Many modern professions require working on a computer.

Often workers have to sit at a computer throughout the working day. And although new generations of computers advocate reducing radiation and special monitors that reduce possible visual strain, there is no way to get around the fact that employees have to be in one position for quite a long time. Should such workers be installed? What break intervals are acceptable? What does the Labor Code say about this?

Let’s immediately make a reservation that the presence of breaks is not only desirable, but mandatory, but other issues require more detailed explanation.

Safe working conditions are the main condition for creating jobs. Of course, this concept cannot be absolute and is somewhat conditional in nature, but today there is a whole system in operation that is aimed at minimizing production risks in all areas of work. It would seem what risks a hired person who sits in front of a computer monitor might have, but such an opinion is subjective and erroneous. Any technology is, first of all, electricity, and although the PC user or programmer does not produce any repair work with access to voltage, however, basic operations such as turning on and off the network still fall on them. Usually, to eliminate possible dangers, such workers are given safety training.

But the real hidden threat lies not in access to electricity, but in other less visible things.

The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation provides for the extent of administrative penalties for employers who violate sanitary labor standards.

Regulation of work at the computer

Breaks when working at a computer help ensure the proper level of industrial safety, expressed in particular in the relief of unnecessary stress, both physical and moral.

Sanitary standards require the total duration of rest time during one work shift to be from 50 to 140 minutes. More specific definitions depend on the type of work performed on the computer and the load level.

On July 1, 2001, the standard instruction TOI R-45-084-01 on labor protection when working on a personal computer was put into effect. It describes the issue of short breaks in more detail.

In particular, it is stipulated that you should rest at intervals of at least once every two hours. In this case, rest implies distraction from the monitor and physical warm-up.

Standards

TOI instruction R-45-084-01 divides all types of computer work into certain classes:

1. Class A - unites those professions that have the main specificity of reading various texts from a monitor.
2. Class B includes those employees who print or enter information into databases.
3. Class B includes creative professions that combine these two types, and may also have a different focus.

In addition, there is also a division into types of complexity:

1. Class A implies a maximum load of no more than 60 thousand readable characters per work shift based on an eight-hour working day. At this rate, in addition to a lunch break, the employee is also required to rest twice a day for 15 minutes. At intervals of two hours.
2. When typing text typical of class B, the maximum limit is set at 40 thousand printed characters. This load involves 10 minutes of rest every hour.
3. For creative professions of class B, assuming that they work no more than 6 hours a day, it is imperative to maintain a ratio of 45/15, that is, 15 minutes of rest every hour.

If the working day lasts not 8, but 12 hours, then the last 4 hours of work require breaks of 15 minutes every hour, without regard to classification.

You might be interested

Nowadays, the computer has become a part of our lives: we cannot do without it either at home or at work. Of course, everyone has different working conditions: some work at a computer for only a couple of hours a day, while others do not work the entire shift because of it. Although modern technologies are constantly being improved, workers can “accrue” health problems by working at a computer even for a small amount of working time. Today we will tell the employer what requirements apply to organizing a workplace with a computer, what the work and rest schedule should be for employees working at a computer, and whether they are entitled to medical examinations.

What harmful factors affect the employee?

According to Standard instructions on labor protection when working on a personal computer TOI R-45-084-01 When operating a computer, an employee may be influenced by the following dangerous and harmful production factors:

• increased level of electromagnetic radiation;
• increased level of static electricity;
• reduced air ionization;
• static physical overload;
• overstrain of visual analyzers.

In addition, if an employee works at a computer for a long time, he may experience pain in the spine and venous insufficiency, loss (or deterioration) of vision due to eye strain, chronic stress due to the need to constantly make decisions on which work efficiency depends.

However, if you organize workplaces correctly (room, lighting, microclimate), you can significantly reduce the impact of harmful factors on workers’ health and reduce the likelihood of developing complications.

Workplace organization

In modern companies, most employees spend their working day at the computer. Often in a room of 10 square meters. m employ five, or even six people. Meanwhile, the requirements for organizing a workplace when working at a computer are established by SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 “Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work.” Thus, the area per workplace of an employee who spends more than four hours a day at a computer depends on the type of monitor:

• if the computer is equipped with a monitor based on a cathode ray tube, the area must be at least 6 square meters. m;
• if the computer is equipped with an LCD or plasma monitor, the area can be 4.5 square meters. m.

At the same time, in the room where computers are used, it is recommended to orient the windows to the north and northeast. Well, if computers are used in rooms without natural light (for example, a warehouse or office in ground floor), then the employer must organize artificial lighting in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documentation, and this requires calculations to justify compliance with natural lighting standards and safety for the health of employees.

Note that the illumination of both premises and workplaces is given Special attention, since the level of illumination directly affects the intensity of visual fatigue. General lighting when using fluorescent lamps should be provided in the form of solid or broken lines of lamps located on the side of the workstations, parallel to the user’s line of sight when monitors are arranged in a row. If computers are located around the perimeter of the room, the lines of lights should be located locally above the desktop, closer to its front edge, facing the operator.

Particular attention in SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 given to the illumination on the table surface: it should be in the range from 300 to 500 lux. Local lighting lamps should not be too bright and should not create glare on the surface of the screen, since its illumination should not exceed 300 lux. To ensure standardized illumination values ​​in offices, windows and lamps should be cleaned at least twice a year and burnt-out lamps should be replaced in a timely manner.

At all SanPiN2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 The organization of the workplace is regulated in sufficient detail. Thus, when placing workstations with computers, the distance between desktops should be at least 2 m, and the distance between the side surfaces of video monitors should be at least 1.2 m.

note

When performing creative work that requires significant mental stress or high concentration of attention, workstations with PCs are recommended to be isolated from each other by partitions 1.5 - 2 m high ( clause 9.3SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03).

The design of the work table should ensure optimal placement of the equipment used on the work surface, taking into account its quantity and design features, the nature of the work performed. Optimal sizes desktop surfaces for computers should be considered: width - from 800 to 1,400 mm, depth - 800 and 1,000 mm with a non-adjustable height of 725 mm.

The monitor on the table should be placed at a distance of 60 - 70 cm from the user’s eyes, but no closer than 50 cm, taking into account the size of alphanumeric characters and symbols. The keyboard should be placed on the table surface at a distance of 100 - 300 mm from the edge facing the user, or on a special, height-adjustable work surface separated from the main table top.

The chair should ensure the maintenance of a rational working posture and allow it to be changed in order to reduce tension in the muscles of the back and cervical-shoulder region. It is best if the work chair is lift-and-swivel, adjustable in height and backrest angles, and the adjustment of each parameter should be independent, easy to implement and have a reliable fixation.

The computer user's workstation should be equipped with a footrest ( clause 9.3 And 10.5 SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03). The stand must have a width of at least 0.3 m, a depth of at least 0.4 m, height adjustment up to 0.15 m and the angle of inclination of the supporting surface of the stand up to 20°. The surface of the stand should be corrugated and have a rim 10 mm high along the front edge.

