Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing

“The so-called law of demand plays an important role in economic processes. The effect of this law is most fully manifested in a free market economy (1). (2) is defined by economists as the total quantity of goods that (3) at any given moment in time are willing, ready and have the monetary ability to purchase at certain prices. This law means that, other conditions being equal (4), demand decreases as (5) increases. It should be noted, however, that changes in price and changes in demand for goods are not in direct proportion to each other. In a market economy, there are many more factors that influence (6) prices and demand.” 642719

1)price
2) consumer
3)manufacturer
4) demand
5)production
6) competition
7)volume
8) cost
9)ratio

Task #66

Read the text below with a number of words missing.

Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

“Limitation is the insufficiency of the volume of available (A) all types to produce the volume of goods that people would like to receive. The limitation of labor is due to the fact that the number (B) of inhabitants of any country is strictly fixed at any given time. In addition, according to their (B) existing skills, only a part of citizens are suitable for performing specific types of work. These restrictions can be weakened, for example, by inviting workers from abroad or retraining and training workers in the most (G). But all this takes time, and it is impossible to achieve an immediate expansion of the workforce. Limited land ( natural resources) is determined by (D) the country and the presence of mineral deposits in its depths. The limited capital is determined by the previous development of the country, by what (E) it has managed to accumulate.”

1) trade
2) ability 572634
3) geography
4) production potential
5) resources
6) specialties in short supply
7) able-bodied
8) education system
9) demographic

Task #67

Task #68

Modern market characterizes

1) a combination of market and government regulation
2) complete elimination of economic planning
3)stability of prices for consumer goods
4) centralized distribution of resources

Task #69

The figure shows the situation on the winter sports equipment market: the demand line D has moved to a new position - D1 (P is the price of the product, Q is the volume of demand for the product). This movement may be associated primarily with (with)

1)decrease in income of the population
2) popularization of winter sports
3)development of a network of fitness clubs
4) prolonged thaw in winter

Task No. 70

Write down the missing word in the table.

1) command and administrative

2) market

135. Task No. 070FDF

By carrying out a set of anti-inflationary measures, the state fulfills economic function

1)protection of property rights

3) ensuring employment of the population

4) tax regulation

136. Task No. 3702FB

There are several meanings of the concept “economy”. What statement illustrates economics as a science?

1)production of a large batch of new vacuum cleaners

2) provision to the population medical services

3)development of telecommunication networks and networks mobile communications

4) study of labor market functioning models

137. Task No. B3A864

138. Task No. C2193F

139. Task No. 161FD6

Gross domestic product is called

1)organization system national economy

2) social need for a certain amount of goods and services

3) a set of natural and social forces, which are potentially suitable for the production of goods and services

4) amount market prices all final products produced during the year in the country

140. Task No. F5ABFC

Factors of production

141. Task No. 3D084D

The owner of a beauty salon purchases shampoos, masks and hair styling products, creams and other products weekly. The costs of these purchases relate to

1) permanent

2) market

3)implicit

4)variables

142. Task No. 5A5ED3

Are the following statements true? central bank?

A. central bank heads commercial banks and manages their activities.

B. The central bank controls the volume. money supply and issues money.

143. Task No. 3F9D7E

Are the following statements about the labor market correct?

A. The labor market is characterized by high professional mobility.

B. People looking for work create demand in the labor market.

144. Task No. 11CAEA

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “producer”? Using your social science course knowledge, write two sentences containing information about the manufacturer.

145. Task No. BB5F16

Are the following statements about sources of business financing correct?

A. Sources of business financing are private and public investments.

B. Citizens can participate in business financing by purchasing shares of firms on the stock exchange.

146. Task No. 1B85B5

The characteristics of a market economic system include

1) private property

2) centralized decision making

3)directive pricing

4) low level of social mobility

147. Task No. 03C837

Are the following statements about the government budget deficit correct?

148. Task No. 430A2E

In town Z, electricity, heating, and water supply to residents’ homes are provided by only one company.

Select the characteristics of this market from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) market for means of production

2) pure competition

3) local market

4) market deficit

5)monopoly

6)service market

149. Task No. 2C374F

Are the following judgments about the state's tax policy correct?

150. Task No. 036C81

Organization of production, development of management decisions, ensuring access to new markets for products - examples of the action of one of the main factors of production -

1) capital

2) entrepreneurship

4) shareholders

151. Task No. 1614FF

Are the following statements true? traditional economy?

152. Task No. AB57B1

The figure shows the situation on the market for outdoor goods: demand line D moved to a new position D1(P- the price of the product, Q- quantity of goods). This movement may be associated primarily with (with)

1)the onset of the holiday season

2)increasing prices for recreational goods

3)decrease in consumer income

4)a decrease in the number of travel companies

153. Task No. C30FFE

Competition is important because it

1) contributes to rising prices

2) contributes to a decrease in the quality of goods and services

3) helps to increase the variety of goods and services offered

4) forces producers to increase the costs of producing goods and services

154. Task No. 616C2F

Are the following statements about unemployment correct?

A. The number of unemployed citizens includes pensioners and children.

B. One of the manifestations of hidden unemployment is the transition to part-time work.

155. Task No. 8A8DBB

Central Bank of the Russian Federation

1)accepts citizens’ savings into accounts

2) issues loans to citizens and companies

3) licenses commercial banks

4) approves the state budget

156. Task No. DDA8D5

What meaning do economists give to the concept of “tax”? Using knowledge from your social studies course, write two sentences containing information about taxes.

157. Task No. 75B6F7

Economics as a field of knowledge directly studies

1) ways to regulate social conflicts

2) ways to rationally use limited resources

3)social consequences scientific and technological revolution

4) ways of optimal management of society

158. Task No. FA780B

159. Task No. 098BB3

The state in a market economy

1) gives subsidies to entrepreneurs, encouraging production in certain industries

2) sets prices for goods and services

3) affects the relationship between supply and demand

4) carries out directive production planning

160. Task No. 6A8C31

Read the text below with a number of words missing.

