Russia, quite a lot of industries were discovered, experts believe, in which farmers did not have to start from a low start: everything was ready to quickly increase the required volumes of production of the main product.

What examples of successful and constructive actions by the Russian government before the sanctions can be found? For example, in 2013, the authorities, managing the agro-industrial complex, invested about 5.43 billion rubles. due to federal budget in some of the most important areas of livestock production. Regional initiatives also received funding. Many workers in the agro-industrial complex experienced increased wages, improved working conditions and the technological state of enterprises. Support was provided to farmers in terms of lending.

Thus, the state of the Russian agro-industrial complex at the time of the introduction of sanctions was in many aspects optimal from the point of view of implementing successful import substitution. Among Russian analysts, there is a point of view according to which the Government of the Russian Federation decided to introduce a food embargo in the summer of 2014, having carefully calculated possible consequences, having analyzed the capabilities of the agro-industrial complex and came to the conclusion that Russia will be able to replace imported products on its own.

At the same time, in the field of import substitution in the Russian Federation, experts identify a number of pressing problems that have yet to be solved. Let's look at them.

Import substitution in the Russian Federation: tasks

First of all, as analysts note, the Russian government has a lot of work to do in stimulating public-private partnerships in the agricultural sector. This can be expressed, for example, in investment issues, logistics, and exchange of experience. In addition, analysts believe that the development of public-private partnerships can help reduce the budget burden.

The economy of the Russian agro-industrial complex largely depends on the efficiency transport infrastructure. Many suppliers of agricultural products simply do not have the opportunity to interact with consumers or at least with intermediaries who are ready to offer cost-effective terms of cooperation, due to the low availability of transport communications. Actually, one of the key areas of financing within the amount requested by the Ministry of Agriculture in the amount of 600 billion rubles. development of import substitution is precisely the logistics industry. At the same time, many analysts believe that even if the Russian government is able to allocate the funds requested by the Ministry of Agriculture, the country’s development, due to the imperfection of the logistics system, may not proceed at a fast enough pace.

Funding issue

Above, we noted the scale of figures that can appear in communications between departments responsible for the development of the country’s agro-industrial complex and the government. We are talking about financial values ​​comparable to the budgets of several Russian regions. This circumstance, as some analysts believe, suggests a difficult task facing the Russian government in the context of a budget deficit, which will most likely be observed in the near future due to low oil prices.

How effective the state policy in terms of financing will be is determined by the quality of work of the competent departments, analysts say. For example, in the Russian Federation there is such a structure as the Commission on the Efficiency of Public Expenditures. In particular, it may be entrusted with the task of finding funds for import substitution. Perhaps, experts believe, this will be implemented by temporarily reducing other areas of budget financing.

Key directions

Despite the fact that the Government of the Russian Federation faces a number of unsolved tasks in the field of import substitution, and in addition, financial difficulties may arise in terms of their implementation, the authorities continue to develop programs that reflect the implementation of import substitution algorithms in the coming years.

As we noted above, one of the most important areas of activity of departments is the construction of logistics centers. These objects are supposed to be used, firstly, in order to increase the efficiency of interaction between various industries agro-industrial complex, and secondly, for the purpose of better financial monitoring of the expenditure of budget funds.

The operation of the logistics centers in question will be ensured by updating the legal framework and improving standards within a variety of areas of legislation. The state’s goal is to create a mechanism within which an agricultural producer can easily find a consumer through the resources provided by the logistics center.

The next direction of government activity as part of the implementation of import substitution programs is subsidizing a number of agricultural sectors, in particular, dairy and meat production.

Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of activities that the Ministry of Agriculture or, for example, the department of the agro-industrial complex reporting to it can implement in a particular region. At the same time, analysts believe that if the authorities manage to solve these problems, then excellent conditions for import substitution will be created.

Import substitution and food security

At the beginning of the article, we noted that the agro-industrial complex is extremely important for the country’s economy from the point of view of ensuring food security. Let's consider this aspect in more detail.

There is information that, within the framework of the current government doctrine, Russia must reduce its dependence, in particular in the field of milk imports, to 30%, that is, produce 70% of the product on its own. Similar indicators need to be achieved for meat, to ensure complete independence for potatoes, and 50% for grapes. It can be noted that food security for vegetable oil, as well as sugar, as evidenced by data from a number of sources, has been achieved almost completely. One way or another, as the Ministry responsible for the development of agriculture believes, there should not be an agro-industrial complex primarily dependent on imports in the Russian Federation.

