Defines tourism How “temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as citizens) from a permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary stay.”.

Tourism industry- a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, entertainment facilities and means, educational, business, recreational, sports and other facilities, organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as organizations providing excursion services and guide services -translators.

Tourist activities- tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as other travel organization activities.

Tour operator activities- activities for the formation, promotion and sale of a tourism product, carried out on the basis of a license legal entity or individual entrepreneur(hereinafter referred to as the tour operator).

Travel agency activities- activities for the promotion and sale of a tourist product, carried out on the basis of a license by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur (hereinafter referred to as a travel agent).

Guide-translator services- activities of a professionally trained individual to familiarize tourists with tourism resources in the country (place) of temporary stay.

Tourist package- a document confirming the fact of transfer of the tourism product.

Tourist voucher- a document establishing the tourist’s right to services included in the tour and confirming the fact of their provision.

Tourist product- the right to a tour intended for sale to tourists.

Promotion of tourism product- a set of measures aimed at selling the tourism product (advertising, participation in specialized exhibitions, fairs, organizing tourist information centers for the sale of tourism products, publication of catalogs, booklets, etc.).

Tourist resources- natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including objects of tourist display, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual needs of tourists, contribute to the restoration and development of their physical strength.

Tourist service- activities of enterprises and organizations to meet the needs of tourists in travel, recreation and excursions.

Tour- a range of services for accommodation, transportation, meals for tourists, excursion services, as well as the services of guides-interpreters and other services provided depending on the purpose of the trip.

Tour program- its essence. How good and thought out the program is to the minutes of stay in a particular place, including free time used by the tourist at his personal discretion, so good and popular is the tour. The program should take into account the physical capabilities of tourists by age categories and other characteristics, changes in time zones, the body’s adaptability to climate change, saturation and the ability to perceive information, etc. Drawing up a tour program is an interesting and important part of the work of a tour operator. However, it is not uncommon for a tour operator to plan only the program itself general view, allowing (leaving the opportunity) the tourist to slightly change individual components. Thus, a tourist can fly not in economic class, but in business class, take accommodation not in a double, but in a single room, in a hotel of a better or lesser class, he is given the opportunity to choose one or another excursion or attraction. All activities, including free time, must be counted by the minute. A tourist should not wait and waste the travel time he has paid for. Such important details as time reserve and the possibility of visiting the toilet, etc. are also taken into account.

The most common types of tours are:

Inclusive tour- a trip sold by travel agencies in the form of a full range of services, including obtaining a visa, transportation, hotel accommodation, meals, transfers, excursion services.

Incentive tour- an incentive trip at the expense of a travel agency, organized by an enterprise for its employees for achievements in work.

In international tourism statistics, the term is used as units of observation, recording and analysis "visitor".

One-day visitor- this is an individual who does not spend the night at the place of visit (for example, the crew of a ship going ashore, but spending the night on the ship).

All visitors are also divided into excursionists and tourists.

Excursionists- these are persons temporarily staying in the country (city, etc.) for no more than 24 4 hours. Tourists from a cruise ship also act as excursionists if they do not use local accommodation facilities for an overnight stay. Overnight visitors are considered tourists.

Tourist- a citizen visiting the country (place) of temporary stay for health, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities for a period from 24 hours to 6 months in a row or spending at least one overnight stay.

Tourism is divided into types, categories, types. There are three types of tourism: internal, external and inbound.

Domestic tourism- travel within Russian Federation persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation.

Outbound tourism- travel of persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation to another country.

Inbound tourism- travel within the Russian Federation by persons not permanently residing in the Russian Federation.

By type, tourism is divided depending on the following:

Number of travel participants: individual and group.

Individual tourism involves traveling from one to five people. Service is personal, usually with higher prices.

Group travel(more than 5 people) are organized on the basis of common interests of group members.

Purely for economic reasons, firms providing tourism services are interested in a reasonably large volume of tourism services and capacity utilization. The greater the flow of tourists served and the greater the turnover, the more profitable the business, it is possible to reduce prices and increase the competitiveness of services in tourist market. In order to intensify the capacity utilization of enterprises tourism industry These enterprises are introducing significant price discounts for group services for tourists.

The concept of a group of tourists, in the sense of its minimum size, depends on the type of tourist service. Thus, on some types of transport, a group ticket and, accordingly, a group discount in price can be obtained if the group of tourists consists of 5 - 6 people. For accommodation, hotels and inns offer group discounts for groups starting from 11 people. However, if this is an expensive business group, then the minimum number can be determined as 7 people.

