12.03.19 6094 0
Income tax is a mandatory expense item for companies operating in Russia. common system taxation. Only legal entities pay income tax. Individual entrepreneurs pay personal income tax.
Income tax is calculated from the base - taxable profit. If an enterprise is just starting to operate and does not make a profit, then there is nothing to tax.
Who pays the tax
Income tax is paid by Russian and foreign companies that operate in the Russian Federation. Foreign companies receive profit through a representative office or from Russian sources - dividends, insurance payments, etc.
Who doesn't pay
Types of income and expenses
The income that organizations take into account in the tax base includes the following categories:
- From the sale of goods, works, services.
- From implementation property rights, for example, from renting out an apartment.
- Non-operating income - that is, income that is not directly related to the operation of the organization, for example, income from interest under a loan agreement.
Expenses of organizations - documented and justified cash flows. You cannot buy a car for personal use that is not needed for the operation of the organization, write it down as an expense and reduce income tax.
There are incomes and expenses that are not taken into account when determining the tax base. For example, if an organization takes out a loan, the loan money will not be considered income. Also, money that goes to pay off loan debt is not considered an expense.
Tax rates
The standard rate is 20% of the organization's net profit. From 2017 to 2024, 17% of the amount will go to regional budget, 3% - to the federal one.
There are types of income to which different rates apply:
- Interest on some securities is 15%.
- Dividends from a Russian or foreign company. The income tax on them is from 0 to 13%.
Procedure for calculating the tax base
First, they calculate the base - taxable profit, then the amount of payments. The tax base is the difference between a company's income and expenses. Often, when calculating income tax, you need to take into account many nuances: for example, which income and expenses are taxed and which are not.
Company profits are calculated in different ways.
For Russian companies profit is the difference between income and expenses that are taken into account for tax purposes. Same for foreign companies who operate in the Russian Federation through permanent missions.
For members of a consolidated group of taxpayers, profit is the amount of total profit that accrues to a specific member of this group.
Tax and reporting periods
There are several reporting periods in the tax period: quarter, six months and nine months. The report must be submitted by the 28th day of the month following the end of the reporting period. For example, you are reporting for the first quarter. The first quarter ends in March, which means you need to report and pay for it by April 28.
Example of calculating corporate income tax
Income: 1,000,000 R
Expenses: RUB 700,000
We count tax base: We subtract expenses from income.
The tax base: 1,000,000 R − 700,000 R = 300,000 R
We calculate income tax: we multiply the tax base by the rate.
Tax: 300,000 R × 20% = 60,000 R
The next period when the company should consider tax payments, - six months. We provide data for six months of the company's operation.
Income: 1,500,000 R
Expenses: 1,000,000 R
The tax base: 1,500,000 R − 1,000,000 R = 500,000 R
Tax: 500,000 R × 20% = 100,000 R
We have already paid tax for the first three months, so we subtract this amount: R - 40,000 R - 100,000 R = 0 R
It turned out to be zero because in the last three months income was equal to expenses. There is no profit, therefore, there is no need to pay income tax.
By general rule organizations using general mode taxation, based on the results of reporting periods, as well as based on the results of the year, they must calculate income tax (clause 2 of Article 286 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Corporate income tax 2019: how to calculate
The formula for calculating income tax in 2019 is the same as in previous years:
How to calculate income tax: determining the tax base
Interim tax base for income tax
This indicator calculated using the following formula:
When calculating the interim income tax base, the following must be taken into account:
- the tax base must be reduced by income that is included in the amount of non-operating income, but is taken into account in a special manner. Such income, in particular, includes dividends received from foreign organizations(clause 5.3 of the Procedure, approved by Order of the Federal Tax Service dated October 19, 2016 No. ММВ-7-3/572@). They are subject to income tax at a different rate;
- in the event of a loss from operations, the financial results of which are taken into account taking into account the provisions of Art. 268, 275.1, , 323 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (for example, an organization received a loss from the sale of fixed assets), the tax base needs to be adjusted. For example, if a loss is received from the sale of a fixed asset, all proceeds from the sale of fixed assets will be taken into account in income, and the residual value - in expenses. And you need to adjust the tax base for the amount of loss not taken into account in the reporting period.