And therefore, even if we are talking about the import of agricultural products from countries friendly to Russia, the corresponding volumes, nevertheless, should not lead to exceeding the criteria established at the government level. Of course, there are quite a lot of global suppliers of vegetables, fruits, meat, and milk that can replace European companies subject to a food embargo.

In particular, China, Serbia, and countries are ready to provide assistance to Russia in supplying certain products Latin America. For example, it is known that the PRC plans to open large infrastructure facilities through which national producers of vegetables and fruits will be able to establish interaction with Russian consumers, including through direct supplies. However, the emphasis should be on real import substitution, experts believe. It’s not even a matter of the geopolitical factor, which presupposes as much sovereignty as possible, including in the aspect of food security. The Russian economy now needs new growth drivers, and the agro-industrial complex in this sense has great potential that has not yet been fully realized, experts believe.

The role and structure of the agro-industrial complex in the country’s economic system

Agro-industrial complex(AIC) unites all sectors of the economy involved in the production of agricultural products, their processing and delivery to the consumer. The importance of the agro-industrial complex lies in providing the country with food and some other consumer goods.

Most common model of the agro-industrial complex usually includes three main areas.

First sphere includes industries producing means of production for agriculture and industries processing agricultural raw materials: tractor and agricultural engineering, production of equipment for livestock, food and light industry, production of mineral fertilizers, feed and microbiological industries, rural industrial construction.

Second sphere— agriculture itself (farming and animal husbandry).

Third sphere— a system of industries for industrial processing and marketing of agricultural raw materials and food: food, light industry, procurement system, transportation, storage and sale of agricultural products.

The placement of the first and third links of the agro-industrial complex is largely determined territorial organization agricultural production. Processing, warehousing and storage of agricultural products are largely consumer-oriented. The territorial concentration in suburban areas and highly urbanized areas of production of potatoes, vegetables and other crop products is also due to the activation of households and farmers.

In the 1990s. there was a redistribution of agricultural production between large enterprises (former collective and state farms), households and farms. Thus, if in 1990 large enterprises produced 74% of agricultural products, then in 2007 - 44%, i.e. their share decreased by almost half. On the contrary, the share of personal subsidiary plots of the population increased from 20% in 1990 to 49% in 2007. The remaining 7.5% of agricultural production in 2007 came from private farms.

In 2007, households produced almost 89% of potatoes, about 80% of vegetables, fruits and berries, almost half of meat and milk, and a quarter of eggs.

Agriculture

Agriculture- the most important sphere, which is a complex of industries (agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, forestry, crafts) associated with the development (collection, extraction) of plant and animal resources.

Agriculture is the most important component agro-industrial complex(Agroindustrial Complex), in which, in addition to farms directly related to the development natural resources, includes branches of the manufacturing industry that produce means of production for agriculture (machines, fertilizers, etc.) and process agricultural raw materials into final consumer products. The ratio of these sectors of the agro-industrial complex in developed countries respectively is 15, 35 and 50%. In most developing countries, the agro-industrial complex is in its infancy and the proportions of its industries can be defined as 40:20:40, i.e., natural-climatic and human labor remain the dominant factors of agricultural production. Agro-industrial complex of developed countries- these are, as a rule, large commercial enterprises (plantations, farms, etc.), using modern means of production to the maximum extent at all stages of economic activity - from the field to storage, processing and packaging of ready-to-consume products. The intensity of agricultural production in developed countries is determined by significant capital investments per unit area (in Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands - up to $10,000/ha), as well as the widespread use of scientific (biological) and technology achievements.

The development of agriculture depends on the resolution of land ownership problems and the practiced forms of land use. Unlike other factors of production, land has a number of specific features - immobility as a factor of production, unpredictability (dependence on soil and climatic conditions), limited reserves for expanding use for agricultural purposes, productivity limits. Due to these features, the limited (inelastic) supply of land is one of the reasons for the peculiarities of land pricing. Differences in the quality of land underlie the formation of rental relations.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 78% of the earth's surface experiences serious natural limitations for the development of agriculture, 13% of areas are characterized by low productivity, 6% - average and only 3% - high. Currently, about 11% of the total land area is occupied by arable land. Approximately 24% of the planet's total land is used for livestock production. The characteristics and severity of agro-resource situations often differ sharply across countries, and within countries, across regions. Therefore there can be no universal ways solutions to the food problem and overall growth in agricultural productivity.

