Introduction

1. The concept and problems of the level and quality of life

2. The quality of the population in terms of quality of life: possible indicators and methods for their assessment

3. Sociological problems of improving the level and quality of life in the Belgorod region

Conclusion

Bibliographic list literature

Social and regional development modern Russia is characterized by a decline in the quality of the human potential of the population. In the sociological sense, human potential is a set of fundamental rights, abilities and opportunities of an individual or territorial communities, the level of development and implementation of which increases (or reduces) the productivity of society's life.

Quality, style and way of life are individualized ways of accumulation, development and manifestation of human potential. The quality of life of citizens is the primary task of any state, the cardinal issue of the relationship between power and society.

The current situation in the world community is characterized by a steady transition of the most developed countries to a fundamentally new stage of their development - post-industrial society. This transition is often associated with the entry of humanity into a new era - the "era of quality". Quality becomes the main indicator and criterion of life.

This is also relevant for modern Russia, which has all the prerequisites for reaching a fundamentally new round of its development. Any loss of human resources, regardless of the nature and specific reasons, both quantitatively and qualitatively, destabilizes and weakens the country, becoming a threat to national security. The main way to solve this problem is to improve the quality of life of the population.

There is an urgent need to form a new ideology embodied in state policy. A person and his family should become a priority in society and the state. A single integral indicator of the success of such a new course is the improvement in the quality of life of the population.

To fulfill this task, the priority national projects implemented in the country since January 1, 2006 in the field of education, health care, housing construction and Agriculture.

The standard of living is characterized by the degree of satisfaction of the material, social and cultural needs of the population. The indicator of the standard of living depends both on the level of the population's needs for goods and on the quantity and quality of the goods and services provided to the population.

The standard of living is determined by a combination of various qualitative and quantitative indicators, which makes it possible to analyze the real standard of living of various groups of the population and the entire population as a whole. Such a set shows an assessment of the standard of living of individual subjects Russian Federation.

TO quantitative indicators standard of living include: level wages, average income per capita, average consumption rates per capita, employment, etc. In systems of indicators of the standard of living importance have social standards such as minimum consumer budget, living wage, consumer basket, minimum wage. These standards are adopted by the government of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, not only objective indicators covered by the term “standard of living” are important, but also their assessment, identification of their significance for the individual, depending on his cultural level, involvement in certain traditions, physiological originality.

The structure of the lifestyle includes not only the living conditions of a person - economic, political, economic and domestic, but also their reflection in the minds of people, the assessment of these conditions by individuals. The sociologist is not interested in conditions in themselves, but in conditions as regulators of people's behavior. Therefore, for example, one of the important indicators of the standard of living is not only the number of objects of culture and life, but also the number of people satisfied with the quantity and quality of these objects.

The quality of life , How comprehensive assessment life activity of people, is a system of indicators characterizing the level of realization of human needs, the degree of satisfaction with the implementation of their life plans, correlated with minimum social standards and with the resource capabilities of society.

The quality of life of people is not reduced only to their standard of living, although indicators of the standard of living significantly affect the feeling of social comfort. It is determined by the satisfaction of the needs of people in specific social conditions, complemented by the confidence that they managed to maintain and not jeopardize their physical and mental integrity, personal freedom and opportunities for creativity.

The parameters of the quality of life can serve not only as the goal of social development, but also as its condition. No actions of the state should lead to a deterioration in the quality of life beyond threshold values.

Calculations have shown that the quality of life depends on 40% of economic factors and 60% of the spiritual, primarily moral atmosphere in the country. It means that industrial development and the standard of living are not excluded from the criteria of progress, but become not an end, but a means.

In such situation public policy will be forced to focus not only on economic interests, but also on spiritual ones, developing in society the desire for justice, mutual assistance, freedom, and social support.

In recent years, the concept of "quality of life" has taken a strong position in scientific circulation, along with the concepts of the level and way of life. Interest in the issue of quality of life is observed primarily in the most prosperous cities and regions, the leadership of which is no longer concerned so much with problems social protection and support for low-income households and segments of the population, as well as the problems of sustainable social development, i.e. such a development in which each subsequent generation of people is in no worse living conditions than the previous one.

The growing interest of researchers and practitioners in the quality of life is caused by a clearly expressed dependence of all social development on the degree of satisfaction of the population with living conditions. The close relationship between social development, on the one hand, and the level and quality of life, on the other hand, lies in the fact that social development acts as a change in the level and quality of life of people and social communities relative to their previous state, as well as in the form of a change in the level and quality of life of these communities relative to each other.