With a smaller number of tourists, they are classified as individual tourists and normal prices and tariffs are established for them, usually taken as the basic ones. Similar group discounts can be established for services in restaurants, museums, entertainment centers, etc. For some transportation, for example, airlines for small groups of individuals, special discounts are established. Thus, a family traveling on a trip can receive a special family discount (ticket in the name of the head of the family). An individual tour is always more expensive than a group tour. However, there are quite a lot of tourists traveling individually, and therefore prices in catalogs of service industry enterprises are usually indicated for individual tourists. Group discounts are an important part of the contractual work of tourism organizers. Therefore, in order to save money, often clever tourists following guest invitations buy a place on a group tour, and then upon arrival leave the group, returning later on their own. This causes deep irritation to immigration services, since, on the one hand, a visitor visa usually costs more than a tourist visa, and a different, usually more stringent, procedure for obtaining and processing it has been established. On the other hand, such a tourist escapes the control of the services that control the guest’s stay (duration of stay, place of residence, hiring, mandatory departure at the time specified in the visa, etc.).

You should firmly understand that group travel prices are always 50% or more lower than individual prices. Therefore, they are more profitable for mass tourists.

Tourism differs in funding sources: commercial and social.

Initially, all tourism activities were commercial in nature and carried out with the aim of making a profit. In the field of tourism, as in any other sector of the economy, profit is one of the main indicators of the performance of a tourism enterprise. However, very often, due to this, the goods and services they offer may be available only to people with high and average income levels.

Social tourism has emerged as a counterweight to commercial tourism.

Social tourism- travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs, in order to create conditions for travel for schoolchildren, youth, pensioners, disabled people, war and labor veterans and other citizens to whom the state, state and non-state funds, other charitable organizations and foundations provide social support, as the least well-off part of the population when using their right to rest. Many tourism enterprises (hotels, restaurants, attractions) directly or indirectly participate in the social tourism system.

Tourist vouchers, sanatorium courses to boarding houses, sanatoriums, resorts, holiday homes, for schoolchildren and students on vacation, to camps are given to employees of enterprises, pupils and full-time university students with a significant subsidy, sometimes reaching 70-90% total cost or completely free. A separate category consists of pensioners, war veterans, participants in high-risk activities and others classified as preferential categories of the population.

Children and youth always receive discounts on transportation. Young people under the age of 25 and students in the social tourism system receive significant discounts on accommodation and meals. All over the world there is a system of youth hostels (cheap hotels, such as student dormitories), facilitating travel for young people. This is not a bad idea - young people, who have not yet started a family, should see the world, find out how other peoples live, enrich themselves with knowledge and life experience. And civilized society helps them with this. Young people traveling even get the right to call their parents for free once a week and report on their affairs.

The level of social tourism and its share in the total volume of tourism services consumed by the population adequately reflect the social achievements of a given society. In the USSR, social tourism accounted for more than 80% of the total national tourist turnover and up to 50% of international exchange. In Russia, some enterprises (boarding houses, sanatorium-resort enterprises, departmental tourist centers and children's camps) have again returned to the practice of subsidies for organized recreation for employees and members of their families, mainly children. Valid Russian Association Social Tourism - GROWTH.

The system of tourist exchange is of great importance, in particular within the framework of children's and youth tourism. This applies to both domestic and international tourism.

However, social benefits should not be discriminatory for other categories of travelers - this provision determines that benefits are usually given only in certain classes of service, for example, in economic, tourist, budget air transport, second class in railway trains, etc. Destinations and social tourist vouchers are provided through social tourism mainly in the low season. When giving subsidies to the poor part of the population, the bodies providing them choose tours in the low season, the cheapest services.

Social tourism, for all its usefulness, also has negative impacts on the tourism industry of tourist centers. Although the cost of the main part of tourist services (transportation, accommodation and food) is compensated by subsidies and does not affect financial result For the vast majority of tourism enterprises, there is negativity. Categories of tourists who receive free trips through social tourism cannot demand high quality service, service personnel lose their qualifications, and the low-income part of the population on social vacations is not able to spend a large amount of money on goods and related services. This has a negative impact on the development of the entertainment and attractions industry. It is this factor that determines the general low level of tourist services in tourist centers and resorts, which we inherited from previous times.

Way of organizing the trip divided into organized and unorganized.

Tourists satisfy their tourism needs in different ways. They can receive an appropriate set of services through the mediation of a travel agency or without its participation, paying for a trip with comprehensive services in advance or each service separately as they use it on the spot. Strictly regulated trips offered by travel agencies and usually carried out on an advance payment basis are called an organized tour. Organized tourists purchase tours according to pre-agreed routes, length of stay, and scope of services provided.

Unlike organized tourists, unorganized tourists are not bound by any mutual obligations with various kinds of intermediaries, primarily travel agencies. They travel on the principles of initiative and self-service. These are either young people traveling around the world during the holidays, or tourists who believe that they themselves can plan their trip cheaper. A typical example is hitchhiking using passing cars as a means of transportation.

Among the types of tourism we can name amateur- travel using active modes of transportation, organized by tourists independently.

