Chapter 2 Operations and chart of accounts in banks

2.1 Bank operations

A credit organization is a legal entity that, in order to make profit as the main goal of its activities, is based on a special permit (license) of the Central Bank Russian Federation(Bank of Russia) has the right to carry out banking operations provided for by the Federal Law “On Banks and banking" A credit organization is formed on the basis of any form of ownership as a business company.

Bank is a credit organization that has the exclusive right to carry out the following banking operations in aggregate: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities on deposit, placing these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.

Non-bank credit organization is a credit organization that has the right to carry out certain banking operations provided for by the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”. Valid combinations banking operations for non-bank credit organizations are established by the Bank of Russia.

Banking operations include:

1) attraction Money individuals and legal entities in deposits (on demand and for a certain period);

2) placement of the specified raised funds on one’s own behalf and at one’s own expense;

3) opening and maintaining bank accounts for individuals and legal entities;

4) carrying out settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;

5) collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash services for individuals and legal entities;

6) purchase and sale foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms;

7) attraction of deposits and placement of precious metals;

8) issuance of bank guarantees;

9) making money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts (except for postal transfers).

In addition to the listed banking operations, a credit institution has the right to carry out the following transactions:

1) issuance of guarantees for third parties, providing for the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form;

2) acquisition of the right to demand from third parties the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form;

3) trust management of funds and other property under an agreement with individuals and legal entities;

4) carrying out transactions with precious metals and precious stones in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

5) leasing to individuals and legal entities special premises or safes located in them for storing documents and valuables;

6) leasing operations;

7) provision of consulting and information services.

A credit institution has the right to carry out other transactions in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

All banking operations and other transactions are carried out in rubles, and, if there is an appropriate license from the Bank of Russia, in foreign currency. The rules for conducting banking operations, including the rules for their material and technical support, are established by the Bank of Russia in accordance with federal laws. In accordance with the license of the Bank of Russia for conducting banking operations, the bank has the right to issue, purchase, sell, record, store and other transactions with securities, performing the functions of a payment document, with securities confirming the attraction of funds into deposits and bank accounts, with other securities, transactions with which do not require obtaining a special license in accordance with federal laws, and also has the right to conduct trust management of these securities under agreements with individuals and legal entities.

A credit organization has the right to carry out professional activities in the securities market in accordance with federal laws. A credit organization is prohibited from engaging in production, trade and insurance activities.

2.2 Chart of accounts accounting banks

The chart of accounts of banks is a systematic list of synthetic accounting accounts.

Synthetic accounts are enlarged accounts of the first order (3 digits) and second order (5 digits), in contrast to analytical accounts - 20-digit detailed accounts.

The chart of accounts for accounting in banks is an integral part of the “Regulations on the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation" of the Bank of Russia dated 05.12.02 No. 205-P. In addition, each bank, as part of its accounting policy, develops a working chart of accounts, in accordance with which this bank operates. There are over 1000 synthetic accounts in the Plan. However, real accounting entries are done only between analytical 20-digit personal accounts; between synthetic accounts - only as a reduction for educational, instructive and scientific purposes.

The accounts of the Plan are divided into 5 chapters.

Chapter A “Balance Sheets”. They include the main accounts that form the bank’s balance sheet for its core activities. The accounts of other chapters are either of auxiliary value (Chapter B “Off-Balance Sheet Accounts”) or reflect the accounting of some specific transactions that are not accounted for on the main balance sheet. These include trust management accounts - management of other people's property (Chapter B), urgent operations- operations in the future (Chapter D), securities accounts - accounting for depository activities (Chapter D). Moreover, separate balance sheets are compiled for the accounts of all these chapters.

Balance sheets of different chapters can be linked: bad debts are transferred from balance sheet accounts to off-balance sheet chapters B; balances from urgent accounts of Chapter D - to the main balance when the banking transaction falls due. Cash transactions for trust transactions are reflected simultaneously both in balance sheet accounts and in trust management accounts (Chapter B); trust transactions on securities - simultaneously for chapter B accounts and securities accounts (chapter D).

Balance sheet accounts are grouped into sections: from the first to the seventh and begin with these numbers; a characteristic feature of the balance sheet account of chapter A is the first digit of the account in the range from 1 to 7. Balance sheet accounts are grouped into accounts of the first order (three digits = section number + two digits) and second-order accounts (five digits = first-order account number + two digits). Therefore, the second-order account is read, for example, 405-02, highlighting the first-order account - 405.

2.3 general characteristics Accounting rules in banks

A credit institution develops and approves accounting policies in accordance with the Rules and other regulations of the Bank of Russia.