In the conditions of stabilization of the economic and political situation in the country, its external and domestic policy the issues of improving the quality of life of the population acquire strategic importance and relevance. This is confirmed in particular by the fact that the concept of "quality of life" began to be used by leaders of the highest rank. The main feature of the new century, - emphasized V.V. Putin in his message to the Russian voters - will not be a battle of ideologies, but a fierce competition for the quality of life, national wealth and progress.

Improving the quality of life of the population is of particular importance at the local (municipal) level.

First, most of the needs (about 70%) of people are met at the municipal level.

Secondly, the quality of life of the population is gradually becoming the main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of local self-government.

However, there is still no generally accepted concept of improving the quality of life of the population of the country, its regions, municipalities. There is no single approach to the content of the very concept of "quality of life", there is no common methodology and methodology for its measurement.

The results of sociological studies of the quality of life of the population of the regions make it possible to give the actions of regional governments specific directions, targeting and time parameters.

The socio-economic situation in the regions of the Russian Federation predetermines the need to conduct research on the problems of the quality of life of the population and the search for more reliable criteria and indicators of the quality of the population, which will allow state and regional authorities to exercise a regulatory influence on the processes of formation and improvement of the quality of life of the population of the region.

The quality of life of the population of Russia largely depends on the completeness and quality of services provided to citizens by federal and municipal services, from the direct activities of public authorities of municipal government, aimed at meeting the daily living needs of residents and their families, from the effectiveness of " feedback» society and the state.

To ensure a stable improvement in the quality of life of Russian citizens, an established mechanism of permanent social, business and political partnership is required, as well as the availability of appropriate complete, reliable and objective information about the dynamics of this process.

December 27, 2002 by the meeting initiative group decision was made to form working group for the preparation and implementation integrated program"Improving the quality of life of the population through social partnership", which included representatives of the Government of Russia, the Federation Council and the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, as well as a number of scientific, public and commercial organizations.

The purpose of this program is to create an effective mechanism for a permanent partnership between representatives of the scientific community, authorities, business circles and the public for the practical solution of the problem of a stable improvement in the quality of life of Russian citizens.

Quality of life is the most important social category, which characterizes the structure of human needs and the possibility of their satisfaction.

Some researchers, when defining the concept of "quality of life," focus on the economic side, the material security of the population's life. There is also an opposite point of view, according to which the quality of life is the most integrated social indicator.

Quality of life of the population- this is the degree of satisfaction of material, spiritual and social.

A person suffers from low quality and is satisfied with a high quality of life, regardless of the area in work, business and personal life. Therefore, quality is necessary for a person constantly. A person himself strives to improve the quality of life - he gets an education, works at work, strives to move up the career ladder, makes every effort to achieve recognition in society.

The main indicators of the quality of life of the population are:

• (per capita nominal and real income, indicators of income differentiation, nominal and real accrued average wages, average and real size of the assigned pension, value living wage and the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level, minimum wages and pensions, etc.);
• quality food(calorie content, composition of products);
• quality and fashion clothes;

• comfort dwellings (total area occupied housing per inhabitant);
• quality (number of hospital beds per 1,000 inhabitants);
• quality social services(rest and);
• quality (number of universities and secondary specialized educational institutions, proportion of students in the population);
• quality (publication of books, brochures, magazines);
• the quality of the service sector;
• quality environment , leisure structure;
• (indicators of life expectancy, mortality, marriage, divorce);
• security (number of reported crimes).

The system of indicators of the quality of life of the population

Population income:

• final consumption expenditures;
• average per capita cash income;
• income from labor and economic activity households;
• the share of contributions in household expenditures;
• purchase of currency;
• purchase of securities;
• real estate;
• land for personal use;
• Availability cars per 100 families;
• household disposable resources;
• the minimum wage;
• minimum pension;
• minimum consumer budget;
• decile coefficient of differentiation;
• funds ratio;
• income concentration coefficient (Gini coefficient);
• the ratio of the shares of expenditures on food for different quantile groups of the population;

The cost of living:

• consumer price indices;
• the cost of all types of services, including household, housing and communal services and services of social sectors;
• living wage;

Population consumption:

• expenses and savings;
• consumption of basic foodstuffs;
• energy and nutritional value of products;

The main integral indicators of the life of the population:

• the ratio of income and expenses;
• the ratio of average per capita income and the subsistence minimum;
• the value of the conditionally free part of disposable income;
• Poverty rate:
• poverty line;
• the number of people with incomes below the subsistence level;

Provision and coverage of the population with infrastructure facilities and technical means of the sectoral social sphere:

• the number of consumer services enterprises;
• number of educational institutions;
• the number of students;
• the number of medical personnel;
• the number of cultural and recreational institutions;

Demographic parameters:

• number of resident population;
• age and sex composition of the population;
• total fertility rate;
• life expectancy at birth;
• crude mortality rate;
• marriage rate;
• number of households;

living standard statistics

- represents economic category. This is the level of provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services.