Amateur tourism is based on the activities of individuals, small tourist groups, voluntary tourist associations, unions and tourist clubs, which on a voluntary basis participate in the organization and implementation of tourism, publish their own regulations regulating tourist activities, conduct hikes, tourist rallies and competitions, publish their own tourist methodological literature and periodicals. There is a judging corps that assigns titles to participants in categorical types of active tourism: mountaineering, cycling, water tourism on kayaks, boats, rafts, etc.

Types used Vehicle can be: bus, air, water, railway, automobile, using other means of transportation.

Rhythm of tourist flows: It can be seasonal or year-round.

By age composition travel participants can be divided into elderly people, middle-aged people, youth, etc.

Tourism depends on the needs: therapeutic, sports, educational, business, adventure, religious, festival, etc.

1) Valid N – number of observations;

2) Kendall Tau – Kendell's t coefficient value; ...

3) p-level– corresponding significance level: if p< 0.05, then a decision is made about the presence of a statistically significant relationship.

RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF TOURISM AND SERVICE

Yerevan branch

M.G. Stakyan

B2.V.OD.1 TOURISM STATISTICS

lecture notes

(specialty 100400.62 “Tourism”)

YEREVAN-2013

PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

TOURISM AS AN OBJECT OF STATISTICAL

STUDIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

History of the development of tourism statistics and its subject

Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Object of study, methods and tasks of tourism statistics. . . . 6

Main classifications used in tourism. . . . 8

System of tourism statistics indicators. . . . . . . . 10

STATISTICAL STUDY OF TOURISTS

ENTERPRISES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Modern organization tourism. . . . . . . . . . 15

Statistics of tourist accommodation facilities. . . . . . . . 17

Statistics of sanatorium and health resorts

Institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM STATISTICS. . . . 22

Tourism as a species international activities, his classi-

Fiction, goals and meanings. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Subject, object and objectives of tourism statistics. . . . . . 24

System of indicators of international tourism statistics. . 24

Statistics of tourist income and expenses. . . . . . . 25

Methods for obtaining information on tourism statistics. . . 26

International tourism market statistics and

Tourist services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Statistics of international tourism services. . . . . . . 27

LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

PREFACE

Modern tourism is a complex socio-economic system that was formed in the process of long historical development. Since ancient times, humanity has known about travel carried out with the aim of discovering new lands, trade, education, pilgrimage, treatment, etc.

As tourism developed, both its goals and the means of transportation and accommodation of travelers, as well as the number of tourists themselves, changed. In the post-war decades, tourism became widespread; At the same time, in many countries, a “powerful leisure industry with its own product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production” is being formed.

TOURISM AS AN OBJECT OF STATISTICAL STUDY

Today, in global practice, the tourism sector accounts for 6% of the world's national product, 7% of global investment, one in 16 jobs and 5% of all tax revenues.

Given the enormous influence of tourism on the development of the country's economy, tourism statistics are faced with special requirements and challenges. First of all, it is necessary to study the methodological problems of calculating statistical indicators of tourism, identifying patterns of development of the tourism market, its impact on other sectors of the economy and the standard of living of the population.

History of the development of tourism statistics and the subject of its study

Statistical works in the field of tourism appeared in late XIX V. Thus, in 1883 in Zurich, the economist Fleuler gave a report on the state of the hotel industry, in which he revealed the prospects for developing natural resources Switzerland to involve them in tourism. In 1895, he published a work entitled “Towards the Development of Tourism Statistics”, in which he proposed using such indicators as the number of tourists, the number of places of their accommodation, and the number of workdays sold in the statistical analysis of tourist services.

In 1884, a congress was held in the city of Graz (Austria) on the problems of tourism development in the Austrian Alps.

In 1899, in Italy, the Directorate of the Statistical Service published a report, “The Movement of Foreigners in Italy and the Expenditure of Funds.”

In 1905, the “Dictionary of the Swiss National Economy” was published, which contains an article on the development of tourism in the country until 1900.

In 1927, an economic encyclopedia of the state economy was published in Germany, including issues related to tourism. In 1934, I. Glucksman’s book “Tourism” was published in Switzerland. As the head of the Berlin Institute of Economics, in 1941 he created 2 scientific centers in the city of Bern and in the city of St. Galen, whose activities are devoted to the study of tourism. Each of the leaders of these centers - Dr. Hunziker and Dr. Krapf - later became the founders of the scientific study of tourism. Their joint work “The Main Features of the Study of Tourism” received international recognition.

In the second half of the 20th century. scientific and educational institutes for tourism research are being created: in Geneva (Switzerland) - the International Institute for Tourism Research; in Germany - scientific and research institutes at the Universities of Munich and Frankfurt am Main; in Austria - Institute for Tourism Training at the Higher School of World Trade in Vienna; in France - the Institute of Tourism Economics at the University of Aix, as well as in Spain, Belgium, the USA, Mexico and other countries.