The following are subject to mandatory approval by the head of the credit institution:

A working chart of accounts for accounting in a credit institution and its divisions, based on the Chart of Accounts for accounting in credit institutions approved by the Bank of Russia;

Forms of primary accounting documents used to formalize transactions, including forms of documents for internal accounting reporting, for which standard forms are not provided in the albums of the State Statistics Committee of Russia;

The procedure for settlements with its branches (structural divisions);

The procedure for carrying out individual accounting operations that do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and regulations of the Bank of Russia;

The procedure for conducting an inventory and methods for assessing types of property and liabilities;

The procedure and cases of changes in the value of fixed assets in which they are accepted for accounting (revaluation, modernization, reconstruction);

Limit on the value of items for inclusion in accounting as part of fixed assets;

Methods for calculating depreciation on fixed assets and intangible assets;

Procedure for attributing costs to expenses inventories;

Document flow rules and processing technology accounting information, including branches (structural divisions);

The procedure for monitoring intra-bank transactions;

The procedure and frequency of printing analytical and synthetic accounting documents. At the same time, the balance sheet, personal accounts on which transactions were carried out (the operation was carried out), as well as statements (second copies of personal accounts) for client accounts are printed daily;

Other solutions necessary for organizing accounting.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Accounting”, the head of the credit institution is responsible for organizing accounting and complying with the law when performing banking operations.

Responsibility for the formation of accounting policies, maintenance of accounting records, and timely submission of complete and reliable financial statements lies with Chief Accountant credit organization. It ensures compliance of ongoing operations with the legislation of the Russian Federation and regulations of the Bank of Russia, control over the movement of property and the fulfillment of obligations. The requirements of the chief accountant for documenting transactions and submitting the necessary documents and information to the accounting department are mandatory for all employees of the credit institution. Without the signature of the chief accountant or his authorized representatives officials settlement and cash documents, financial and credit obligations documents drawn up are considered invalid and should not be accepted for execution.

Accounting for transactions performed on customer accounts, property, claims, obligations, business and other operations of credit institutions is carried out in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles.

Accounting for the property of other legal entities held by a credit organization is carried out separately from material assets belonging to it by right of ownership.

Accounting is maintained by a credit institution continuously from the moment of its registration as legal entity before reorganization or liquidation in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. A credit organization maintains accounting records of property, banking, business and other transactions by double entry on interconnected accounting accounts included in the working chart of accounts. Analytical accounting data must correspond to the turnover and balances of synthetic accounting accounts. All operations and inventory results are subject to timely reflection in the accounting accounts without any omissions or withdrawals.

In the accounting of credit institutions, current intrabank operations and operations for accounting for capital expenditures (hereinafter referred to as “capital investments”) are accounted for separately.

Compliance with the Rules must ensure:

Fast and accurate customer service;

Timely and accurate reflection of banking operations in the accounting and reporting of credit institutions;

Preventing the possibility of shortages, illegal spending of funds and material assets;

Reducing labor costs and funds for banking operations through the use of automation tools;

Proper execution of documents issued by credit institutions, facilitating their delivery and use at their destination, preventing errors and illegal actions when performing accounting operations.

The chart of accounts for credit institutions was developed taking into account the accumulated experience of the banking system in the Russian Federation and established practice bank accounting in foreign countries. At the same time, accounting should be fully used for making management decisions, contribute to generating profits, and reducing financial and statistical reporting.

In the Chart of Accounts, second-order balance sheet accounts are defined as only active or only passive.

In analytical accounting, paired personal accounts are opened on second-order accounts defined by the “List of paired accounts for which the balance may change to the opposite.” It is allowed to have a balance on only one personal account from an open pair: active or passive. At first trading day operations begin on personal account having a balance (remainder), and if there is no balance - from an account corresponding to the nature of the operation. If at the end of the working day a balance (remaining) is formed on a personal account, the opposite of the account attribute, on a passive account - debit or on an active account - credit, then it must be transferred by an accounting entry on the basis of a memorial order to the corresponding paired personal account for accounting for funds. If for some reason there are balances (balances) on both paired personal accounts, then at the end of the working day it is necessary to transfer the smaller balance to the account with the larger balance through an accounting entry based on a memorial order; at the end of the working day there should be only one balance: either debit or credit on one of the paired personal accounts.

ACCOUNTING FOR BANK PROPERTY

The procedure for maintaining accounting records of bank property is regulated by Appendix No. 10 to the Regulations of the Bank of the Russian Federation No. 302-P “On the rules for maintaining accounting records in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation.”