The standard of living is the level of well-being of the population, the consumption of goods and services, a set of conditions and indicators that characterize the measure of satisfaction of the basic vital needs of people.

At present, when economic systems countries undergo deformation and change the main goal remains implementation of the principle of social orientation market economy by improving the standard of living of the population.

The system of statistical indicators of the standard of living of the population

As basic complex characteristics standard of living of the population currently used (HDI), calculated as an integral of three components: , life expectancy at birth, achieved level of education.

To compare living standards in different countries In world practice, the following indicators are also used:

• Volume
• Consumption structure
• Life expectancy at birth
• Infant death rate

The agreed standard of living for citizens of the Russian Federation is determined by the following key indicators:

• the volume of gross domestic product per capita;
• the volume of production of essential goods;
• inflation rate;
• unemployment rate;
• the amount of real income per capita;
• the ability of the population to invest in themselves and in the economy;
• the ratio of the living wage and minimum size wages;
• the number of citizens with incomes below the subsistence level;
• the share of public spending on education, culture, health care and social security;
• the ratio of the average pension to the subsistence minimum;
• human life expectancy;
• the ratio of births and deaths of the population;
• the volume of retail trade;
• deviation of the state of the environment from the standards.

The tasks of statistics on the standard of living of the population

The main tasks of statistics on the standard of living of the population are: the study of the actual well-being of the population, as well as the factors that determine the conditions for the life of citizens of the country in accordance with economic growth; measuring the degree of satisfaction of needs for material goods and services in conjunction with social conditions and development of production.

Of particular note is the task of studying the patterns of formation and regional-dynamic trends in the standard of living of the country's population as a whole, as well as in the context of individual socio-demographic groups of the population and types of households.

The basis for building a system of indicators and solving these problems are the materials of macroeconomic statistics, demographic statistics, labor statistics, trade statistics, price statistics. Much of the information collected is based on financial and financial statements, state tax service, Central Bank RF, pension fund RF and others, as well as on the materials of special surveys, censuses, and surveys.

Main sources of information are the balance of cash income and expenditures of the population and sample surveys of households.

The balance of monetary incomes and expenditures of the population is built at the federal and regional levels and is the basis for constructing macroeconomic indicators. It reflects the volume and structure of the population's money resources, which take the form of income, expenses and savings. Incomes of the population are grouped in the balance according to the sources of funds and directions of their spending.

One of the types of state statistical monitoring of the standard of living of the population is selective household budget surveys. These surveys make it possible to obtain data for the accounts of the "Households" sector, the distribution of incomes of various groups and strata of the population, and also to reveal the dependence of the level of material well-being of a household on its size and family composition, source of income, employment of family members in various sectors of the economy.

Currently, in line with the transition to international standards according to the methodology of the SNA, new macroeconomic indicators of the standard of living are being introduced. These include gross household disposable income, adjusted household gross disposable income, household final consumption expenditure and actual household final consumption.

Characteristics of the standard of living of the population

To characterize the standard of living, quantitative and qualitative indicators are used. Quantitative - determine the volume of consumption of specific goods and services, and qualitative - the qualitative side of the well-being of the population.

The standard of living is characterized by a whole block of indicators:

• consumer basket
• average
• income difference
• life expectancy
• the level of education
• structure of food consumption
• development of the service sector
• housing
• state of the environment
• degree of realization of human rights

Top 10 countries with highest and lowest average life expectancy at birth, both sexes, years, 2005 (WPDS)*

Both among economists and sociologists, and in society, questions of the quality of life, the degree of satisfaction of people with their own existence, are often raised. Blame everything - the information boom. As you know, we used to live in our country under the "Iron Curtain". Therefore, they had no idea what was going on with the neighbors. It was not part of the plans of the party and the government to educate the ordinary population on this subject. That is why our unprepared tourists, who happened to be abroad by chance, sometimes had a real shock from the mere sight of the external attributes of life in the "decaying West". Returning home and realizing the difference in financial situation- our own and the same ordinary worker abroad, our people seriously thought ...

With the beginning of perestroika and the avalanche of information that literally fell on us, it became impossible to hush up the difference in the material and other situation of people "here" and "there". We learned a lot - that, it turns out, our life is not at all as beautiful as the guide tells us. Compared with Western countries, the standard of living of the population of Russia looked, to put it mildly, so-so. And we began to wonder: "Why?"