Subject The study of tourism statistics is a quantitative description of tourism and tourism services, their condition, dynamics, as well as an assessment of the contribution of tourism to the country’s economy.

The word "tourism" in its original sense meant the movement and temporary stay of people outside their permanent place of residence. However, in the process of historical development, the content and meaning of this concept constantly underwent changes and additions. Thus, according to the definition adopted by the UN in 1954, “tourism is an active recreation that affects the promotion of health, physical development of a person, associated with movement outside the permanent place of residence.”

IN further problem defining the category of tourism was given attention at the International Conference on Tourism Problems organized by the UN (Rome, 1963), International Congresses on Tourism (Lausanne, 1954, 1971), Scientific Conference on Tourism Problems (Varna, 1968), Congress of the World Tourism Organization (Manila, 1986).

In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted a broader definition of tourism: “Tourism is the activity of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one consecutive year, for the purpose of leisure, business and other purposes."

In relation to an individual country, international statistics distinguish the following types of tourism:

a) domestic tourism, i.e. travel of residents within their own country;

b) inbound tourism, i.e. travel in any country by persons who are not its residents;

c) outbound tourism, i.e. travel of residents of a country to another country.

Based on the above types of tourism, the following categories of tourism are formed:

1) tourism within the country, including domestic and inbound tourism;

2) national tourism, which covers domestic and outbound tourism;

3) international tourism, consisting of inbound and outbound tourism.

All types of tourism apply both to the country as a whole and to individual regions, districts and territories. At the same time, the term “domestic tourism” used in the tourism context differs from the similar concept used in the SNA system of national accounts. From a tourism perspective, the definition of "domestic" is used to refer to the travel of residents of a country within its borders. From the SNA point of view, it refers generally to tourism-related activities and to expenditures by both permanent residents and non-residents who travel within a given country, i.e. both domestic and inbound tourism.

Textbook for students in the discipline “Introduction to Tourism”

International tourism statistics

The main definitions of tourism were formulated by the United Nations (Conference on Tourism and International Travel, Rome, 1963) and the Commission on Statistics UN (April 1968). These definitions were revised and adopted at a conference held by the World Tourism Organization in Ottawa in June 1991. Some recommendations were also formulated there, which the WTO published in its report “Recommendations on Statistics in International Migration”. SICTA is a standard international classification of tourism activities. SICTA was adopted by the UN Statistical Commission in March 1993 as a provisional classification. SICTA is included in the full report on the Recommendations on Tourism Statistics, jointly published by the United Nations Statistics Division and the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). SICTA's specific objectives are: promoting a more comprehensive statistical picture of tourism; reorienting national accounts reporting towards a more sensible and meaningful categorization of tourism-related economic activities; providing a framework for comparability of national and international tourism statistics; providing tourism professionals with more accurate knowledge about tourism products, services, markets and the state of this sector; ensuring a statistical link between aspects of supply in tourism (services provided - income - costs) and aspects of demand (expenses - needs - preferences); providing a clearer assessment of the state of the balance of payments and the contribution of tourism to international trade flows. ( (Tourist terminological dictionary. 1999) http://www.slovarnik.ru/html-turist/s/sikta.html)

According to the above-mentioned WTO recommendations, all travelers crossing the external borders of countries are divided into those who should be included in tourism statistics and called guests, and those who are not included in statistics based on the reasons for their visit (Fig. 1).

Typically, tourists include people who travel in their free time, during vacations or holidays. However, the definitions of visitors and tourists are much broader and include all persons who travel or visit a place for purposes other than “engaging in activities remunerated from a source in the place visited.”

As a consequence, a traveling entrepreneur or merchant may or may not be considered a tourist depending on where his work is paid for and how he carries out his activities.

The purposes of travel (trip) are classified into the following categories, each of which includes the following types of activities:

leisure, recreation and recreation:

Sightseeing, shopping, sports and cultural events;

Participation in recreational and cultural activities;

Non-professional sports, hiking and mountaineering;

Beach use, cruises, military recreation, summer camps, etc.;

visiting friends and relatives:

Trips to relatives or friends;

Home leave;

Attendance at a funeral;

Care for the disabled;

business and professional goals:

Equipment installation;

Inspection, procurement;

Sales to foreign enterprises;

Participation in meetings, conferences and congresses, trade fairs and exhibitions; incentive trips for enterprise employees;

Giving lectures and concerts;

Preparation of tourist travel programs;

Concluding agreements for accommodation and transport;

Working as guides and other positions in the tourism industry;

Participation in professional sporting events;

Government travel, including diplomats, military personnel or employees of international organizations, with the exception of cases of permanent work in the country visited;

Paid training, education and research activities, scientific holidays;

Language, professional or other special courses related to the work or profession of the visitor and with appropriate support;

recreational trips, stays at medicinal waters, resorts and other types of treatment and recovery;

religion/pilgrimage:

participation in religious events, pilgrimage;

other purposes:

crews of passenger aircraft and water vessels, transit trips, etc.