“The formation of (A) labor may be accompanied by conflicts between employers and employees. The main method of protecting interests (B) is the creation of trade unions that negotiate on behalf of all the people within them.

Trade unions usually try to achieve better conditions and raises (B) for their members, as well as increases in their wages. This makes work more pleasant and profitable for union members, but at the same time it reduces (D) employment and leads to an increase in the price of goods for buyers if the amount of profit in the price of the goods does not decrease.

Salary a should not fall below the minimum level, the basis of calculation of which is (D). The minimum wage is set and changed by (E) authorities.”

one once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

1)employment contract

2) market price

3) economic boundaries

4) unemployment

5) hired workers

6) living wage

7)legislative bodies

8)work safety

9) profession

161. Task No. 0EF192

A sustained increase in prices for goods and services, associated with a simultaneous increase in demand in most markets of the country, is called

1) demand inflation

2) shortage

3) cost inflation

4) rush demand

162. Task No. 503B3E

What limits consumer demand in a market economy?

1) choice

2) supply growth

3)decrease in prices for goods

4)solvency

163. Task No. B8045A

Are the following judgments about the subject of economics as a science correct?

164. Task No. 31E169

You can often hear the opinion that the state should not fight unemployment within the framework of a market economy: it is inherent in the market. Formulate your own opinion on this issue. Give two arguments.

165. Task No. CF51F4

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “privatization”? Using your social science course knowledge, compose two sentences containing information about privatization.

16. Task No. C211FF

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.

Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.

2) consumer

3)manufacturer

5)production

6) competition

8) cost

9)ratio

167. Task No. CC3EC3

You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “ Family economy" Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

169. Task No. 6B22AD

Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) As the welfare of Russian families has grown in the last decade, the share of food expenditures has decreased. (B) At the same time, costs to satisfy cultural needs increase. (B) Probably the most difficult thing for families to satisfy is the need for comfortable housing. (D) It must be admitted that in some cases high housing prices are maintained artificially. (D) Prices act as a source important information about the state of this market for both the manufacturer and the consumer.

Determine which text provisions have

1) actual character

2) the nature of value judgments

3) the nature of theoretical statements

168. Task No. DBCD23

How does government deficit affect the economy?

1)reduces income inequality

2)increases state debt

3)reduces motivation to work

4) leads to the introduction preferential taxation

170. Task No. 06360E

A factor causing a sharp surge in demand for a product or service may be

1)fashion change

2) equipment cost

3) level of corporate income tax

4)increasing production costs

171. Task No. 59BC59

The figure shows the situation on the car market - demand line D has moved to a new position D1. This movement may be due primarily to

1)improving car production technology

2) reducing car production costs

3)increasing the volume of services public transport

4)increasing income of the population

172. Task No. FBFD74

Are the following statements about a market economy correct?

A. Private property rights are the basis of a market economy.

B. In a market economy, limited resources are distributed in a competitive manner.

173. Task No. 321CAD

Distinctive feature market economy is

1)mass production of goods

2) competition among manufacturers

3) the presence of commodity-money relations

4)legislative protection of state property

174. Task No. 4A9CAD

The graph shows the situation in the hairdressing services market: demand line D has moved to a new position – D1 (P – price of services, Q – quantity of services).

This movement may be due primarily to

1)increasing the number of beauty salons

2) fashion for complex hairstyles for women

3) appearance on sale effective means for self-hair care

4)increasing the profitability of beauty salons

175. Task No. EC889C

The obvious advantages of a market economy include

1) sensitivity to the achievements of science and technology

2) harmony of personal and public interest

3) steady movement towards full employment

4) reduction in migration processes

176. Task No. B6EF9F

What meaning do economists give to the concept of “production”? Using knowledge from the social science course, write two sentences containing information about production.

177. Task No. B92D69

Name and illustrate concrete examples any three factors that determine significant differences in wage levels among workers.

178. Task No. 9A8516

Which of the following is reflected in the state budget items?

1) expenses for public administration

2) income of citizens from entrepreneurial activity

3) unemployment rate

4)average monthly salary

179. Task No. 0F57AF

The state in a market economy regulates

1) the volume of money supply in circulation

2) volume of production

3)social needs

4) enterprise income

180. Task No. FE86C3

The figure shows the situation on the hairdressing services market (P – price, Q – quantity). Analyze the change in supply (supply line S has moved to position S1). How can such a change be explained?

1) Complex hairstyles and makeup have become fashionable for women.

3) An unfavorable economic situation has established in the country.

4) The number of hairdressing salons has increased.

181. Task No. EAEAEE

Choose a concept that generalizes the rest of the concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.

1)Earth; 2)work; 3)factors of production; 4)capital; 5)entrepreneurial abilities.

182. Task No. D0CF26

The risks of opening the domestic market to foreign producers include

1)increasing the variety of goods and services offered

2) price reduction due to increased supply

3) dependence of the country’s economy on the import of a number of goods

4)increasing state budget revenues

183. Task No. 6F6843

Are the following statements true about a type of market structure called a monopoly?

184. Task No. 4B82BC

What economic phenomenon is reflected in the following description of the social situation: “Prices rose so quickly that the waiters changed them on the menu several times during lunch. Sometimes restaurant patrons had to pay twice the price for food that was on the menu when they first ordered?

1) inflation

2)specialization

3) denomination

4) nationalization

Task No. 243E00

185. Task No. 243E00

Illustrate with three examples the impact of financial stability in a country on the success of the economic activities of individuals and firms (enterprises).

186 Task No. 6560F5

The state budget

1) determines the level of inflation in the country

2) regulates the volume of money supply

3)reflects the main directions domestic policy

4)installs minimum size wages

187. Task No. 907D33

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of “microeconomics”.

1) Firm; 2) local market; 3) stock Exchange; 4) costs; 5) accounting profit; 6) tax system countries.

Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and relate to another concept, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

188. Task No. DEDFF5

Are the following judgments about the essence of the equilibrium state of the market for any product correct?

189. Task No. D578BE

The state performs a number of functions in economic life society. What is an example of stimulating entrepreneurial activity of economic entities?