Progress in the development of productive forces in world agriculture in the 20-30s. XX century associated with the mechanization of work, in the 40-50s. - selection and chemicalization, in the 60-70s. - dissemination of the achievements of the green revolution, since the 80s. — a period of active development and implementation of biotechnology and computerization of agricultural production has begun.

At the same time, world agriculture at the beginning of the 21st century. is experiencing a number of problems. This is primarily a disadvantage land resources and the natural limitation of land productivity growth in developed countries and low land productivity, associated with a lack of capital investment, in developing regions.

Growth rate agricultural production in the early 21st century. on average amounted to 2-2.5% per year, which significantly exceeded the rate of population growth and made it possible to produce products 20-30% more than the volume necessary to meet the internal needs of countries for food and raw materials. On the contrary, in developing countries The rate of growth in agricultural production, especially food, coincided in value with population growth (2-3%), and per capita in some countries had a downward trend, which contributed to the continued severity of the food problem, especially in Tropical Africa.

Agriculture branches

Agriculture- the most important link in the agro-industrial complex and differs from other sectors of the economy in the seasonal nature of production, the use of land as an object and means of labor, and strong dependence on natural conditions. It consists of agriculture (crop production) and livestock farming, which are closely related to each other, which provide 56 and 44% of agricultural products, respectively.

The natural basis of agriculture is land- lands used in agriculture. In 2007, the area of ​​agricultural land amounted to 220.6 million hectares, or 12.9% of the country's area, and according to this indicator, our country ranks third in the world after China and the United States. The sown area (arable land) is much smaller: in 2007 it amounted to 76.4 million hectares, or less than 5% of the country's territory. The level of provision of farmland to the Russian population per person at the beginning of 2007 was 1.55 hectares, including 0.54 hectares of arable land. The remaining territories are occupied by forests and shrubs, tundra, mountain ranges, i.e. lands that are inconvenient for agriculture.

A significant part of Russian agricultural land is located in waterlogged or arid areas, subject to wind and water erosion, and some were contaminated with radioactive elements after Chernobyl accident. Thus, almost 3/4 of agricultural land is either already degraded or is at a dangerous point of loss of fertility. This situation is aggravated by a sharp reduction in the supply of mineral fertilizers to agriculture. Therefore, land reclamation is increasingly important - the natural improvement of land to increase its fertility or general improvement of the area, one of the types of rational environmental management.

The total area of ​​forage lands is more than 70 million hectares, but more than 1/2 of them are tundra reindeer pastures, characterized by low forage productivity.

A wide variety of natural landscape zones and different populations determined features of the use of agricultural land: in the steppe and forest-steppe zones with fertile gray soils and chestnut soils, arable land reaches 80% of all agricultural land; in the forest zone - significantly less; in the foothills, vast alpine meadows are combined with small areas of arable land in the valleys and along the mountain slopes.

Crop production is the leading branch of agriculture in terms of gross output - 56% in 2007.

The climatic conditions of Russia limit the range of crops that can be grown economically and permissibly on its territory. High and stable yields can be obtained only in the west of the black soil strip of the country and in the western regions of the North Caucasus.

Cereals- the leading branch of crop production in Russia. They occupy more than half of the country's cultivated area. Due to the variability of weather conditions, their collection from year to year ranged from 127 million tons in the most productive year of 1978 to 48 million tons in 1998. In the last two decades, there has been a trend towards a reduction in grain harvests. Average annual gross receipts grains in Russia were (in million tons): 1950s. - 59; 1960s - 84; 1970s - 101; 1980s - 98; 1990s - 76. Nevertheless, in 2007, in terms of grain harvest - 82 million tons - Russia took fourth place in the world after China, the USA and India.

The average grain yield in Russia is very low - about 20 centners per 1 hectare compared to 60-70 centners in Western European countries, which is explained by the difference in agroclimatic conditions and the low culture of domestic agriculture. More than 9/10 general collection accounts for four crops: wheat (more than half), barley (about a quarter), oats and rye.