Besides, SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 requirements have been established for the levels of electromagnetic fields, noise, vibration, and microclimate.

For your information

In rooms equipped with PCs, daily wet cleaning should be carried out, as well as systematic ventilation after every hour of operation ( clause 4.4 SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03). In addition, the premises must be equipped with heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.

The optimal parameters of the microclimate in a room with computers are:

• air temperature - from 19 to 21°;
• relative humidity - from 62 to 55%;
• air speed - no more than 0.1 m/s.

Work breaks

To prevent premature fatigue of computer users, it is recommended to organize a work shift by alternating work with and without using a computer (clause 1.3 of Appendix 7 to SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03). If the work requires constant interaction with the monitor (typing texts or data entry, etc.) with intense attention and concentration, excluding the possibility of periodically switching to other types labor activity, not associated with a PC, it is recommended to organize breaks of 10 - 15 minutes every 45 - 60 minutes of work.

These are the breaks:

Note that, depending on the category of work activity and the level of workload during a work shift when working at a computer, the duration of breaks can vary from 50 to 90 minutes (for an 8-hour shift) and from 80 to 140 minutes (for a 12-hour shift). The duration and beginning of each break are established by the employer in the internal labor regulations ( Art. 109 Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

To reduce neuro-emotional stress and eliminate the influence of physical inactivity and hypokinesia, it is advisable to organize physical exercise minutes. They are different in content and are intended for a specific effect on a particular muscle group (for example, for a general effect, improving cerebral circulation, relieving fatigue from the shoulder girdle and arms, etc.).

Conducting medical examinations

According to clause 13.1 SanPiN2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 persons who work at a computer more than 50% of the working time (professionally associated with the operation of electronic computers) must undergo medical examinations. Consequently, the employer is obliged to organize both preliminary (upon entry to work) and periodic medical examinations. Let us remember that due to Art. 213 Labor Code of the Russian Federation These medical examinations are carried out at the expense of the employer.

note

According to Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 2011 No.  302n “On approval of lists of harmful production factors and work, during the performance of which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, and the Procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) of workers engaged in heavy work and work with hazardous and ( or) hazardous working conditions” persons who work at a computer at least 50% of the time must be examined by a neurologist and ophthalmologist once every two years.

Pregnant women, upon presentation of a certificate confirming this fact, must be transferred to work that does not involve the use of computers, or their time working on such machines is limited (no more than three hours per work shift), subject to compliance with hygienic requirements. Please note that such a transfer requires an application from the pregnant woman.

Special assessment of working conditions

First of all, we note that in connection with the adoption Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No.  426-FZ “On special assessment of working conditions”(Further - Law no.  426-FZ) the employer must identify harmful and dangerous production factors and assess their impact on the health of workers using a procedure for special assessment of working conditions, which replaced the certification of workplaces for working conditions.

The introduction of a special assessment made some adjustments in relation to workplaces with computers. Thus, in accordance with the previously existing procedure for certification of workplaces, which was approved By order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated April 26, 2011 No.  342n, workplaces in which workers were exclusively occupied with personal electronic computers (personal computers) and (or) operated desktop-type copying equipment, single stationary copying machines used periodically for the needs of the organization itself, other office organizational equipment, as well as household appliances not used in the production process, were not subject to assessment for the presence of harmful and dangerous production factors.

Now in effect Art. 3 Law no.  426-FZ In relation to such workplaces, it is necessary to conduct a special assessment of working conditions.

For your information

Those employers who have already assessed working conditions through certification before 2014 (including those in whom no harmful factors were detected as a result of the inspection) may not conduct a special assessment of working conditions for five years from the day the procedure was completed certification, but no more than until December 31, 2018 ( clause 4 And 6 tbsp. 27 Law no.  426-FZ). If desired, a special assessment can be completed earlier than this date.

Law no.  426-FZ It has been established that working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and (or) danger are divided into four classes:

optimal (1st class), acceptable (2nd class), harmful (3rd class) and dangerous (4th class). In turn, harmful working conditions are divided into subclasses (3.1 - 3.4). So, if, according to the results of a special assessment of working conditions, workplaces with computers are classified as hazardous working conditions of the 3rd or 4th degree or hazardous working conditions, the employer will have to provide employees working in such workplaces with certain guarantees and compensation.

In particular, due to Art. 92 Labor Code of the Russian Federation they need to establish a reduced working week - no more than 36 hours.

Also, employees whose working conditions at their workplaces, based on the results of a special assessment, are classified as harmful working conditions of the 2nd, 3rd or 4th degree or hazardous working conditions are entitled to additional annual paid leave ( Art. 117 Labor Code of the Russian Federation). We would like to remind you that the minimum duration of such leave is seven days.

These workers have the right to expect increased wages. Let us recall that according to Art. 147 Labor Code of the Russian Federationminimum size increase in wages for workers engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions is 4% of the tariff rate (salary) established for various types work under normal working conditions. The specific amounts of wage increases are established by the employer by local regulations or by a collective or labor agreement.

Labor protection instructions

Article 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation To ensure safe working conditions, the employer has certain responsibilities. One of them is the development and approval of rules and instructions on labor protection, taking into account the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization or another body authorized by employees.

Because the technological process does not stand still, but is constantly improving and developing; it is necessary to review the instructions at least once every five years. However, labor protection instructions may be revised ahead of schedule:

• when intersectoral and sectoral rules and standard instructions on labor protection change;
• when the working conditions of employees change;
• upon implementation new technology and technology;
• based on the results of the analysis of materials from the investigation of accidents, industrial accidents and occupational diseases.

To develop instructions you should use Guidelines , according to which instructions for the employee are developed based on his position, profession or type of work performed by him, on the basis of inter-industry or industry standard instructions on labor protection (and in its absence - inter-industry or industry rules on labor protection), safety requirements set out in the operational and repair documentation of organizations - equipment manufacturers, as well as in technological documentation organization, taking into account specific production conditions.

Let us remind you that the employee must be familiar with such instructions before signing an employment contract on the basis Art. 68 Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

electrical safety

Office equipment, including computers, are electrical devices, so the employer must ensure the electrical safety of workers. To avoid short circuits, which means fire and electrical injury, rooms where workstations with computers are located must be equipped with protective grounding (grounding) in accordance with technical requirements manual ( clause 3.7 SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03).

In addition, due to the Interindustry Rules for Labor Protection (Safety Rules) during the operation of electrical installations (POT R M-016-2001. RD 153-34.0-03.150-00), approved Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated January 5, 2001 No.  3 , By Order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation dated December 27, 2000 No.  163 (hereinafter -), all personnel working with devices through which current passes (in particular, computers) must be assigned electrical safety group I. Assignment of such a group is made through instruction, which, as a rule, should end with a knowledge test in the form of an oral survey and (if necessary) a test of acquired skills in safe ways of working or providing first aid in case of electric shock with recording in a journal established form(Appendix 6 to POT R M-016-2001. RD 153-34.0-03.150-00).

