However, in cases where the end repair work for objects with long term their production and a significant amount of the specified work takes place in the year following the reporting year, the balance of the reserve for the repair of fixed assets is not reversed. The cost of completed repairs, taken into account on account 23"Auxiliary production", subaccount "Repair of fixed assets", are written off to account 96"Reserves upcoming expenses". In cases where actual costs exceed the amount of the reserve, the difference is reflected in account 97"Future expenses". The repayment of this amount (write-off to cost) is made on the basis of a revision of the estimated cost of the overhaul.
Control questions
1. Formulate the concept of costs and explain how they are related to the cost of production.
2. What is the meaning of the process of distribution of overhead and general business expenses by types of enterprise products?
3. Define the concept of product costing.
4. What are the main methods of costing products.
5. Can general business expenses be written off to sales accounts? If yes, what's the point?
6. In the cost of production of the enterprise, a significant part is made up of general business expenses. Should this circumstance worry the chief accountant?
7. Define the concept of expenses and list the conditions under which they are recognized.
8. What is the difference between the accrual method and the cash method of recognizing expenses?
9. What are the main types of expenses on an economic basis?
10. What economic sense has the concept of deductions for social insurance and provision?
11. Define deferred expenses. Write the posting of their inclusion in the cost of products (works and services).
12. Defective products were found in production. Where and how to write it off?
13. What is the difference between correctable and irreparable marriage accounting?
14. Which marriage is worse (internal or external) and why?
15. Give definitions of income and expenses of the enterprise.
16. What types of income and expenses are established by Russian standards?
17. When do profits occur and when do losses occur? What account are they on?
18. Expand concepts accounting profit and taxable income? How do they relate to each other?
19. What caused the appearance of shortages and loss of values in the enterprise? What account are they on?
20. What is the measure of responsibility of the employees of the enterprise for the shortages found in them?
21. Expand the concept of the rate of natural loss of goods (products). How are shortages written off within these limits?
22. The court refused to convict the employee of the enterprise of the shortage. Where should the amount of the shortage be written off, and with what postings?
23. The shortage in the warehouse is due to theft. What should management do, how are these actions reflected in accounting?
24. Why do we need reserves for future expenses? What account are they on?
25. What is the reason for the need to account for income and expenses of future periods?
26. The enterprise received fixed assets from the sponsor for free use. How to register this transaction in accounting?
27. Is it possible to predict the financial result of the enterprise in accounting?
Choose the correct answer
1. General running costs can be written off
a) Dt 20 Kt 26
b) Dt 90 Kt 26
c) Options "1" and "2" depending on the method fixed in the accounting policy
Choose the correct answers
2. Income of the organization is recognized as an increase in economic benefits as a result of
a) receipts Money; c) repayment of obligations;
b) acquisition of fixed assets; d) increase in the authorized capital.
3. Receipts are not recognized as income
a) the amount of taxes (VAT, excises, etc.);
b) proceeds from the sale of products;
c) amounts received under commission agreements and similar agreements;
d) amounts in the order of advance payment for products;
e) fines;
e) the amount of the deposit.
4. The income of the organization, based on the nature, conditions for their receipt and areas of its activities, are divided into
a) operating income; d) other income;
b) income from ordinary activities; e) planned income;
c) external income;
5. The income of the organization from ordinary activities includes noccesses associated with
a) receiving fines; d) performance of work;
b) selling products; e) provision of services.
c) revaluation of assets;
6. Other income is
a) proceeds from the sale of products;
b) receipts for the asset handed over for temporary possession and use:
c) income related to participation in authorized capitals other organizations;
d) fines received;
e) profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year;
e) profit from joint activities;
g) proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets
7. Fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of the contract are accepted for accounting in amounts
a) claims made against the debtor; b) awarded by the court;
c) recognized as a debtor; G) recognized by the court excluding court costs.
Choose the correct answer
8. Assets received free of charge are accepted for accounting
a) an agreed assessment; c) accounting estimate;
b) the amount of costs for their delivery; d) market value.
9. Accounts payable for which the term has expired limitation period to the income of the organization
a) turn on b) does not turn on.
Choose the correct answers
10. Revenue in accounting can be recognized if
a) the organization is entitled to receive it;
b) there was a transfer of money to bank accounts;
c) its size can be determined
d) there is confidence that there will be an increase in economic benefits
e) there is a document confirming the buyer's consent to pay for the products
Choose the correct answer
11. In the debit of account 28 are reflected
a) The cost of the final marriage
b) Cost of returnable waste by price possible use
c) Recovery from the perpetrators of the marriage
Choose the correct answers
12. Rent and license payments, when it is not the subject of activity, are recognized in accounting based on
a) assumptions of temporal certainty of the facts of economic activity;
b) the terms of the relevant contract;
c) the time of receipt of documents for payment.
13. Fines, penalties, forfeits are accepted for accounting in the period in which
a) compensation for damages has occurred;
b) a decision was made by the court on their recovery;
c) they are recognized as a debtor.
Choose the correct answer
14. The amounts of revaluation of assets are recognized in accounting in reporting period, which
a) coincides with the date of their revaluation;
b) follows the inventory period.
15. If there is a reserve for warranty repairs, the amount of losses from marriage is debited by an entry
a) Dt 20 Kt 28
b) Dt 91 Kt 28
c) Dt 96 Kt 28
Choose the correct answers
16. Information about the accounting policy of the organization in the reporting should be disclosed in the areas
a) the method of accounting for production costs and costing;
b) the procedure for recognition of revenue;
c) methods for determining the cost of works and services;
d) a method for determining the readiness of works, services, products, the proceeds from the performance, provision, sale of which are recognized as they are ready.
Choose the correct answer
17. Reservation for upcoming vacation pay, including insurance premiums, are reflected in the record
a) Dt 97 Kt 20
b) Dt 20 Kt 76
c) Dt 20 Kt 96
Choose the correct answers
18. Accounting should provide disclosure of information on income in the context of activities
a) main; d) investment;
b) current; e) financial.
c) statutory;
Choose the correct answer
19. When accounting for budget funds, as resources are actually received, entries are made in the accounts
a) D-t sc. 51 " Settlement accounts”, 55 “Special bank accounts” - Set of accounts. 86
"Special-purpose financing";
b) D-t sc. 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" - Kt c. 86
"Special-purpose financing";
c) D-t c. 08 "Investments in non-current assets" - Set of accounts. 86 "Target fi
nansirovanie".
20. When accounting for budgetary funds, as targeted financing and debts on these funds arise, entries are made in the accounts
a) D-t sc. 51 "Settlement accounts" - Kt c. 86 "Target financing";
b) D-t sc. 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" - Kt c. 86"Target financing";
c) D-t c. 51 "Settlement accounts", 55 "Special accounts in banks" - Kt c. 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors";
d) D-t sc. 08 "Investments in non-current assets" - Set of accounts. 86 "Target financing";
e) D-t sc. 08 "Investments in non-current assets" - Set of accounts. 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors".
21. Budget resources received for financing capital investments, written off within
a) term beneficial use non-current assets;
b) 10 years from the date of commissioning of facilities;
c) the period of recognition of expenses associated with the fulfillment of the conditions for the provision of budgetary funds;
G) technical term use of fixed assets.