1)creation of open economic zones

3)carrying out anti-inflationary policy

4)issuance of licenses financial institutions

190. Task No. 60E0C4

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

“The so-called law of demand plays an important role in economic processes. The effect of this law is most fully manifested in a free market economy (1). (2) is defined by economists as the total quantity of goods that (3) at any given moment in time are willing, ready and have the monetary ability to purchase at certain prices. This law means that, other things being equal, the quantity demanded decreases as (4) increases. It should be noted, however, that the change in price and the change in demand for (5) are not in direct proportion. In a market economy, there are many more factors that influence (6) prices and demand.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

The table below shows the pass numbers. Under each number, write down the letter corresponding to the word you chose.

2) consumer

3)manufacturer

5)production

6) competition

8) cost

9)ratio

191. Task No. 83927A

The introduction of scientific and technical developments into production contributes to

1)decrease in demand for qualified labor

2)increasing labor productivity

3) reduction of taxes from producers

4)increasing budget deficit

192. Task No. 3A884E

What is the consumer's income from the use of the property?

1) state duty

2) inheritance tax

3)dividends on shares

4) insurance premiums

Task No. 490690

The figure shows the situation on the insurance market ( P– price, Q- quantity). Analyze the change in demand (demand line D moved to position D1).

What could explain such a change?

1)reduction of payments after the occurrence of insured events

2)increasing consumer income

3)increase in the number of insurance companies

4) introduction compulsory insurance auto liability

193. Task No. B2A659

A market economy differs from a command economy in that it

1) workers at enterprises are paid wages

2) there is a division of labor between industries, enterprises, workers

3) prices for goods are determined by the relationship between supply and demand

4) demand is regulated by cards, coupons, lists of beneficiaries

194 Task No. 2675B1

Economic crisis led to the closure of enterprises and increased unemployment in many industries. What type of unemployment does this example illustrate?

1) friction

2) cyclic

3) seasonal

4)structural

195. Task No. CAB5D5

Name any three economic functions of the state and illustrate each of them with an example.

196. Task No. 293054

TO negative consequences market regulation economics refers

1) free pricing

2) refusal of equal distribution of goods and services

3) dominance of consumption over production

4) the presence of people unemployed in social production, unemployment

197. Task No. A962E2

The graph shows the situation on the market for meat and meat products: demand line D has moved to a new position – D1 (P – price of goods, Q – quantity of goods).

This movement may be associated primarily with (with)

1)reducing taxes on meat product producers

2) news of an epidemic animal disease

3)increasing consumer income

4)an increase in the number of meat product producers

198. Task No. AD0757

Write down the missing word in the table.

The economic growth

199. Task No. F77139

Region Z mobile market is controlled by one large company, other manufacturers are not represented. Select the characteristics of this market from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) goods market

2) perfect competition

3)regional market

4)service market

5)monopoly

6) market deficit

200. Task No. A897B1

Are the following statements about the role of the state in the economy correct?

A. The state is a producer of public goods.

B. The state always regulates the distribution of limited factors of production.

201. Task No. C60941

Are the following statements true? state budget?

202. Task No. C7A704

Find in the list below the factors influencing the increase in demand for consumer goods. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1)increasing family income

2)increase in value added tax

3)decrease in production of goods

4)decrease in prices for goods

6) rise in price consumer loans

203. Task No. F71F27

In which of the following situations are we talking about mortgage loan?

1) Citizen M. took out a loan from the bank to buy a mink coat.

2) Citizen N. took out a loan to purchase an apartment.

3) The retail chain received commercial bank loan for the purchase of goods.

4) A state-owned enterprise received a loan for the purchase of equipment.

204. Task No. 04A896

One of the signs of a market economy is

1) predominance of state ownership

2) price regulation government agency economic management

3) the existence of state plans mandatory for manufacturers

4) lack of planned regulation by the state of the quantity of products produced

205. Task No. 0538DA

Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.

Determine which provisions of the text are worn

1) actual character

2) the nature of value judgments

206. Task No. CFA1AD

Tax revenues to the state budget make it possible to finance social programs. What function of taxes is manifested in this fact?

1) redistribution

2) educational

3) fiscal

4) economic

207. Task No. BC8CB6

By providing legal protection of property rights, the state performs an economic function

1)tax regulation

2) regulation money circulation

3) production of public goods

4) creating conditions of economic freedom

208. Task No. F4F23D

Find in the list below the levers of financial and economic regulation of the market by the state.

1) antimonopoly legislation

2) loans provided to entrepreneurs

3) development of the system of economic education in secondary school

4)presentation of state awards for production successes

5)tax policy

209. Task No. A9C8C7

The figure shows the changes that have occurred in the supply of wheat in the corresponding market. The movement of the supply curve S to a new position S1 can be associated, first of all, with(co)

1)increasing income of wheat producers

2)increasing prices for mineral fertilizers

3)reducing prices for land

4)decrease in prices for diesel fuel and gasoline

210. Task No. C98E80

In state Z, the economy is based on a variety of forms of ownership and economic freedom manufacturers. What type of economic system is this typical for?

1) market

2)traditional

3) distribution

4) command

211. Task No. D3873D

Write down the missing word in the table.

212. Task No. 8FE0CB

In the country of N. there is a sharp rise in prices for consumer goods. Money depreciates. Real incomes of the population are falling. Which economic concept used to characterize this process?

1) nationalization

2) inflation

3) budget surplus

4) privatization

213. Task No. D913BB

1)decrease in income of the population

2) popularization of winter sports

3)development of a network of fitness clubs

4) prolonged thaw in winter

The study of the interaction of supply and demand, competition as the main tools of pricing allows us to conduct an effective search for elements of an effective mechanism of market self-regulation...

In a market economy, price performs a number of important functions.

Prices convey information... The price system automatically disseminates information to all market participants about a sustainable increase or decrease in demand for a particular type of product. This encourages them to increase or, conversely, reduce production until a rise or fall in prices again sends signals about a shortage or overproduction of marketable products.