Final tax base for income tax
The base for calculating income tax (the final tax base) is determined as follows:
If the intermediate tax base or final tax base is negative, then there is no need to calculate income tax. After all, the organization received a loss at the end of the reporting/tax period, from which tax is not calculated.
How to calculate income tax: example
Let’s assume that the organization, based on the results of the first quarter of 2019, has the following indicators:
- income from sales - 1,500,000 rubles;
- expenses that reduce sales income - 950,000 rubles;
- non-operating income - 15,000 rubles;
- non-operating expenses - 35,000 rubles;
Using the above formulas, we calculate the amount of income tax:
The intermediate tax base will be 530,000 rubles. (RUB 1,500,000 + RUB 15,000 - RUB 950,000 - RUB 35,000).
The final tax base will be 530,000 rubles. (530,000 rub. - 0 rub.).
The amount of income tax will be 106,000 rubles. (RUB 530,000 x 20%).
How to calculate profit before tax
Formula for calculating profit (loss) before tax based on data accounting you will find in .
Income tax is provided for business structures using OSNO. It is one of the largest taxes in Russia. The procedure for its calculation, payment, and reporting is established by the Tax Code.
To calculate the tax, not only income but also expenses of companies are taken into account, i.e. taxed net profit. However, not all expenses incurred can be taken into account when calculating the tax base. The law defines specific lists of expenses accepted and not taken into account. Their compliance is mandatory.
For income tax, various reporting periods and payment deadlines are established. Rates also differ depending on the area in which business activities are carried out, the status of the business entity, the type economic activity. The law provides different kinds income tax reporting. It can be presented in either full or simplified form.
The essence of the concept
Income tax is direct. Its size directly depends on the final financial result work of the company. It is accrued on the net profit received by the enterprise, i.e. the difference between his actual income and expenses incurred. The rules for taxing the profits of organizations are established by Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
Who is the payer
Profit tax is paid by all companies and businessmen operating in the Russian Federation. There is no certainty in its value, since it depends on various factors. The standard rate for business entities using OSNO is 20% of net profit. In some cases, tax is paid at rates of 9, 15, 30 percent.
Firms operating under special tax regimes, for example, simplified tax system or UTII, are exempt from this tax. For them, the profit tax, together with VAT and property tax, has been replaced by a single tax.
To correctly calculate income tax, it is necessary to take into account not just income (revenue), but also expenses. As a rule, it is calculated quarterly.
Special attention should be paid to taxation of profits individual entrepreneurs. Typically, this status is chosen by citizens who want to work independently for themselves, without organizing a legal entity. Especially if you plan to work in freelancing mode at home, even without opening an office.
Most of the activities that individual entrepreneurs engage in are subject to a simplified tax regime. Therefore, they have no problem calculating income tax. The income received is taxed according to a different system.
At application of the simplified tax system the taxpayer pays 6% of his actual revenue or 15% of net profit to the budget. Working for UTII, a businessman is charged by the state with a certain tax, which is contributed to the budget at a rate of 15%.
To calculate a single tax according to the simplified tax system or UTII, you do not need to have any special knowledge. It is enough to have a general understanding of mathematical calculations using simple formulas. These regimes were introduced specifically to simplify the taxation of small businesses.
In addition to the profits of organizations and individual entrepreneurs, the income of ordinary citizens is taxed. Personal income tax is provided for them. It should not be confused with income tax. That's two different taxes. For most of the income of citizens, the rate is 13%.
It is subject to:
- wages, bonuses, and other remuneration received from the employer;
- profit from the sale of expensive property;
- income from rental real estate, etc.
In some cases, for individuals other personal income tax rates. For example, winnings are taxed at 35 percent.