Choose the correct answer
22. Budgetary funds provided to finance current expenses are written off within
a) the useful life of the assets;
b) the period of recognition of the expenses for the financing of which they are provided;
c) 5 years from the date of the expenditure.
23. Budget funds received to finance expenses incurred by the organization in previous reporting periods are reflected as
a) other income; c) profit;
b) operating income; d) additional capital.
Choose the correct answers
24. Budgetary funds are subject to return in cases of their
a) use for social events;
b) misuse;
c) use to increase equity;
d) non-use within the established time limits.
25. Budget loans are reflected in the accounts
a) 86 "Target financing";
b) 66 "Settlements on short-term credits and loans";
c) 58 " Financial investments»;
d) 67 “Calculations for long-term loans and loans."
Choose the correct answer
26. On what account is the actual production cost of the product released from production determined? finished products
a) 20 b) 40 c) 43 d) 90
27. Specify the entries reflecting the operations for the acquisition of licenses:
a) Dt 76 Kt 51 Dt 97 Kt 76
b) Dt 08 Kt 76 Dt 04 Kt 08
c) Dt 26 Kt 60
28. For what purposes is a reserve for future expenses and payments created?
a) Payouts wages
b) Repair of fixed assets
c) Covering the losses of the reporting period
d) Repayment of tax debts to the budget
29. In accordance with PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization", the proceeds from the transfer of property under an exchange agreement are reflected in accounting based on:
a) The value of the received property: .
b) The balance sheet value of the property to be retired.
c) The market value of the retired property.
30. The company leased the premises for a period of 3 months from November current year through January of the following year. At the end of November, the landlord fully received the amount due in advance (450,000 rubles). rent for three months. What accounting entry reflects this transaction if the lease is not the main activity?
a) Dt sc. 51 ct sc. 91 - 450,000.
b) Dt c. 51 ct sc. 91 - 150,000.
Dt c. 51 ct sc. 76 - 300,000.
c) Dt c. 51 ct sc. 62 - 450,000.
Dt c. 62 Kt. 91 - 150,000.
31. The expenses of the organization are recognized:
a) Costs included in the established order in the cost of products (works, services), and sales costs.
b) a decrease in economic benefits resulting from the disposal of assets.
c) all costs incurred by the organization that are recoverable from sales proceeds.
32. For what purposes are reserves for future expenses and payments created? Give the most complete answer:
a) Payment of vacations, payment of various remunerations.
b) Repair of fixed assets, production costs for preparatory work.
c) Various payments, remuneration, vacation pay, repair of fixed and other assets, various costs associated with preparatory work, land cultivation, etc.
d) Warranty repair and warranty service, vacation pay.
33. What entry is made when deducting repair expenses to the repair fund or reserve, to the reserve of expenses for upcoming vacation pay, etc., attributable to capital investments (investments)?
a) Dt sc 20 Kt sc. 96.
b) Dt c. 26 Kt. 96.
c) Dt c. 08 ct sc. 96.
d) Dt c. 97 ct sc. 96.
34. What account entry reflects written-off materials for expenses accounted for at the expense of previously created reserves for future expenses?
a) Dt sc. 97 ct sc. 23.
b) Dt c. 96 Kt. 41.
c) Dt c. 96 Kt. 10.
d) Dt c. 97 Ktsch. 10.
35. Information on income received (accrued) in the reporting period, but relating to future reporting periods, as well as upcoming inflows of debts for shortages identified in the reporting period for previous years and the difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty persons, and book value for shortages material assets, is reflected in the account:
36. Amounts previously recognized as deferred income are reflected as income received under ordinary activities with the onset of the relevant period:
a) Dt sc. 98 Kt. 90.
b) Dt c. 98 Kt. 91.
c) Dt c. 98 Kt. 94.
37. Free receipt materials is reflected in the accounting entry:
a) Dt sc. 10 Kt. 91.
b) Dt c. 10 Kt. 99.
c) Dt c. 10 Kt. 98.
38. The shortage of materials identified in the past reporting periods, found guilty by persons or awarded - to be recovered from them by the judicial authorities is reflected:
a) Dt sc. 94 ct sc. 98.
b) Dt c. 73 ct sc. 94.
c) Dt c. 98 Kt. 91.
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The company has the right to independently decide whether to create reserves for the repair of fixed assets or do without them. Your choice must be fixed in the accounting policy. On the features of accounting and tax accounting In both cases, let's talk...
Don't forget to complete the paperwork
The need for repairs must be documented. Such a document may be an act on the identified malfunctions (defects) of the object. If the enterprise repairs the asset on its own, the act is drawn up in one copy.
When transferring equipment for repair in special unit an organization (for example, a repair service) must draw up an invoice for internal movement in the form No. OS-2 (approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated January 21, 2003 No. 7). But if the location of the object does not change during the repair, there is no need to draw up an invoice.
Upon completion of the repair work, an act of acceptance and delivery of the repaired fixed assets is drawn up unified form No. OS-3 in one copy. Then information about the repair carried out is reflected in inventory card(Form No. OS-6 or OS-6a). The named forms are also approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated January 21, 2003 No. 7.
Accounting: features
In practice, a distinction is made between current and major repairs. As a rule, current repair refers to the maintenance of objects to keep them in working condition. Overhaul involves the replacement of the main elements (parts, structures, assemblies, etc.).
For long-term repairs, it is advisable to consider assets separately - on a separate sub-account "Fixed assets in repair" of the account.
The cost of carrying out repairs on your own consists of:
– cost of spare parts and consumables;
- salaries of workers who performed repairs;
- insurance premiums accrued from the salaries of these specialists, etc.
The accounting procedure for these costs depends on whether the enterprise creates a reserve for repair costs or not.
If the reserve is not created
Let's say the company has its own repair service. In this case, the cost of the work is reflected in the posting:
DEBIT 23 CREDIT 10 (16, 69, 70 …)
- the cost of repairing equipment.
After the object is completely repaired (that is, an act in the form No. OS-3 is signed), the expenses recorded on the account are written off to cost accounting accounts, depending on the purpose for which the asset is used.
As a rule, these are accounts that reflect the repaired object:
DEBIT 20 (25, 26, 29, 44 …) CREDIT 23
- the cost of repairing equipment is written off to the expense accounts.
If there is no repair service in the company, then the repair costs are not preliminarily taken into account on the account. As they arise, they immediately make a debit entry to the cost accounting accounts (20, 25, etc.) and a credit to the asset and liability accounts (10, 70, etc.)
But there is another way. To write off costs on a straight line, an entity may account for the cost of repairing property, plant and equipment as deferred expenses.
In this case, the following entries are made:
DEBIT 97 CREDIT 10 (16, 69, 70 …)
- the cost of equipment repair is taken into account;
DEBIT 20 (23, 25, 26, 29 …) CREDIT 97
- expenses for the repair of equipment are written off (in the manner prescribed in the accounting policy).
The company creates a reserve
In this case, they first approve the planned cost estimate for the repair of fixed assets for the current year, where they establish annual amount contributions to the reserve. Accordingly, the monthly amount of deductions is calculated by dividing the annual amount by 12 months (clause 69 of the Guidelines approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 13, 2003 No. 91n).