Compliance with the rules set out in Appendix No. 10 should ensure:

Correct execution of documents and timely reflection in the accounting records of receipts, internal movements, disposal of bank property;

Reliable determination of the initial cost of property, taking into account all costs associated with its creation and acquisition;

Full reflection of the costs of changing the initial cost of property during completion, retrofitting, modernization, reconstruction, technical re-equipment or partial liquidation of property;

Control over the safety of property accepted for accounting;

Continuous, continuous and complete reflection of the movement and availability of property;

Efficiency of property accounting;

Correspondence synthetic accounting data analytical accounting;

Ensuring compliance of property inventory data with accounting data;

Reliable determination of the results from the sale and other disposal of property, taking into account the costs associated with disposal.

The importance of accounting for property in banks lies in the fact that if a bank’s license to carry out banking operations is revoked, the sale of property listed on the bank’s balance sheet should help repay creditors’ claims. It should be noted that the bank usually has expensive office equipment at its disposal; in some banks, in the offices of senior employees there is not only antique furniture, but also art objects, paintings by famous artists, unique porcelain, collections of precious stones and other valuables. In the practice of banks operating in Russia, shortly before the revocation of a license, cases of disappearance of property or its transfer into the possession of third parties were repeatedly observed. These facts were observed on the eve of the revocation of the license for the right to carry out operations by the Bank of Russia in order to avoid its implementation and cover the claims of creditors. There have been cases of deliberate underestimation of the value of property and real estate, so the accounting of bank property is very important, which not only characterizes the professional training of employees of the accounting department, but also the civic position of the bank’s management. Typically, thematic checks performed by Bank of Russia employees do not include checking the correctness of property accounting, since banks have more vulnerable areas of activity related to the accounting of banking operations. Auditing companies also do not always carefully check this area of ​​work, since the volume of banking transactions, as a rule, takes up most of the auditors’ time.

The bank develops rational document flow schemes related to the movement of documents for property accounting, and also determines the persons responsible for the safety of property in each bank premises.

To formalize transactions with property, supporting documents are used, on the basis of which accounting records are maintained.

Banks conduct an inventory of property. Based on the identified objects, the causes of the surplus are determined. The cost of the identified fixed asset item will be reflected by posting:

D 60401 “Fixed assets” K 70601 “Bank income”

To perform its functions, the bank needs a material and technical base: buildings (premises), computer and organizational equipment, furniture, safe equipment and other household equipment, which, according to the classification of assets established in accounting, can be classified as fixed assets or material assets. In addition, banks can use various rights in their activities, which in accounting are called intangible assets.

Material assets, along with fixed assets and intangible assets, constitute the property of a credit institution

Property accounting must ensure:

• · correct execution of documents and timely reflection of receipt, internal movement, disposal of property;
• · reliable determination of the initial cost of property, taking into account all costs associated with the construction (construction), creation (manufacturing), acquisition and other receipts of property;
• · full reflection of the costs of changing the initial cost of property during completion, retrofitting, modernization, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, partial liquidation;
• · control over the safety of property accepted for accounting;
• · determination of actual costs associated with property maintenance;
• · reliable determination of the results from the sale and other disposal of property;
• · obtaining information about property necessary for disclosure in financial statements.

To carry out these tasks, the credit institution must develop rational document flow systems and identify persons responsible for the safety of property.

All transactions must be documented with supporting documents. These documents are the primary accounting documents on the basis of which accounting is conducted. Registration of primary accounting documents is carried out in accordance with the requirements Federal Law"About accounting".

The original cost of the property (except intangible assets), acquired for a fee, including a used one, is recognized as the amount of actual costs of a credit institution for construction (construction), creation (manufacturing), acquisition, delivery and bringing it to a state in which it is suitable for use.

The initial value of the property received as a contribution to authorized capital credit organization, is its monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants), unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and the actual costs of its delivery and bringing it to a state in which it is suitable for use.

The initial cost of property received under a gift agreement and in other cases free receipt, is market price property on the date of acceptance for accounting and the actual costs of its delivery and bringing it to a state in which it is suitable for use.

The valuation of property, the cost of which upon acquisition is expressed in foreign currency, is determined in rubles according to official rate foreign currency in relation to the ruble established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, valid on the date of acceptance of the property for accounting.

Property is removed from the credit institution as a result of:

• · transfer of ownership (including during sale);
• · write-off due to unsuitability for further use (as a result of moral or physical wear and tear, emergency response, natural disasters and other emergency situations).

To determine the suitability of property for further use, the possibility of its restoration, as well as to draw up documentation for the write-off of property that has become unusable, a commission of relevant officials is created in a credit institution. In this case, the commission should include the deputy head of the credit institution, the chief accountant (accountant), a representative of the legal service, other specialists (by decision of the manager) and persons who are responsible for the safety of property.

