Economics plays a huge role in the life of society. Firstly, it provides people with the material conditions of existence - food, clothing, housing and other consumer goods. Secondly, the economic sphere of society is a system-forming component of society, a decisive sphere of its life, determining the course of all processes occurring in society. It is studied by many sciences, among which the most important are economic theory and social philosophy. It should also be noted that such a relatively new science as ergonomics (it studies man and his production activities, with the goal of optimizing tools, conditions and labor processes).
Economics in a broad sense is usually understood as a system social production, i.e. the process of creating material goods necessary for human society for its normal existence and development.
Economics is the sphere of human activity in which wealth is created to satisfy their various needs. A need is a person’s objective need for something.
The entire set of goods and services necessary for a person is created in two complementary spheres of the economy.
In the non-productive sphere, spiritual, cultural and other values are created and similar services are provided (educational, medical, etc.).
Services are understood as expedient types of labor with the help of which certain needs of people are satisfied.
In material production, material goods are produced (industry, Agriculture etc.) and provide material services (trade, utilities, transport, etc.).
Economics consists of macroeconomics and microeconomics.
Macroeconomics is the level of creating conditions and factors for the effectiveness of economic activity.
Microeconomics is the level of constant interaction between consumers and producers.
The sector of the economy that directly supports production processes is infrastructure. Infrastructure includes production and social spheres.
The production infrastructure includes:
Logistics,
Transport,
Water supply system,
TV-radio communications,
Energy supply.
Into the structure of the economy includes productive forces and production relations.
* Productive forces - the totality of the means of production (objects of labor and means of labor), work force and technological processes.
* Industrial relations are the mechanism of creation, distribution, sale and exchange of goods.
Components of the economy are production, distribution, consumption and exchange.
Production is the process of creating material goods, covering both the productive forces of society and the production relations of people
Distribution - division, giving everyone a certain part. The distribution can be according to the size of property, according to work, according to needs.
Consumption is the use of something to satisfy needs. Society consumes produced goods and services.
Exchange is the process of movement of labor products as a form of distribution of values produced by society. Exchange can be monetary, non-monetary, or in kind.
Man's place in economic relations primarily characterized by:
1) his position in property relations;
2) its role in the labor (production) process;
3) his participation in business and entrepreneurship;
4) its position in the relations of distribution and consumption of the product produced in society.
By entering into property relations, a person exercises the rights of ownership (the ability to own this or that property), disposal (the ability to change the purpose and ownership of the property), and use (the ability to use the useful properties of the property). The scope of these rights depends on the form of ownership: general, private or mixed.
The most important economic role man - his participation in the labor process. Objective characteristics labor activity human beings are productivity, efficiency and place in the system of social division of labor.
Its assessment is determined by the degree of compliance with the most important requirements imposed on it: the requirements of professionalism, qualifications, labor, technological and contractual discipline, as well as diligence and initiative.
Today, the economic sphere occupies a leading place in the system of social relations and determines the content of the political, legal, spiritual and other spheres of society. Modern economics-- a product of long historical development and improvement various forms organizations economic life. In most countries, it is market-based, but at the same time it is regulated by the state, which seeks to give it the necessary social orientation. For the economy modern countries characterized by the process of internationalization of economic life, the result of which is international division labor and the formation of a single world economy.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights - general characteristics
Human right - this is a protected, state-provided, legalized opportunity to do something, to implement something.
Human freedom - this is the absence of any restrictions, constraint in anything (behavior, activity, thoughts, intentions, etc.)
The International Bill of Human Rights consists of those adopted by Gen. UN Assembly:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights; (1948)
International Covenant on Economic, Social and cultural rights; (December 16, 1966)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; (December 16, 1966)
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (1966)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a universal ideal (model) of law to which all peoples and all countries should strive. The Declaration ends with an article that clearly states the citizen’s responsibility to society.
The Declaration declares:
All men are born free and equal in dignity and rights and should act towards each other in a spirit of brotherhood;
Every person should have all rights and all freedoms regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other beliefs, property or class status;
In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, each person shall be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law solely for the purpose of ensuring due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others.
All rights are conditionally divided into three groups:
1st group - “protective” rights: the right to life, to the inviolability of the person, home, to the protection of honor and dignity, to the secrecy of correspondence, etc.
2nd group - presupposes the activity of the person himself: the right to freedom of creativity, to work, to earn money, to freedom of assembly, to freedom of movement, etc.
3rd group - obliges the state and society to take care of the person: the right to health care, to housing, to an adequate standard of living, etc.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights for the first time reflected the concept of connection and interdependence of the entire complex of human rights and freedoms. It has become a kind of code of conduct for states in the field of human rights, the basis for drawing up national acts on human rights, and the legal basis for concluding new international treaties and covenants on human rights. The Declaration is a kind of regulator of relations between states; failure to comply with its norms lowers the prestige of the state in the eyes of the world community.
The main function of the economy can be called the systematic creation of goods necessary for human existence, which help society develop. In other words, the economy acts as a tool for satisfying human needs.
The first mentions of the term “economics” can be traced back to the works of Aristotle, who saw economics as opposed to chrematistics - the science of enrichment, the ability to accumulate property and wealth.
Forms of economy
- traditional;
- market;
- administrative-command;
- mixed.
A market economy is based on the principles of commodity production (free enterprise), that is, in this form of economy, the key factor in the distribution of goods is not the state, but buyers and suppliers (producers) of goods and services.
An administrative-command (planned) economy is characterized by centralized planning financial activities. This form of economy was inherent in socialist countries; it existed, in particular, in the USSR, North Korea and Cuba, but today such an economic system has practically become obsolete.