The reservation of amounts is reflected by the following posting:
DEBIT 20 (23, 25, 26, 29 ...)
- deductions to the reserve are reflected.
During the year, the actual repair costs are written off from the created reserve:
DEBIT 96 sub-account "Reserve for the repair of fixed assets"
CREDIT 10 (16, 69, 70 …)
- written off the current costs of repairing equipment.
At the end of the year, as of December 31, an inventory of the created reserve is carried out. During the inventory, the actual amount of incurred repair costs is compared with the amount of deductions to the reserve. As a result, three situations may arise. First: the amount of the created reserve is less than the amount of actual repair costs, that is, the balance of the sub-account "Reserve for the repair of fixed assets" turned out to be debit. In this case, the entry is made:
DEBIT 20 (23, 25, 26, 29 ...)
CREDIT 96 sub-account "Reserve for the repair of fixed assets"
- an additional reserve was accrued in the amount of the excess of the actual expenses for repairs over the amount of the reserve.
Second: the amount of the formed reserve is more than the amount of actual expenses for repairs (the balance of the sub-account "Reserve for the repair of fixed assets" is in credit). In this case, a reversal posting is made:
DEBIT 20 (23, 25, 26, 29 ...)
CREDIT 96 sub-account "Reserve for the repair of fixed assets"
- the overcharged amount of the reserve for repairs has been reversed. And finally, the third option - the reserve is fully used and there is no overspending (the balance of the sub-account "Reserve for the repair of fixed assets" will be zero).
tax accounting
The procedure for tax accounting of repair costs also depends on whether the company creates a reserve of expenses or not.
There is no provision for creating a reserve
Let us turn to paragraph 1 of Article 260 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
It says here that the cost of repairing property, plant and equipment is treated as other expenses. They are recognized in tax accounting in the reporting (tax) period in which they were incurred (in the amount of actual costs).
If the company creates a reserve
Organizations using the accrual method can create reserves for future repairs of fixed assets. This right is granted to them by paragraph 3 of Article 260 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The procedure for the formation and use of the reserve is established by Article 324 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
Pay attention to the next point. Part tax expenses reserves are included. They are charged to expenses evenly over the entire calendar year– quarterly or monthly (depending on what is considered a reporting period for income tax).
The annual amount of contributions to the reserve is calculated by multiplying the total cost of fixed assets by the rate of contributions to the reserve (in percent).
The total cost of fixed assets is the sum original cost all depreciable objects put into operation as of the beginning of the current tax period.
The enterprise sets the deduction standard independently and reflects it in the accounting policy. However, one limitation should be kept in mind. The reserve limit cannot exceed average value actual repair costs for the last three years. Thus, if the planned amount is more than the average repair costs, then the standard is determined based on the average costs. And if less, then based on the planned costs.
Example 1
In 2011, the metallurgical plant created a reserve for the repair of fixed assets. Initially, it was planned to spend 600,000 rubles on repairs for the year.
The actual expenses of the enterprise for repairs over the previous three years amounted to 1,500,000 rubles, including:
- for 2010 - 600,000 rubles;
- for 2009 - 400,000 rubles;
- for 2008 - 500,000 rubles.
The average amount of repair costs for the previous three years is 500,000 rubles. (1,500,000 rubles: 3 years).
It turns out that the planned amount of expenses for repairs exceeded the average amount of expenses (600,000 rubles > 500,000 rubles). Therefore, the maximum annual value of the reserve is 500,000 rubles.
As of January 1, 2011, the balance sheet of the plant was listed, the total value of which is 5,000,000 rubles.
This means that the maximum possible rate of deductions to the reserve will be 10 percent (500,000 rubles: 5,000,000 rubles × 100). This value was indicated in the accounting policy of the organization for 2011 for tax purposes. Reporting periods for income tax - I quarter, half a year, etc.
RUB 5,000,000 × 10% : 4 square meters = 125,000 rubles.
Thus, as part of tax expenses for the 1st quarter of 2011, the plant has the right to take into account 125,000 rubles.
Actual repair costs incurred in the current year (the cost of spare parts and consumables, the amount of wages of specialists involved in repair work, etc.) are attributed to the use of the reserve. Include them directly tax costs impossible (because in tax accounting in this case amounts used to create a provision are recognized). The result of using the reserve is determined at the end of the year. There are three options:
- the amount of actual repair costs exceeded the amount of the reserve (overrun of the reserve);
- the amount of actual repair costs turned out to be less than the amount of the reserve (the reserve is underutilized);
- the amount of actual repair costs is equal to the amount of the reserve (the reserve is fully used in the calendar year).
If the reserve is overdrawn, the difference between the actual costs and the amount of the used reserve is included in other expenses. The date of recognition of such expenses will be the last day of the calendar year.
If at the end of the year the reserve is underutilized, then the difference between the amount of the reserve and the actual costs is included in non-operating income (clause 7, article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The date of recognition of such income is the last day of the calendar year. An unused reserve balance cannot be carried over to the next year.
If the reserve is fully used, additional income or expenses in tax accounting do not arise.
Features of complex and expensive overhaul
The maximum amount of deductions to the reserve may well be increased.
This will happen if the enterprise (in addition to ordinary repairs) plans to carry out a particularly complex and expensive repairs and accumulates funds for this purpose during more than one tax period.
In this case, determine the size annual deductions for an expensive overhaul (dividing the amount of planned costs by the number of years during which the organization plans to accumulate funds). The amount calculated in this way increases the annual reserve.
However, note: this can be done only on the condition that in the previous tax periods (three years) no particularly complex and expensive repairs were carried out.
Also remember that it is impossible to form a reserve for expenses only for complex and expensive repairs (and the costs of current repairs of fixed assets cannot be written off without creating a reserve). Article 324 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation does not provide for the creation of a separate reserve for the cost of complex and expensive repairs. Therefore, the enterprise must either form a single reserve for all types of repairs, or not create it at all.
Example 2
Let's use the conditions of the previous example. Let's assume that the plant's fixed assets include a facility that needs to be costlyly overhauled every five years.
The planned amount of expenses for it (according to the estimate) is 1,250,000 rubles. Therefore, annually the organization has the right to additionally deduct 250,000 rubles to the reserve. (1,250,000 rubles: 5 years). In this case, the maximum possible standard for deductions to the reserve for repair costs will be:
(500,000 rubles + 250,000 rubles): 5,000,000 rubles × 100 = 15%.
The quarterly amount of deductions to the reserve is as follows:
RUB 5,000,000 × 15% : 4 square meters = 187,500 rubles.
Accordingly, as part of tax expenses for the 1st quarter of 2011, the plant's accountant has the right to take into account 187,500 rubles.
Please note that, unlike the normal repair allowance, the amount reserved for complex repairs that is not used during the year is not included in non-operating income. It is carried over to next year. True, provided that complex and expensive repairs have not yet been carried out (not completed).
Important to remember
The rules for the formation and use of the reserve for repair costs in accounting and tax accounting are largely the same. To avoid differences, it is better to provide for the same standards for deductions to reserves (for the purposes of accounting and tax accounting). Also, do not forget that the need for repairs and the costs of it must be documented.