Nowadays, with the Internet and a huge amount of money mass media, it seems that there are no more "white spots" in this matter. At any moment, we can get a lot of different data - from the average life expectancy in China to the level of per capita income in Australia. The classic questions of "who is to blame" and what to do have been studied in detail and continue to be discussed.

The standard of living in Russia is not scolded only by the lazy. Especially after we found out that the situation with us, it turns out, is worse than with some of the former "starving fraternal republics." And our existence is comparable to most of the developing countries in Africa.

If we ignore conversations at the philistine level and seriously think about the reasons for such a discrepancy, we should first of all understand not only its premises, but also the terms.

What exactly is the question?

The concept of "standard of living" implies the full satisfaction of the needs of the population of the country in question. And not only material, but also socio-spiritual.

It is "measured" by the size and qualitative diversity of all possible needs and is limited by the possibilities of satisfying them, depending on the size of the population's income.

In statistics, generalizing indicators of this concept are:

• magnitude gross product per unit of population (of course, in comparable prices);
• cost of living indices;
• national income per capita;
• the real wages of the worker;
• the size of the living wage;
• real per person;
• the number and percentage composition (the so-called share) of those living below the poverty line (these are people whose income does not exceed the subsistence level).

On what basis is such data obtained?

Statistics on the standard of living of individual countries and regions has been conducted for many decades. Scientists and sociologists around the world in their research rely on such sources of information as sociological surveys, budget surveys, general and local censuses.

Budget surveys make it possible to find out the structure of earnings and expenditures of the population, the average per capita income, the volume of purchases of various goods, and the distribution by categories of "wealth".

The standard of living in Russia is studied by the relevant center under the Ministry of Labor and Social Development, as well as the All-Russian Center for Public Opinion. The concepts with which they operate are “people's welfare”, “quality of life”, “standard of living”, and so on. Let's consider them in more detail.

What is quality of life?

This is the degree of satisfaction of the interests and needs of people both in a variety of activities and in the subjective sense of life. The concept includes not only labor indicators - its nature, conditions and results. But also other aspects of human life - demographic, ecological, ethnographic. It also affects political (as well as legal) issues, such as rights and freedoms, ideology and culture, behavior and psychology.

Thus, well-being is a kind of synthesis of ideas that generalizes all aspects of the social organism. The highest goal of the economy in market conditions is to achieve this indicator to the maximum extent and improve the standard of living of the population. The most important prerequisite for this is an effective policy aimed at increasing the well-being of people.

In more detail, the concept of quality of life is characterized by the following indicators:

1. Residents' health. Life expectancy, diseases (their severity and duration), well-being and abilities of people, and the mortality rate are taken into account.
2. Quality, balance and regularity of nutrition, environmental safety of products.
3. Educational level - the duration of training, the depth and degree of scientific knowledge, the availability of educational literature.
4. The conditions and nature of employment, the efficiency of labor and its intensity, compliance with inclinations, the possibility of professional choice. As well as criteria such as unemployment, employment, working hours and holidays, the degree of labor automation and even the atmosphere in the team.
5. Living conditions - the size and degree of improvement of housing, convenience in everyday life.
6. The system of social benefits and provisions. These are guarantees of payment of pensions, allowances and sick leave, care for families with children.
7. The possibility and availability of a choice of types of recreation, its duration and the satisfaction received from it.
8. Finally, the realization of universal human rights in security, protection from terrorist attacks and epidemics, and the loyalty of legal authorities.

And what is the standard of living?

This is a quantitative characteristic of the concept discussed above. The assessment of the standard of living is carried out in aggregate according to a number of criteria.

It depends, on the one hand, on the size and composition of constantly changing material needs, and on the other hand, it is limited by the possibilities of satisfying them, depending on income. The latter indicator is determined by the efficiency of production, the degree of progress in the scientific and technical field, national characteristics, educational and cultural level of the population.

In world practice, one of the main components of this concept is the component of life expectancy and human health as a basic condition for human existence.

In general, the category "standard of living" is rather a quantitative concept with currently defined concrete indicators. The most popular of them are the size of the consumer basket and the subsistence minimum. But the terms "level" and "quality of life" cannot be measured in numbers alone.

In everyday life, the above concepts are associated with the joy of everyday life, confidence in the future, the opportunity to develop as a person and travel the world.

Well, where we do not

Based on the results of international surveys, a rating was compiled - countries were compared in terms of living standards (as of 2014). It is interesting to see where people live better.

According to various surveys, life in Asia is gradually and steadily improving. In Europe, however, its level is somewhat reduced, but still remains consistently high in comparison with the countries of the East and especially Africa, where the changes are not so significant. From European countries Norway is the leader, followed by Switzerland.