Employer's liability

Current legislation provides for liability for violation of labor legislation, including labor protection rules. After all, every employee has the right to working conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements.

Thus, the state labor inspectorate, when carrying out control activities can check:

• availability of labor protection instructions (by profession and type of work);
• compliance with legal requirements on special assessment of working conditions;
• availability in local regulations fixed provisions on regulated breaks when working at a computer;
• actual compliance with labor safety standards (how workplaces with computers are located, whether instructions are provided to employees, etc.).

Compliance with SanPiN is checked by Rospotrebnadzor, and it actively fines employers:

• for violation of lighting standards on the desktop ( Resolution of the FAS VSO dated November 22, 2012 in case No.  A19-5282/2012);
• for the lack of footrests at the workplaces of users of personal electronic computers ( Resolution of the FAS VSO dated December 29, 2010 in case No.  A33-8142/2010);
• for non-compliance of computer users' work chairs with SanPiN requirements ( Resolution of the FAS VSO dated September 16, 2013 in case No.  A58-6877/2012).

Finally

As we found out, working at a computer is not so harmless, and the presence of employees who spend more than 50% of their working time behind a monitor screen imposes certain responsibilities on the employer - conducting medical examinations, special assessments of working conditions, and possibly providing increased wages, provision of additional paid leave.

From the point of view of sanitary standards, working at a computer can be made safe. To do this, it is necessary to provide workers with the correct chairs and tables, arrange monitors and tables in accordance with SanPiN rules, and also provide workers with breaks from work. Then neither GIT inspectors nor Rospotrebnadzor inspectors will be able to fine employers, and employees will perform their functions much more efficiently.

The specific nature of work in many organizations involves continuous work of personnel on computer equipment throughout the entire working day or part of it.

In this regard, the head of the enterprise and the heads of the relevant structural divisions it is required to properly organize workplaces in accordance with all legal requirements relating to work activities using computerized systems.

Normative base

Regulatory regulation of labor protection when working at computers is carried out through the following documents:

• Standard instruction TOI R-45-084-01;
• SanPiN 2.2.2. / 2.4. 1340-03 (hereinafter referred to as SanPiN);
• Labor Code of the Russian Federation;
• Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation No. 302n;
• 426-FZ.

You can view the above documents here:

Main harmful factors

The main harmful factors when working on personal computers are:

• high degree of electromagnetic influence;
• high level presence of static electricity;
• low degree of air ionization;
• loads associated with prolonged sitting position of the body;
• factors associated with long-term sedentary work: pain symptoms in the lower back and spine, venous insufficiency, stress and depression.

Occupational safety when working at a computer

Occupational safety when working at a computer provides for the following structure of compliance with the rules:

• on organizing and equipping the workplace;
• by illumination;
• on regulation of work breaks.

Organization and general rules of work

The regulatory provisions of SanPiN impose certain requirements for the area of ​​the workplace when working at a PC for a total of more than 4 hours per shift:

General rules for working on a PC:

• in a room with computers, it is recommended that the windows face north or northeast;
• if there is no natural sunlight, artificial lighting must be organized in accordance with the norms and rules for illumination of workplaces;
• if the monitors are located in a row, fluorescent lamps should be designed in the form of solid or broken lines;
• when the PC is located around the perimeter, the lighting sources should be located directly above the desktop.

Workplace equipment

Valid special requirements to equipping a workplace that requires long-term work at a PC:

Scheme of correct posture when working at a computer:

Standards and norms

The above standards are established in SanPiN.

In addition, this regulatory act provides:

• carrying out wet cleaning on a daily basis;
• ventilation of rooms with computers every hour;
• mandatory equipment of offices with ventilation, heating and air conditioning systems.

SanPiN regulates the following requirements for atmospheric indicators in premises equipped with workstations with a PC:

• air temperature – from 19 to 21 degrees;
• humidity – from 55 to 62%;
• air speed – no more than 0.1 m/s.

You will find the stages of business assessment of personnel here.

Working hours and breaks

SanPiN recommends that heads of organizations whose work activities involve the use of personal computers alternate the work activities of employees with and without working at a computer.

If, however, the specifics of work activity do not allow such alternations, responsible persons occupational safety and health should:

• organize breaks in work activities lasting from 10 to 15 minutes;
• take such breaks every hour of work.

• must be included in the total working time;
• and also increase by 30% if an employee works at a computer at night.

Cumulative duration of breaks:

• for a working day lasting 8 hours – from 50 minutes to 1.5 hours;
• at 12 hours - from 80 to 140 minutes.

Special assessment of working conditions

Law 426-FZ regulates the conduct of a special assessment if the activities of the company’s employees involve continuous work on computerized systems.

Employers who carried out a special assessment before 2014 may not carry it out for 5 years after it was carried out, but no more than until 12/31. 2018.

426-FZ establishes four degrees of harmfulness:

Based on the results of a special assessment, New Internet Technologies LLC was assigned the 3rd degree of hazardous working conditions. Thus, the leader Paganinov S.V. you will have to provide your employees with:

Non-compliance with the rules

In most organizations, the main activity of which is the work of employees at the computer, the requirements of SanPiN and other regulations regarding the rules of organization and equipment of the workplace are not observed.

Failure to comply with the rules leads to certain consequences for the employee’s health, and the employer, in turn, may bear both administrative and criminal liability.

Basic mistakes

The most common mistakes made by employers include:

• lack of quality lighting;
• lack of partitions between tables;
• failure to comply with the requirements for organizing work breaks;
• improperly equipped workplaces, lack of footrests;
• non-optimal arrangement of desktops.

Consequences

If an employer does not adequately comply with legal requirements for equipment and provision of workplaces equipped with a PC, employees will experience the following consequences:

• sleep disorders;
• health problems (impaired posture, decreased visual acuity, cardiovascular diseases, etc.);
• increased fatigue;
• depression and stress;
• decreased physical activity;
• decrease in labor productivity.

Responsibility

The employer's liability is divided into two types:

• for violation of labor protection regulations;
• for damage to health caused to the employee in connection with this.

In the first case, the employer may face liability for:

• Art. 5.27. Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (example No. 2 - if the employer allows the operation of a PC without valid hygiene certificates, then entity a fine of 30,000 to 50,000 rubles may be imposed);
• Art. 143 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (example No. 3 - the employer violated labor protection rules related to the use of computer technology, and the employee suffered serious harm to health - the relevant person may incur criminal liability, maximum size punishment for which is imprisonment for up to 1 year).

In addition, the employer is not exempt from liability for compensation for harm to an employee’s health under current civil law.

Employers are obliged to comply with established standards regarding labor protection at the enterprise. Failure to comply with these may result in health problems for employees, and employers may face liability, including criminal liability.