The competence of the commission includes:

Inspection of property subject to write-off using technical documentation, accounting data, establishing its unsuitability for restoration and further use;

establishing the reasons for writing off property;

• - identification of persons through whose fault the disposal of property occurred, making proposals to bring these persons to justice;
• - determination of the possibility of using or selling (including as recyclable materials, scrap, scrap) individual units, parts, materials of the written-off property and their assessment, control over the removal from the written-off property of individual units, parts, materials consisting or containing non-ferrous and precious metals, determination of weight, cost and delivery to the warehouse;
• - drawing up an act for write-off of a fixed asset object, an act for write-off vehicles with attached reports of accidents, if any. These acts must indicate data characterizing the object - the date the object was accepted for accounting, the year of manufacture, acquisition or construction, time of commissioning, term beneficial use, initial cost, amount of accrued depreciation (wear and tear), repairs performed, reasons for disposal, condition of main parts, parts, assemblies, structural elements. These acts are approved by the head of the credit institution.

publication date: 01/26/2016

The life of a bank accountant is boring,

(professional joke)

Yes, the Bank of Russia does not allow bank accountants to get bored and enjoy their well-established accounting. It is clear that there is no limit to perfection, so the banking community is ready for constant changes: either denomination, then a twenty-digit chart of accounts, then an active account becomes passive and vice versa, then the updated chart of accounts changes to a newer one and then even newer one, and then derivatives appear financial instruments, accounting for deferred tax obligations and the same wonderful assets, accounting for long-term and short-term employee benefits, and the very important replacement of the five-digit Income Statement codes with other five-digit codes. How did we live before without these innovations? I just can't put my mind to it...

Along the way, there is an “improvement” of civil, tax, and, of course, banking legislation. So bank accountants live by the pioneering principle “Always ready!”, especially during the New Year holidays, when this principle works like a charm: reflect everything, close it, reconcile it, change it, transfer it, translate it, rename it, and so on and so forth.

From January 1, 2016, banks switched to other principles of property accounting than those established by Regulation No. (Appendix 9). Appendix 9 to 385-P, which regulated the accounting procedure for fixed assets, intangible assets, inventories and real estate temporarily unused in the main activity, has noticeably decreased and now only determines the accounting procedure for rent and leasing. Instead of seven sheets of text studied up and down, we received a new forty-page normative act. central bank decided to separate property accounting into a separate Regulation No. with a literally comprehensive title: “On the accounting procedure for fixed assets, intangible assets, real estate temporarily unused in core activities, long-term assets intended for sale, inventories, means of labor and objects of labor received under contracts compensation, collateral, the purpose of which is not defined, in credit institutions.” Ugh!..

The regulator gave banks a whole year to implement Regulation 448-P, during which it was necessary to actually create a new accounting policy, ideologically far from the usual Appendix 9 to 385-P. The work is huge:

1) determine the methods of accounting, which is not at all easy within the framework of the new Regulations, since banks have received greater freedom in determining the criteria for recognizing and classifying property;

2) draw up rules for document flow when performing transactions;

3) approve the assessment methods used in determining fair value;

4) select and justify criteria for combining property into homogeneous groups;

5) appoint responsible persons for documenting operations and safety of property objects.

An unambiguous innovation in banking accounting was the need to estimate the fair value of property which is carried out in accordance with the International Standard financial statements(IFRS) 13 Fair Value Measurement. The new accounting policy was not without the application of other IFRS:

"Fixed Assets" (IAS) 16,

"Rent" (IAS) 17,

"Intangible assets" (IAS) 38,

Impairment of Assets (IAS) 36,

"Long-term assets held for resale" (IAS) 5,

"Inventories" (IFRS) 2,

Investment Property (IAS) 40,

It is obvious that the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is taking another step in reducing the distance between Russian and international standards accounting, fulfilling, among other things, the requirements of Article 20 of Federal Law No. “On Accounting” on the development of industry accounting standards based on international standards.

The new property accounting rules will require the involvement of not only internal bank accountants in the accounting process. Now accountants need the help of specialists in assessing collateral, and somewhere independent appraisers, risk specialists, methodologists, tax specialists. The most important thing is that from now on, the reflection of the facts of the bank’s economic life in accounting is based to a greater extent not on formal characteristics, but on the management decisions of the manager: this includes the choice of a property accounting model, and the determination of materiality criteria for accounting for fixed assets, and the procedure for revaluing property, as well as the purpose of using the property, which will ultimately directly affect financial results in the future.