Wheat

Wheat- the most important grain crop in Russia. It is sown mainly in the forest-steppe and less arid parts of the steppe zone, and the density of crops decreases in the eastern direction. In Russia, two types of wheat are sown - spring and winter. Considering that the yield of winter wheat is twice as high as that of spring wheat, winter wheat is cultivated wherever agroclimatic conditions allow. Therefore, in the western part of the country up to the Volga (Northern Caucasus, Central Black Earth Region, right bank of the Volga region), winter wheat crops predominate, and in the eastern part (left bank of the Volga region, Southern Urals, south of Western Siberia and the Far East) - spring wheat.

Barley

Barley- the second largest grain crop in Russia by production volume, it is used primarily for the production of concentrated feed for livestock. This is one of the earliest ripening crops that tolerates frost and drought well, so the cultivation area of ​​barley is extensive: it penetrates further than other grain crops to the north, south and southeast.

Oats

Oats- Primarily a forage crop and widely used in the feed industry. Distributed in the forest zone in areas with a milder climate, it is also sown in Siberia and the Far East.

Rye

Rye is an important food crop, relatively undemanding to agroclimatic conditions, it needs less heat than winter wheat, and, like oats, it tolerates acidic soils well. Its main habitat is the Russian Non-Black Earth Region.

All other grain crops, including rice and corn, are not widely used in domestic crop production due to harsh climatic conditions. Corn crops for grain are concentrated in the North Caucasus, the only region of Russia whose natural conditions resemble the famous “corn belt” of the United States; in other areas of the country it is cultivated for green fodder and silage. Rice crops are located in the floodplains of the Kuban River, the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain and the Khanka lowland.

Industrial crops are valuable raw materials for the production of food products (sugar, vegetable oils) and many light industrial products. They are very demanding on agroclimatic conditions, labor- and material-intensive, and are located in narrowed areas. The most famous fiber crop in Russia is fiber flax. Its main crops are concentrated in the north-west of the European part of the country. The main oilseed crop, sunflower, is grown in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the country (Central Black Earth region, North Caucasus). The main crops of technical varieties of sugar beet are concentrated in the Central Black Earth Region and the Krasnodar Territory.

Potatoes are an important food and feed crop. Crops of this crop are widespread, but the vast majority are concentrated in Central Russia, as well as near cities where vegetable growing is developing. Gardening and viticulture as a large branch of crop production are typical for the southern regions of Russia.

Livestock- an important component of agriculture, which provides less than half of the gross output of the industry. Despite a serious drop in production over the years economic crisis, and today Russia is one of the leading countries in the world in terms of the scale of livestock production.

The industry reached its maximum level of development in 1987, after which both the number of livestock and the volume of production began to decline. The main cost of livestock products is meat. The structure of its production is dominated by beef and veal - 39%, followed by pork - 34%, poultry - 24%, lamb and goat meat - 3%. In 2007, the number of cattle, sheep and goats was lower than in 1940.

Livestock in Russia at the beginning of the year* (millions of heads)

Year	Cattle	Including cows	Pigs	Sheep and goats
1940	28,3	14,3	12,2	46,0
1950	31,5	13,7	10,7	45,7
1960	37,6	17,6	27,1	67,5
1970	49,4	20,4	27,4	63,4
1980	58,6	22,2	36,4	66,9
1987	60,5	21,3	40,2	64,1
2000	27,5	12,9	18,3	14,0
2007	21,5	9,4	16,1	21,0

The development, placement and specialization of livestock farming are determined by the availability of food supply, which depends on the degree of arable land, the composition of forage crops, and the size of pasture resources. In the feed base modern Russia A paradoxical situation has arisen: while procuring more feed in terms of calories per unit of livestock production than developed countries, Russia constantly experiences an acute shortage of feed, which is due to the low safety of feed, its ineffective structure (small share of concentrated feed), and frequent interruptions in the supply of livestock farms feed, almost completely ignoring scientifically based proposals for the system of feeding and keeping livestock.