Breaks while working at the computer

The specificity of working at a computer is that the employee spends a long time in one position - sitting at the monitor. This factor, along with others (radiation, stress, eye fatigue), has an adverse effect on the employee’s health. Therefore, the employee must mandatory take breaks when working at the computer. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation does not directly regulate this problem, but employers may be interested in the question: is there an obligation for them to provide employees with such breaks. Answer: yes, installed.

Rest time when working at the computer

Based on Article 107 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, breaks during the working day are recognized as one of the types of rest time.

According to Article 109 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, some types of work imply the need to provide workers with the opportunity to rest during the working day, which is caused by the specifics of technology, production and working conditions. A specific list of such work and the procedure for providing appropriate breaks must be provided for by internal regulations.

Article 27 of the Law on Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of March 30, 1999 states that working with machines and various devices should not have a harmful effect on health.

The procedure for organizing work for persons whose work is related to computer equipment is regulated, in particular, by SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 (approved on May 30, 2003).

Depending on the type of work and degree of load, Appendix 7 to SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 establishes that the rest time for the type of work in question should be from 50 to 140 minutes during the working day. And this takes into account the fact that these breaks should not increase the duration of work.

For violation of current sanitary rules, Article 6.3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation provides for administrative liability.

Time of regulated breaks when working on a computer

By virtue of Article 22 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer must ensure safety and compliance of working conditions with all necessary requirements (including when working at a computer).

The TOI Standard Instruction R-45-084-01 (approved on February 2, 2001, hereinafter referred to as the Instruction) contains more detailed regulation of the issue under consideration.

According to the Instructions, the duration of working with a computer without a break can be no more than two hours.

The purpose of breaks is to reduce tension, eye fatigue, etc.

The instructions establish the dependence of break times on the type and time of work performed by dividing into groups:

• A - reading information from the monitor upon request;
• B - typing on the keyboard to enter information;
• B - creative work.

In addition, a division into categories of complexity of work is provided:

• for group A (not more than 60,000 characters read per shift), the break is 15 minutes, provided twice - two hours after the start of work and the lunch break;
• for group B (no more than 40,000 printed characters per shift) the break is 10 minutes after every working hour;
• for group B (no more than six 6 hours per shift), the break is 15 minutes after every working hour.

If a shift lasts twelve hours, the time for regulated breaks when working on a computer for eight hours of work is provided in the above order, and for the remaining four hours - fifteen minutes for each hour (regardless of the category).

Harmful working conditions - what benefits and compensation are provided by law

Harmful working conditions list of professions 2017 is one of the most frequently asked questions on various forums and the Internet. It is important to understand what the concept of harmful working conditions means. This is a special list of workplaces where work can cause harm or damage to health. At the same time, the list of these professions in the resolution is revised annually. IN Lately More and more positions are included in the special category of regulations of hazardous and difficult jobs in which workers work every day. According to the laws of the Russian Federation, the employee must be informed without fail about possible damage to health.

According to the legislation of the Labor Code, each employer is required to annually undergo a kind of certification of the list of workplaces to identify life-threatening work factors. If any are found, the employment contract is reissued with the obligatory signature of an employee of the profession.

Working conditions are harmful

There are a number of severe factors that can be roughly divided according to their effect on the human body.

These primarily include:

1. Labor factors of the first degree, which can cause certain changes in the human body immediately.
2. Factors of the second severe degree, which can provoke some changes in the vital functions and organs of a person.
3. Factors that can modify systems and organs, leading a person to an incapacitated state and temporary refusal from a given position.
4. Factors that lead to severe disability of 2 or 3 groups.

The employee must be informed about the factors of the profession that are present in a given workplace, with the possibility of refusing the position and issuing a resolution.

What working conditions are considered harmful?

Heavy factors at work and a list, as well as an additional list of professions, are available in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. These are conditions created in the workplace that, upon contact with a person, are capable of influencing him at some levels. For overtime in such vacancies, the employee is offered benefits and leave, which can be agreed upon with superiors and accepted immediately.

Harmful production factors:

• high dust concentration
• lighting sources that negatively affect vision
• dangerous long-term radiation

2. Biological and chemical - contact with hazardous chemicals that negatively affect the nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems:

3. Psychophysiological - mental, emotional and physical stress:

• high level of responsibility,
• crowded room,
• high work intensity.

Harmful working conditions list of professions 2017

In order to understand the importance of the situation, it is necessary to have a list of vacancies and orders that contribute to a decrease in immunity and basic health indicators. These include:

1. Professions related to the coal industry and mining.
2. Positions that provide mining operations.
3. Metallurgical heavy industry workers associated with non-ferrous metals.
4. Workers associated with the chemical industry class in the workshops.
5. Positions related to geology and exploration.
6. Microbiology vacancies.

Every year, the list of professions associated with difficult circumstances expands and in 2017 a new vacancy for employees and payment calculations was added to it, who are engaged in the manufacture of a special type of thermometers.

Additional leave for hazardous working conditions 2017

Employees who are involved in hazardous activities are expected to have a special category of benefits - orders and calculations. What does this concept include - regulation and payment in production?

1. Shortened working hours at work.
2. Providing extraordinary leave at the expense of the enterprise.
3. Surcharge for hazardous conditions and vacation.
4. Early retirement age at work.

In turn, employees are provided with personal protective equipment, payment and additional payment, special clothing that protects areas of the body and a certain diet, which, to some extent, corrects changes related to the employee’s health.

Additional leave for work and pay is provided to all employees who, one way or another, work in heavy production. An employee has the right to take additional leave by order at any time and season of the year.

Who is entitled to receive milk?

Milk for harmful working conditions by order or payment is provided for in Article 220 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. In 2017, it is not at all necessary to take the list of dairy products if the employee works in hazardous work. If the employee wishes, it is possible to receive cash equivalent or vacation while working in the mining or metallurgical industry.

There is a special health care regulation regarding milk. It is half a liter for workers in heavy industry and a liter for employees who work in chemical production. Example of compensation in the form of payments material resources for milk is also available when writing an application requesting payment addressed to the director.

Guarantees of benefits and compensation for working under dangerous and harmful working conditions

The guarantees for this category of employees associated with hazardous factors are:

1. Issuance of pension and other types of allowances - payments for positions.
2. Vouchers to sanatoriums on vacation or boarding houses in the summer, as well as the provision of additional unscheduled vacation.

As benefits for the position, the employer provides a free medical examination, which should be absolutely free once a quarter or payment for it.

As compensation, the employee has the right to work at the workplace for no more than 36 hours a week. This rule is regulated by article number 36 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Also, for this category of employees, vacation may be extended by a week, depending on the classification of the workplace. If these requirements are not met, the employee can sue the employer, relying on article number 94 of the Labor Code.

Additional payment to employees for harmful working conditions

IN employment contract between the employer of the enterprise and the employee, all allowances and payments, milk in addition to wages for processing and the total time of work in hazardous production for harmful working conditions are prescribed. The amount of additional allowances for positions is approximately 45 percent of the average wages.