With the new Regulation 448-P, not only property accounting changes (new accounts have been introduced and the characteristics of existing second-order accounts have been changed); but approaches to its assessment are also changing, new concepts that were not previously used in property accounting according to Russian standards appear: “assessment of fair value”, “assessment of future costs of dismantling, liquidation of objects, restoration environment", "aggregate value", "discounted value", "estimated liquidation value". Accounting models, approaches to accounting and valuation of property, and classification of objects must be justified by professional judgment.

So let's briefly go through key concepts in accordance with the Regulations:

1. Fixed assets (FPE)– these are objects that have a tangible form, intended for use by the bank in the provision of services or for administrative purposes for more than 12 months, and which the bank does not intend to sell. In this case, the objects will bring economic benefits in the future, and their initial cost can be reliably determined.

The concept of “minimum accounting object” has been introduced, which, although to some extent echoes the previous “value limit for acceptance for accounting as part of fixed assets,” still has significant differences. Each bank, based on professional judgment, determines in its internal documents, what exactly is recognized as the minimum accounting object subject to reflection as an inventory item of fixed assets, based on materiality criteria approved in accounting policy. The cost criterion may be one of the criteria of materiality, and may be the only such criterion, but this is not a panacea. Establishing clear and unambiguous materiality criteria is quite difficult; you need to understand in advance the result of reflecting the object in accounting, the labor costs for maintaining records, the impact on financial results and only then determine those very quantitative and qualitative criteria of materiality. Banks have the opportunity not to recognize assets as fixed assets that formally meet the conditions for fixed assets, if these objects are insignificant (up to the size of the object, its weight, the minor nature of participation in banking processes or, for example, if the bank's control over the object is called into question, or the likelihood of obtaining future economic benefits is too low). There's a lot to think about here: How do you account for backup equipment put into service that may never be needed? How to take into account large objects that are de facto uncontrolled by the bank?

Let's return to the cost criterion. Most likely, most banks have determined that the cost of a fixed asset should be more than 100,000 rubles, since this echoes the changes to Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Chapter 25 “Organizational Income Tax”), which came into force on January 1, 2016 and raised the threshold for depreciable property from 40 to 100 thousand rubles.

Since 2016, credit institutions have been given the right to combine into one accounting object items that are similar in nature and intended use, but which are individually insignificant. Being combined into one accounting object, they form an aggregated value, i.e. the total cost of combined homogeneous items (“some new fixed asset”), which allows the rules of Regulation 448-P to be applied to such aggregated cost.

2. Intangible assets (IMA)– these are objects that simultaneously meet the following conditions: capable of bringing economic benefits in the future; do not have a tangible form, are intended for use for more than 12 months and are not intended for sale within 12 months, the right to receive economic benefits from the use of objects is documented (both the existence of the asset itself and the results of intellectual activity); access of other persons to economic benefits from the use of facilities is limited; objects can be identified.

Here, the main difference from previous requirements was the optionality of the bank having exclusive rights to the result of intellectual activity. The fact is that when purchasing software, the bank, as a rule, receives a non-exclusive right to use a copy of the program, and previously such software could not in any way be part of the intangible asset, but since 2016 it has been considered an intangible asset of the bank.

Intangible assets similar in characteristics and use can be combined into homogeneous groups.

3. Real estate temporarily unused in the main activity (NVNOD)- this is property or its part (land, building, part of a building), the sale of which is not planned within 12 months, owned by a credit institution, received in the course of its main activities and intended either to obtain rental payments(except for financial lease), or to receive income from the increase in the value of property (or both at the same time, and more can be done), but not for use in banking activities and not for administrative needs.

Mandatory conditions for classifying property into this category, in the same way as for fixed assets, will be: the ability of the object to bring economic benefits to the bank and the ability to reliably determine its value. If all of the above conditions are met, NVNOD includes:

• buildings and land with an unspecified purpose,
• buildings and land plots leased or intended for rent,
• structures under construction or reconstruction intended for rental.

There are some nuances here. If only part of the property is expected to increase in value or if the bank has rental income from part of the property, and the other part of the property is used directly in banking activities, then if such parts of the property can be sold independently of each other, they must be taken into account separately (as NVNOD and as the main means, respectively). However, if parts of the object cannot be sold separately, then the specified object is considered an NVNOD only when only a small part of it is used for the direct statutory activities of the bank. In this case, to classify the object, the bank applies professional judgment based on independently developed criteria, including criteria of materiality (significance of volume). For example, you can establish a proportion for the use of area: for example, if 90 or more percent of the area of ​​the object is rented out, and this object is indivisible from the point of view of possible sale, then it will be considered an NVNOD, and if, say, half of the area is rented out, and Half of the area is occupied for banking needs, then it is necessary to take into account real estate as a fixed asset.