Object of taxation
The object of taxation is the net profit received by companies and individual entrepreneurs as a result of running their entrepreneurial activity. In contrast to actual income, profit represents the firm's income minus the expenses incurred to obtain it.
It is important to know that not all income and expenses are taken into account when determining the tax base. So, for example, income is taken into account only from core activities and non-operating ones.
The first includes income from the sale of products, performance of work or provision of services, and from the sale of property rights. The second includes income not related to the main work, for example, interest on loans issued to other business entities.
Income and expenses of the enterprise
When calculating income tax, income without excise taxes and VAT is taken into account. Sales income is the company's revenue received from the sale of independently produced products or purchased goods, property rights. To determine revenue, all cash receipts, expressed in kind.
Non-operating income is income not included in the list presented in Art. 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. For example, interest income from loans issued, from renting out property, from participation in other companies.
Income calculation is carried out according to documentation tax accounting, primary and other documents that confirm the fact that the company has received profitability.
Certain income is not subject to taxation. Their list is established in Art. 251 Tax Code of the Russian Federation: contributions to authorized capital, deposit or pledge, etc.
Expenses taken into account must have documentary evidence and economic justification. They are classified into two groups: those related to the production and sale of products and non-sales. There is a list of expenses that cannot be taken into account. This includes, for example, expenses for repaying loans, dividends, etc.
The costs of manufacturing and selling products are divided into direct and indirect.
The list of the first is determined by Art. 318 Tax Code of the Russian Federation:
- material;
- for wages;
- accrued depreciation, etc.
All costs not specified in Art. are considered indirect. 318 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and not related to non-operating ones.
List non-operating expenses defines Art. 265 Tax Code of the Russian Federation:
- for the maintenance of property that is given to the company under a leasing agreement;
- to issue their own securities;
- for the liquidation of operating systems subject to decommissioning;
- in the form of negative exchange rate differences, etc.
Direct costs are subject to monthly distribution to the cost of manufactured products and the balances of uncertified production. They are taken into account to reduce the amount of tax as goods are sold or services are provided, the cost of which is taken into account in accordance with Art. 319 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
Income tax payers are given the right to independently determine the list of direct costs associated with production. It is fixed in accounting policy companies.
Indirect expenses incurred during the reporting period, in in full relate to this time.
The expenses given in Art. 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation do not reduce the income of enterprises. Their list is closed and cannot be interpreted broadly.
Income tax rates and calculation procedures
The normal rate is 25%. In 2016, it was distributed between the federal and regional treasuries at 2% and 18%, respectively. At the end of 2016, Federal Tax Service Order No. ММВ-7-3/572@ came into effect, changing this distribution procedure.
Since 2017, 3% of profit tax is sent to federal budget and 7% - to the treasury of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The rate can be reduced at the municipal level in the part that is subject to payment local budget– in addition there are 3%.
The law defines the minimum limit of the rate established by the subjects - 13.5%. Consequently, simultaneously with payments to the federal treasury, the lower limit is 16.5%, i.e. 13.5% + 3%.
In the Russian capital, payments in the amount of 13.5% are made separate categories payers:
- companies that employ disabled people in their activities;
- automobile manufacturing companies;
- entities conducting business in the SEZ;
- residents of industrial parks and technopolises.
In St. Petersburg, the profit of SEZ residents operating on its territory is taxed at this rate. Basically, in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation the tax rate is reduced for individual species business.
In addition to the standard rate, special rates apply. According to them, the entire tax amount goes to the federal treasury.
They are established for individual companies with a certain status and for special types of income:
- foreign enterprises without a representative office in the Russian Federation, companies extracting hydrocarbon raw materials, companies under the control of foreign organizations pay tax at a rate of 20%;
- foreign enterprises receiving dividends from Russian organizations, pay 15% from them;
- local firms receiving profits from dividends in domestic and foreign companies, from shares on depositary receipts, pay 13%;
- foreign companies that do not have a representative office in Russia pay 10% of rental income Vehicle and during international transport;
- income from municipal securities and others established by paragraphs. 2 clause 4 art. 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, taxed at a rate of 9%;
- The 0% rate is provided for medical and educational institutions, residents of SEZs and territories of rapid socio-economic development, participants of SEZs in Sevastopol, Crimea and for regional projects.
