Structure indicators are calculated. Absolute and relative indicators. Chain and Basic dynamics indicators

Under absolute values In statistics, we understand indicators that characterize the dimensions of the phenomena and processes being studied. For example, the volume of commercial output of the enterprise, the number of industrial production personnel, profit margin, etc.

Absolute values in statistics are the initial basis of statistical analysis. They are expressed in natural, conditionally natural, cost and labor units.

Natural indicators have a name, are given in natural units of measurement (tons, kilograms, meters, liters, pieces, etc.) Conditionally natural indicators are used in cases where a product has several varieties, and the total volume can only be determined based on the consumer property common to all varieties. Conversion into conventional units of measurement is carried out on the basis of special coefficients, calculated as the ratio of the consumer properties of individual product varieties to their reference value.

Cost indicators give monetary value socio-economic phenomena and processes.

TO labor units of measurement include indicators characterizing total labor costs and labor intensity. They are measured in man-days, man-hours, etc.

There are individual and summary (total) absolute indicators.

Individual indicators are obtained directly in the process of statistical observation as a result of measuring, weighing, counting, etc. of the quantitative characteristic being studied.

Summary (total) indicators characterize the volume of a characteristic or the volume of an aggregate of either the entire object or its part. They are determined by summarizing and grouping individual values.

Relative values are the result of comparison (division) of two indicators.

Depending on the number of units the comparison base is equated to, relative values can be expressed in the form:

coefficient if the base is taken as 1;

percent (%) if the base is taken to be 100;

ppm (0 / 00), if the base is taken to be 1000;

prodecimal (0 / 000) if the base is taken to be 10000.

It should be borne in mind that most relative values are unnamed numbers, with the exception of those that are obtained as a result of comparing different indicators and superficially resemble average values (for example, population density).

Unlike absolute values, relative indicators are production values and are calculated on the basis of absolute values.

In statistical analysis, the following types are calculated relative quantities: dynamics, implementation of the plan, planned task, structure, coordination, intensity, comparison.

Relative dynamics indicator (RDI) – indicators characterizing the relationship of similar quantities over time. They are calculated using the formula:

The quotient of the numerator divided by the denominator of a fraction is called dynamics coefficient. The dynamics coefficient, expressed as a percentage, is called growth rate. The reporting and base periods should not be confused. Reporting period– always current, basic- the period preceding the reporting period.

Let us give an example of calculating relative dynamics values (Table 8).

Table 8

Calculation of relative dynamics values

according to the release of commercial products

In the organisation

	Commodity products, million rubles	Relative magnitude of dynamics
		With a constant comparison base	With variable base comparisons
		coefficient	coefficient
January
February
March
April

Let's calculate the relative values of the dynamics with a constant comparison base, taking January as the base: 1426.9/1390.7=1.026*100=102.6%; 1492.6/1390.7=1.073*100=107.3%, etc. Such quantities with a constant basis of comparison are called base growth rates. Here, each subsequent level is compared with one permanent fixed level.

Let us calculate the relative values of the dynamics with variable comparison base, using the ratio of each subsequent month to the previous one: 1426.9/1390.7=1.026*100=102.6%; 1492.6/1426.9=1.046*100=104.6%, etc. These obtained relative indicators with a variable comparison base are called chain growth rates.

There is a relationship between the base and chain growth rates: the product of the chain growth rates is equal to the base rate of the last period.

Relative plan implementation indicator (RPI) - indicators characterizing the degree of fulfillment of the planned target. They are calculated using the formula:

Let's consider the calculation of plan implementation indicators according to the data in Table. 8.

For the first quarter of OPVP. =(24.15/22.28)*100%=108.4%;

For the second quarter of OPVP. =(23.62/21.35)*100%=110.6%.

We will make similar calculations for the remaining periods. Based on the calculations, the following conclusions can be drawn: more high percent The production plan was fulfilled in the second quarter (110.6%). The plan was least exceeded in the third quarter – by 4.3%.

Relative target indicator (RPI) – indicators characterizing the degree of establishment of the planned target for the reporting period. They are calculated using the formula:

Let's consider the calculation of relative indicators of the planned target according to the data in Table. 9.

Table 9

Calculation of the relative values of the implementation of the plan and the planned target according to the production output data of the team in the organization

Product output, million rubles.		Implementation of a plan, %	Fulfillment of the planned task, %
Base period	Reporting period
Base period

For the first quarter, TPZ = (22.28/22.25) * 100 = 100.1%.