– property (previously accounted for as fixed assets, intangible assets, non-residential assets), which the bank plans to sell within 12 months, and the recovery of the value of the assets will occur as a result of the sale, and not through continued use. Such an asset must simultaneously meet several conditions: ready for immediate sale in current state on market conditions; the decision to sell was made by authorized persons of the bank; a search is underway for a buyer of the asset; The actions of the credit institution are not aimed at changing the decision to sell or canceling it.

Non-current assets held for sale are not depreciated.

The credit institution must take measures to successfully complete the sale of property within 12 months, but in fact the period of sale may exceed this period. If the expected period for completion of the sale of long-lived assets exceeds 12 months, then the bank must account for the costs of their sale on the basis of their present value.

5. Inventories– these are assets in the form of spare parts, materials, inventory, accessories, publications that will be consumed in the performance of work, provision of services, banking activities or during the construction, restoration of fixed assets and real estate temporarily unused in the main activity.

Inventories are measured by recognizing the actual costs of acquiring, delivering and bringing them into a usable condition (that is, at cost).

If there are many fungible or homogeneous items, such inventories may be valued at weighted average cost or FIFO upon disposal, as determined by accounting policy jar. The weighted average cost method of valuing inventories involves calculating the cost of each unit of inventory based on the weighted average cost of interchangeable units of inventory at the beginning of the period and the cost of equivalent units of inventory acquired during a certain period. Each bank determines the period itself, but it is possible to calculate the weighted average cost as each additional batch of inventory is received. The FIFO (first in, first out) method of valuation is based on the assumption that inventory is used in the order in which it was acquired.

6. Means of labor and objects of labor received under compensation and collateral agreements, the purpose of which is not defined. Objects (except real estate and land) that meet the recognition criteria for fixed assets and intangible assets are means of labor, and items that meet the recognition criteria for inventories – objects of labor.

Property is accounted for in this category until the bank makes a decision on the use of the objects or a decision on their sale.

Real estate (land) received under compensation or pledge agreements is accounted for, depending on the bank’s intentions, either as an object of fixed assets, or as real estate not used in the main activity, or as an asset intended for sale.

For December-January the accountants did great job: in addition to the standard annual inventory of property, carried out in accordance with Directive of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. on November 1 or December 1, an audit of all balance sheet accounts involved in property accounting was carried out. This was necessary to transfer balances to new balance sheet accounts on the first operating day of the new year 2016 (Letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated November 24, 2015 No.).

The following account balances were identified and divided 61403 “Deferred expenses for other operations”:

• related to the acquisition of non-exclusive rights to intellectual property (transfer to account 60901 “Intangible assets”);
• advance payments for rent (transfer, depending on the nature of the settlements, either to account 60312 “Settlements with suppliers, contractors and customers”, or to account 60314 “Settlements with non-resident organizations for business transactions”);
• investments in capital expenditures in leased facilities that meet the criteria for recognizing fixed assets (transfer to account 60401 “Fixed assets (except land)” and to account 60415 “Investments in construction (construction), creation (manufacturing) and acquisition of fixed assets”); those that do not meet the recognition criteria for fixed assets are written off as expenses.

The amounts of rent received in advance under lease agreements and recorded in the account were identified 61304 “Deferred income from other operations”, in order to transfer them to accounts 60311 “Settlements with suppliers, contractors and customers” and 60313 “Settlements with non-resident organizations for business transactions”.

The balance account excluded from 2016 was analyzed 61011 “Non-current inventories” to identify property items corresponding to:

• fixed assets (credited to account 60401 “Fixed assets (except land)”);
• real estate temporarily unused in the main activity (transferred to the newly introduced account 619 “Real estate temporarily unused in the main activity”, depending on the accounting model chosen by the bank);
• inventories (transferred to account 610 “Inventories” to the corresponding second-order balance sheet accounts);
• assets intended for sale (reflected in the new account 62001 “Long-term assets intended for sale”);
• means of labor, the purpose of which is not defined (recorded on account 62101 “Instruments of labor received under compensation and collateral agreements, the purpose of which is not defined”);
• objects of labor, the purpose of which is not defined (transferred to account 62102 “Objects of labor received under compensation and collateral agreements, the purpose of which is not defined”).

In addition, property items recorded on balance sheet accounts were identified 61002 “Spare parts” and 61009 “Inventory and accessories”, related to materials intended for the construction, creation and restoration of fixed assets and NVNOD. Such objects were transferred to a new account 61013 “Materials intended for the construction, creation and restoration of fixed assets and real estate temporarily unused in core activities.”

An analysis was carried out of the formed reserves for non-residential assets, long-term assets intended for sale, for objects of means and objects of labor, the purpose of which is not defined, for their transfer to the appropriate reserve accounts for each type of asset.