If a traveler makes a trip for several purposes, then in this case the main goal is of primary importance, in the absence of which this trip would not have taken place (all other goals are of a related nature). http://www.allpravo.ru/library/doc2264p/instrum5586/item5588.html

Fig.1. Classification of foreign guests, where

crews of foreign aircraft and ships that use the host country's facilities;

travelers who arrived in the country on board a ship (as defined by the International Maritime Organization, 1965) and spend the night on board, even if visiting for one or more days;

crew members who are not residents of the host country and remain in the country for one day for rest;

guests who arrive and stay for a few days for relaxation, entertainment and vacation; visiting friends and relatives, restoring health; for professional purposes and business; for religious purposes; for other tourism purposes, including transit of one-day visitors en route to or from the selected country;

status defined by the United Nations in the Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration, 1980;

passengers who do not live in the transit areas of airports and seaports, including transfers between them;

status determined by United Nations High Commission on Refugees, 1967;

diplomats traveling to and from their home countries (including families)

A guest who stays in the country for 24 hours or more or spends at least, one night in the host country, classified as a tourist. If he spends less than 24 hours in the country, then he is classified as a one-day guest or, according to previously accepted terminology, as an excursionist. Summarizing all of the above, we can distinguish three groups of international travelers:

foreign guest- any person leaving for another country that is not his (her) permanent place of residence for a period not exceeding 12 months, while the main purpose of the visit is other than paid activity; foreign tourist- is a guest residing in the country of temporary stay for at least 24 hours for the purpose of recreation (vacation, recreational, educational, religious, sports, professional, business and other purposes); excursionist- this is a foreign guest who does not spend the night in the host country, but returns, for example, to the ship or train on which he arrived in the country.

When compiling statistics, they use control procedures for entering and staying in the country, registration forms in institutions providing accommodation (mainly for domestic tourism). They also use records in the log books of international passenger carriers and national tourism reviews, which contain information on foreign and domestic tourism. However, there are practical difficulties in compiling these statistics. For example, it is not easy to separate visitors from immigrants, visitors from people living or working near external borders, transit passengers from international airline crews, etc. People who stay overnight with their relatives and friends are practically not taken into account. It is also difficult to collect information on tourist spending in the country. Such information can be obtained from accounting foreign currency conducted by banks or sellers of tourism services. However, this method has its limitations. Therefore, a more thorough collection of information is necessary directly from foreign tourists when leaving the country or from domestic tourists when returning from a trip.

http://www.mrcpk.tsure.ru/docs/liter/turism/turism6/Untitled/www.itravel.ru/biblio/book05/page008.html

The International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics (ICRT 2008) were approved at the 39th session of the UN Statistical Commission (February 2008). From March 30 to April 2, 2009, the Vth UNWTO International Conference on Tourism Statistics was held in Bali (Indonesia) under the motto “Tourism, an engine for employment.” The significance of the conference in Bali in 2009 lies in understanding the problem of assessing quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the level of employment.

On the following Internet pages you can find texts in English:

http://www.unwto.org/statistics/index.htm - International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008

http://www.unwto.org/statistics/irts/annex.pdf - the main differences between the new statistical recommendations and the old ones, 1993.

Practical tasks.

Table 1.

	(thousand people)
for tourism purposes

	Number of foreign citizens arriving in Russia(thousand people)
for tourism purposes

Analyze table 1. What categories of persons make up the difference between the values ​​of the first and second rows? Using the text of the chapter, list what goals were pursued by the citizens whose numbers are indicated in line 2, and the citizens who make up the difference between lines 1 and 2.

Table 2.

Entry of foreign citizens into Russia in 1995-2008, by purpose of travel (million arrivals) 1)

Total

official

service personnel 2)

According to Russian Union tourism industry, Rosstat and Federal agency on tourism

http://profi.travel.ru/stats/inout.html

2.Compare your conclusions after completing task 1 with the data in table 2.

3. Construct graphs of changes in the total number of arrivals of foreign citizens to Russia and changes in the number of tourist arrivals to Russia for the period from 1995 to 2010.

4. Analyze the dynamics of arrivals. Thanks to what travel purposes does the total number of arrivals of foreign citizens to Russia not decrease?

Tourism statistics is a branch of socio-economic statistics and examines the development of tourism and the tourism industry.