We make similar calculations for the remaining periods. Based on the calculations, the following conclusions can be drawn: the highest percentage of setting the target target occurs in the third quarter (102.9%).

The relative values of the dynamics of the plan task and the implementation of the plan are in a certain relationship, namely: the product of the relative values of the implementation of the plan and the plan task is equal to the relative value of the dynamics.

There is a relationship between these indicators of the form: OPD = OPVP OPPZ.

Relative structure index (RSI) - indicators characterizing the share of the target components in the overall total. If you set the condition that:

X 1 + X 2 + X 3 +… X n =∑ X

then, taking the final value as 100%, each component can be calculated in relation to this value as a percentage. Wherein the sum of the calculated relative structure values should be 100% or 1.

Relative coordination index (RCI) - indicators characterizing the relationship to each other of the components of the whole.

When calculating relative coordination values any one part of the population under study is taken as the basis for comparison, and the rest are correlated with it.

Relative values of coordination can be expressed not only in coefficients, but also in percentage, and the same named units in which the characteristic is expressed.

As a comparison base, it is advisable to choose the one that has the largest share or is a priority (for example, the number of men per 1000 women).

Relative intensity index (RII) – indicators characterizing the ratio of one economic phenomenon per unit of another

When calculating the relative values of intensity, it is necessary to remember that they, in contrast to the values of dynamics, plan implementation and structure, are quantities named.

Relative intensity values include indicators of production, capital productivity, the number of births or deaths per 1000 people, and production per capita.

Relative Comparison Index (RCI) R ) - indicators characterizing the comparative sizes of phenomena of the same name for the same period of time, but for different objects.

Absolute values in statistics are the initial basis of statistical analysis. They are expressed in natural, conditionally natural, cost and labor units.

Cost indicators give a monetary assessment of socio-economic phenomena and processes.

TO labor units of measurement include indicators characterizing total labor costs and labor intensity. They are measured in man-days, man-hours, etc.

There are individual and summary (total) absolute indicators.

Individual indicators are obtained directly in the process of statistical observation as a result of measuring, weighing, counting, etc. of the quantitative characteristic being studied.

Relative values are the result of comparison (division) of two indicators.

Depending on the number of units the comparison base is equated to, relative values can be expressed in the form:

coefficient if the base is taken as 1;

percent (%) if the base is taken to be 100;

ppm (0 / 00), if the base is taken to be 1000;

prodecimal (0 / 000) if the base is taken to be 10000.

Unlike absolute values, relative indicators are production values and are calculated on the basis of absolute values.

In statistical analysis, the following types are calculated relative quantities: dynamics, implementation of the plan, planned task, structure, coordination, intensity, comparison.

Relative dynamics indicator (RDI) – indicators characterizing the relationship of similar quantities over time. They are calculated using the formula:

Let us give an example of calculating relative dynamics values (Table 8).

Table 8

Calculation of relative dynamics values

according to the release of commercial products

In the organisation

	Commodity products, million rubles	Relative magnitude of dynamics
		With a constant comparison base	With variable base comparisons
		coefficient	coefficient
January
February
March
April

There is a relationship between the base and chain growth rates: the product of the chain growth rates is equal to the base rate of the last period.

Relative plan implementation indicator (RPI) - indicators characterizing the degree of fulfillment of the planned target. They are calculated using the formula:

Let's consider the calculation of plan implementation indicators according to the data in Table. 8.

For the first quarter of OPVP. =(24.15/22.28)*100%=108.4%;

For the second quarter of OPVP. =(23.62/21.35)*100%=110.6%.

We will make similar calculations for the remaining periods. According to the calculations, the following conclusions can be drawn: a higher percentage of the production plan is fulfilled in the second quarter (110.6%). The plan was least exceeded in the third quarter – by 4.3%.

Relative target indicator (RPI) – indicators characterizing the degree of establishment of the planned target for the reporting period. They are calculated using the formula:

Let's consider the calculation of relative indicators of the planned target according to the data in Table. 9.

Table 9

Calculation of the relative values of the implementation of the plan and the planned target according to the production output data of the team in the organization

Product output, million rubles.		Implementation of a plan, %	Fulfillment of the planned task, %
Base period	Reporting period
Base period

For the first quarter, TPZ = (22.28/22.25) * 100 = 100.1%.

There is a relationship between these indicators of the form: OPD = OPVP OPPZ.