Identified objects of property and intangible assets reflected in the accounts 60401 “Fixed assets” And 60901 “Intangible assets” that do not meet the recognition criteria for fixed assets and intangible assets and must be excluded from their composition by transferring them to the accounts of assets intended for sale or disposal.

The result of the incredible work carried out at the end of the trading day on January 1, 2016 was the presentation bank balance, from which the new life of bank property begins:

• depreciation of fixed assets is reflected in account 60414 (previously account 606 was used);
• accumulated actual costs recognized as unfinished capital investments in fixed assets are allocated to a separate group and accounted for in a new account 60415 “Investments in construction (construction), creation (manufacturing) and acquisition of fixed assets” (previously account 607 was used);
• VNOD real estate is reflected in accounts 619 “Real estate temporarily unused in core activities”;
• objects that meet the criteria of fixed assets and intended for sale are reflected in account 62001 “Long-term assets intended for sale”;
• objects that meet the criteria of fixed assets, accepted under compensation or collateral, the purposes of which are not defined, are reflected in account 62101 “Instruments of labor received under compensation, collateral agreements, the purpose of which is not defined”;
• objects that do not meet the criteria of fixed assets, accepted under compensation, collateral, with undetermined purposes of use, are reflected in account 62102 “Objects of labor received under compensation, collateral agreements, the purpose of which is not defined”
• furniture and non-production equipment (kitchens, refrigerators, aquariums, paintings, televisions and other necessary things recognized on the basis of a motivated judgment as “excesses”) are written off from the balance sheet as expenses;
• in account 61403 “Deferred expenses for other operations” only non-exclusive rights remained, the expiration date of which is 12 months or less, as well as payment for subscriptions to periodicals, payment for subscriptions, etc.;
• accounts 60406-60413, 606, 607, 61011, 61012 are closed.

Global work has been done, but there is still hard work ahead to rebuild brain activity “in a new way”, tune software, building interaction structural divisions, assessing the impact of the new accounting procedure on the bank’s performance and standards, assessing not only financial, but also tax consequences decisions made. It seems that for the first time, accounting in a separate section of the accounting front depends to the maximum extent on the value judgments, level of qualifications, and degree of responsibility of a wide range of banking specialists, who, with their professional judgment, in fact, can influence the decision-making of bank management. And now it will not be easy for managers; they will have to responsibly delve into the essence economic activity bank and predict the consequences of their actions and decisions made in banking management, because it is no secret that the “internal bank” has always been on the periphery of banking tasks.

The question remains: how adequate and high-quality will the reporting presented be? What means will be used to prepare it? After all, if making a professional judgment in credit work or in evaluation accounts receivable an already established and proven process, then it just needs to be organized on the “farm”. Professional judgment is becoming one of the fundamental accounting documents; without it, neither an ordinary accountant nor a manager can do anything.

Surely, many more questions will arise in the light of the new accounting procedure, many copies will be broken in discussions and disputes, a significant amount of money will be spent on automating accounting and reporting, but whether it was good, whether it will get better and whether the heart will calm down, only the future will show.

Registered users of the site can download a visual Table “Types of property of a credit institution and its accounting parameters.”

When quoting, reprinting and using materials

from the website of ProfBanking Banking Business School

In banking accounting, all property of a credit organization is divided into 3 categories:

1.Fixed assets (60401).

2. Intangible assets (60901).

3.Inventories (610 (02, 08-11))

Each piece of property bank-owned was paid, i.e. the bank became the owner of this property as a result of expenses incurred (exception: property received by the bank free of charge). One of the main tasks of property accounting is to reflect in accounting transactions to reimburse the bank's costs in connection with the acquisition of various property items. CBs are allowed to reimburse their costs for various property items by allocating the amount of these costs to the bank's current expenses, which are covered by its current income.

The process of reimbursing the bank's costs for fixed assets and equipment. assets are carried out by calculating depreciation, i.e. The bank reimburses itself the costs gradually, in parts, during the period of useful use of the given object.

Reimbursement of mat costs. inventories at their full book value are made on the day this property is transferred into operation (i.e., depreciation is not accrued on inventories).

The bank can become the owner of property in the following ways:

1) Receipt of property into the ownership of the bank in the form of contributions to its management company.

2)Purchase (acquisition) of property.

3) Creation (construction) of property objects by the credit institution itself.

4) Transfer of property to the bank upon completion leasing operation, in which the bank is the lessee.

5) Receiving ownership of property free of charge.

1) Accounting for mat. inventories in credit institutions.