Its position in the general list is line number 61. "Neighbors" - Sri Lanka and Vietnam. There are no significant changes compared to previous years. According to surveys, only slightly more than half of Russians (56%) are satisfied with their own lives.

And now in more detail

For indicators such as efficiency government controlled and the level of corruption, our country occupies an honorable 115th place (for comparison: last year and the year before last, there were 119th and 96th places, respectively). What they paid attention to, among other things, when summing up the results: the fairness of the election procedure, data on corruption in the government, the level of satisfaction of people with the justice system.

Other important factors standard of living - measures taken by the government to combat poverty and environmental protection measures.

On the item "quality of education" our positions are not so bad - 26th place (against 27th last year). There are 18 students for every teacher in the country. Wherein Russian education 53% of the country's residents are satisfied.

The health of Russians allows us to take only 44th place in the ranking (as in previous years). Such important indicator, as the average life expectancy, we have only 60 years (in Europe - 70-75 years). The standard of living in Russia according to this most important criterion is clearly not up to the world level.

Russia's security rating is getting lower, now it is 98th place (respectively 97th and 82nd last year and the year before). Only about 43.8% of Russians do not feel a sense of danger, especially on the streets of their native cities at night.

Apparently, such a concept as the freedom of citizens is not highly respected in our country - we are only in 114th place (and there are 142 in total). At the same time, 60.9% of Russians believe that they have the possibility of free choice, including in expressing their own thoughts. The rest do not agree with them.

In such difficult question, How social life, Russia on the 62nd position. The peculiarity of the national mentality is that the inhabitants of the country are more likely to trust and help friends and relatives, but not strangers. However, the vast majority of citizens (90.1%) believe that in difficult situation others will rescue them.

Which countries are leading in terms of living standards?

And again the list is headed by Norway, where 77% of the population admitted that they are quite satisfied with their own lives. The country has occupied the first position for the fifth year already, including in terms of economic indicators. And Chad closes the list.

Paradise for entrepreneurs - Sweden. This is a country where it is easiest to open your own business and get support from the state in this.

From the point of view of the effectiveness of the authorities, Switzerland is recognized as the best.

The best medicine and hospitals are in Luxembourg, and the longest life expectancy (76 years) is in Japan.

In terms of the quality of education, the leaders are alternately New Zealand then Australia.

From a social point of view, Norway is the most prosperous. There people tend to trust each other more than anywhere else and, according to the results of surveys, they are ready to help not only relatives and friends, but also complete strangers.

The factor of personal freedom put forward Canada as a leader, where the greatest number of rights for citizens is recorded, as well as the most tolerant attitude towards foreigners.

But back to Russia. As you know, not all its regions live the same way. Where in our country is better, and where is worse?

Standard of living: rating of Russian cities

Based on the results of an assessment of Russian cities (the sample was made among those with a population of over 100,000), annually conducted by the Sekret Firmy publication, a rating for 2014 was obtained. 149 megacities were ranked according to the ranking. The criteria were 13 different items, such as medical service, per capita income the population and its purchasing power, the level of development of entrepreneurship, etc.

The statistics were based on reports from city administrations and Rosstat data. So, where in Russia (not counting Moscow and St. Petersburg, of course) is the highest standard of living?

The honorable first place in terms of well-being was given to Kaliningrad for the second time in the last two years, despite the unemployment rate being higher than the national average. Experts note the extremely convenient position of the city in the geographical sense, exclusive economic conditions, and a high level of qualification of the workers. In terms of output per person, Kaliningrad is the undisputed leader.

The top three is closed by Belgorod, where 373,500 people live. The city is distinguished by consistently high incomes of the population and a good educational level. In addition, it is famous for its developed infrastructure.

Who else?

In fourth place - Domodedovo. This small city has moved up sharply from 32nd place in a year, surprising with high rates of economic and income growth.

On the fifth - Irkutsk. Its population is 606,000 people, whose purchasing power Last year increased 7 times. Not surprisingly, the city jumped sharply from 20th place to 5th.

Khimki, which occupied the second place last year, has worsened its positions, but still leads in terms of budget revenues per capita. This amount is 30,400 rubles.

As we can see, a fairly high standard of living in Russia can also be observed in relatively small towns.

Next comes Yekaterinburg. In the top 10, the capital of the Urals is the largest of the cities. Its population is almost 1.4 million people. Its budget (population income) is 23,400 rubles. per resident.

Rating outsiders

Obninsk, a small city with a population of 106,000, has not left the top ten for the second year in a row. The income of the city budget per each is 27,000 rubles. The city is also a recognized center of science.