It is convenient to consider the procedure for calculating income tax using a clear example.
Samotsvet LLC works for OSNO. Behind Last year its revenue amounted to 5.6 million rubles. The company incurred expenses in the amount of 3.9 million rubles.
Net profit of Samotsvet LLC: 5.6 – 3.9 = 1.7 (million rubles).
Tax must be paid on 1,700 thousand rubles. At a rate in the region of doing business equal to 18%:
If a reduced rate of 13.5% is applied, the tax will be:
As you can see, the amount of tax paid to the federal treasury does not change.
Payment of income tax is made by month, quarter and total for the year. Advances for quarterly periods are calculated based on the profit actually received by the company, and for monthly ones - based on the estimated profit, based on the amounts for the previous quarter.
Payment deadlines
For income tax, the following frequency of payments is established:
Reporting
If the company has made at least one incoming or outgoing transaction in cash or non-cash payments, regardless of whether she has income, she must submit a declaration to the Federal Tax Service for reporting and tax periods. Annual declaration submitted in full form.
Simplified reports are submitted by:
- organizations that have reporting periods of a quarter, half a year and 9 months;
- companies with monthly reporting periods;
- non-profit companies, if they do not have the obligation to pay income tax.
Income tax is the main payment for large and medium-sized businesses, as well as some small companies that have not switched to special modes. This is a direct tax that legal entities pay on what they earn. Let's look at the nuances of determining the base for its calculation, the payment procedure and the rates in force in 2020.
Who pays income tax
Tax payers are:
- Russian organizations using .
- Foreign companies that have representative offices here, receive income, are residents or are actually managed from the Russian Federation.
Do not pay corporate income tax:
- companies on , or ;
- organizations from the gambling business;
- Skolkovo residents.
Companies from the first two groups pay other taxes, and the income of Skolkovo participants is completely exempt from taxation.
For legal entities from Russia and foreign companies who have representative offices here, taxable profit means the difference between income and expenses. Other foreign organizations do not take into account their expenses, that is, all income they receive in Russia is taxed.
How to calculate tax
The tax calculation formula is standard: Tax base * Tax rate.
But the income tax base is not easy to determine. The algorithm is like this:
- profit or loss from sales is calculated;
- profit or loss from non-operating transactions is calculated;
- final tax base: profit (loss) from sales + profit (loss) from non-operating transactions - losses from previous years that can be carried forward to the current period.
If past periods ended in negative territory, losses can be fully or partially deducted from the tax base. For example, the company made a loss last year. She can reduce the tax base for it when she calculates her income tax in 2020. But there is a limitation: the base can be reduced by no more than 50% - this rule is valid until the end of 2020. The main task in calculating income tax is to correctly determine income and expenses.
Income that is included in tax calculations
Income for this purpose is divided into two groups: from sales and non-sales. The organization receives income from sales as follows (Article 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):
- from the sale of their goods, works, services, property rights;
- reselling previously purchased goods.
All other income is considered non-operating income. This is, for example, income from equity participation in other companies, from leasing property, interest on deposits and others.
Not all profits are subject to tax - a list of exceptions is given in Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. It is exhaustive, that is, if some type of income is not included in this article, then it is taxed. There are quite a lot of non-taxable incomes, here are just a few:
- prepayment;
- property received as collateral or deposit;
- credit and borrowed funds;
- everything that is transferred in the form of a contribution to the authorized or share capital.
Costs involved in calculating the base
Expenses are considered expenses supported by documents, as well as losses. Expenses are also divided into 2 groups:
- related to production and sales;
- non-operating.
“Production” expenses include everything that an organization spends on the production of its goods, works or services, as well as on their sale. Such expenses may be:
- direct - these are material costs, labor costs, depreciation;
- indirect - these are other costs associated with sales.