Relative structure index (RSI) - indicators characterizing the share of the target components in the overall total. If you set the condition that:

X 1 + X 2 + X 3 +… X n =∑ X

then, taking the final value as 100%, each component can be calculated in relation to this value as a percentage. Wherein the sum of the calculated relative structure values should be 100% or 1.

Relative coordination index (RCI) - indicators characterizing the relationship to each other of the components of the whole.

When calculating relative coordination values any one part of the population under study is taken as the basis for comparison, and the rest are correlated with it.

Relative values of coordination can be expressed not only in coefficients, but also in percentages, and in the same named units in which the characteristic is expressed.

As a comparison base, it is advisable to choose the one that has the largest share or is a priority (for example, the number of men per 1000 women).

Relative intensity index (RII) – indicators characterizing the ratio of one economic phenomenon per unit of another

When calculating the relative values of intensity, it is necessary to remember that they, in contrast to the values of dynamics, plan implementation and structure, are quantities named.

Relative intensity values include indicators of production, capital productivity, the number of births or deaths per 1000 people, and production per capita.

Relative Comparison Index (RCI) R ) - indicators characterizing the comparative sizes of phenomena of the same name for the same period of time, but for different objects.

Topic 6. Absolute and relative quantities

Absolute indicators

Statistical research, regardless of its scale and goals, always ends with the calculation and analysis of statistical indicators of various types and forms of expression. Original, primary form expressions of statistical indicators are absolute values. Absolute indicator – an indicator in the form of an absolute value, reflecting the physical properties, time or cost characteristics of the social economic phenomena and processes.

According to the method of expressing the sizes of the phenomena being studied, absolute values are divided into individual and total (summary volumetric). Individual absolute indicators characterize the size of quantitative characteristics of individual units of the population. They are obtained, as a rule, directly in the process of statistical observation as a result of measuring, weighing, counting and evaluating the quantitative characteristic of interest. Summary indicators characterize the object being studied as a whole or any part of it. They are obtained as a result of summarizing and grouping individual characteristic values.

Absolute statistics are always named numbers. Depending on the socio-economic essence of the phenomena under study and their physical properties, the following are distinguished: units of measurement of absolute indicators:

1) Natural units of measurement. IN international practice tons are used; kilograms; ounces; square, cubic and simple meters; miles; kilometers; gallons; liters; pieces, etc. In some cases, to characterize a phenomenon or process, one unit of measurement is not enough and the product of two units is used - composite natural units of measurement. For example, indicators of freight turnover and passenger turnover, estimated respectively in ton-kilometers and passenger-kilometers, electricity production, measured in kilowatt-hours, etc.

The natural group also includes conditionally natural meters, used in cases where a product has several varieties, and the total volume can only be determined based on the consumer property common to all varieties. Such units are obtained by bringing various natural units to one, taken as a basis, standard. For example, different kinds organic fuel are converted into standard fuel with a calorific value of 29.3 MJ/kg (7000 Kcal/kg). Conversion into conventional units of measurement is carried out on the basis of special coefficients, calculated as the ratio of the consumer properties of individual product varieties to the reference value. So, for example, 100 tons of peat, the calorific value of which is 24 MJ/kg, will be equivalent to 81.9 tons of standard fuel (100 - 24.0/29.3), and 100 tons of oil with a calorific value of 45 MJ/kg are estimated at 153 .6 tons of standard fuel (100 - 45.0/29.3).

2) Cost units of measurement. They give a monetary assessment of socio-economic phenomena and processes. Thus, one of the most important cost indicators in the system of national accounts, characterizing the overall level of development of the country’s economy, is the gross domestic product, which in the Russian Federation in 2012 amounted to 62,599.1 billion rubles at current prices.

When analyzing and comparing cost indicators, it is necessary to keep in mind that in conditions of high inflation rates they become incomparable; it is necessary to recalculate them into comparable prices.

3) Labor units of measurement. Allows you to take into account both the total labor costs of the enterprise and labor intensity individual transactions technological process, for example, man-days and man-hours.

Relative indicators

Relative indicator – an indicator in the form of a relative value, obtained as a result of dividing one absolute indicator by another and reflecting the relationship between the quantitative characteristics of the phenomena and processes being studied. Therefore, in relation to absolute indicators, relative indicators are derivatives.