IN modern conditions in developed Western countries, the operation of the price system is significantly simplified due to the functioning of highly organized markets with developed infrastructure. At the same time, the pricing system is complicated due to distortions in price information, which is explained by a number of reasons. First of all, it is worth noting the government's intervention in economic processes. A negative role is played by the activities of monopolies seeking to extract the highest possible profits, including by inflating prices. Inflation is also a distorting factor, especially if it is high and unstable.

Prices perform an important stimulating function. Every enterprise strives to reduce production costs, rightly seeing this as one of the time-tested levers for profit growth. For these purposes, the achievements of scientific and technological progress, innovative and competitive technologies, know-how, all kinds of management, etc. are used. The cost of products and the labor intensity of their production are the basis for the formation of market prices. Each enterprise has its own capabilities and reserves along this path, using them to achieve its goal. Thus, the price stimulates the implementation of scientific and technological progress, helps reduce production costs and improve product quality.

Prices participate in regulating the production of goods and services, and also influence the distribution of income and changes in the structure of their use. This function, outside of government influence, is spontaneous in nature. Rising prices, for example, contribute to an increase in the production of goods, but up to certain limits, since high prices limit demand.

(V.I. Kushlin)

1.Task No. 1B4D95

What are the two main instruments of market pricing mentioned in the text? What is the significance of the information disseminated by the price system?

2.Task No. 310B2A

It is known that in market conditions prices are set under the influence of supply and demand. However, according to a number of economists, even in these conditions the state should not lose control over the prices of goods and services. Using the content of the text and social science knowledge, make three assumptions about the possible forms and manifestations of such control.

3.Task No. FBF172

What three functions of prices under market conditions are discussed in the text? Name them and illustrate each with a specific example.

4. Task No. A07DC0

A market economic system, like any other economic system, has its advantages and disadvantages... As a rule, the main advantages of a market economy include, first of all, its extreme dynamism and ability to self-regulate. Thanks to this, it is receptive to innovation and is able to ensure rapid and effective economic growth, incl. through entrepreneurial activity of the population. The market economy is also distinguished by its high ability to efficiently allocate resources, to quickly develop and widely implement competitive production technologies. Finally, it should be noted its survivability and adaptability.

Among the disadvantages of a market economy, many researchers include the gradual weakening and even deliberate elimination of the main element of the market economic system - competition... Another major disadvantage of the market economic mechanism is that it does not ensure full employment of the population and stable level prices...

One cannot fail to mention the inflationary processes that often manifest themselves in a market economy. Here it should be taken into account that inflationary price increases have a pronounced destabilizing effect on economic life. It consists in the fact that monetary aggregates begin to quickly depreciate in relation to real assets…

An undoubted disadvantage market economy is that it does not create material incentives for the production of those goods and services that belong to the so-called. public goods. It does not in itself solve a number of the most important social problems. Among them are the organization of public healthcare, free education, support for vulnerable segments of the population, the development of culture, ensuring the protection of public order, national defense, etc. The market economic mechanism is not able to take into account these needs of society. Therefore, the state is forced to ensure the production of public goods and the provision of services by pursuing an appropriate tax policy.

A market economy is characterized by high differentiation in incomes of the population.

(V.I. Kushlin and others)

1.Task No. 43D331

What advantages of a market economy did the authors note? List any three advantages.

2. Task No. 596255

Explain the relationship between unemployment and a market economy. Illustrate with two examples of the measure public policy to reduce unemployment.

3. Task No. D97752

What disadvantages of a market economy did the authors consider? List any five shortcomings.

4. Task No. 20A7D0

How is the state's tax policy related to the production of public goods and solving social problems of society? Using the text and social studies knowledge, provide three explanations for this connection.

A market economy is a social system of division of labor and private ownership of the means of production. Everyone acts at his own peril and risk, but when acting, every person has in mind the needs of others rather than his own. In entrepreneurship, a person needs to be surrounded by fellow citizens...

This system has been polished by the market. The market directs people's activity in a direction where they best meet the needs of those around them. The market operates without coercive measures. The state and the punitive apparatus do not interfere in the market and the system of civil relations governed by the market. Only if it is necessary to prevent destructive phenomena, the use of forceful sanctions is justified, the purpose of which is the regular functioning of a market economy. Maintaining life, health and property against violence, aggression, deception on the part of internal criminal elements and external enemies - these are the functions of the state, the guarantor of the normal operation of the market economy... The individual integrates, as best he can, independently into the system of cooperation. The market shows him how to better equip himself and others. Only the market is able to organize the entire social system, give it meaning and significance, therefore the role of the market is the most important.

The market... is a process of interaction and cooperation of various individuals united by a system of division of labor... The market process is the adaptation of individual actions to the requirements of mutual cooperation. Prices tell producers what, how and in what quantity to produce. The market is the focal point in which activities intersect and are reflected; from this center they spread further...

Directing economic actions in market conditions is the task of entrepreneurs. They also retain the function of production control. They stand at the helm and steer the ship. To a superficial observer, it seems that they are the ones occupying the key positions. However, this is not so: the entrepreneurs themselves, of course, obey the commands of the captain, and this captain is the consumer. It is not entrepreneurs, capitalists, or landowners who determine what exactly should be produced, but consumers. If a businessman does not obey the strict rules expressed in the structure of market prices, then he will first face losses and then bankruptcy. He is simply replaced by other agents, those who are better able to satisfy consumer demand...

It is consumers who can make the rich poor and the poor rich. Only they accurately determine the quantity and quality, as well as the type of product itself. Impartial egoists, they consist of whims and fantasies, changeable and unpredictable. Apart from their own satisfaction, they do not want to know anything. Neither past merits nor loyal interests matter.

(L. Mises)

1. Task No. 469708

Using the text, social science knowledge and facts of social life, explain and illustrate with two examples the author’s idea that the market directs people’s activities in a direction where they best meet the needs of others.

2. Task No.AABDDD

3. Task No. 5976AA

“There is not and cannot be an effective... socially oriented market economy without the active regulatory role of the state.

<…>The state always retains classical functions, such as: protection of property rights; ensuring freedom of entrepreneurship, ensuring law and order in the economic sphere; regulation of monetary circulation, ensuring sustainability national currency; regulation of the relationship between labor and capital, ensuring economic security countries, etc. None of these functions disappear or lose their role.