The distribution of livestock production is influenced by two main factors: orientation towards the food supply and attraction to the consumer. With the development of urbanization processes and progress in transport, the importance of the second factor in the distribution of livestock production is rapidly increasing. In suburban areas of large cities and highly urbanized areas, dairy farming, pig farming and poultry farming are developing, i.e., the azonality of livestock farming is increasing. However, until now, the focus on the food supply (zonal factor) is decisive in the distribution of livestock farming.

The largest branch of livestock farming is cattle breeding (cattle breeding), the main products of which are milk and meat. Based on their relationship, three main areas of cattle breeding are distinguished:

• a) dairy production relies on succulent feed and is located in the center of the European part of the country and around cities;
• b) dairy and meat uses natural feed and silage and is located everywhere;
• c) meat, dairy and meat rely on roughage and concentrated feed and are represented in the steppes and semi-deserts of the North Caucasus, the Urals, the Volga region, and Siberia.

Pig farming is a fast-growing industry and produces 1/3 of the meat. It uses root crops (potatoes, sugar beets), concentrated feed and food waste as feed. It is located in agriculturally developed areas and near large cities.

Sheep farming provides raw materials for the textile industry and is mainly developed in semi-deserts and mountainous regions. Fine-fleece sheep breeding is represented in the southern steppes of the European part and in the south of Siberia, while semi-fine-fleece sheep breeding predominates in the European territory of the country and the Far East.

Poultry farming is highly productive and is most developed in the main grain-growing regions and near large cities. Reindeer husbandry is the main branch of agriculture in the Far North. In some areas, horse breeding (North Caucasus, southern Urals), goat breeding (dry steppes of the Urals), yak breeding (Altai, Buryatia, Tuva) are of commercial importance.

Food industry- the final sphere of the agro-industrial complex. It includes a set of industries producing food-flavoring products, as well as tobacco products, perfumes and cosmetics. The food industry is distinguished by its ubiquitous location, although the set of its industries in each region is determined by the structure of agriculture, and the volume of production is determined by the population of the given territory and the conditions of transportation of finished products.

The food industry is closely related to agriculture and unites more than 20 industries using different raw materials. Some industries use unprocessed raw materials (sugar, tea, butter, oil and fat), others use processed raw materials (baking, confectionery, pasta), and others are a combination of the first two (meat, dairy).

Food industry location depends on the availability of raw materials and the consumer. Based on the degree of their influence, the following groups of industries can be distinguished.

The first group gravitates towards areas where raw materials are produced, since the costs of raw materials per unit of production are high here, and transportation is associated with large losses and deterioration in quality. These include sugar, canned fruits and vegetables, oil and fat, tea, butter, and salt.

The sugar industry does not fully meet the needs of the Russian population for its products. A significant part of the granulated sugar consumed in Russia is imported from abroad. Our country also imports raw sugar. The greatest concentration of domestic sugar factories is in the Central Black Earth region and the North Caucasus.

A special place in this group is occupied by the fishing industry, which includes the extraction of raw materials (fish, sea animals) and their processing. The catch is dominated by cod, herring, horse mackerel, and a significant proportion of salmon and sturgeon. Most of the products of the Russian fishing industry are produced in the Far East (Primorsky Territory, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions). Other major producers in this industry include the Murmansk, Kaliningrad and Astrakhan regions.

The second group of industries is associated with places of consumption of finished products and produces perishable goods. These are the baking, confectionery, whole milk (production of milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, kefir) industries, which are concentrated primarily in highly urbanized areas.

The third group consists of industries with a simultaneous focus on raw materials and the consumer. Meat, flour-grinding, and dairy are characterized by this duality of placement.

Currently, the food industry is one of the most dynamic sectors of the country, it is distinguished investment attractiveness, which makes it possible to create a wide network of small-capacity processing enterprises equipped with modern equipment.

What is APK? This is a collection of industries that have economic ties oriented towards the production of agricultural products, their processing, storage and sale. The complex also includes enterprises that provide the supply of means of production.

Spheres of agro-industrial complex

• Manufacturers of production means: tractors, combines, fertilizers, farm equipment, combined feed, vitamins. Enterprises providing maintenance and repair of the listed equipment.
• Agriculture is a key sector of the agro-industrial complex. This is the central industry of any country, providing necessary products for humans and raw materials used in the production of consumer goods.
• Industries that process agricultural products.