Example:

1. From the bank’s cash desk, the financially responsible person was given cash for the purchase of retail trade household inventory (financially responsible persons are those bank employees with whom a financial liability agreement has been concluded; only these employees can be issued cash from the cash desk for the purchase of any material assets): Dt 60308 – Kt 20202 – 500.

2.Financially responsible person reported on the expenditure of the accountable amount, transferring household goods to the bank's warehouse. inventory in the amount of 500 and drawing up an advance report with the attachment of sales receipts: Dt 61009 – Kt 60308 – 500.

3.Part of the acquired household goods. inventory transferred to St. Petersburg for use (300): Dt 70606 – Kt 61009 – 300.

2) Accounting for fixed assets in credit institutions.

All material values that the bank has are means of labor, i.e. they create the necessary conditions for the activities of a credit institution. At the same time, in accounting they are divided into 2 categories of property: fixed assets and inventories.

This division is made depending on 2 factors:

1. service life (up to 1 year, more than 1 year).

2. The main factor is the cost per unit of the property.

The bank's management sets a limit on the cost per unit of property, depending on which this object will be taken into account either as part of the fixed assets or as part of the mat. stocks.

Example 1:

1) The bank received ownership of fixed assets in the form of a contribution to the management company: Dt 60401 (A+) – Kt 10207 (P+).

2) The assets of the fixed assets became the property of the bank upon completion of the leasing operation, in which the bank acted as the lessee: Dt 60401 (A+) – Kt 60804 (A-).

3) The bank received household goods free of charge. inventory and accessories: Dt 61009 (A+) (there may also be accounts 60401, 60901) – Kt 70601 (P-).

The cost of property received free of charge is reflected in the bank’s current income; if fixed assets or intangible assets are received, depreciation is not accrued on them.

Accounting for transactions involving the purchase (purchase) of fixed assets.

The bank has the right to charge depreciation on an object put into operation from the month following the month it was put into operation. Depreciation is calculated while it is total amount does not coincide with the book value of the object.

If the property has been revalued and book value increased, then the monthly depreciation amount is recalculated taking into account the revaluation.

Example:

The bank purchases a specialized auto-collection vehicle.

1. An advance payment has been made for a cash-in-transit vehicle purchased from a non-resident company. Prepayment in US dollars: Dt 60312 810 (A+) – Kt 30114 840 (A-) – 960.

2. A collection vehicle was received from the supplier: Dt 60701 810 (A+) – Kt 60312 810 (A-) – 960.

3.With cor. bills paid for the services of a transport company for the transportation of this car (10% of the cost of the object): Dt 60701 (A+) – Kt 30102 (A-) – 96.

4.Paid for the company’s services for preparing the collection vehicle for operation: Dt 60701 (A+) – Kt 30102 (A-) – 48.

5. The car, according to the act, was accepted for operation by the bank's collection service and is reflected in accounting as a fixed asset object owned by the bank (the book value of the object was formed according to the debit of balance sheet account 60701): Dt 60401 (A+) – Kt 60701 (A-) – 1104.

6. Because The collection vehicle was put into operation in November 2007, then depreciation will begin on December 1, 2007. The useful life of the specified car is 3 years, so the amount of monthly depreciation charges is 30.7: Dt 70606 (A+) – Kt 60601 (P+) – 30.7.

The book value of the object is 1140, the useful life is 3 years. Based on the book value and useful life of the object, the amount of monthly depreciation is calculated: 1140/36 = 30.7: Dt 70606 - Kt 60601 - 30.7 monthly. To account for depreciation this object A separate personal account is opened on account 60601.

7. The car has been in operation for 1 year and during this time the amount of accrued depreciation was 368.4. Then the car got into an accident and could not be restored:

Example 1:

1. A retired asset is written off - a car after an accident that cannot be restored:

1.1. The car is written off as an asset at its book value: Dt 61209 – Kt 60401 - 1104.

1.2. Depreciation accrued on the retired vehicle is written off: Dt 60601 – Kt 61209 – 368.4.

1.3. Parts from the decommissioned vehicle have been received and are suitable for use as spare parts. parts: Dt 61002 – Kt 61209 – 31.6.

1.4. The loss from the operation of this car is written off as bank expenses: Dt 70606 – Kt 61209 - 704.

Example 2:

2. An asset is written off - a car in connection with its sale:

2.1. The book value of the sold car is written off: Dt 61209 – Kt 60401 - 1104.

2.2. The accrued depreciation on the sold car is written off: Dt 60601 – Kt 61209 - 1104.

2.3. The proceeds from the sale of this car are reflected in the accounting: Dt 30102 – Kt 61209 – 301.6.

2.4. Profit from the operation of this car is written off as income: Dt 61209 – Kt 70601 – 301.6.