<…>With the development of society... development, enrichment, and clarification of the functions of the state occur. This process proceeds in the following directions: a consistent transition from direct to indirect methods economic regulation; a sharp strengthening of the social functions of the state, its role in regulating social processes, starting with the establishment minimum bets wages, determination living wage, reducing unjustified differentiation of incomes of the population, ensuring stability in society.

IN Lately Qualitatively new functions of the state also emerged.<…>The state's assumption of obligations in the field of education, the formation and support of fundamental science, and the solution of environmental issues.

<…>About what tasks? the state is coming speech at the stage of formation of a market economy?<…>This is, first of all, the formation of a new system of property relations.<…>Formation of small business.<…>Formation of the main elements of a market economy, including financial and stock markets, institutions for regulating the labor market and employment, and the infrastructure of the market economy as a whole.”

(Abalkin A.I.)

1.Task No. 431867

2. Task No. 6897E7

What are the three new features? modern state in economics the author notes?

3. Task No. 1403BC

4. Task No. 6F5B60

The author writes about the regulatory role of the state in the economy. Name another regulator economic activity in the economic system discussed in the text. Indicate any two of its regulatory functions.

The sets of tasks solved by governments when regulating the economy are determined both by the general laws of the functioning of modern market systems and by the specific needs and conditions of a particular country. Applied to modern Russia three major generalized tasks can be identified... Firstly, ensuring sustainability economic growth, serving to improve the well-being and social development of the nation. Secondly, implementing an effective transformation of the country's economic system in order to increase the effectiveness and flexibility of its institutions. Thirdly, the protection of national interests in foreign economic relations.

The first of these tasks is solved mainly by the efforts of enterprises, firms, corporations... To achieve sustainable and socially oriented economic growth, a holistic economic policy of a national scale is needed... It is also planned to implement state orders and national investment programs in areas of particular importance to society. Today, economic policy in a country equivalent to Russia must certainly be innovation-oriented. This requires special measures from the state to support science, education and innovative entrepreneurship.

The second task is the transformation of the country's economic system... meaning the creation of a modern and highly efficient market economy, involves a wide range of reform actions that are characterized by complex parameters and require special control by the state. Of decisive importance in this block of tasks is the formation of the necessary for a highly efficient economy market institutions, transformation and improvement of the public administration system.

The third task is foreign economic. It is associated with the state’s support for the independence and identity of the country’s economic system in relations with outside world. It is known that modern international economic relations are permeated with the spirit of globalism. National economic interests can be relegated to the background and even third place under the powerful pressure of the interests of transnational capital. But TNCs and international capital are also national in their own way. They express the priorities of their home country or the integral interests of a group of countries. And usually this is the most the developed countries peace. Therefore, the task of defending the country’s national interests in foreign economic relations has not lost its importance. It has become more multifaceted and complex.

(V.I. Kushlin and others)

1. Task No. 0EB141

2. Task No. ACF177

3. Task No. 2FBC45

Which direction economic policy in a country equivalent to Russia, do the authors consider it necessary? What is the essence of this policy direction? Using the content of the text, social science knowledge and facts of social life, give two explanations for the prospects of this direction of economic policy.

4. Task No. 8714B8

Name two factors that, according to the authors, determine the government's tasks in regulating the economy. What three tasks of regulating the economy of modern Russia do the authors consider relevant?

We set ourselves the most serious goals: to be among the top five by 2020 largest economies peace. We are capable of solving this problem. But it’s not an end in itself to enter this top five; You and I understand that the state’s ability to resolve social issues will depend on the size of the economy. This means: in order to ensure such a dynamic, advanced movement of Russia forward, it is now necessary to actively move to a qualitatively new social policy - a policy social development.

Its content is much broader than just paying benefits and financing social institutions. We are talking about the formation of a modern social environment around a person, working to improve his health, education, housing, working conditions, increase competitiveness and income, and ultimately, development Russian people. Not just for savings, but for the development of the Russian people.

<…>the basis social policy– this is an adequate level of income for people. In the coming years we must raise the average size pensions are higher than the subsistence level and bring the level of wages in the social sphere to the average level of wages in each region of the country. Of course, effective support for family, motherhood and childhood should be developed<…>

In the near future, we need to work in detail on updating the system of social obligations to fully implement the principles of accessibility and quality of social services. This work needs to be carried out in constant dialogue with civil society, business, and professional communities<…>

We must finally get rid of the stereotype that “social services” are exclusively the domain of the state: there are already examples when private business works in social spheres - both with higher quality and at the same time with lower costs.

Ultimately, it does not matter where the service is provided: public, private or municipal institution, – the main thing is that a person can choose an option that suits him. And the state must pay for the services provided in the amount determined by state guarantees<…>

<…> social sphere should become a field for interested partnership between the state, business, and public structures in the implementation of their joint programs.

(V.V. Putin)

1. Task No.ADC936

How is the task of Russia becoming one of the five largest economies in the world related to the state’s social policy? What task directly follows from this connection?

2. Task No. 8A035E

The text reveals the meaning of the term “social development policy” in a narrow and broad sense. Give them, making sure to note which meaning corresponds to the narrow sense and which corresponds to the broad one.

3. Task No. B13742

How do you understand the used V.V. Putin’s expression “system of social obligations”? What, according to the author, is its renewal in modern conditions? How can civil society organizations participate in this renewal?

4. Task No. F94DD5

V.V. Putin proposes to take measures to ensure an adequate level of income for people. The situation of which categories of the population are primarily intended to be improved by these measures? (Name three such categories of the population). Why do these categories of the population need governmental support?

With the emergence of the "intellectual class" the driving force social progress non-materialistic goals become, and that part of society that is not able to assimilate them objectively loses its significance in social life more than any other class in agricultural or industrial societies. Intellectual stratification, reaching unprecedented proportions today, is gradually becoming the basis of any other social stratification...