Article number 57 regulates the payment of compensation to those workers who work in chemical production. For heavy industry, wage increases are 25 percent; for employees in the chemical industry, additional payments are expected to be 50 percent in 2017. The retirement age has also been reduced. For example, for men it is 50 years, and for women it is 44 years.

Additional payment under an employment contract must be at least 3 percent of wages.

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Approved list of hazardous professions

“Milk is harmful” - over its century-long history, this expression has firmly entered into everyday life and acquired additional meanings. And it all started in 1918, when Lenin first ordered this drink to be given to the starving employees of the Putilov plant. What else, besides free milk, is characteristic of “harmful working conditions”, we will tell in the article.

Types of degrees of hazardous work

“Harmful work” is one of the types of working conditions. The classification is based on a value equal to the deviation of standards from the hygienic requirements established by law. The types of degrees of occupational hazards are established by Federal Law No. 426. It establishes 4 subclasses and two levels of classification.

First - division of working conditions into classes, depending on the degree of deviations from the standards:

• optimal - when harmful effects are absent or minimal;
• acceptable - when the impact of harmful factors is slightly higher than hygienic standards, but during rest it is minimized;
• harmful - working conditions when adverse and dangerous impacts are significantly higher than the legally established norm;
• hazardous working conditions - when harmful and dangerous influences in the workplace pose a threat to life.

The second level of classification is the division of “harmful labor” into subclasses. It is based on two indicators:

• the time required for the employee to recuperate;
• the severity of the occupational illness that the employee receives at work.

1st degree: Working conditions in which there are no occupational diseases, but prolonged work may cause their development. Harmful and dangerous effects are slightly higher than normal. Their influence is neutralized after recuperation on vacation.

2nd degree: Even with regular and proper rest and recuperation, the dangerous and harmful influence of factors is not reduced to a minimum. After long-term work—more than 15 years—an employee may develop an occupational disease of entry level or mild severity. Distinctive feature- the employee does not lose his ability to work.

3rd degree: Conditions under which harmful and dangerous exposure to the work environment can lead to occupational diseases of mild to moderate severity. The length of work activity does not matter, since loss of ability to work may occur during work.

4th degree: Highest degree of hazardous work. Work in enterprises where professions are assigned a 4th degree of hazard, hazardous to health. The risk of acquiring a severe occupational disease is maximum. This leads to complete loss of ability to work. Like dangerous working conditions, there is a risk to life. However, it is somewhat lower, since there is no direct danger.

Determination methods

developed by the Ministry of Labor a methodology that regulates the rules for assessing the influence of harmful factors on an employee. It was approved by Ministerial Order N33n, agreed with Federal service for supervision in the field of consumer rights protection and human well-being and the national tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations.

The basis for assigning a “harmful” degree to a profession is research.

Chapter 3 of the regulatory legal act is devoted to the procedure for their implementation.

The legal obligation to initiate research rests with the employer. He organizes the panel and evaluation schedule. At the same time, the financial burden also falls on him. The frequency of research is at least once every five years.

Also exists unscheduled inspection . It is carried out when new jobs are created or when conditions change in old ones, as well as when an instruction is sent to the head of the enterprise. The reason could also be a work-related injury or accident, or a motivated appeal from a trade union representative.

To make a conclusion about harmfulness, it is necessary to convene a commission.

• Representative of the employer, including a labor protection specialist;
• Trade union representative (if the employee is a member);
• Authorized persons from outside (laboratory employees, etc.).

The number of commission members is not limited by law.

The right to conduct research into the degree of harmfulness of working conditions belongs to state accredited and specialized laboratories, experts and employees of organizations who have an education and whose responsibilities include conducting such tests.

Research is not conducted to study the harmfulness of work of home-based and remote workers. Also, the profession of an employee who works for individual without the formation of an individual entrepreneur. As for studies of the working environment of municipal and civil servants, here, in addition to Order of the Ministry of Labor 33n, there are documents on state and municipal service.

Methods for studying the degree of harmful influence of working conditions and corresponding methods are developed by these organizations and individuals independently. However, they must correspond regulations Russian Federation, ensuring uniformity of measurements:

• the law of the same name and the law “On technical regulation»,
• government regulations,
• standards - GOST, RD, PMG, etc.
• recommendations of the State Standard of Russia.

When conducting research, the following types of impacts are taken into account:

• biological;
• chemical;
• fibrogenic aerosols;
• hydroacoustics;
• microclimate;
• light;
• non-ionizing and ionizing radiation;
• heaviness/tension of work.

Also, all hazard assessments can be carried out based on their complex impact on the employee.

If research poses a threat to the life of a laboratory specialist, such work is automatically assigned the status of dangerous. This is the main difference between the 4th degree of “harmful work” and “hazardous conditions”.

The innovation for 2014 was mandatory confirmation of the “harmfulness” of working conditions by a special commission. This has significantly increased costs for employers and forced them to improve their work environment.

Eg, use high-quality means of protection against unfavorable and dangerous factors, which will reduce the degree of unfavorable production. An important condition is their mandatory certification and approval of changes. Reduction of the hazard class is carried out on the basis of an expert opinion. For a number of organizations, this basis is the approved industry characteristics.

The acceptable level of reduction in “harmfulness” is 1 level. The decision must be agreed upon with the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare.

When assigning a hazard level, employees of such an enterprise are required to undergo a medical examination. For this purpose, a list of contingents is formed, which is regulated by Order of the Ministry of Health 302n. This list provides information about the profession, the number of men and women working there, hazardous production factors, the names of employees for medical examination and its frequency.

The list is printed in three copies, approved, signed by the director (manager), certified with a seal and submitted to the territorial department of the Rospotrebnadzor Office. This must be done before the medical examination begins.

Complete list of harmful and dangerous professions

Harmful industries include:

• mining industry;
• metallurgy, including metal return and etching;
• coke-chemical, coke and thermo-anthracite production, as well as mineral processing;
• production of generator gas;
• silica industry;
• chemical industry;
• production of gunpowder and ammunition;
• electrical, radio production;
• construction and production of materials, restoration and repair;
• glass and porcelain industry;
• working with fibre, artificial and synthetic;
• pulp and paper industry, as well as printing;
• medicine and microbiology, including the creation of materials;
• transport;
• Atomic industry;
• divers;
• mercury substations;
• food industry;
• film copying organizations;
• communication services;
• agrochemistry.

A detailed list of professions with positions is contained in List No. 1 of Government Decree No. 665. Each of them is assigned a specialized code. Anyone who wants to find a job can check the hazard subclass on their own.