Basic concepts of tourism:

• - sanatorium-resort organizations - treatment and preventive organizations equipped with beds and providing prevention and rehabilitation treatment to the population mainly based on the use of the healing properties of natural healing factors. These include sanatoriums, health resorts, boarding houses with treatment, etc. Recreation organizations are health organizations intended for recreation. These include houses, boarding houses and other recreation organizations, tourist centers. They provide accommodation, food and tourist and excursion services.
• - sanatorium-resort organizations and recreation organizations are located, as a rule, within resorts, health-improving areas, and in suburban areas.
• - a recreational network is a set of recreational institutions located in a country (republic, region, district). These include institutions of medical and recreational recreation, sports and educational tourism. The main indicator of the development of the recreational network is the density of recreational institutions, equal to the number of places in them per 1 thousand square meters. km of territory. In accordance with this, territories are divided into forced, moderately and poorly developed recreational areas. The functional development of recreational institutions is determined by their orientation towards one or another type of recreational activity.
• - demographic characteristics (gender of consumers, their age; number of family members) are among those that are sufficiently used. This is due to the availability of characteristics, their stability over time, as well as the very close relationship between them and demand. Based on age, the following segments can be distinguished, which should correspond to different offers of tourism products:
• - children (up to 14 years old) traveling both with their parents and without them;
• - youth (15-24 years old);
• - relatively young, economically active people (25-44 years old), traveling with families (with children);
• - economically active middle-aged people (45-60 years old) traveling without children;
• - older tourists (60 years and older).

The first segment, related to children's tourism, depends on the decisions of parents and adults. Young people generally prefer relatively cheap travel using less comfortable accommodation and transport. People aged 25-44 years old are characterized by the predominance of family tourism, so it is necessary to be able to use children's playgrounds, children's pools, etc. Consumers aged 45-60 years old have increased demands for comfort and convenience, and meaningful excursion programs. Tourism of the “third” age requires not only comfort, but also the opportunity to obtain qualified medical care, personal attention from service personnel.

Socio-economic characteristics involve the identification of consumer segments based on common social and professional affiliation, education and income level. Family income levels have a significant impact on tourist behavior. A number of researchers argue that income level is one of the criteria for belonging to the upper, middle or lower class of society. It is known that a person’s financial situation affects his needs, preferences, and purchasing choices. Differences in financial situation population generate heterogeneity in tourism demand. On the one side, tourist demand is expanding due to the increasing involvement in tourism of people with average and even relatively low level income as the need for recreation associated with a change of scenery and travel becomes one of the main ones. On the other hand, demand for tourist trips continues to come from people with high level income. The offer of a tourist product for these two different groups should be different. If the former are interested in trips that allow them to get the maximum discount, the main purpose of their trip is to relax at sea, while the choice of vacation destination is mainly determined by the price level. Their principle is to get everything for your money in full. The latter prefer individual travel. Having basically higher education, they are interested in educational trips, seeking a change of impressions. There are two age categories presented here: middle and “third” age. If people of the “third” age travel in groups, then middle-aged people prefer individual trips or trips in small groups of friends and acquaintances. These people are interested in long-distance travel lasting 2-3 weeks. Tourists are interested in souvenirs, and these can be expensive items that indicate that people have made a long, exotic journey.

The following types of tourism are distinguished:

• - route-cognitive;
• - sports and recreation;
• - business and congress tourism;
• - resort;
• - medicinal;
• - festival;
• - hunting;
• - environmental;
• - shop - tourism;
• - religious;
• - educational;
• - ethnic, etc.

Seasonal variations and the country's climatic conditions also affect tourism demand. They have the following features: in the northern hemisphere, the greatest intensity of demand occurs in the third quarter of the year, as well as during the Christmas and Easter holidays. Seasonality of demand varies by type of tourism and territory. Thus, medical and educational tourism is subject to seasonality to a lesser extent, and sea and ski tourism - to a greater extent. Different areas of residence have specific forms of seasonal unevenness. This gives us the right to talk about the specifics of uneven demand in a particular region, country, or on a global scale. The seasonal nature of consumer preferences plays a big role when choosing a vacation spot. For example, the Mediterranean resorts of Turkey, where there is a long tourist season, are rapidly developing. These resorts are very popular among Russians, because when going on vacation in the cold autumn or winter, you can enjoy the Mediterranean Sea and the mild climate at this time. Moreover, tourists are favored by Turkey’s development policy, as a result of which it is possible to combine high-quality and inexpensive holidays.

There are four seasons tourism activities:

• - peak season - the period most favorable for organizing recreational activities of people, characterized by the maximum density of tourists and the most comfortable conditions for recreation.
• - high season - peak period business activity in the tourism market, the time of validity of the highest tariffs for tourism products and services.
• - low season - the season of reduced business activity in the tourism market, which is characterized by the lowest prices for tourism products and services.
• - “dead” season - the period that is most unfavorable for organizing recreational activities (for example, uncomfortable weather conditions).

So, each tourist chooses the season most suitable to meet his needs and requests.

By appearance entrepreneurial activity are divided into:

• - producers of tourism products - travel companies: travel agents and tour operators, work to make a profit and satisfy the needs of tourists.
• - tour operator - a legal entity or individual entrepreneur carrying out activities on the basis of a license to form, promote and sell a tourist product.
• - travel agent - a legal entity or individual entrepreneur who, on the basis of a license, carries out activities to promote and sell a tourist product.