Non-operating expenses are listed in Article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. For example, these are the costs of maintaining leased property, interest on debt obligations, negative exchange rate differences, and others. If any type of costs not related to sales is not listed in the article, then it cannot be deducted from income.
In addition, there are expenses that do not reduce the tax base. Article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides a closed list of them. For example, these are dividends to owners, penalties to the budget, contributions to the authorized capital, expenses for voluntary insurance and many other costs.
By the way, not long ago a change was made to the list of expenses. Since 2019, employees and their families can purchase vouchers to resorts and sanatoriums within the country - these amounts are recognized as labor costs and reduce the income tax base. There is a limit on the amount - no more than 50 thousand rubles per year per employee and each family member.
Date of determination of income and expenses
The dates on which income and expenses are recognized are important for tax calculation. This determines whether the taxpayer can take them into account in the period for which corporate income tax is calculated. There are two methods for determining when income and expenses are recognized:
- Accrual method. Income/expenses are accepted in the period in which they occurred. It does not matter when the funds for them were actually received or spent on them.
- Cash method. Income/expenses are recognized on the day they are actually received or written off.
By default, the accrual method is used. In this case, straight and indirect costs are taken into account when calculating income tax in different ways:
- direct costs are divided between the cost work in progress and products that are manufactured. It is possible to reduce the tax base due to direct expenses only to the extent that finished products will be implemented;
- indirect expenses of the current period are written off in full, without any distribution.
There is no such division under the cash method. But it can only be applied to organizations whose average sales revenue over the previous four quarters did not exceed 1 million rubles for each quarter.
Tax rates
The main, but not the only, income tax rate is 20%. It is distributed between the budgets of two levels. The 2020 income tax is divided as follows: 3% - to the federal budget, 17% - to the regional budgets. After 2024 the distribution will change. Below is a detailed table of rates.
What does the rate apply to/when does it apply? | Bet size |
|---|---|
Basic rate (applies unless otherwise stated) | 20%, which is divided this way:
By decision of the authorities of the subject, for certain organizations the rate can be reduced to 12.5% (after 2024 - to 13.5%) |
Profit on certain securities of Russian companies | |
Profit from hydrocarbon production from a new offshore field | 20% goes entirely to the federal budget |
Some income of foreign organizations |
|
Income from state, municipal and other securities | 15% (for some municipal securities 9%) |
Dividends of a foreign company Russian shares or from participation in a company from the Russian Federation |
|
Dividends of a Russian organization | |
Income from depositary receipts |
|
Selected rental income from foreign organizations | |
Income of agricultural producers, medical and educational organizations, social services and more. Full list— in Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation |
The tax period for this payment is calendar year. Organizations must calculate and pay advances on income tax monthly or quarterly.
Quarterly payment of advances
Taxpayers who, over the previous four years, have the right to pay an advance on income tax once a quarter reporting period sales revenues did not exceed an average of 15 million rubles per quarter. Payments are made no later than the 28th day of the month following the end of the quarter. If this day falls on a weekend, the deadline will be postponed. For legal entities falling under the terms of quarterly payment, the calculation is made as follows:
- at the end of the first quarter is calculated and paid advance payment- until April 28;
- at the end of 6 months, the advance payment for six months is calculated, from the amount received, what was paid at the end of the first quarter is subtracted - until July 28.
At the end of 9 months, the calculation is made in the same way.
For example, in the first quarter the company earned 100,000 rubles, and in the second quarter - 140,000 rubles. Let's calculate advance payments:
- advance for the first quarter: 100,000 * 20% = 20,000 rubles;
- half-year base: 100,000 + 140,000 = 240,000 rubles;
- advance payment for six months: 240,000 * 20% = 48,000 rubles;
- the taxpayer must pay by July 28: 48,000 - 20,000 = 28,000 rubles.