When calculating relative values, the numerator always contains the indicator being compared, and the denominator always contains the indicator with which the comparison is made, i.e. taken as a basis or basis of comparison. Thus, the calculated relative indicator indicates how many times the compared absolute indicator is greater than the base one, or what share it makes up of it, or how many units of the first are per 1, 100, 1000, etc. units of the second.

Depending on the numerical value of the comparison base (base), the result of the relationship can be expressed either in the form coefficient(base = 1) and percent(base = 100, %), or in the form ppm(base = 1000, ‰) and decimillé (base = 10000).

The relative indicator obtained as a result of correlating different absolute indicators should, in most cases, be named. Its name is a combination of the names of the compared and basic indicators (for example, the production of any type of product in the corresponding units of measurement per capita).

All relative statistical quantities used in practice can be divided into the following types: dynamics, plan and implementation of the plan, structure, coordination, intensity, comparison.

1) Relative dynamics(OVD) represent the ratio of the level of the process or phenomenon under study for a given period of time and the level of the same process or phenomenon in the past:

There are relative values of dynamics with a constant and variable basis of comparison. If the comparison is made with the same reference level (for example, the first year of the period under consideration), one gets basic relative dynamics values, if with the previous level (i.e. the basis of the relative value changes consistently) – then chain.

Example calculation of air traffic control is presented in table. 6.1.

Table 6.1 – Analysis of store sales dynamics

Thus, store sales in 2012 compared to 2011 decreased by 8% (92 – 100 = -8), and in 2013 compared to 2012 increased by 35% (135 – 100 = 35 ).

2) Relative plan values(ORP) And relative values of plan implementation(OVRP). All subjects of financial and economic activity, to one degree or another, carry out both current and strategic planning, and also compare the actual results achieved with those previously planned. For this purpose, the relative values of the plan and the implementation of the plan are used.

Relative plan values(planned growth rates) express the ratio of the planned target to the actual value of the indicator for the reporting period:

Relative values of plan implementation represent a relation actual value indicator to the planned:

The following relationship exists between the relative values of the plan, plan implementation and dynamics:

ORP·OVRP = OVD.

Example. The company's sales volume in 2012 amounted to 2.0 million rubles. The company's management planned to increase sales volume to 2.8 million rubles in 2013.

ORP = (2.8/2.0) 100 = 140%,

those. the company's management planned to increase sales in 2013 compared to 2012 by 40%

Let's assume that the actual sales volume for 2013 amounted to 2.6 million rubles.

ORP = (2.6/2.8) 100 = 92.9%,

those. the company in 2013 did not fulfill the sales volume plan by 7.1%.

OVD = (2.6/2.0) 100 = 130%;

OVD = 1.4 0.929 100 = 130%,

those. The company's sales volume in 2013 increased by 30% compared to 2012.

There are a number of indicators that, when an enterprise’s performance improves, are reduced, for example, expenses, production costs, the number of defective products, etc. In this case, the total production volume is calculated, on the contrary, by dividing the planned value of the indicator by the actual value.

Example. The company planned to reduce the cost of production in 2013 compared to 2012 by 8%, but actually reduced it by 4%.

those. In 2013, the enterprise did not fulfill the plan to reduce costs by 4.2%.

3) Relative magnitudes of structure(OVS) represent the relationship between the structural parts of the object being studied and their whole:

OBC is expressed in fractions of a unit or percentage. The calculated values, respectively called shares or specific gravity, show what share or specific weight this or that part has in the overall total.

Example. Let us characterize the structure of the population of the Russian Federation in 2012 (Table 6.2).

Table 6.2 – Structure of the population of the Russian Federation by place of residence, 2012

Thus, urban population in 2012 it was 73.92% in total number population of the Russian Federation, rural - 26.08%.

4)Relative coordination values(HVAC) represent the ratio of one part of a population to another part of the same population:

In this case, the part that has the greatest share or is a priority from an economic, social or other point of view is selected as a basis for comparison. OVCs show how many times a given part is larger than the base one, or what percentage of it it is, or how many units of a given part are per unit of the structural part.

Example. Let us characterize the relationship between urban and rural population RF in 2012 (Table 6.3).

Table 6.3 – Ratio of the population of the Russian Federation by place of residence, 2012

Thus, in 2012 in the Russian Federation there were 35 rural residents per 100 urban residents.

5) Relative intensity values(OVI) characterize the degree of distribution of the phenomenon under study and represent the ratio of the indicator under study to the size of its inherent environment:

These indicators are obtained by comparing opposite but interrelated quantities. Therefore, most often they are named quantities. Typically, JVI is calculated in cases where the absolute value is insufficient to formulate substantiated conclusions about the scale of the phenomenon and the density of its distribution.