Tour operators and travel agents are part of the tourism industry.

Depending on what exactly attracts tourists, and how they travel, as well as on many other factors, a classification can be made by type of tourism: By the purpose of the activity, by the method of implementation, by the number of participants in the trip, by the use of vehicles, by the geography of travel.

Currently, there is a Resort Council under the head of the resort city as a public advisory body. Its representation is limited to members of the public sector - the most authoritative managers of resort health resorts and representatives of the administration, whose functions are aimed at providing infrastructure and normal functioning resort. It is this function of caring for the general needs of the resort that is the main one. There was no place on the Resort Council for representatives of the tourism industry and the private sector involved in serving tourists. Therefore, it cannot adequately express the interests of all tourism sectors.

Another organizing center in the field of tourism, namely in excursion services for tourists, is the Coordination Center for Excursion Services and the Methodological Council for Excursion Work. The Coordination Center was created under the Department of Culture of the Executive Committee and is a public association of managers of tourism and excursion companies and entrepreneurs engaged in tourism and excursion activities.

The subject of tourism statistics is a survey of the quantitative side of the state and development of the tourism industry in inextricable connection with the qualitative side.

The main purpose of tourism statistics is a statistical survey of phenomena both limited to leisure markets and covering the global travel market in the interrelationship of various characteristics of tourism, both for independent analysis of activities in this area, and for use as a source of data for the development of tourism-related payment indicators. balance and compilation of SNA accounts.

The main objectives of tourism statistics are the organization of statistical observation of tourist flows, places of their accommodation, characteristics of trips, wholesale and retail trade, transport, construction, employment, financial intermediation, income and expenses related to tourism based on a unified scientific methodology that complies with international rules and standards.

The Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” 1 provides an interpretation of tourism terms (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1. Basic tourist terms

1 the federal law“On the fundamentals of tourism activities in the Russian Federation” dated April 24, 2004 No. 132-FZ.

	End of table. 1.1
	Definition
Outbound tourism	Travel of persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation to another country
entry	Travel within the Russian Federation by persons not permanently residing in the Russian Federation
Social tourism	Travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs
Amateur tourism	Travel using active modes of transportation, organized by tourists independently
	A citizen visiting a country or a place of temporary stay for health, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities for a period of 24 hours to 6 months in a row or spending at least one overnight stay
	A range of services for accommodation, transportation, meals for tourists, excursion services, as well as the services of guides-interpreters and other services provided depending on the purpose of the trip
Tourist	The right to a tour intended for sale to tourists
Promotion of tourism products	A set of measures aimed at selling a tourism product (advertising, participation in specialized exhibitions, fairs, organization of tourist information centers for the sale of tourism products, publication of catalogs, booklets, etc.)
Tour operator activities	Activities for the formation, promotion and sale of a tourism product, carried out on the basis of a license by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur (tour operator)
Travel agent activity	Activities for the promotion and sale of a tourism product, carried out on the basis of a license by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur (travel agent)
Re-guide services drivers	Activities of a professionally trained individual to familiarize tourists with tourism resources in the country (place) of temporary stay
Tourist	Document confirming the fact of transfer of the tourism product
Tourist	A document establishing the tourist’s right to services included in the tour and confirming the fact of their provision

The main subject of tourism is, first of all, a person - a tourist. At the UN Conference on International Tourism and Travel (Rome, 1963), it was proposed to use the concept "visitor" - any person traveling to any place outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 consecutive months, main goal whose travel is not an activity remunerated from a source in the place visited.

The concept of “visitor” covers two categories of persons: tourists and excursionists. Tourist is a temporary visitor to an area, locality, territory or country, regardless of his citizenship, nationality, gender, language and religion, staying in the area for at least 24 hours, but not more than 6 months during calendar year, or who is outside his place of residence within his country and spends at least one overnight stay in a collective or individual accommodation facility, traveling for pleasure or with educational, entertainment, medical and recreational, guest, professional and business purposes and not engaged in any activity in a place of temporary stay, paid from local source. Excursionist there is a temporary (one-day) visitor to an area, settlement, territory or another country, regardless of his citizenship, gender, language and religion, who is in the area for tourism purposes for no more than 24 hours.

Consumption in tourism is defined as the cost of tourism products (goods and services) used to directly satisfy the needs of a tourist or excursionist. This includes the visitor's expenses for a package of services (tour product) or individual expenses for accommodation, food and drinks, transportation, leisure, recreation, cultural, sports, excursion and other events, as well as for purchases at the place of stay and other expenses.

Under tourism product(tourist product) is understood as a set of two types of use values ​​- tangible (goods) and intangible (services) necessary to satisfy the needs of the tourist arising during his tourist travel(trip) and caused by this particular trip.