One of the elements of the accounting policy of the organization may be the use of a mechanism for reserving funds for future expenses, which, in particular, include the costs of future repairs of fixed assets. At present, from the point of view of the current legislation, the creation of such a reserve is not a mandatory norm. The need to create a reserve is determined by the economic entity independently, based on the actual availability of fixed assets, the frequency of repairs, and also depending on the complexity of the work performed. It should be remembered that if an organization has decided to create a reserve for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets and this circumstance is reflected in the accounting policy, then in accordance with paragraph 10 of PBU 1/98 5, all branches, representative offices and other divisions of the organization (including dedicated on separate balance sheet) regardless of their location should apply the appropriate accounting treatment.
One of the most common ways to form a reserve is to monthly, during the reporting period, include in the cost of production an amount calculated on the basis of the estimated cost of upcoming repairs. In practice, situations often arise when the cost of repairs performed is less than the amount reserved for these purposes. In this case, when conducting an inventory before compiling annual financial statements, excessively reserved amounts at the end of the year are subject to reversal (clause 3.52 of the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13, 1995 N 49).
If the repair work was actually started in the current year, but due to their long execution, the end of the repair will be in the next year, the reversal of the balance of the reserve for the repair of fixed assets at the end of the current year is not made, but is transferred to the next year. In the future, upon completion of the repair, the excessively accrued amount of the reserve should be attributed to the financial results of the reporting period. It is possible that the reverse situation may also arise in economic activity, in which the amount of the formed reserve will not be enough to cover the costs associated with the actually carried out repair work.
In accordance with the Chart of Accounts, to summarize information on the status and movement of amounts used to form reserves for future expenses, sub-account 1 “Reserves for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets” of account 96 is provided. production, depending on the ownership of fixed assets in correspondence with the credit of account 96-1 (D 20, 23, 25, 26 - K 96-1). In trade organizations, the formation of a reserve is reflected in the debit of account 44 "Sale expenses" (D 44 - K 96-1).
The use of the reserve, depending on the method of repair, is reflected in the debit of account 96-1 and the credit:
Accounts 23 - when carrying out repairs in an economic way;
Accounts 60 - when carrying out repairs in a contractual way.
The current tax legislation provides for the possibility of creating reserves for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets for tax accounting purposes. The procedure for reserving funds is established by Art. 324 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, in accordance with clause 2 of which deductions to the reserve are calculated based on the total cost of fixed assets and deduction rates approved by the organization independently in the accounting policy for tax purposes. The total cost of fixed assets is defined as the sum of the historical cost of all depreciable fixed assets put into operation as of the beginning of the year in which the provision is formed. When determining the standards for deductions to the reserve for future expenses for repairs, the taxpayer is obliged to determine limit amount deductions to the reserve based on the following indicators:
The frequency of the repair of fixed assets;
Frequency of replacement of elements of fixed assets (in particular, units, parts, structures);
Estimated cost of said repairs.
It should be borne in mind that the tax legislation introduced the following restriction - the maximum amount of the reserve for future expenses for the specified repair cannot exceed the average amount of actual repair costs that has developed over the past three years.
Allocations to the reserve for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets during the tax period are written off as expenses in equal installments on the last day of the corresponding reporting (tax) period. Actual expenses incurred are not included in the expenses of the current period, but are written off at the expense of the reserve. If the amount of actual costs for the repair of fixed assets in the reporting (tax) period exceeds the amount of the created reserve, the difference is included in other expenses as of the end date of the tax period. If this amount turns out to be less than the amount of the created reserve, the difference is included in the organization's income as of the last date of the current year.
Accounting records for the formation and use of the reserve for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets are presented in Table. 4.
Table 4
Option 1
|
A reserve for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets has been formed (January - December) | ||
|
The cost of repairs performed was written off at the expense of the created reserve | ||
|
Included in the cost of the main production is the amount of excess | ||
|
A set-off of a previously issued advance payment has been made | ||
Option 2
|
A reserve for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets has been formed (for the period January - September) | ||
|
An advance payment was made to the contractor (X% of the cost of the upcoming repairs) | ||
|
The cost of work was written off in the part not exceeding the amount of the created reserve | ||
|
Included in deferred expenses is the amount of excess | ||
|
Accepted for accounting is the amount of VAT attributable to the repair work performed | ||
|
Advance payment offset | ||
|
Transferred to the contractor in the final settlement | ||
|
The amount of VAT accepted for deduction from the budget | ||
|
A reserve for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets has been formed (October - December monthly) | ||
|
The corresponding part of deferred expenses was written off at the expense of the created reserve (October - November) | ||
|
The corresponding part of the expenses of future periods was written off at the expense of the created reserve in December | ||
|
Overbooked amounts reversed |
Reservation of costs for the repair of fixed assets provides an opportunity to recognize these costs on a straight line. The creation of a reserve is the right of the organization. If she expresses such a desire (fixes it in the accounting policy), she will have to justify the calculations made for the formation of the reserve.
In addition, at the end of the year, it is necessary to check how much of the reserve was used during the reporting year, whether it is necessary to adjust the reserve.
As you know, fixed assets require repair - most often current (preventive), aimed at maintaining the object in working order, and sometimes capital, more labor-intensive and costly. As part of the current repair, work is carried out to prevent wear and tear, to eliminate minor damage and malfunctions. So, the planned current repair of hotels includes works on selective repair and painting of roofs, replacement of missing parts and painting of drainpipes, partial repair of floors, windows and doors, cleaning of dirt and partial painting of walls and ceilings of the main and auxiliary rooms, replacement of sanitary fittings technical equipment, wiring accessories and ballasts (clause 1.54 of the Rules for the technical operation of hotels and their equipment).
During a major overhaul, the design and other characteristics of the object related to its reliability and safety may be changed. As for the overhaul of hotels, it has two types: capital and selective. Within the framework of the first, the simultaneous restoration of all worn-out structures and equipment is carried out, within the framework of the second, individual worn-out structures, equipment or parts thereof are replaced, and defects identified during operation are eliminated.
Naturally, during the repair there are costs, sometimes quite significant. This is the cost of materials, and the remuneration of workers involved in the repair, and the cost of repair work performed by third parties. The list goes on. The need to repair fixed assets is obvious, so no one will argue that these costs are economically justified. The main thing is to correctly distinguish between the costs of repair and modernization (reconstruction) of fixed assets, since they are recognized differently in both accounting and tax accounting.
At the same time, organizations, including the tourism and hotel business, have the right to make (and fix in the accounting policy) a decision to create a reserve for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets. This mechanism of formation of expenses, the purpose of which is the uniform inclusion of these costs in the composition of expenses, can also be used to accounting and for taxation of profits. The procedure for the formation and use of the reserve for the repair of fixed assets, prescribed in the accounting regulations, differs from the similar procedure established by the Tax Code. This article is devoted to the procedure for the formation and use of a reserve for the repair of fixed assets in accounting.
In order to evenly include future expenses in the composition of expenses, organizations have the right to create various reserves, including for the repair of fixed assets (clause 72 of the Accounting Regulations). More specific information about the reserve of interest to us is contained in clause 69 of the Guidelines for accounting for fixed assets.
You can create a reserve for the repair of not only your own fixed assets, but also leased, as well as those received for free use.