The development of a modern economy based on the production and use of knowledge presupposes the formation of a new principle of social stratification, much more stringent than anything known to history. In agrarian societies, the power of the feudal lord over the peasants gave birthright; in industrial society, the power of the capitalist was based on the right of property, and the influence of a civil servant was determined by his place in the political system; all these status factors were not determined by the natural and irreducible qualities of people - any member of society, finding himself in the place of representatives of the ruling class, could perform the corresponding social functions with greater or lesser success...

In modern conditions it is not social status serves as a condition for a person to belong to the elite post-industrial society; on the contrary, he himself forms in himself the qualities that make him a representative of the highest social stratum. It is widely believed that information is the most democratic source of power, because everyone has access to it, and a monopoly on it is impossible; however, it is also important that information is also the least democratic factor of production, since access to it does not mean possession of it...

(V.L. Inozemtsev)

Final test in social studies 1 option

1.It is typical for a market economy

1.public ownership of the means of production; 2.freedom of enterprise; 3.pricing management; 4.restriction foreign trade

2. The sum of market prices of all final products produced per year directly within the country and only by national producers is

1. gross domestic product 2. gross national product

3. national income 4. personal income

3. The quantity of a product that a manufacturer is ready to bring to the market at a certain point in time at a certain price is

1.dividend; 2.demand; 3.offer; 4.need

4. Issues cash in the Russian Federation as a monopoly

1. Central Bank of the Russian Federation 2. Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation

3. Federal Treasury 4. Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation

5. Factor of production is

1. entrepreneurial ability 2. exchange 3. consumption 4. distribution

1. structural 2. frictional 3. cyclical 4. seasonal

7. Import of goods from abroad for sale on the domestic market is called I

1. immigration 2. export 3. import 4. emigration

8. A person’s ability to choose based on his own decision:

9. In the state of N., a small group of people makes decisions at the state level or influences them in practice. This group is 1. political party 2. political elite 3. political scientists

4. political movement

10. The traditional (patriarchal) family is different 1. conclusion of a marriage contract between spouses 2. dominant role of the father of the family 3. complete freedom of children from parental control4. equality of spouses

11. A twenty-four-year-old citizen of V., who has no contraindications for health, was exempt from conscription for military service. What was the basis for this decision?

1) Citizen V. has retired parents 2) Citizen V. has a wife

3) Citizen V. has an academic degree of Candidate of Sciences 4) Citizen V. is a member of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation

12.Substantive law includes 1. constitutional proceedings 2. environmental law3. administrative process 4. civil procedural law

13. In the registry office it is carried out

1. divorce with mutual consent of spouses who do not have common minor children

2. dissolution of marriage with mutual consent of spouses who have common minor children

3. divorce in the absence of consent of one of the spouses

4. invalidation of marriage

14.Worker A. decided to move to another enterprise. How long before he must submit his resignation from his job? at will

1. per week 2. per two weeks 3. per month 4. per two months

15. Request to the court of the interested person to administer justice in civil cases to protect rights and interests violated or disputed by the other party - this is 1. claim 2. memorandum 3. petition 4. appeal

16. Participants in criminal proceedings on the part of the defense include

IN 1. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to the concept of “market”. Find the term that is out of order.

Demand, supply, equilibrium price, consumer, government pricing

AT 2. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of “freedom”. Find and indicate a term that refers to another concept.

Choice, arbitrariness, responsibility, cognition, personal decision

Q3. Find in the list the types of property acquired by the spouses during marriage related to joint ownership spouses 1. personal belongings 2. wages 3. income from sales valuable papers

AT 4. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of “civil process”. Specify a term that relates to another concept: Evidence, justice, defendant, procedural rights, expert

Q5. Establish correspondence between participants in criminal proceedings and their groups

Participants in criminal proceedings Groups of participants in criminal proceedings

A) witness 1) for the prosecution

B) an employee of the Ministry of Emergency Situations 2) from the defense

C) lawyer 3) persons facilitating the process

D) defendant

D) expert

Q 6. Find in the list below the grounds on which civil liability arises.

1) failure to fulfill contractual obligations for apartment renovation

2) obscene language in a public place

3) refusal of the seller to return to the buyer the amount paid for defective goods

4) going on leave for family reasons

5) damage to the health of a pedestrian due to speeding by a motorcyclist

B7. Employee travel agency I. is regularly late for the start of the working day. The director of the company has repeatedly warned her about the inadmissibility of such actions, but I. continues to be late. Select from the list below the items related to the legal assessment of this situation and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) labor law 2) civil liability

3) disciplinary offense 4) administrative law 5) dismissal

6) financial responsibility

Q8. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

“The so-called law of demand plays an important role in economic processes. The effect of this law is most fully manifested in a market economy of free __________ (1). __________ (2) is defined by economists as the total quantity of a good that __________ (3) at any given point in time are willing, ready, and have the monetary ability to purchase at certain prices. This law means that, other things being equal, the quantity demanded decreases as __________ increases (4). It should be noted, however, that the change in price and the change in demand for __________ (5) are not in direct proportion. In a market economy, there are many more factors that influence __________ (6) prices and demand.”

A) price, B) consumer, C) producer, D) demand, E) production, F) competition, G) product, H) cost, I) ratio

Final test in social studies, option 2

1.The state budget fixes 1.profit and costs social production; 2. state income and expenses; 3. consumption per capita; 4.volume of money supply in circulation.

2.Opening salon cellular communication announces the terms of the competition for the vacant position of general manager. This is an example of how the market works

1.information; 2.labor; 3.goods and services; 4.real estate.

3. Economic development countries is determined 1. its budget 2. GDP

3. expenses for education 4. number of enterprises

4. The income that land brings as a factor of production is called

1. interest 2. rent 3. wages 4. profit

5. The construction team belongs to such a factor of production as

1. land 2. capital 3. labor 4. entrepreneurial skills

6. Unemployment that is caused by repeated declines in production in a country or region is called 1. structural 2. friction

3. cyclical 4. seasonal

7. A person’s ability to choose based on his own decision:

1) freedom 2) information 3) religion 4) politics

8. Which types of administrative liability do not come from the courts? 1. confiscation 2. warning 3. arrest 4. detention 5. fine

9. A family in which a man has power and all family members are subordinate to him is called

10. The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation and his functions is determined by 1. administrative law 2. labor law 3. civil law 4. constitutional law

11. Wife M. wants to divorce her husband. Under what conditions can this procedure be carried out in the registry office?