Under tourist goods is understood as a product of labor in production spheres of activity, created for sale and intended for use primarily by tourists or excursionists. Tourist service is defined as the activities of enterprises, organizations, institutions or citizen entrepreneurs to meet the needs of visitors for travel, recreation or excursions.

Tourist goods and services include complex trips - packages of services (tours), accommodation services, food, transport services, cultural, sports, recreational, excursion and others, including special services, tourist goods and souvenirs consumed at the place of stay (maps, diagrams, sunglasses, backpacks, etc.).

Service packages(tours) consist of: accommodation services; food services (including drinks); transport services; transfer (including meeting, seeing off, carrying or transporting luggage and the tourist to their place of residence); organization and provision of excursion, recreational, cultural and sports services; services for organizing shopping trips; other services (passports, visas, medical and veterinary certificates, car rental, insurance, etc.). Tourist services are divided into basic (included in the contract and paid for by the visitor) and additional (paid at the time of consumption during travel or at the place of stay).

Under tour means a comprehensive tourist service, travel, trip, organized on an individual or collective basis along a specific route and program with advance booking and purchase travel tickets, hotel, transport, excursion and catering services, visas, insurance, etc. As a rule, a tour is the primary selling unit of a tourism product on the tourism market, while individual tourism services are also in demand on the market. The most common types of tours are: inclusive tour, incentive tour and package tour.

Inclusive tour - a trip sold by travel companies in the form of a full range (package) of services, including obtaining a visa, transportation, hotel accommodation, meals, transfers, excursion services along the travel route. Incentive tour is an incentive trip at the expense of the company, organized by the enterprise for its employees for achievements in work (for example, for increasing overall sales, assistance in staff training, etc.). Package tour- a package of services, including transportation and accommodation, as well as other unrelated services.

Under group(collective) travel is usually understood as a joint trip of several persons along a single route and under the same conditions for all. The unification of travelers into one group is determined by the common interests and purposes of the trip, as well as lower prices for tours compared to individual trips due to the provision of group discounts. According to international standards, a group trip is considered to be a joint trip of 15 people or more.

Trans tour- the name of the tour in cases where the cost of a group tour includes travelers’ expenses associated with travel from the place where the group is formed to the first accommodation facility on the route, as well as from the last accommodation facility on the route back.

Tours are divided by purpose into educational, recreational, health, medical, entertainment, amateur, specialized (congress, scientific, business, folklore, archaeological, shopping, sports, adventure, extreme, environmental, etc.), informational (advertising) and so on.

Individual travel represents an independent journey by one or more persons and involves service of a personal nature, usually at higher prices. IN international practice Individual trips are considered trips with a group size of less than 15 people.

In any case, travel (stays, trips, tours) is carried out along pre-selected routes and stay programs, and they have a certain duration and purpose.

Route- the tourist’s route, indicated by a list of all geographical points and places sequentially visited by him during his trip, indicating the types of transport used by the tourist to move between stops (stays) along the route.

The tour must be supported by an appropriate service program. Tourist services is a set of activities that provide tourists with various conveniences when purchasing and consuming services and goods during travel and stay outside their permanent place of residence. Tourist travel program (stay)- a plan of activities indicating the dates and times of stay at stopping points along the route, at a hotel, visits to places of tourist interest for the purpose of exploring them (excursions), meals, as well as moving along the route using the vehicles specified in the route program.

The tour is documented in the form voucher(invoice) - an official document confirming payment for the services provided for in the service program and being the basis for their receipt by a tourist or group of tourists. The most common type of voucher is a tourist voucher.

The tourism industry includes: tourism organizers; accommodation establishments; catering establishments; industrial tourism enterprises; excursion organizations; transport companies; trade enterprises; leisure and entertainment enterprises; amateur tourism institutions; tourism authorities; educational, scientific and design institutions and much more.

Tourist activities refers to activities related to the organization of all forms of departure of people from their place of permanent residence for recreational purposes to satisfy educational interests or for professional and business purposes without engaging in paid activities in places of temporary stay. A special role in the implementation of such activities belongs to tourism enterprises- tour operators and travel agents. Accordingly, tour operator and travel agent activities differ.

The production of a tourism product is based on the targeted and rational use of tourism resources. Based on existing tourism resources, tourism centers and tourist centers exist and develop. Tourism center is a city, locality or object where a complex of tourist and excursion services has been created on the basis of recreational resources. Tourist center is an area that, in addition to tourist resources, has the appropriate infrastructure (including transport, accommodation, catering, service, entertainment, etc.) to serve significant tourist contingents, and also attracts tourists due to the presence of specific recreational resources, conveniences of the transport and geographical location and information available to tourists about this center).

• Economics and tourism organization. international tourism: Textbook, manual / Ed. Yu. V. Zabaeva et al. M., 2005.
• Zorin I.V., Kvartalnoye V.A. Tourist terminological dictionary. M., 1999.