Monthly payment of advances
For legal entities that do not have the right to quarterly payments, there are 2 options for calculating monthly payments:
- based on the profit for the previous quarter with an additional payment based on the results of the period;
- based on actual profit.
By default, the first method will be used. In order to calculate advance payments based on actual profits, you must submit a free-format notification to the Federal Tax Service no later than the end of the year.
The essence of the first method is as follows. In the current quarter, you need to pay as much in advance as was accrued for the previous one. This amount is divided into three parts and paid in each month of the quarter. When it ends, you should calculate the amount of tax based on how much profit was made and make an additional payment.
Let's give an example. Let the tax accrual for the fourth quarter of last year amount to 30,000 rubles. In January, February and March current year the company had to pay 10,000 rubles. At the same time, in the first quarter she earned 160,000 rubles. The tax payable is 160,000 x 20% = 32,000 rubles. However, 30,000 of them have already been paid, so you only need to pay an additional 2,000 rubles.
With the payment method based on actual profit, the advance amount is calculated at the end of each month on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year. That is, in February the tax for January is calculated and paid, in March - for January + February, taking into account what was paid earlier, and so on.
For example, the taxable income of an organization was:
- for January - 90,000 rubles;
- for February - 150,000 rubles;
- for March - 120,000 rubles.
At the end of each month you must pay:
- in February for January: 90,000 * 20% = 18,000 rubles;
- in March for January and February: (90,000 + 150,000) * 20% - 18,000 = 30,000 rubles;
- in April - for January, February and March: (90,000 + 150,000 + 120,000) * 20% - (18,000 + 30,000) = 24,000 rubles.
Reporting
Everyone who pays corporate income tax submits a declaration to the Federal Tax Service. Feed frequency inside reporting year depends on how advance payments are made:
- if monthly, based on actual profit, declarations must be submitted by the 28th of the next month (12 declarations per year);
- if quarterly or once a month, but according to data for past period, declarations must be submitted based on the results of the first quarter, half a year, 9 months. The last day of submission is the 28th of the month following the end of the quarter.
Everyone must submit their annual declaration by March 28 of the year following the reporting year. Payment of income tax calculated at the end of the year is also made before this date. That is, the 2020 income tax will need to be paid no later than March 28, 2021.
In this article we will talk about what the income tax rate is. Formula for calculating income tax:
Income tax = Tax base * Tax rate / 100%,
As already written above, the tax base is the monetary expression of profit = income - expenses. We talked about those subject to taxation in the previous article. Now let's talk about the second component in the formula for calculating income tax, that is, let's look at tax rates. So, what tax rates provided for income tax?
There are several tax rates, all of them are detailed in Art. 284 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Here I will briefly describe what rates apply to each type of income.
Key information on income tax in infographics
The figure below describes the basic concepts of income tax: interest rates, payers, tax and reporting period.
Income tax. Rate 20%
Applicable in general case, when the rates indicated below are not applied (clause 1 of Article 284): 2% is credited to the federal budget, 18% is credited to the budget of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Income tax. Rate 0%
- for medical and educational institutions(Article 284 clause 1.1);
- for agricultural and fishery producers, if they meet the criteria specified in Art. 346.2 clause 2.;
- dividends, if the organization receiving the dividends has a share in the authorized capital of the organization paying the dividends of more than 50% (clause 3.1 of Article 284);
- bonds issued before 1997 (clause 4.3 of Article 284).
Income tax. Rate 9%
- for dividends received that do not qualify for the 0% rate (clause 3.2 of Article 284), in 2015 this rate will increase to 13%; read about the taxation of dividends;
- municipal securities, issued before 2007 (clause 4.2 of article 284).
Income tax. Rate 15%
- dividends from foreign organizations (clause 3.3 of Article 284);
- government securities issued after 2007 (clause 4.1 of Article 284).
Income tax. Rates 10% and 20%
- apply to foreign companies (clause 2 of Article 284).
Now, knowing how to determine the tax base, and knowing the income tax rates, you can calculate the amount of income tax and pay it to the budget.