Closes the top ten Tyumen. This regional center with a population of 634,000 people "slipped" from last year's sixth place due to unimportant ecology and the work of the authorities.

In which of the Russian cities the level and quality of life leave much to be desired?

If we consider the top 100 - full list cities participating in the rating, Orenburg closes it with a population of 556,100 people, Novocheboksarsk (123,900 people) is in the penultimate place, and Abakan (169,800 people) is slightly higher.

Well, now we know, "to whom in Rus' to live well". More precisely, the inhabitants of which cities. Of course, Moscow and St. Petersburg are not involved in the study - they have a special status. As you know, life "in the capitals" and life in the Russian hinterland differ by an order of magnitude, or even by several. And despite the fact that individual small towns can relatively prosper due to the successful combination of any factors (stable work city-forming enterprise, thoughtful policy of city authorities, etc.), in general, life in small towns is not of particular quality.

This is primarily due to limited employment opportunities, insufficient development of private business and small money turnover. Hence - all the troubles and problems of the Russian hinterland. Can something change economic policy government? Time will show...

• Borisov Alexander Vladimirovich
• Volgograd State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
• Borisova Natalya Ivanovna, Candidate of Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor
• Volgograd State Technical University
• Miroshnikova Olga Ivanovna, student
• Volgograd State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

• RATING
• LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE
• EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL PROGRAMS
• RATING
• SOCIAL POLICY
• SOCIAL POLITICS
• THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE
• EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL PROGRAMS

This article is devoted to the problems of increasing the quality of life of the population, in particular the city of Volgograd. The material well-being of the population at the current stage of development is the main indicator of the development and formation scientific and technological progress and human potential of any country. Creating conditions for decent living and development of the population should become an absolute priority for both the state as a whole and individual regions, and the standard of living Russian population must meet the specifications developed countries. The article also discusses in more detail the components of the quality of life of the population in the Russian Federation and how to assess them.

• Determining the effectiveness of human capital management in the Russian Federation
• Integration of science, education and innovation as a factor in the development of the Russian economy
• The place of insurance companies in the assessment of consumers of insurance services in the review of social networks
• Activities of the Ministry of Social Policy of the Sverdlovsk Region in organizing social protection of the population

The problems associated with improving the level and quality of life of the population are among the most topical and acute. Economic crisis and a rather unstable political situation in the world - these are the main reasons, as a result of which there has been a significant decrease in the level and quality of life of the majority of the country's citizens in society. How these problems will be solved largely depends on the direction of transformation and the pace of change. economic development in the country and, ultimately, political, social stability.

The standard of living (within the framework of the interpretation of Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) is defined as the level and degree of satisfaction of the population's needs for goods and services.

The quality of life of the population is understood as a complex category that reflects the entire system of conditions and prerequisites for social development that have developed in the region, as well as the social results of economic development achieved in it. Quality of life can be classified by the following indicators:

• cost indicators (national and real incomes of the population, wages);
• indicators expressed in time form (duration of the working day, weeks);
• natural indicators (provision of the population with housing);
• socio-demographic indicators (birth rate, life expectancy),
• indicators that characterize the state and protection of the environment;
• indicators and standards of social services and social security population.

In our opinion, it is precisely such a system of indicators of the quality of life that will most accurately determine the directions for concentrating the efforts of the state authorities for its strong growth, will contribute to the adjustment of all social policy.

At the moment the most effective method assessing the quality of life of the population is a sociological method that allows you to get complete information about the social distinctions of the quality of life, about the problems of meeting the specific needs of various groups and strata of the population. The analysis that is obtained as a result of sociological surveys provides information that helps to create a detailed picture of the functioning of social services that have a direct impact on the life of the Russian population.

One of the most important components of the level and quality of life is the human development index. The 2015 UNDP report presents data on the Index calculated based on the results of 2014. In 2015, the rating covers 188 states and territories, in which Russia ranks 50th.

The rating agency "RIA Rating" presents to the attention of the population the third rating, which determines the level of quality of life in Russia and its regions. The rating was based on the main comprehensive accounting of various indicators that actually record the state of certain components of living conditions. The following sources of information were used to compile the rating: Rosstat, the Ministry of Health of Russia, the Ministry of Finance of Russia, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, websites of regional authorities, and other open sources.

And what did the rating show? We note right away that there are few changes compared to last year in the final top ten. After Moscow and St. Petersburg, the rating includes the Moscow Region, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Krasnodar Territory, Belgorod, Voronezh, Tyumen, Nizhny Novgorod and Sverdlovsk region. Analyzing the results of the rating, it should be said that many regions cannot hold leading positions in all groups of indicators for a long time. As already mentioned, even in such favorable and developed cities as Moscow and St. Petersburg, individual indicators are below the average.