Agriculture

Studying the question “What is agrarian and industrial complex?” In terms of areas, it is better to start with agriculture. This industry occupies a special place in the economy and has significant differences from others. Land is a key means of production, which, if used wisely, only increases fertility over time. This is its main advantage. Because other means of production are gradually destroyed, lose efficiency, and must be replaced. The land also serves as a subject of labor.

The means of production include animals and plants. Seasonality is an important feature of agriculture. The consequence of this factor is unevenness throughout the year:

• Supply of goods.
• Demand for fuel and lubricants.
• Use of finances, equipment and materials.
• Application of workers' labor.

Development of the agro-industrial complex

What is agro-industrial complex without intensification? It is actively used all over the world. Intensification is a production method in which, through cost reduction, productivity increases, quality improves and costs are reduced. Large farms are betting on it.

What conditions are necessary for the agro-industrial complex to develop?

• Transition to modern technology.
• Using scientifically based techniques.
• Improving the qualifications of employees and their quality of life.
• Construction and repair of the road network.
• Increasing the efficiency of interaction between different areas of the agro-industrial complex.

Agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation

The composition of the agrarian and industrial complex of the Russian Federation is far from perfect. A significant drawback that affects the natural development of the entire complex is obsolete means of production. Solving this problem will allow us to bring the market of agricultural products to a qualitatively new level.

Our country has almost all the conditions for the production of most types of agricultural products. However, against this background, a large number of goods produced by agro-industrial complexes of foreign countries are annually imported into Russia. Low efficiency prevents full import substitution, large percentage losses and insufficient quality of our agricultural products.

Agricultural policy today is aimed at creating an effective and sustainable system that can provide citizens with food products and factories with raw materials. This must be done in order to increase the incomes of the population employed in the agricultural sector, ensure food security in Russia and improve the quality of life in the countryside.

Natural factors

Agro-industrial complex production depends on some natural factors that influence the volume of products and the territories in which it can be grown:

• Soil quality.
• Duration of frost-free period.
• The amount of heat received during the summer.
• Number of sunny days in summer.
• Annual precipitation.
• Relief, height above sea level.
• Frequency of adverse weather events.
• Sufficient water supply.

Agricultural crops have different needs for sunlight, heat, water and soils. Based on this, agricultural enterprises are located within the country. The location of livestock farms also depends on natural factors through the need for feed.

Reclamation measures help improve the existing conditions for certain types of agricultural crops. What the agro-industrial complex is is well known to people involved in the production chain. Some crops grow only in a narrow range of factors, while others grow in a wider range. The first include grapes, tea, and citrus fruits. Potatoes and cereals belong to the second group.

Socio-demographic and economic factors

The population determines the demand for agricultural products. In some regions and countries, consumption traditions may differ significantly from others. Manufacturing requires a workforce that differs from one area to another and is determined by the skills of the indigenous population. Labor-intensive ones include vegetable growing, production of industrial crops, and some types of livestock farming. Using qualified employees reduces costs and increases product yield.

Economic factors influencing the agro-industrial complex are as follows:

• Location of farms in relation to potential consumers.
• Availability of the necessary infrastructure.
• Using the achievements of science and technology.
• Proximity of the manufacturer to other areas of the agro-industrial complex.

When locating enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, they try to take into account all these factors. This will optimize their work.

AIC and its structure

Definition 1

AIC (agro-industrial complex) - this is the entire set of enterprises and industries engaged in the cultivation, production of agricultural products, their processing and delivery to the consumer.

The economic effect is achieved thanks to the favorable location and interaction of enterprises.
The main link of the agro-industrial complex is agriculture. Food and light industry factories operate based on the products of agricultural enterprises. In turn, agricultural enterprises receive means of production from agricultural engineering and agricultural chemical enterprises. An important and mandatory component of the agro-industrial complex are energy and infrastructure enterprises.

Distinguish elementary agro-industrial complex, specialized agro-industrial complex and integral agro-industrial complex. Elementary agro-industrial complex consists of an agricultural enterprise and a nearby agricultural processing enterprise. Specialized agro-industrial complex includes agricultural enterprises and processing enterprises of the region with a certain specialization. Integral agro-industrial complex is a set of elementary and specialized agro-industrial complexes in a certain territory.