The reserve is formed by monthly inclusion in the composition of production costs (sales expenses) of the amount of deductions, which depends on the annual estimated cost of repairs - is taken from the estimates for repairs (paragraph 69 of the Guidelines for OS accounting). Therefore, the formula used in the calculation is:
Monthly Annual Estimated Repair Cost
amount of deductions = ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???
To confirm the correctness of the calculation, you need to stock up on documents that will justify the need for repair work on fixed assets (for example, defective statements).
The unified form of the defective statement is not approved, therefore the organization develops it independently. Moreover, the compilation of a defective statement is possible if the organization has the appropriate divisions capable of assessing breakdowns and repairing fixed assets (Resolution of the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal of December 13, 2007 N 09AP-15404 / 07-AK). When contacting a third-party organization, the documents justifying the repair are certificates of the cost of work and acts of work performed.
In addition, to make a decision on the creation of a reserve, you will need data on the initial or current (replacement) cost of fixed assets, standards and data on the timing of repairs, the final calculation of deductions to the reserve for the repair of fixed assets.
In accounting, the creation of a reserve is recognized as an expense and is charged to expenses for ordinary species activities or other expenses. To summarize information on the status and movement of amounts reserved for the purpose of evenly including expenses in production costs and sales expenses, account 96 "Reserves for future expenses" is used (Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts). The formation of a reserve is reflected in the debit of the corresponding cost accounting account (for example, 20 "Main production", 44 "Sale costs") in correspondence with the credit of account 96. As actual costs of repairing fixed assets arise, they are written off to the debit of the reserve accounting account, and regardless of the method of performing work (economic or with the involvement of a contractor), from the credit of the account on which the indicated costs were previously taken into account (for example, 23 "Auxiliary production"), or the accounting account for settlements (for example, 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors").
LLC "Vityaz" provided in the accounting policy for accounting for 2010
Creation of a reserve for the repair of fixed assets used in core activities. According to estimates, the estimated cost of repairs is 360,000 rubles. In June 2010, the company repaired refrigeration equipment with the involvement of a third party. The cost of work is 59,000 rubles, including VAT - 9,000 rubles.
In the accounting records of Vityaz LLC, the following entries are subject to reflection:
Operation content Debit Credit Amount, rub. Monthly during 2010 Costs are reflected in the form of deductions to the reserve for the repair of fixed assets (360,000 rubles / 12 months) 20,96 30,000 In June 2010 Cost of completed third party repair of fixed assets written off at the expense of the accumulated reserve ((59,000 - 9,000) rubles) 96 60 50,000 The amount of "input" VAT is reflected 19 60 9,000 The amount of "input" VAT is presented for deduction 68 19 9,000
In order to verify the correctness and validity of the reserve created by the organization for the repair of fixed assets, at the end of the reporting year, an inventory of this reserve is carried out in accordance with the generally established procedure (clause 3.49 of the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations). At the same time, excessively reserved amounts are reversed and reflected in accounting using the "red reversal" method in the debit of the cost accounting account, where the amounts of deductions to the reserve were previously assigned, in correspondence with the credit of the reserve accounting account for future expenses.
Let's use the conditions of the previous example. During the year, the company incurred actual costs for the repair of fixed assets in the amount of 320,000 rubles.
Since the amount of the formed reserve (360,000 rubles) is more than the actual costs of repairing fixed assets (320,000 rubles), the organization must reverse part of the previously reflected costs (40,000 rubles). In accounting in December, the "red reversal" method will post Debit 20 Credit 96 - 40,000 rubles.
The Guidelines for Accounting for Fixed Assets and the Guidelines for Inventory of Property and Financial Liabilities provide for a situation where the balance of the reserve for the repair of fixed assets formed in the reporting year may not be reversed. This is possible if repair work on fixed assets has a significant volume, a long production period and ends in the year following the reporting year. In other words, there is no need to reverse if a reserved repair that started in the reporting year is completed in the next. If, upon completion of these repairs, it turns out that the amount of the accrued reserve exceeds the actual expenses, the balance of the reserve is included in other income.
OOO "Vostorg" planned in 2010 to hold Maintenance 10 rooms of the hotel, which is on the balance sheet of the company. For the repair of each room, the company reserved 20,400 rubles in accounting. By October 2010 the society had renovated 8 rooms. The repair was carried out by a third-party organization for 177,000 rubles, including VAT - 27,000 rubles. Renovation of the remaining hotel rooms was started in December 2010 and completed in January 2011. Its cost was 44,840 rubles, including VAT - 6,840 rubles.
The following entries will be reflected in the accounting records of Vostorg LLC:
Operation content Debit Credit Amount, rub. Monthly during 2010 Costs are reflected in the form of deductions to the reserve for the repair of hotel rooms (20,400 rubles x 10 / 12 months) 20,96 17,000 accumulated reserve ((177,000 - 27,000) rubles) 96,60,150,000 The amount of "input" VAT is reflected 19,60 27,000 The amount of "input" VAT is presented for deduction 68,19,27,000 In December 2010 Reversal
The amount of overreserved funds for the repair of 8 rooms is reflected (20,400 rubles x 8 - 150,000 rubles) 20 96 (13,200) 840 - 6,840) rub.) 96 60 38,000 The amount of "input" VAT is reflected 19 60 6,840 The amount of "input" VAT is presented for deduction 68 19 6,840 The balance of the reserve is included in other income (20,400 rubles x 2 - 38 000 rub.) 96 91-1 2 800
In paragraph 1.54 of the Rules for the technical operation of hotels and their equipment N 420, approximate terms for the repair of rooms are given. So, 6 days are allotted for cosmetic repairs (painting) of a residential room, plus 2 more days if additional repairs of sanitary equipment in the bathroom are necessary. Major repairs (repair of window and door blocks, sanitary equipment, floors, as well as cosmetic repairs) of rooms without a bathroom can be completed in 12 days, and rooms with a bathroom (including repair of floors with waterproofing, windows, doors, replacement of sanitary equipment and electrical equipment, pipelines, etc.) - for 18. Naturally, this time can be increased, including if it is necessary to perform more work.
The regulatory documents on accounting (exactly where the comments on the reserve for the repair of fixed assets are contained) do not indicate what to do if the amount of the formed reserve is not enough to cover the actual costs incurred during the reporting year for the repair of fixed assets. We believe that in this case, at the end of the reporting year, it is necessary to make an additional entry to include the missing amount in the corresponding costs. We think that such actions are quite appropriate in this case. Moreover, the regulations set out how to act in a similar situation in the event of creating a reserve for the upcoming payment of vacations to employees. So, if the amount of expenses for paying for used vacations is more than the amount of the formed reserve - the insufficiency of the funds of the actually accrued reserve, an additional entry is made in accounting in December of the reporting year to include additional deductions in production costs and sales costs (clause 3.51 of the Guidelines for inventory property and financial obligations).
1. Definition of concepts and purposes of applying reserves in Russian practice accounting, features of reserves for future expenses and estimated reserves. The word "reserve" means "reserve", "saving". In other words, a reserve is a stock of something that is created and stored until certain events occur, which are associated with the need to attract what was reserved.