1. with mutual consent of spouses to divorce, who do not have minor children

2. in the absence of the consent of one of the spouses to divorce

3. with mutual consent of spouses to divorce, having common minor children

4. when one of the spouses evades divorce

12. By general rule concluding an employment contract in the Russian Federation is allowed with persons who have reached the age of 1. 14 years old 2. 15 years old 3. 16 years old 4. 18 years old

13. The requirement for the court of an interested party to administer justice in civil cases to protect rights and interests violated or disputed by the other party is

2. memo

3. petition

4. appeal

14. Participants in criminal proceedings on the part of the defense include

1. prosecutor 2. investigator 3. defendant 4. victim

15. To the bodies authorized to consider cases of administrative offenses, relate(s) 1. tax office 2. fisheries authorities

3. commission on juvenile affairs 4. all of the above

16. K global problems belongs to modern times

1. environmental problems 2. drug addiction and drug trafficking 3. international terrorism 4. all of the above

IN 1. Establish a correspondence between factors of production and their examples

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

lathe

coal

equipment adjuster

company office

manager

AT 2. Below is a list social groups. All of them, with the exception of one, are formed along political and ideological lines. Find and write down a term that falls out of this series.

Communists, Social Democrats, Liberals, Catholics, Conservatives

Q3. Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented below

Test, employment contract, part-time job, work book, transfer, relocation

AT 4. Write down the word missing in the table

Parties to civil proceedings

Names of the parties

Their essence

A person who has allegedly violated the rights of the plaintiff and who, at the direction of the latter, is brought to trial by the court

AT 5. Match.

Situations types of legal relations

A) the spouses opened a family 1) criminal

restaurant

B) citizen K. committed robbery 2) family

attack on a collector

C) the spouses submitted an application to the registry office for 3) administrative

divorce

D) parents gave their son a car 4) civilian

D) Citizen P. was taken to the police station

police for using obscene language at a city market

B 6. A system administrator at the Arktika company is regularly late for work, citing traffic jams. Select from the list of concepts and terms related to the characteristics of this offense.

1) labor law 2) administrative offense 3) fine

4) disciplinary liability 5) reprimand

Q7. Find in the list the types of property acquired by the spouses during marriage that relate to the property of each spouse

1. personal belongings 2. wages 3. income from the sale of securities

4. labor pension 5. inherited securities

6. a car donated by the parents of one of the spouses

B 8. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.

"IN modern economy there are three main __________ (1): manufacturers economic product, its consumers and __________ (2). Between them there is a very intense __________ (3) goods, services, in cash, information. The state provides a certain orderliness economic processes, their legal __________(4), protection of the rights and interests of individual participants economic relations. At the same time, the state acts as a very large __________(5) of goods, services, information. At the same time, the state is __________(6), it purchases from manufacturers military equipment for the army, food products for state reserves, computer equipment for government bodies and institutions.” A) producer, B) exchange, C) object, D) state, E) supply E) subject G) regulation, H) demand, I) consumer

Final test in social studies Option 3

1. Unemployment, which is associated with changes in the demand for labor in certain industries due to scientific and technological progress, is called

1. structural 2. frictional 3. cyclical 4. seasonal

2. Citizen K. violated contractual obligations of a property nature. What responsibility will citizen K bear?

1. administrative 2. criminal 3. civil 4. disciplinary

3. A family in which a man has power and all family members are subordinate to him is called 1. patriarchal 2. nuclear 3. child-centric 4. monogamous

4. One of the signs of a market economy is

1.predominance of state ownership

2.regulation of prices by the state body managing the economy

3.existence of government plans binding on manufacturers

4.lack of planned state regulation of the quantity of products produced

5. Procedural law includes 1. civil law

2. labor law 3. family law 4. constitutional proceedings

6. Automation of production is widespread in Russian society, and computerization is being successfully carried out. Which Additional Information allows us to conclude that R.'s society is post-industrial.

1. the main product of production is industrial products

2. the main factor of production is knowledge 3. widespread use of mechanisms and technologies

4. class division of society

7. Civil law rules apply in the event of

1. violation of rules of conduct in public places 2. miners’ strikes

3. exchange of living space 4. the need to determine the amount of alimony

8. Administrative responsibility for individuals comes from the moment

1. 14 years old 2. 16 years old 3. 17 years old 4. 18 years old

9. The global problems of our time include

1. energy problem 2. socio-demographic problem 3. problem of interaction between Russia and the West 4. all of the above

10. Industrial society is being replaced by society

1. non-traditional 2. informational 3. agricultural 4. perfect

11. To phases economic cycle refers to 1) deflation 2) default 3) devaluation 4) recession

12 . The founders of some of the royal dynasties of Europe came from poor, noble families. This fact illustrates the phenomenon of social

stratification 2) mobility 3) inequality 4) evolution

23. C 13. At what age can children go to court:

1) from 11) from 10 years old 2) from 12 years old 3) from 16 years old 4) from 14 years old

10. Q14 Types of employment contracts: 1) urgent and unlimited 2) official and informal 3) with a probationary period 4) without a probationary period

19. K15. The personal property of spouses includes (select the odd one out):

1) tse1) securities acquired by the spouse

2) to them2) property belonging to each before marriage

3) by them3) property received during marriage as a gift to one of the spouses

4) personal items

16. A security giving its owner the right to demand from the organization that issued the security, in deadlines payment of its face value is called 1) a share 2) a bond 3) a banknote 4) a certificate

B 1. Write down the word missing in the table.

Types of company costs

Their essence

Permanent

Costs that do not depend on the volume of production.

Costs that increase as production volume increases and decrease as production volume decreases.

Q2. Choose a concept that generalizes the rest of the concepts in the series below. 1) Earth; 2) labor; 3) factors of production; 4) capital; 5) entrepreneurial abilities.