Benefits and compensation

Benefits for workers in “hazardous industries” are regulated by the provisions of the Labor Code. These include:

1. Shortened working week (less or 36 hours, instead of 40);
2. Short shift: 8 or 6 hours, with a 36 or 30 hour week, respectively. The shift may be extended, but within the established hours per week.
3. Additional leave of up to 7 days for workers in radioactively hazardous and mining operations. Its duration depends on the degree of “harmfulness” and the duration of the work. If at least 11 months have been spent in these industries, leave is granted in in full. If less - in proportion to the time worked. It cannot be replaced monetary compensation, with the exception of the dismissal process.
4. Increased tariff rate of remuneration. The minimum amount is 4%.
5. Therapeutic and preventive nutrition.
6. Spa treatment.
7. Regular medical examinations.
8. Full provision of equipment and personal protective equipment.
9. Preferential pension.

The main legal act regulating the provision of pensions for workers in “harmful” professions is the federal law N 400. It states that workers in industries with adverse effects on the body are awarded a pension earlier than it is for others (60 years for men and 55 years for women). Preferential conditions for men - retirement at 55, possible:

1. If the insurance period is at least 20 years;
2. The employee worked for at least 10 years in “harmful” production (half of item 1).

Preferential conditions for women - retirement at 50, possible:

1. If the insurance period is at least 15 years;
2. The employee worked for at least 7.6 years in “harmful” production (half of item 1).

At the same time, the pension coefficient for all these employees must be at least 30.

Also, in both cases, an important condition is confirmation of the “harmfulness” by a special commission.

The video contains up-to-date information about latest changes on the list of hazardous working conditions.

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The procedure for calculating and accruing surcharges for hazardous working conditions

Working in an unfavorable environment deteriorates a person's health.

Therefore, in the Russian Federation, at the legislative level, employers are required to pay compensation to those workers who are constantly exposed to harmful influences in their workplace.

What professions are covered by the law in 2017? And what additional payments and benefits exist in in this case? Let's take a closer look in this article.

Dear readers! The article talks about typical solutions legal issues, but each case is individual. If you want to know how solve exactly your problem- contact a consultant:

Legislative regulation

In order to protect the health and life of workers exposed to the negative influence of production factors, several legislative acts have been approved in the Russian Federation.

Article 147 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation entitles them to receive a cash supplement. But they will be able to receive it only if the influence of negative impacts during the labor process is established during the certification of workplaces before the beginning of 2014. Such standards were established before the beginning of the specified year.

Innovations in legislation on occupational hazards were adopted in Federal Law No. 426 dated December 28, 2013. They replaced the previously existing concept of certification with a different definition - assessment of the working conditions of personnel. Moreover, in Part 4 of Art. 27 of this law, the employer does not have to inspect those workplaces that have been certified during the previous 5 years before the adoption of this standard. The exception concerned only unscheduled analysis due to the need to analyze the impact of the work environment.

Workers directly involved in the production process, where it is impossible to avoid the negative influence of the working environment, including Art. 219 Labor Code of the Russian Federation guaranteed right to additional amount to salary .

In addition to it, the employee must be ensured:

The employer decides the type and amount of compensation at his own discretion in accordance with the norms of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. He is not prohibited from initiating an increase in their size. Funds for paying additional wages are deducted from the employer's insurance contributions according to the tariffs. Tariffs for compensation payments are set by insurance organizations.

In some regions there is a special tariff that is established for heavy natural conditions. An example is the resolution N 403/20-155 dated July 2, 1987, which determines the payments of the Ural coefficient from 1.15 to 1.20.

Classification of working conditions in the workplace

What harm can come from a work environment with a negative impact on human health? This is a specific factor that influences a worker in a production environment, capable of penetrating directly into the body or influencing it through wave radiation. As a result, the employee may develop an occupational disease or other disorder, causing a deterioration in his condition or loss of health in his offspring.

Unfavorable working environment factors can have a weak or strong impact on human health. It all depends on the working conditions in which a person works. Therefore, in each organization it is necessary to identify workplaces where the negative working environment affects the functions of the body in order to assign them one class or another.

The environment in which human labor is carried out is divided into classes depending on the degree of deviation from the norms in which a person feels good. Special Commission on Labor Protection sets the degree of deviation from approved standards depending on the severity of the influence of a harmful or dangerous factor.

Classification includes 4 classes of negative impact working conditions:

1. Optimal. In such a working environment, a person maintains health and maintains a high level of performance.
2. Acceptable (safe). In the working environment there is no excess of maximum permissible concentrations according to approved hygienic standards. During the rest period, a person has time to restore his strength before going to the next shift. Participation in production processes does not have an adverse effect on the worker that could subsequently worsen the worker's health or affect the dysfunction of the offspring.
3. Harmful. There are factors that negatively affect a person or his offspring when performing official duties.
4. Dangerous (extreme). The presence of strongly influencing factors in production, which during the working day pose a great threat to life and health.

The strength of the impact on human health in an unfavorable environment (grade 3) in turn divided into 4 degrees:

• The first is assigned to a work environment when a person experiences functional changes that require a longer recovery period than the time between shifts. There is a possibility of permanent deterioration in health.
• The second is that the influence of an unfavorable environment leads to persistent functional changes in the body, which are often diagnosed as an occupational disease. Moreover, it is precisely those organs that are affected that are most exposed when performing work in a given specialty without loss of professional ability to work.
• The third is characterized by the presence of factors that provoke the occurrence of diseases in workers that are characteristic of this profession. The body suffers mild to moderate harm, leading to a ban on work in this specialty.
• The fourth degree is characterized by a very negative work environment, leading to severe functional changes in the body and serious occupational diseases with loss of general ability to work.

The worker receives the right to additional payment not so much for the difficult environment where human labor is carried out, but because of their harmful effects on the human body. Therefore, the employer is obliged to accrue and pay an additional payment to the salary of a person who does not spare his health for the needs of production.

For what working conditions are they required to pay compensation?

Concern for the health of the working class was one of the main directions in the USSR. Back in 1974, a list of industries, professions and workshops with particularly difficult working conditions was officially approved. In addition to the list, instructions were developed regulating the procedure for its use. Since that time, specialists whose work was associated with an unfavorable workplace environment have been awarded additional payments.

IN present time More other professions have been added to the register. If the specialty in which a person works is approved in the list of specialties with particularly harmful conditions, then the additional payment is paid without certification. For other workers, you still need to confirm your rights. This can only be done by a commission that conducts workplace certification. She analyzes the work environment and makes a final decision confirming which harmful factor is causing the employee’s health to deteriorate.

In all regulations that prescribe additional payments to employees, only blue-collar occupations with severe factors appear. Office personnel can count on such compensation only if there is evidence of negative factors in the workplace. For example, the location of waste disposal sites or hazardous industries near the building.

Amount of surcharge

At the legislative level, for the risk of loss of health when performing work in an unfavorable environment, a minimum amount of additional payment is established, amounting to at least 4% of the official salary of employees working in a normal environment. The percentage of the bonus factor for harmfulness is agreed upon between the staff of the enterprise or its representative committee and the employer.