In the activities of commercial organizations, situations often arise when they require additional, compared with in the usual way doing business financial resources. This is due to the fact that in the future one or another event will occur (an employee goes on vacation, scheduled repairs of fixed assets, etc.), the occurrence of which will entail the need to spend additional funds, which the organization may not have in sufficient quantities, or it will have to divert funds from other areas and areas of its activity, which will affect financial position in the most negative way. This is what determines the expediency, and in some cases the need for the formation of reserves.
Thus, the creation of provisions is necessary due to the adoption by the commercial entity of the going concern assumption, according to which the entity is expected to continue in operation for the foreseeable future and it does not intend and need to liquidate or significantly reduce the activity and, therefore, the obligations will be settled in due course /5, item 6/. Indeed, if an organization wants to guarantee the continuation of its activities in the foreseeable future, then it needs sources to cover costs and losses.
From the point of view of accounting theory, reservation is the recognition as costs or expenses of what will become such only potentially. In this sense, reserves are divided into two groups - reserves for future expenses and estimated reserves. The essence of the first is that they are formed due to the uniform accumulation of costs, which simultaneously increases both the asset and the liability of the balance in interim reporting, and in annual accounts, as a rule, these amounts are reset by equalizing the accrued reserve with the costs actually incurred in this area. The essence of the latter is that, on the contrary, they are much less important in interim reporting than in annual reporting, since they are designed specifically to clarify reporting estimates. In this case, the balance sheet asset is reduced by the amount of depreciation of its individual components. At the same time, in order to maintain the balance, it is necessary to carry out an adequate decrease in liabilities, which is done by recognizing additional costs associated with the formation of estimated reserves. As a result, in the reporting, on the one hand, both asset estimates and net profit estimates of the organization are reduced, and on the other hand, due to a decrease in profit, a resource (reserve) is accumulated to cover possible losses associated with the impairment of reserved assets.
The difference between the types of reserves determines their following features:
- Reserves for future expenses are formed according to the desire of the organization justified by economic calculations, therefore the very fact of their formation should be fixed in its accounting policy. These reserves are usually accumulated and spent within one fiscal year and do not have a carry-over balance.
- Estimated reserves are mandatory, therefore, the accounting policy of the organization determines only the frequency and procedure for their formation. These reserves are formed at least once a year, immediately before the preparation of annual reports (at the request of the organization, they can be created more often) and must have a carry-over balance (for which they, in fact, are formed).
During the next year, the created reserve is spent, and at the end of the year, the unused balance is reset to zero in order to create a new reserve.
Thus, it is common that the reserves are created for one financial year, after which the unused balances of the reserves are subject to write-off. Second common characteristic is that all reserves must be formed on the basis of a reasonable calculation. Both underestimation and overestimation are equally harmful. created reserves. The lack of reserved funds leads to the diversion of additional unplanned resources in the event of the occurrence of events for which the reserve was created to finance. Excessive redundancy unreasonably diverts the resources of the organization, excludes the possibility of their more productive use.
In conclusion, it should be added that reserves for future expenses smooth out cost fluctuations, therefore they are an element of management accounting rather than financial accounting, which leads to their absence in international standards financial reporting(IFRS). On the contrary, estimated reserves affect the reliability of reporting, therefore, they are among the most important techniques. financial accounting and are present in IFRS as mandatory. However, in international practice they are called adjustments (i.e. indicators that adjust the value of reporting indicators), and only reserves for contingent facts are considered reserves proper economic activity.
2. The need to reserve costs. The concept of reserves for future expenses
In the process of carrying out economic activity, each commercial organization incurs certain costs, and in practice it is always possible to distinguish such types of costs, the value of which varies greatly depending on factors not related to the volume of sales of products, the provision of services, the value of trade, but is due to the dependence from the time of year (season) or the occurrence of some event ( reporting date- for accrual of remuneration based on the results of work for the year, equipment breakdown - for repair costs, etc.). The range of such fluctuations can be quite significant, and the larger the share of these costs in the total costs (cost), the more noticeable the change in the level of costs over time, which can seriously change financial indicators organization's activities. Let's consider this situation on a conditional numerical example.
Let the average cost per quarter in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. in June, the organization carried out a particularly complex and expensive repair on total amount 12 thousand rubles The amount of proceeds from the sale of products, works, services is quite stable and amounts to 105 thousand rubles. per quarter (excluding VAT). In this case, the following financial results will be formed in the interim reporting of the organization:
In the 1st quarter - a profit of 5 thousand rubles. (105 thousand rubles - 100 thousand rubles),
- in the 2nd quarter - a loss of 2 thousand rubles. (105 thousand rubles x 2 - (100 thousand rubles x 2 + 12 thousand rubles),
- in the 3rd quarter - profit of 3 thousand rubles. (105 thousand rubles x 3 - (100 thousand rubles x 3 + 12 thousand rubles),
- in the 4th quarter (and according to the results for the year) - profit of 8 rubles. (105 thousand rubles x 4 - (100 thousand rubles x 4 + 12 thousand rubles).
Obviously, with such fluctuations, it is extremely difficult to plan the amount of profit and the amount of indicators associated with it (the amount of possible capital expenditures, dividends, etc.). Such fluctuations in the amount of profit reflected in the interim reporting will cause bewilderment of higher managers and will require special explanations with an analysis of the reasons for their occurrence and forecasts of further dynamics. In our example, this is especially significant, because after the profit for the first quarter, a loss is reflected in the reporting for half a year, and profit again in the reporting for 9 months, which, of course, will be perceived by management as an emergency situation and requiring special measures, although in fact there is nothing extraordinary in this situation no - it is entirely due to poor-quality accounting.
We are talking about the fact that the repair costs, although they were carried out in the 2nd quarter, but in terms of their economic content, relate not only to them, but to the entire financial year as a whole. Indeed, repairs are not carried out every quarter and are due to the operation of the equipment not only in the month when it was completed, but also during the rest of the year.
To smooth these fluctuations in accounting, the cost reservation method is widely used, according to which the costs incurred are not included in the costs directly, but are financed from a special reserve formed by equal accruals on the account of costs or distribution costs. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that the reservation method is used only for those costs whose unevenness is not related to the volume of production, revenue, turnover, etc. indicators. In the case of reserving current costs, in Russian accounting, such reserves were called reserves for future expenses (Previously, these reserves were called reserves for future expenses and payments. The name change is explained by the general trend of abandoning the use of the cash method in accounting (“on payment”) in favor of exclusively accrual method).
If we return to the conditional example, then the organization could form a reserve for the repair of equipment in the amount of 12 thousand rubles. Then the cost of each quarter would include not the actual costs of these activities, but deductions for the formation of a reserve in the amount of 3 thousand rubles. (12 thousand rubles / 4 quarters). Thus, every quarter the organization could make a profit in the amount of 2 thousand rubles. Such a technique would make it possible to plan the amount of profit, would determine its uniform accumulation, excluding overestimation in the first and underestimation in the second quarter.
Thus, the purposes of creating reserves for future expenses are:
Ensuring the accumulation of sources of financing for large expenses that are of a periodic nature;
- Uniform inclusion of costs in the cost over time (their distribution);
- alignment of intermediate financial results, directing them in line with the general annual trend.