Example. The population of the Russian Federation in 2012 was 143.0 million people. The area of the Russian Federation is 17,075,400 km2.

JVI = 143.0 10 6 /17075400 = 8.4 people/km 2,

those. The population density in the Russian Federation averages 8.4 people/km 2 .

6)Relative comparison values(OVSr) represent the ratio of the same absolute indicator characterizing different objects (enterprises, regions, countries, etc.):

Example. Enterprise income A– 100,000 rub. per month, enterprises IN – 150 000; WITH– 300,000 rub. per month Compare enterprise income.

OVSR ( WITH/A) = 300000/100000 = 3;

OVSR ( WITH/IN) = 300000/150000 = 2,

those. enterprise income WITH three times the company's income A and twice the company's income IN.

Relative indicators are statistical values that express a measure of the quantitative relationship between the absolute values of a characteristic and reflect the relative sizes of phenomena and processes.

Relative indicators are the result of a mathematical ratio (division) of usually two absolute statistical values expressing the value of either one or two statistical characteristics. This means that relative indicators can be formed in two ways: firstly, by the ratio of two absolute values of the same name; secondly, by the ratio of two opposite absolute quantities. Depending on this, one or another type of relative indicators and the corresponding unit of measurement can be obtained. It is advisable to note that relative indicators are formed when absolute indicators of the same name are related to each other (for example, times, percentages, etc.), opposite indicators are formed when absolute values of the same name are related to each other (ts/ha, rub./person, m/s, etc.). d.).

Depending on the tasks solved using relative values, the following types of relative indicators are distinguished: dynamics, structure, coordination, intensity, comparison, order fulfillment, level economic development.

Relative dynamics indicators– this is the ratio of the absolute or relative value of a characteristic for a given (reporting) period and the absolute or relative value of the same characteristic for any similar previous period. Note that dynamics refers to changes in phenomena over time. Among the relative indicators of dynamics, the main one is growth rate. The growth rate, expressed as a percentage (%), is usually called growth rate.

Growth coefficients (rates) calculated on a variable comparison basis are called chain coefficients, and on a constant basis - basic ones. To calculate relative dynamics indicators, it is necessary to have initial (absolute) data for at least two periods or points in time.

Chain growth factors can be calculated using the formula

where Kc is the chain growth coefficient; U p – next level of dynamics; U p-1 – previous level speakers.

Basic growth rates usually calculated as follows:

where Kb is the basic growth coefficient; U o – initial (basic) level of dynamics.

Growth rates characterize relative speed growth (decrease) in the levels of a number of dynamics and are widely used in the study of dynamic development, determination of patterns and trends manifested in the dynamics of phenomena and processes.

Relative indicators of structure.

One of the most important features of all phenomena lies in their complexity. Even a molecule of distilled water consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Many phenomena of nature, society, and human thinking are extremely complex, i.e. consist of a larger number of elements. Therefore, when statistical study of any objects it is often necessary to calculate and evaluate the relative indicators of the structure.

Relative structure indicators represent the ratio of an absolute indicator characterizing the quantitative part of a whole, and an absolute indicator expressing this whole. From this definition it follows that when calculating relative indicators of a structure, the absolute indicator of the whole is taken as a basis for comparison, i.e. the overall total for any indicator, and as compared - the absolute values of the individual parts of this whole.

Calculation of relative indicators of the structure in general view can be expressed by the following formula:

where d n is the share of each component in the complex phenomenon; n is the absolute value of each component of the complex feature; Σn is the total absolute sum of the components of a complex feature.

Relative indicators of the structure characterize the qualitative composition, i.e. the internal structure of complex features, and are aimed at revealing the detailed content of phenomena.

Relative indicators of the structure can be expressed in fractions of a unit (times), specific gravity (percent - %, ppm - ‰, prodecimille - ‰o).

Relative indicators of coordination.

Relative coordination indicators- this is the relationship between the absolute sizes of the component parts in some absolute whole. To calculate these indicators, one of the component parts of the whole is taken as a basis for comparison and the relationship of all other parts to it is found. This can be represented as the following formula:

where K k is the coordination coefficient;n 2,n 3,......n n is the absolute size of the compared components;n 1 is the absolute size of the base component in a complex feature.