When the amount of the surcharge is finally agreed upon, data on this will be reflected in the following documents:

1. If there is a trade union committee, then the amount of additional payment is fixed in the collective agreement.
2. In the employment contract between the applicant and the employer when hiring a person.
3. The manager issues an order or other local act with the persons involved in it being familiarized with signature.

Unfortunately, a collective agreement is not one of the mandatory documents for all types of enterprises. Therefore, Order No. 558 of the Ministry of Culture required each employer to have a Wage Regulation, which is a separate administrative document for the organization. It reflects the procedure for remuneration, including the amount of additional payments.

Thus, the employer can increase this amount of funds independently, taking into account all the difficult working conditions of his employee.

Calculation procedure

During inspections, the commission determines to what extent the conditions do not correspond to favorable hygienic standards and assigns them one or another class of hazard.

Depending on these data, the accountant will calculate such amounts:

1. Employees working in a work environment of hazard classes 1 and 2 are not accrued interest on their salary for hazardous conditions.
2. For workers whose work environment is assigned class 3, additional payment must be made in accordance with the severity of the influence from harmful factors. It also takes into account how long each person is exposed to the unfavorable environment. The amount received should range from 4 percent of the tariff rate to a maximum of 24%.
3. Workers who are involved in a class 4 hazardous industrial accident are immediately removed from the labor process. They must be removed immediately due to the great risks to health and life. Only in the event of an emergency can they perform their duties and prevent the consequences of severe damage on a large scale.

Registration procedure

Before the order for the enterprise after certification the following points are approved:

• the results obtained from assessing working conditions;
• a list of jobs by profession and position in which workers are involved in work in an unfavorable working environment.

The procedure for completing documentation for calculating additional amounts for harmfulness can be found in special Instruction No. 35 dated February 22, 2008.

The supervisory authorities over employers for the calculation of additional payments for unfavorable working conditions are Rostrud and State inspection labor in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

If the employer evades its obligations to accrue amounts for harm, then the worker or team must submit a written statement to the company administration. In case of an unreasonable refusal, the employee should apply for protection of his rights to the above-mentioned regulatory authorities with an application and a copy of the work record book to confirm the fact of employment in the organization. Based on the request received, they will check the existing conditions in the workplace and the presence of negative factors.

Procedure for accrual and issuance

The amount of additional income to the salary for an unfavorable working environment can be calculated using the Standard Regulations. The document was approved by Resolution of the State Committee for Labor of the USSR and the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated October 3, 1986 N 387/22-78. This is stipulated in the Information of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated October 1, 2012.

Also, Rostrud, in a letter dated June 19, 2012 N PG/4463-6-1, explained the procedure for using USSR standards that are included in a collective or labor agreement.

In Standard Provision the following coefficients are provided additional payments to the tariff rate (salary):

1. severe and harmful conditions - 4, 8 and 12%;
2. especially heavy and harmful - 16, 20 and 24%.

Working pensioners additional payment is calculated in the same way as for all other employees of the enterprise.

For information on compensation surcharges for hazardous working conditions, see the following video:

Still have questions? Find out how to solve exactly your problem - call right now:

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9 comments

Good evening, can an employer include harmfulness in the salary, that is, it is written in the contract that the salary is such and such and such, of which so much is 4% for harmfulness

Hello Alexander, according to Art. 129 Labor Code RF Salary (official salary) is a fixed amount of remuneration for an employee for the performance of labor (official) duties of a certain complexity for calendar month excluding compensation, incentives and social payments. All other bonuses, including those for harmful activities, must be included in the salary separately.

Is it possible to reduce the additional payment for hazardous working conditions and, in this regard, make changes to the employment contract?

Hello Tatyana, the bonus for harmfulness is stipulated in the employment contract in the amount of a percentage of the official salary. If the rate for hazardous work is reduced, then a commission must be convened, working conditions are checked for compliance with current legislation, and based on the decision of the commission, an order is issued from the manager to reduce the rate or eliminate it. After which changes are made to all labor protection orders regarding hazardous conditions.

Good afternoon Please tell me, does a chemistry teacher in a secondary school have the right to compensation payments in the amount of 12% of the salary for harmful working conditions or not? Thank you.

Hello Lyubov, the basis for establishing increased tariff rates and providing compensation to workers are the results of workplace certification, which is carried out in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated August 31, 2007 No. 569. Based on the results of workplace certification, your working conditions may be recognized as harmful. The amount of the bonus to the official salary for harmfulness is determined by collective and labor agreements.

Road workers working with hot asphalt is harmful production or not

Hello Nikolay, The list of jobs with harmful and dangerous working conditions is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the tripartite commission for regulating social and labor relations. There are no road workers there.

Judicial practice Supreme Court RF (decision dated 06/04/13 No. AKPI13-411) established that working conditions can be recognized as harmful based on the results of workplace certification.

Vodokanal. All surcharges were removed for sewer station workers. Allegedly, they are not in such conditions all day (in the sewer) and therefore there is no harm. It is legal?

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Greetings, dear friends! Many of you will probably be surprised, but “POT RO 14000-005-98. Position. Work with increased danger. Organization of Conduct" establishes the time of regulated breaks depending on the duration of the work shift, the type and category of work activity with VDT or PC (see Table 20).

Moreover, the break times are given for working conditions subject to the requirements of the Sanitary Rules and Standards.

When typing 15 - 20 thousand characters per working day or monitoring the monitor for a shift of more than 2 hours, the TOTAL time is set, regulated breaks are 30 minutes for an 8-hour shift and 70 minutes for a 12-hour shift.

When typing 30 - 40 thousand characters per working day or monitoring the monitor for a shift of more than 4 hours, the TOTAL time is set, regulated breaks are 50 minutes for an 8-hour shift and 90 minutes for a 12-hour shift.

When typing 40 - 60 thousand characters per working day or monitoring the monitor for a shift of more than 6 hours, the TOTAL time is set, regulated breaks are 70 minutes for an 8-hour shift and 120 minutes for a 12-hour shift.

If actual working conditions do not comply with the requirements of SanPiN 2.22.542-96, the time of regulated breaks should be increased by 30%.

In accordance with POT RO 14000-005-98:

23.26. With an 8-hour work shift, regulated breaks should be set:
for category I work - 2 hours from the start of the shift and 2 hours after a lunch break of 15 minutes. every;
for category II work - 2 hours from the start of the shift and 1.5 - 2 hours after a lunch break of 15 minutes. each or lasting 10 minutes. every hour of work;
For III category work - 1.5 - 2 hours from the start of the shift and 1.5 - 2 hours after a lunch break of 20 minutes. each or lasting 15 minutes. every hour of work.
23.27. With a 12-hour work shift, regulated breaks for the first 8 hours of work are set in the mode specified in clause 23.26, and for the next 4 hours - regardless of the category and type of work, every hour lasting 15 minutes.
23.28. Professional users of VDTs and PCs must undergo mandatory preliminary (upon entry to work) and periodic medical examinations in the prescribed manner and on time.
23.29. Women from the time of pregnancy and during breastfeeding are not allowed to perform all types of work related to the use of VDT and PC. Employment of pregnant women should be carried out in accordance with hygienic recommendations for the rational employment of pregnant women, approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia on December 21, 1993.