The mechanism for reserving repair costs is necessary in order to exclude unreasonable fluctuations in the cost of production, when, due to an increase in the cost of repair work, a sharp increase in the cost of a unit of production produced on fixed assets that were under repair is possible (the cost volume of costs grows, and the natural volume of output production falls due to a reduction in the operating time of the equipment).
System regulation Russian accounting defines strictly special purpose reserves for future expenses. Although this article only considers a reserve for the repair of fixed assets, the Accounting Regulations /4, clause 72 / highlight a rather large list of allowable reserves:
For the upcoming payment of vacations to employees;
- for the payment of annual remuneration for the length of service;
- for the payment of remuneration based on the results of work for the year;
- for the repair of fixed assets;
- production costs for preparatory work due to the seasonal nature of production;
- for future costs of land reclamation and implementation of other environmental protection measures;
- for the upcoming costs of repairing items intended for leasing under a rental agreement;
- for warranty repair and warranty service;
- to cover other foreseen costs and other purposes, provided by law Russian Federation, normative legal acts Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
3. Accounting for the provision for repairs
3.1. General issues formation and expenditure of the reserve
The repair reserve is reflected in the accounting on a separate sub-account to account 96 “Reserves for future expenses”. Since the reserves of future expenses form the sources of financing costs, the code of the synthetic account on which they are reflected in the new Chart of Accounts /8/ is taken from Section VIII"Financial results". This section groups all "deferred" values (revenues and expenses of future periods), to which the reserves of future expenses were assigned.
The following requirements for the accounting procedure for reserves of future expenses in general and a reserve for repairs in particular are distinguished:
1. the conditions for the formation and expenditure of reserves must comply current legislation(documents of the regulatory system);
2. the procedure for creating and using reserves should be fixed in the accounting policy;
3. the size of the formed reserves must be substantiated by accounting calculations and issued by accounting statements;
4. unused amounts of reserves at the end of the year are subject to mandatory inventory and adjustment based on updated calculations.
These requirements include the following:
- the creation of each specific reserve is possible only if it is provided for in the regulatory documents of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (reserve for repairs is provided for by the Regulation on accounting ... / 4, p. 72 /. A similar provision is contained in the Methodological recommendations for accounting for costs included in distribution costs /1, clause 2.7/),
- the formation of reserves that are not provided for in the accounting policy is a violation. In the event of occurrence of facts not taken into account when forming the accounting policy, the accountant has the right to adjust the accounting policy, but subject to the requirements of PBU 1/98 /5/. If certain reserves are provided accounting policy, then the refusal to form them is also considered as a violation;
- the size of the reserves are formed on the basis of the planned estimate of future expenses. Such estimates must be submitted in advance (before January 1) to the accounting department by the relevant services (for repairs - by the services of the chief mechanic, chief engineer, etc.). Based on the estimates received, the accountant draws up a certificate in which he calculates the amount of the monthly reserve amount (as a rule, this is 1/12 of the planned cost according to the estimate). This reference is primary document to record the monthly accrual of the reserve. In the event that an adjusted (most likely increased) estimate of planned costs is received, the accountant draws up a certificate on the calculation of the new monthly reserve amount. It is unacceptable to form a reserve for an uncorrected estimate if there is information about the inadmissibility of its size (for example, an increase in the prices of repair contractors, a change in production volumes or conservation of a part of fixed assets, etc.);
- during the inventory, a balance or overspending of the reserve amounts is revealed. These deviations will be minimal, provided that the estimate of planned costs was compiled with sufficient quality and corrected in a timely manner.
If this method of accounting is chosen, the accounting policy determines the list, the procedure for the formation and expenditure of the following types of possible reserves:
Provision for the repair of all fixed assets. The reserve is created to finance the repair of all, without exception, fixed assets in operation;
reserve for repairs certain types(groups) of fixed assets. The reserve is intended to finance the repair of fixed assets of certain groups (types) only. For example, reserves can be created for the repair of vehicles, woodworking or metalworking machines, forging and pressing equipment, for the maintenance and repair of cash registers, etc.;
· reserve for current, medium or major repairs of fixed assets. In this case, repair costs are accounted for separately, depending on the type of repair;
Provision for the repair of leased fixed assets. As a rule, more or less expensive repairs of leased fixed assets are carried out at the beginning or at the end of the lease term, that is, immediately after receiving the object or immediately before returning the object to the lessor. It is for these purposes that the corresponding reserve can be used.
3.2. Order accounting records on the formation and expenditure of the reserve
The amount of deductions to the reserve is determined as one twelfth of the annual estimated cost of repairs, which is formed on the basis of the planned estimates of the costs of repairs. These estimates must be transferred to the accounting department by the relevant services (chief mechanic, chief engineer, etc.) in advance, i.e. before the start of the year.
It makes sense to reserve the costs of those units that consume repair work:
debit of accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 44 credit of account 96 sub-account “Reserve of expenses for repair of fixed assets” - deductions for the formation of a reserve of expenses for repair of fixed assets are reflected - monthly.
Analytical accounting on account 96 is kept in the context of types of reserves, therefore, the reserve for repair costs is allocated as a separate sub-account, as for the types of reserves for repairs, it is also necessary to provide second-level analytics for them - second-order sub-accounts, codes analytical accounting or special analytical reference books.
The reserve funds are spent as the repair work is completed and certificates of completion are signed (for a contracted repair method) or internal documents organizations - work orders, acts, etc. (for economic repair method):
credit of accounts 23 or 79 - the expenses of the reserve funds for the actual performance of repair work by an economic method are reflected (account 23 - an economic method without the allocation of a repair unit to an independent internal balance sheet, account 79 - with the allocation of a repair unit to an independent internal balance sheet);
debit of account 96 sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets"
credit of account 60 - expenses of the reserve funds for the actual performance of repair work in a contract way are reflected.
The correctness of the formation and use of the amounts of the reserve is periodically checked and, if necessary, adjusted. For example, if, based on the results of activities for the 1st half of the year, it is established that the amount of funds provided for by the estimate of repair costs will not be enough, after the approval of the updated cost estimate, the amount of monthly deductions to the reserve is already determined according to the updated estimate.
Let the planned annual estimate be prepared in the amount of 60 thousand rubles. (40 thousand rubles for the repair of press-forging equipment and 20 thousand rubles for the repair of metal-working machines), the updated estimate for the second half of the year was approved in the amount of 36 thousand rubles (24 thousand rubles for the repair of press-forging equipment and 12 thousand rubles - for the repair of metalworking machines), then from the beginning of the year, 5 thousand rubles should be charged to the reserve every month. (60 thousand rubles / 12 months), and from July - 6 thousand rubles each. (36 thousand rubles / 6 months).
At the end of the year in without fail it is necessary to conduct an inventory of the formation and expenditure of the amounts of the reserve for repairs according to estimates, calculations, documents on the actual expenditure of funds, etc. If the actual expenses exceed the amount of the formed reserve, the excess amount is debited to those accounts to which the deductions for the formation of the reserve were applied. The excess provision (compared to actual expenses) is reversed.
Guidelines for the accounting of fixed assets /3, item 77/ in cases where the completion of repair work on objects with a long period of their production and a significant amount of the specified work occurs in the next reporting year, it is allowed not to reverse the balance of the reserve for the repair of fixed assets.