Q3. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to the concept of “factor income”. Wages, profit, capital, interest, rent.

AT 4. Find in the list below the mechanisms for the implementation of monetary (monetary) policy by the state. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) support and protection of competition 2) change discount rate interest on loan

3) ensuring the protection of property rights 4) regulating the income of the population

5) establishing a norm bank reserve 6) operations on the securities market

AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the types of economic systems and their characteristics.

SIGNS OF ECONOMIC TO THEIR TYPES OF ECONOMIC

SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS

A) prices for goods are determined 1) command economy

demand ratio 2) market economy and suggestions

B) the main means of production belong to the state

C) economic proportions are established centrally

D) production development is based on competition among producers

D) periodically there is a shortage of goods

AT 6. Find in this list the concepts related to material culture

1) religious teaching 2) TV 3) music 4) equipment 5) scientific discovery

AT 7. Write down the missing word in the table.

Extensive growth

Increasing gross domestic product by expanding the scale of production

Increasing GDP through production efficiency

AT 8. Read the text, select from the list of words (phrases) that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“Unemployment is a ___________ (A) phenomenon that occurs when ___________ (B) labor services exceed demand and is manifested in the fact that some able-bodied citizens are not employed in the production of goods and services. The nature of modern unemployment is significantly influenced by the level of ___________ (B), the development of new territories, the emergence of new types of activities, and increased foreign economic competition. ___________ (D) does not mean the absolute absence of unemployment. It corresponds to ___________ (D) unemployment, which is associated with the search for the most suitable jobs, training in new specialties, ___________ (E) changes in demand, etc. Natural unemployment is not a constant value. It depends on the level of development of the country’s economy: The state must ensure that the actual level of unemployment does not exceed the natural one.”

1) seasonal 2) socio-economic 3) society 4) scientific and technical progress

5) demand 6) supply 7) natural level 8) full employment

9) production

Economics as a Science

From the moment of awareness of himself as an individual, a person is engaged in conscious cognition of the world. This consists in knowing not only the surrounding objects and their properties, but also the patterns of various processes. is no exception and production activity a person (a set of processes for creating material and spiritual wealth).

In the prehistoric period, the accumulation of knowledge was in the nature of trial and error. Only in ancient times did the foundations of various sciences begin to emerge. Economics became one of these sciences. In its primary sense, this word denoted the art of housekeeping (as they would say now - “housekeeping”).

Later, in the depths of this discipline, the doctrine of trade relations and wealth crystallized (the works of Aristotle). It was then that the foundations of the theory of value, price and money were laid. The ancient Greeks already had sections in economics: catallactics (the art of trade) and chremastics (the art of accumulating wealth).

The Middle Ages did little to enrich scientific knowledge. This era is characterized by stagnation and regression of scientific knowledge in Europe. But at the same time, it was in the Middle Ages that the foundations of the world economy were laid and expanded trading markets to the size of the entire planet.

The formation of capitalist relations required a scientific approach to the study of economic phenomena and processes. A coherent scientific theory was required that would not only explain what was happening. But it would also make it possible to foresee the consequences of certain processes and phenomena. This is how it was formed economic theory in the modern sense.

Definition 1

Economics is a social science that characterizes human economic activity through a system of concepts, categories, economic theories and laws, exploring patterns and theoretical basis management.

In addition to purely economic aspects, economics pays attention to the study of human activity in the economic process. Economics is the basis for the development of society. Therefore, economic theory also pays attention to the influence of economic life on the political system of society. Politics is an extension of economics. It is not for nothing that part of economic theory is called political economy.

Currently, economic theory contains a whole system of schools and directions. Each of them has its own specifics, its adherents and opponents. The most famous among them are:

mercantilism;
physiocratism;
classical English political economy;
neoclassicism;
Keynesianism;
monetarism;
new classical economics, etc.

The role of economic science

Like any branch of human cognition, economics has at its disposal a system of ways and methods of cognition, its own subject of research. Depending on the stage of development of human society, the role of science also changes. If in the first stages of their development all sciences were descriptive in nature, then this was also typical for economics.

In the first stages of its development as a science, economics served only as a tool for managing the household as successfully as possible. She then took on leadership roles in trade relations and in matters of wealth accumulation. In the middle of the century, in connection with the expansion of trade with the countries of the East, economics studied the phenomenon of competition in trade relations.

In the era of the emergence of capitalism, the role of economics expanded due to the need to study issues of activity and regulation of rapidly expanding markets. The very basis of the economic system has changed. It was necessary to explain the emerging phenomena and investigate the pattern of their manifestation. Economic theory acquired a class character.

Therefore, we can say without exaggeration that economic theory plays a very important role in the formation of an entire system of sciences related to production and industrial relations, social development and the formation of social psychology. Without economics(theories) economic practice and economic education cannot exist. After all, it lays the foundations of economic knowledge and economic thinking.

Economics is the methodological basis for such branches of knowledge as:

sectoral economic disciplines;
functional economic disciplines (marketing, accounting, auditing, etc.);
interdisciplinary sciences ( economical geography, demographics, etc.);
history of the development of the world economy;
history of the formation of economic doctrines;
history of the development of ideologies.

Objectives of economic science

Any science is designed to serve certain purposes for the benefit of man. Economics attempts to solve humanity's basic economic problems of vital importance. For a person, the incentive for any of his activities is the desire to satisfy his needs. This can be done by using available resources and your capabilities.

But the amount of resources and human capabilities are extremely limited. And the needs are growing all the time. Therefore, the main task of economics is to develop a strategy to satisfy needs as much as possible through the use of a limited amount of resources.

To accomplish the main task, economics develops step-by-step tasks that allow solving the global economic problem. These step-by-step tasks include:

finding ways to increase the productivity of members of society;
security high level life of the population;
intensification of production development;
increasing the rational use of available resources and capabilities;
improving the system of distribution of benefits in society;
justification of the role and place of the state in the economic system of society;
assistance in solving major production issues (“what to produce?”, “for whom to produce?” and “how to produce?”).