That's all I have. Take care of your eyes!

In modern enterprises, the work of many office employees involves spending a long time at the computer. In accordance with current regulations negative impact from a computer monitor has a significant impact on the employee’s body, which can be regarded as a harmful factor in working conditions. In this case, the duration of interaction between the employee and the computer will be taken into account first of all.

The employer is entrusted with the responsibility to properly organize the workspace of employees who work with computer equipment throughout the entire day or part of it. Requirements regarding the working conditions of PC users are enshrined in the standards current legislation. According to them, employees who work at a computer more than 50% of their working time are considered to be involved in work under hazardous conditions.

If, during the certification of production areas, these workplaces are identified as having harmful and/or dangerous working conditions, then the employees performing their job responsibilities, will be entitled to payment of appropriate compensation. If, based on the results of the assessment, the presence of negative facts is not established, then compensation for employees is not provided.

In addition, for persons involved in work with hazardous and/or harmful exposure factors, a mandatory primary medical examination and annual re-examination are provided. This measure is necessary to confirm their ability to fully perform job duties and prevent the occurrence of occupational diseases.

Classification of the degree of harm from working on a computer according to current legislation

In the main regulatory act regulating the relationship between employer and employee - the Labor Code of the Russian Federation - there are no rules that provide for the possibility of classifying long-term work at a computer as having harmful exposure factors. Because of this, in practice, situations often arise in which sanitary and hygienic requirements for the working conditions of employees are neglected.

However, despite this, these requirements are enshrined in a number of other regulations. The Standard Instruction for OT No. R-45-084-01 sets out negative factors that can have an impact on the body of employees who work with a computer for a long time:

1. Low level of air ionization;
2. Increased levels of electromagnetic radiation and static electricity;
3. Increased load on the worker’s vision;
4. Prolonged static physical stress.

In addition, prolonged sitting in a sitting position often leads to venous insufficiency, curvature of the spine, poor vision and chronic stress. However, most of these problems can be avoided with proper organization of the workspace. Therefore, the requirements regarding the equipment of workplaces for PC users include the provision of the correct furniture, the creation of comfortable microclimatic conditions and the required level of lighting.

Among the regulations governing sanitary and hygienic working conditions with computers, in addition to the above Standard Instructions:

• SanPiN 2.2.2./2.4. 1340-03;
• Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation No. 302n;
• Order No. 426-FZ.

As for the norms of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, it sets out the rules regarding the duration of work shifts and mandatory rest breaks (Article 108 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). If at the enterprise, during the assessment process, these work sites were identified as having harmful exposure factors, then, according to Article 117 of the Labor Code, employees working on them have the right to receive additional days of annual rest, in an amount of at least seven. The employer has the right to increase the duration additional leave by fixing of this rule in local acts of the enterprise. Revocation from additional rest is not allowed, nor is its replacement with monetary compensation. The only exception is the channel calculation when an employee is dismissed.

Sanitary standards for working at a computer

As noted above, the rules for organizing a workspace for working at a computer are enshrined in the Sanitary Rules, which regulate the procedure for carrying out work activities using PCs and computers. At the same time, each computer in the company must undergo a mandatory hazard assessment, the results of which are reflected in the certificate of conformity. If an employer purchases this equipment in company stores, then it is tested in a laboratory there, so there is no need to worry about its compliance with safety requirements.

When choosing technology, it is necessary to take into account that it must be able to change the position of the screen, so that the employee can change its position along the horizontal and vertical axis. The case of the system unit should be made in soothing colors without shiny elements, since during operation glare is reflected on them, which causes increased eye strain. In order to reduce eye fatigue, the monitor must have contrast and brightness adjustment so that the employee can set the intensity of light and color transmission that is comfortable for him.

According to the current rules, the employer is obliged to organize the employee’s workplace based on the requirements for:

• Premises;
• Lighting;
• Furniture and other things.

Requirements for premises for working with a computer

Today it is not uncommon to find workspaces with an area of ​​only 10-12 square meters. m, which employs five to six people at a time. However, such working conditions are considered a gross violation of the rules established by SanPiN, according to which the required workspace for an employee who works with a computer for more than 50% of his working time depends on the type of monitor he uses:

1. Based on an electro-ray tube, the working area for one worker must be at least 6 square meters. m;
2. Plasma or LCD monitor - allows you to reduce this figure to 4.5 sq.m.

According to current recommendations, windows in such rooms are best located in the northern and northeastern parts. And if the production area does not have natural light, then the head of the company must provide employees with artificial lighting in the required amount. According to legal requirements, this requires special calculations, which is rarely done in practice.

The placement of employee desks is carried out in such a way that the distance between them is not less than 2 m, and between the side parts of the monitors - from 1.2 m. SanPiN also contains requirements regarding the degree of vibration, the intensity of sound and electromagnetic influences, as well as the microclimate in the room.

Lighting in the workplace

The rules for lighting rooms in which workers who use computers work are given special attention in SanPiN. This is due to the fact that the degree of visual fatigue directly depends on the intensity of lighting.

According to the requirements of the Sanitary Rules, it is better to place sources of natural light on the north, north-east side of the room. It is recommended to organize artificial lighting using fluorescent lamps shaped like lines (solid or broken). They should be installed on the side of the working surface, and in case of circular placement of work stations - localized, above the table, closer to the operator. The level of local illumination on the working surface should be within 300-500 lux.

When choosing computer desks to equip your workspace, you need to consider a number of aspects:

• The design of the furniture must correspond to the specifics of the work and the number of additional equipment required to perform it;
• The table width must be at least 800 mm and no more than 1400 mm;
• Depth – from 800 to 1000 mm;
• Height – 725 mm.

It is not recommended to use a regular office chair when setting up workstations for PC users, as it does not have the necessary ergonomic properties. The right furniture provides the necessary support for the back and helps reduce stress on this area, as well as the neck and shoulder area. It is better if the chair has a lifting mechanism that allows you to adjust its height.

According to clause 9.3 and clause 10.5 of SanPiN, for computer users who work with them for more than half of their working time, it is necessary to provide a special footrest, up to 15 cm high and 30 cm wide.

In addition, this standard contains requirements regarding the organization of the workspace when implementing creative activities associated with significant mental stress and prolonged concentration. It is better to isolate such areas using opaque partitions with a height of one and a half to two meters.

Work breaks

In order to prevent increased fatigue of employees working with computers, clause 1.3 of Appendix No. 7 to SanPiN recommends, when developing work shifts, to alternate activities with and without the use of a PC. If the work involves constant contact with computer equipment, then breaks in the work of employees should be organized for 10-15 minutes every hour. According to Part 1 of Article 109 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, these breaks are included in working time, and during night shifts, the duration of rest increases by 30%.