General characteristics of the Russian agro-industrial complex

As already mentioned, the agro-industrial complex has four main components (spheres), the basis of which is agriculture.

1. First sphere- these are those industries that produce means of production for agriculture and enterprises that process agricultural products. These industries include: tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the production of equipment for livestock farming, feed production, food and light industry, production of reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, rural industrial construction, feed and microbiological industries serving the agro-industrial complex.
2. Second sphere- This is agriculture itself.
3. Third sphere includes enterprises that process agricultural products and “bring” them to the consumer.
4. Fourth Sphere unites service companies production and non-production infrastructure, institutions for training personnel for the agro-industrial complex.

The structure and composition of the Russian agro-industrial complex is distinguished by the imbalance in the development of production and service sectors. The second sphere - agriculture - is the main link. It produces over $50$% of all agricultural products, concentrates about $70$% of all production fixed assets of the complex, and employs more than 65% of those working in the production sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In the economically developed countries of the world, the leading role belongs to the third sphere. The Russian agro-industrial complex needs reform and subsequent development. Problems in the development of the agro-industrial complex are associated with the imperfection of the market for agricultural inputs, high production costs and relatively low competitive ability in the world market.

Agriculture is the basis of the agro-industrial complex. Its development and specialization largely depend on natural conditions. On a large territory of Russia, permafrost, climate, and topography complicate agricultural activities and require additional measures to obtain products.

Historically, the structure of Russian agriculture is dominated by crop farming (about $56% of production) over livestock farming (about $44%). But, despite the large volumes of harvested crops and livestock products, the country's agriculture is characterized by low crop yields, insufficiently high livestock productivity and low labor productivity. Therefore, Russia is now one of the largest importers of agricultural products.

For a long time, the country's agriculture developed according to extensive ways. This means that the volume of production increased due to the plowing of more and more new areas and an increase in the number of livestock. Currently, it is necessary to rebuild the economy on the path intensification . It is necessary to increase the volume of production through additional capital investments in the introduction of high-yielding crops and highly productive breeds of livestock, and the introduction of modern equipment and technologies.

IN crop production Cereal cultivation predominates (wheat, rye, barley, corn). About $60$% of the land is occupied by arable land. Most of them are occupied by wheat crops. The main agricultural regions are the center and south of the European part of Russia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the south of Western Siberia, Altai. There are favorable conditions for growing legumes, oilseeds, beets, and for the development of horticulture, vegetable growing and melon growing. Common industrial crops include fiber flax, sunflower, soybeans, mustard, sugar beets, and tobacco. Tea and citrus fruits are grown in the coastal part of the Krasnodar Territory.

Low level of development livestock farming due to unsatisfactory food supply. The leading branch of livestock farming is cattle breeding. In cattle breeding, meat and dairy and dairy areas predominate. The main cattle-breeding regions are the Urals, Volga region, Western Siberia, North Caucasus. In the North, in the tundra, reindeer husbandry is developed. Sheep and goat farming are developed in the mountainous regions of the country (North Caucasus, Altai). In the mountains of Buryatia and Tuva, yaks are raised. The most productive branch of livestock farming is pig farming. It is developed in almost all regions of the country, focusing on the consumer. Therefore, it is definitely present in suburban agro-industrial complexes.

Poultry farming is also developed everywhere, especially in the areas of large cities and developed grain farming (focused on the consumer and feed supply).

The traditional branch of Russian livestock farming is horse breeding. Pedigree horses are bred in the forest-steppe and steppe zones (Center, Kuban, Lower Volga region, Tuva).

Fur farming and fur trading are developed in forest areas.

Food industry processes agricultural products. It ranks third among industries. The location of enterprises is consumer-oriented, taking into account customs, traditions, ethnic characteristics population.

Fishing industry located in coastal areas and in large river basins. Part of the production may be located directly on sea ​​vessels(factory ships).

IN light industry The textile clothing, footwear, and knitting industries are developed. The largest centers are Moscow, Ivanovo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Yaroslavl, Tver, Barnaul, Biysk, Krasnoyarsk.

AIC value

The agro-industrial complex plays an important role in the country's economy. Subject to successful reforms, the agro-industrial complex will become the basis of Russia's economic power. A developed agro-industrial complex provides jobs to people, provides food to the population and raw materials to light industry.