On the example of the city of Volgograd, we will consider the problems and their optimal directions for solving them in more detail and in detail. Volgograd ranked 37th in terms of quality of life in Russian cities. When compiling the rating, the quality of road infrastructure, the degree of education of the population, unemployment, income level, crime rate, housing area and other objective indicators were studied.

The city of Volgograd got into the top ten of the best only in two parameters. Law enforcement agencies registered a decrease in crime in 2009, they registered 19.9 thousand crimes, and in 2014 - 15.1. A fairly good indicator in the city in terms of the number of places provided in kindergartens: there are 36.3 thousand places for 37.7 thousand children.

In all other positions, Volgograd is among the lagging behind. The situation is worst in terms of “average monthly wages”, “natural increase/decrease in population”, “commissioning of residential buildings”. So, for clarity, the dynamics of the average per capita cash income of the population Vologda region shown in Fig.1

Fig.1 Average per capita cash income, rubles per month. Source: federal Service state statistics [ Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.gks.ru

From the graph, we see that the income of the population for the analyzed period tends to grow, but against the background of other regions of the country, we are significantly behind. The researchers took into account the results in the course of surveys of the population. Volgograd residents are the least satisfied own income(only 11% can afford to buy a car or an apartment), the work of the healthcare system (22% are satisfied), the improvement of the city (18% are satisfied), the state of highways in the city (9% satisfied), with the work of housing and communal services (24% satisfied), with the work of local authorities (18% satisfied).

It should be noted that the city of Volgograd is one of the fastest dying cities in the world. In the Volgograd region demographic situation characterized by a decrease in the number of inhabitants. As of January 1, 2015, the population of the Volgograd Region amounted to 2557.4 thousand people and decreased by 11.6 thousand people, or 0.5% compared to the previous year. In 2014, the number of births was 29.5 thousand. people and increased compared to the previous year by 123 people, or 0.4%. The number of deaths amounted to 35.1 thousand people and increased by 1.2% compared to 2013. The number of deaths was 1.2 times higher than the number of births. For 2010-2014 the proportion of people younger than working age in total strength of the population increased from 15.6% to 16.4%, persons older than working age - from 23.6% to 25.5%, working age - decreased from 60.9% to 58.3%. The gender disproportion slightly increased: if in 2010 the number of women exceeded the number of men by 16.0%, then in 2013 - by 16.1%. If at younger ages the number of men exceeds the number of women, leveling off by the age of 30, then after 32 years the number of women begins to exceed the number of men. At the age of 65-69 years, the number of women exceeds the number of men by 1.6 times and at the age of 75 years and older - by 2.5 times.

Only the regional sphere of education received good marks: Volgograd State Medical University and Volgograd State Medical University are among the top 100 higher educational institutions in the country, 4 educational institutions from the Volgograd region are in the top 500 best schools in Russia.

After analyzing the situation in social sphere Volgograd region, we can identify the following main problems in it:

1. Deteriorating demographics.
2. Increasing morbidity and mortality.
3. The education system does not match modern conditions financing mechanisms.
4. Difficulties in the sphere of social and labor relations.
5. Inefficiency of social support systems.

The education system only partially meets the needs of the labor market. Therefore, it should be improved, starting with preschool and ending with higher educational institutions, as well as postgraduate professional centers. This is possible through the development of standards and educational programs with a greater focus on the needs of the labor market, a clear definition of the boundaries of state regulation of the field of education.

In our opinion, in order to improve the standard of living and quality of our region, it is necessary to carry out a number of the following activities:

• it is necessary to stimulate educational institutions that actively introduce innovations in educational programs;
• computerization of education;
• creation of business schools and national universities;
• for classroom management to additionally reward teachers;
• reward the best teachers every year.

In addition, first of all, the main measures should be:

• rendering government support general educational and higher institutions in equipping with laboratory equipment, software and improvement of classes and retraining of teaching staff educational institutions who are actively innovating;
• it is necessary to introduce and develop modern educational technologies and remote programs learning;
• transfer to a new system of remuneration of teachers in school institutions, which will stimulate the improvement of the quality of education;
• state support for capable and talented youth, namely grants for schoolchildren, young professionals and students.

New standards should be developed vocational education, based on the requirements modern economy To various categories employees, where the participation of employers in the development of curricula, programs and final state certification for graduates of educational institutions will be ensured.

For a more effective inclusion of education in the processes of improving the welfare of citizens and maintaining stability in the social sphere, ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of the country and civil society institutions, the above measures are necessary.