A mixed economy is a combination of private and public or state ownership of the means of production. This mixture is typical for advanced countries that preach democratic socialism. A mixed economic system makes it possible individual entrepreneurs make decisions independently financial matters, however, the state (society) still has priority in these matters.
The economic sphere is a fundamental sphere in the life of society, since all processes occurring in this society depend on it.
It is difficult to underestimate the importance of economics in the life of society throughout human history. It is the economy that predetermines the material issue of human existence, providing him with everything necessary: food, clothing, housing, etc. The economy is designed to satisfy the needs of not only individuals, but also entire organizations (enterprises), and society as a whole.
For a long time, states have been faced with the task of meeting the needs of their people, and to solve this problem it was necessary to develop the economic sphere. For this purpose in economic activity more and more people were involved Natural resources and territory, which helped in one way or another to maintain economic stability.
However, technical and scientific progress did not stand still, and over time a similar economic strategy ceased to be effective, a certain ceiling was reached, limiting the possibilities further development. Progress in the scientific and technological sphere gave impetus to intensive development economic sphere. New, more progressive approaches to the use of resources have been developed, which has made their consumption much more rational and efficient. Modernization of the economic sphere has taught a person to achieve maximum results while spending as little as possible of his available resources.
It is worth noting that developed economy has a positive effect on the spiritual component of society. Economic stability gives people the opportunity not only to accumulate, but also to spend money on spiritual benefits: entertainment, the development of their cultural values. Otherwise, people lose confidence in the future and begin to look for new ways to earn money, which almost always sooner or later leads to an increase in the crime rate.
Thus, the quality of people’s lives and the strength of the foundations of society directly depend on the level economic development states.
1. Economics: concept, structure. The role of economics in the development of society.
Economy is the economic activity of society, as well as the set of relations that develop in the system of production, distribution, exchange and consumption. The economy is the material basis of social development.
The structure of economic science.
Microeconomics is a branch of economic theory that studies the behavior of small market units (market entities) and explains how and why economic decisions are made at the level of an individual business entity:
Macroeconomics is a section of economic theory in which the economy is considered as a single interconnected whole, the economic life of society is studied at the level of entire states, the relationships between aggregate supply and demand are studied, their impact on national production volume, and the possibilities of state regulation of economic problems are explored.
Mesoeconomics examines economic relations at the level of an individual industry.
World economics deals with the study of economic relations at the level of the world community.
The role of economics in the development of society.
People's actions are determined by their interests, and, above all, by their economic interests.
The conscious activity of individuals in the economic life of society creates economic phenomena and processes.
The desire to increase the quality of life leads to the desire to know the laws of economic development, since knowledge of the laws allows us to predict the development of events and manage the development process.
The main task of economic theory is to provide not just a description of economic phenomena, but to show their interrelation and interdependence.
2. System of economic science.
A system of economic science is an ordered set of elements that has organization, relative isolation and the ability to perform a number of functions that its individual elements cannot perform. The economic system of society consists of small economic systems - households and enterprises. A household is a small system that represents the owners resources and consumers within the family.
Some activities of such a system are associated with the sale of labor and other resources, the receipt of wages and other income, the purchase of consumer goods, as well as the creation of some economic goods and services. A firm (enterprise) is a small system within which economic goods and services are created with the help of a set of necessary resources. Economic systems: 1. Socio-economic:*Economic-political;*Natural-economic;*Economic-demographic; 2.Technical and economic; -Industrial; -Regional; -Inter-industry. The economic system of society includes not only the production activities of households and firms, but also the set of relations and organizations within which these activities are carried out. The organizational structure of an economic system is the composition of organizations, the types of organizational relations between them, the distribution of functions, methods and procedures for their execution. The organizational structure of production presupposes a set of production complexes, technological and organizational relations between them. The organizational management system includes a set of management bodies and the relationships between them.
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Essay
On the topic: “The role of economics in the life of society”
There are major and minor roles in our lives. Our life can be divided into different spheres of social life. One of the elements of society is the economic sphere. Economic sphere -- main area life of society, it determines the course of all processes occurring in it.
Economics plays a huge role in the life of society. It provides people with material conditions of existence - food, clothing, housing and other consumer goods. Economics usually includes everything that is associated with the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods created by human labor. the main objective and the role of the economy is to meet the needs of each individual, the needs of organizations and enterprises, as well as the entire society as a whole. economy material society welfare
For many centuries, the problem of how to satisfy the numerous needs of people was solved through extensive economic development, that is, the involvement of new spaces and cheap natural resources in the economy.
With development scientific and technological progress It became clear that this approach to the use of resources had exhausted itself: humanity felt their limitations. From this moment on, the economy develops mainly in an intensive way, implying rationality and efficiency in the use of resources. According to this approach a person must process available resources in such a way as to achieve maximum results with a minimum of costs.
The entire set of goods necessary for a person is created in two complementary spheres of the economy: material production and spiritual production. The production of material goods (bread, machine tools, electricity, etc.) is the basis of the life of human society. In the non-productive sphere, spiritual, cultural and other values are created, services are provided in the field of education, medicine (services mean expedient types of labor with the help of which certain needs of people are satisfied). Production must be continuous.
The level of development of production is reflected in the spirituality of society. If production develops at an increasing rate, then the need for cultural values increases. People, gaining confidence in the future, spend money on various entertainments and purchase goods for consumption.
If production falls, then unemployment rises, uncertainty about the future appears, crime and drug addiction rise, and people seem to withdraw into themselves. A so-called subculture appears. Overcoming negative processes in society stretches on indefinitely. And this hurts all the foundations of the state: family, law and order, etc.
Thus, the standard of living depends on production and labor productivity. The wider and more diverse the production, the higher the productivity of labor, the better the quality of life and well-being of the people.
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