Using relative coordination indicators, they determine how many units of a given component of a single whole are in 1, in 10, in 100, in 1000, etc. units of another part taken as the basis of comparison. This means that relative coordination indicators characterize not the structure of a complex trait, but the measure of coordination, “harmony” between the constituent parts of the parts in a complex trait and make it possible to identify the discrepancy between the parts of a single whole, their disproportions.

Relative intensity indicators.

Relative intensity indicators(degrees) represent the ratio of the absolute sizes of two qualitatively different but interrelated characteristics in a statistical aggregate. These indicators characterize the degree of distribution of any process in the environment in which the development of the phenomenon under study occurs.

A type of intensity indicators are relative indicators of the level of economic development. This is the ratio of the absolute sizes of two qualitatively different (opposite) but interrelated characteristics. In this case, the absolute value of usually a factor characteristic is taken as the basic indicator (denominator), and the absolute value of the characteristic—the result—is taken as the numerator. This can be represented as the following formula:

where D is a relative indicator of intensity; U is the absolute value of the resulting characteristic; X – absolute value of the factor characteristic.

Relative comparison indicators.

Relative comparison indicators(comparisons) are obtained by the relation namesake absolute indicators related to different statistical units, populations or objects. In this case, one of the objects is used as the base (denominator), and all the others are compared with this base object and are usually expressed in the form of coefficients. Therefore, relative comparison scores can be calculated using the following formula

where K is the comparison coefficient of absolute indicators;
- absolute indicators for the second, third, etc. object; m 1 - absolute indicator for the base (first) object.

Relative order fulfillment rates.

Relative order fulfillment rates(tasks, plan) represent the ratio of absolute, actually achieved indicators for a certain period or as of some point in time and the absolute indicators established by the order (task, plan) - for the same period or for the same moment. Relative order performance indicators are usually expressed in the form of coefficients that characterize the degree of order (task, plan) completion. This can be represented by the following formula:

where Kv is the order (task, plan) completion rate; U f - absolute value of the actual level; Уз – absolute level of order (task, plan).

Relative value (indicator) of dynamics— represents the ratio of the level of the phenomenon or process under study for a given period to the level of the same process or phenomenon in the past.

Dynamics indicator = Level of the current period / level of the previous period

The relative magnitude of the dynamics characterizes the intensity, structure, dynamics of economic phenomena, shows how many times the current level exceeds the previous (basic) one. The magnitude of the dynamics is called growth rate, if expressed as a multiple ratio, or growth rate, if expressed as a percentage. The relative magnitude of dynamics characterizes the speed of development of a phenomenon or the rate of change of a phenomenon over time.

Growth rate- this is the magnitude of the dynamics expressed as a percentage.

Rate of increase is the amount of increase in the relative magnitude of the dynamics as a percentage.

Example: in 2007 the number of personnel was 120 people. in 2008 130 people.
Solution:
ATS = (130 / 120) * 100% = 108.3% - 100% = 8.3%.
The number of employees in 2008 increased by 8.3% compared to the previous year.

Chain and Basic dynamics indicators

There are relative values with a constant and variable basis of comparison:

If the comparison is made with the same level taken as the base, then the relative values of the dynamics with a constant base ( basic).
If a comparison is made with the previous level, then relative values of dynamics with a variable base are obtained ( chain).

Basic— characterize the phenomenon for the entire period of time under study as a whole. The initial level is taken as the base, and all other periods are compared with the base.

Chain— characterize the development of the phenomenon within the time period under study. Each subsequent period is compared with the previous one.

Example

There is data on the number of unemployed in the Russian Federation:

Solution:

To calculate relative values with a constant comparison base Let’s take the 2004 level as the base:
(7,0/8,9) * 100% = 78,6
(5,1/8,9) * 100% = 57,3
(6,3/8,9) * 100% = 70,8
(5,6/8,9) * 100% = 62,9

Relative values with variable comparison base:
(7,0/8,9) * 100% = 78,6
(5,1/7,0) * 100% = 72,9
(6,3/5,1) * 100% = 123,5
(5,6/6,3) * 100% = 88,9

The relationship between basic and chain dynamics indicators

The product of all relative values with a variable comparison base is equal to the relative value with a constant comparison base for the period under study: 0.786*0.729*1.235*0.889 = 0.629
The ratio of the subsequent value of dynamics with a constant base to the previous indicator of dynamics with a constant base is equal to the corresponding value of dynamics with a variable comparison base: 0.708/0.573 = 1.235