Along with this, at the same time, it is necessary to improve the medical system, the purpose of which will be the quality and increase the availability of medical care for all segments of the population. The following activities and reforms correspond to this direction: modernization of compulsory medical insurance systems, and provision of medical care, including:

• implementation of programs for the development of joint medical practices and the priority development of primary health care with emphasis on disease prevention;
• increasing the availability of high medical technologies in the treatment of children in the field of cardiac surgery, oncology, traumatology.

The priority direction that will contribute to improving the health of the population is the implementation of measures to create conditions for the formation of mass physical culture and sports.

In the meantime, the increase in production will become the most important source for increasing the income of the population. In this regard, we need to create the most favorable conditions. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has indicated that challenges need to be addressed to improve business climate. An increase in the savings rate and a combination of rapid consumption growth with active investment processes will make the economy more attractive to domestic and foreign investors and lower entry barriers.

At present, the program "Improving the quality of life of the elderly" in the social sphere is operating in the city of Volgograd. On the basis of the Krasnooktyabrsky complex center of social services for the population target program to improve the quality of life of the elderly in the Volgograd region. Thanks to the program, free computer courses were organized, as well as individual and group classes, depending on the initial knowledge of the computer for pensioners.

This program was developed taking into account the psychological characteristics of this age group, because the main objective courses are not just teaching computer literacy, but also social adaptation, expressed in the realization of creative abilities and the search for a new interesting job.

Another developed program "Modern banking technologies for the elderly and disabled" will allow you to study the basic theories and practices for information technology taking into account the modern wishes and requirements of citizens. After studying this program, pensioners will be able to "manage e-mail, transfer cash in the Sberbank Online @ yn system, receive public services in in electronic format pay for housing and communal services on their own, which is very problematic for the majority.

In general, there has been a trend towards an increase in the standard of living of the population. The Russian state began to pay great attention to this issue and take concrete measures to improve the standard of living. Certain positive results in this direction have been achieved using effective national projects. As for social policy, it is becoming more and more effective, but, unfortunately, it is not always possible to achieve the set goals and it is necessary to strive to improve social support state and a more detailed study of social programs.

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In the current situation, an active state policy is needed, aimed at improving the quality and standard of living of the population, and as a result, at the growth of public welfare. In modern Russia, the most urgent problems of improving the standard of living are employment, strengthening the social security of the population, combating poverty, and therefore the program to improve the standard of living of the population should include the following areas: 1 . Creation of conditions for the growth of incomes of the population and the reduction of poverty. At present, the low income level of the population and the high level of poverty are one of the barriers to economic growth. Wage growth should be accompanied by an increase in labor productivity and the creation of new jobs. At the same time, it is necessary to pay special attention to raising the standard of living of public sector employees, primarily doctors, teachers, scientists, and it is necessary to continue raising pensions. 2 . Providing citizens with affordable housing. Currently housing problem in the country is solved unsatisfactorily. The stock of housing that does not meet modern living standards is very large. Buying modern housing is available only to 7-10 percent of the wealthiest citizens. In order to form an affordable housing market, a comprehensive solution is required to issues related to an increase in the effective demand of the population for housing, based on the development of long-term housing loans at lower interest rates and an increase in housing construction. Those. it is necessary to solve the following tasks: development of long-term housing lending to citizens, including mortgage lending; creation of conditions for increasing the volume of housing construction; determining the procedure for providing housing, expanding measures to provide assistance to those categories of citizens who need special support, including young families. 3 . Modernization of the education system. The current education system does not fully meet the needs of the labor market, because more than half of graduates of higher educational institutions do not find work in their specialty, which in turn reduces the influx of qualified personnel into the economy. In this area, professional training of personnel is simply necessary in accordance with the modern needs of the labor market; increasing the availability of quality educational services, especially for low-income citizens, including through the provision of social support for students, including the provision of scholarships; introduction and development of educational technologies. 4 . Increasing the availability and quality of medical care. This problem can be solved by establishing state guarantees for the provision of free medical care to the population; accessibility medicines for the general population; development of voluntary medical insurance and improvement of the procedure for providing paid medical services. This will improve the socio-demographic characteristics in our country, namely, increase the birth rate, reduce the death rate of the population and increase the life expectancy of people. 5 . Providing citizens with jobs and creating favorable working conditions, as At present, there is a sharp differentiation in the levels of remuneration of managers and ordinary workers, as well as in the level of per capita cash income between regions. An increase in the level and quality of life of the population can be achieved through the interaction of the state and the population, with the timely resolution of important problems, with the recognition by the state of the need to help people who really want to improve their situation, but are not able to do it without support. If people strive for a better life, and the state, in turn, contribute to these improvements, it is possible that in the coming years the standard of living of the Russian population will increase.