This takes into account the following:
if any of the repairs were planned in the reporting year (included in the planned estimate, on the basis of which the amount of deductions to the reserve was calculated) and started in the reporting year, but not completed, then the estimated amount of funds that will be required next year to complete the work begun of the reserve forms the carry-over balance of the reserve for the next year;
If any of the repairs were planned in the reporting year (included in the planned estimate, on the basis of which the amount of deductions to the reserve was calculated), but did not start in the reporting year, then the entire amount of funds reserved for it is canceled (does not form a rolling balance of the reserve) . Next year, the need for this repair is again considered by the relevant services and, when making positive decision noted. Thus, these amounts will normally form the amount of the next year's reserve.
At the end of the started repairs in the next year, the excess accrued amount of the reserve (the difference between the saved balance of the reserve as of January 1 and the amount of actual costs for repairs that were started last year, but actually completed in the next year) is recognized as income of the reporting period:
debit of account 96 sub-account “Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets” credit of account 91 - the over-accrued amount of the carry-over balance of the reserve is recognized as income of previous years, identified in the reporting period (non-operating income).
In case of insufficiency of the reserved amounts, additional accrual of the reserve is also recognized as an expense:
debit of account 91 credit of account 96 sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets" - the amount of the carry-over balance of the reserve is recognized as an expense of previous years identified in the reporting period (non-operating expenses).
According to the Guidelines for accounting costs included in distribution costs /1, clause 2.7/, trade enterprises can form a repair fund. Despite the fact that for other industries the creation of a repair fund is not provided for by the regulatory documents of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, we consider it possible to apply this option of accounting policy not only to trade organizations, provided that such a method is sufficiently economically necessary. The organization can prove that it needs to form not a reserve for repairs, but a repair fund, provided that it plans to carry out especially large and expensive repairs that are carried out once every few years (most likely, major repairs). In this case, the creation of a reserve will not make sense, since repairs not started in the current year cannot form a carry-over balance of the reserve. The accumulation of a source of financing costs over a number of years will be possible only with the creation of a repair fund.
Contributions to the repair fund are calculated based on the average annual cost of fixed assets multiplied by the deduction standard, which is approved by the organization for a number of years (most often for 5 years).
Thus, the first difference between the repair fund and the reserve is in the period for which they are created. The reserve is created for a year, and only in the case when the work is included in the current year's estimate, the reserve can have a balance at the end of the year only for work that is actually started in the current year, but will end only next year, and in the amount of funds that are planned spend on these jobs. On the contrary, the repair fund is created to accumulate a source of financing for especially large and expensive works over a number of years, so its balance increases year by year. The second difference is in the calculation of the size of the reserved amounts. For a reserve, this is one-twelfth of the annual repair estimate. For the repair fund, this is the product of the average annual cost of fixed assets in the current year by the deduction standard in this fund. In turn, the rate of deductions is determined by the formula:
H = (PRR or FRR / (SSOS x N)) x 100%
Where H is the standard for deductions to the repair fund;
PRR - the planned amount of repair costs, which is supposed to be accumulated through the formation of a fund over the next N years (used by newly created organizations);
FRR - actual cost repair work carried out by the organization over N previous years (used by operating organizations). If there is information about the increase in the cost of repairs, then the RDF is adjusted by the coefficient of appreciation (for example, by the inflation index);
CCAS is the basic average annual cost of fixed assets. Underlying cost is the value of fixed assets that
A) will be operated by the organization for the next N years (the value is predicted on the basis of business plans, production development plans, etc.) - for newly created organizations;
b) were actually operated by the organization during the previous N years (the value is averaged over N years by dividing the sum average annual costs to N) - for operating organizations.
As N can be taken not a period of 5 years, but the period of time between two overhauls (determined by technical specialists on the basis of equipment passports, projects, certificates, etc.).
Thus, the economic meaning of the standard is to show how many kopecks will be spent on the repair of fixed assets worth 1 ruble. The more fixed assets, the more funds are needed for their repair, therefore, the higher the cost of fixed assets, the higher the deductions to the repair fund. From this it is clear that in order to calculate the amount of deductions, it is necessary to take not the balance sheet (residual), but replacement cost fixed assets: the aging of fixed assets is associated with a decrease in their residual value, however, on the contrary, more funds are required for the repair of such facilities.
Accounting entries in the case of the creation and use of the repair fund are similar to the entries for the creation of a reserve for the repair of fixed assets.
3.3. Accounting for a provision for repairs in the event of a temporary shortage of funds
Since the formation of the reserve is carried out by uniform monthly accruals, and spending is very uneven, then in some periods the funds of the reserve may not be enough to carry out the corresponding expenses.
Like any passive account, account 96 cannot have a debit balance - you cannot spend more money than you have accumulated. Therefore, in the event of an overdraft from the provision, the overdraft is recognized as a deferred expense. Analytical accounting is carried out in the context of individual reserves, i.e. it is impossible to write off the expenses for the repair of metalworking equipment at the expense of the reserve for the repair of forging and pressing equipment, if, as in our example, these are separate independent reserves. Further, deferred expenses are written off as the reserve or fund accumulates:
debit of account 96 sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets" credit of accounts 23, 79 or 60 - expenses of the reserve funds for the actual performance of repair work by an economic or contract method are reflected (see above);
credit of account 96 sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets" - overspending of the reserve or repair fund (for the entire amount of the overspending) is recognized as deferred expenses;
debit of account 96 sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets" credit of account 97 subaccount “Overspending of the reserve for the repair of fixed assets” - deferred expenses are written off at the expense of the formed reserve or repair fund (for the smallest of the amounts - the amount of the accrued reserve or the amount of the overrun written off for expenses of future periods).
For example, the amount of monthly deductions to the reserve is 100 thousand rubles, in March repairs were made in the amount of 520 thousand rubles, then the entries will be as follows:
January February March
- the formation of the reserve funds is reflected - in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. monthly, i.e. cumulative total for January-March - 300 thousand rubles;
debit of account 96 sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets" credit of account 60 - reflects the expenses of the reserve funds for the actual performance of repair work in a contracted way - in the amount of 520 thousand rubles;
debit of account 97 sub-account "Overspending of the reserve for the repair of fixed assets" credit of account 96 sub-account “Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets” - an overspending of the reserve’s funds in the amount of 220 thousand rubles was recognized as deferred expenses;
April May
debit of account 20 credit of account 96 sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets" - the formation of the reserve funds is reflected - in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. monthly;
debit of account 96 sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets" credit of account 97 sub-account “Overspending of the reserve for the repair of fixed assets” - deferred expenses are written off at the expense of the formed reserve - in the amount of 100 thousand rubles. monthly;
debit of account 20 credit of account 96 sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets" - the formation of the reserve funds is reflected - in the amount of 100 thousand rubles;
debit of account 96 sub-account "Reserve of expenses for the repair of fixed assets" credit of account 97 sub-account “Overspending of the reserve for the repair of fixed assets” - deferred expenses were written off at the expense of the formed reserve - in the amount of 20 thousand rubles, i.e. as of July 1, the balance of the reserve in the amount of 80 thousand rubles remains.
It is obvious that such a mechanism is rather cumbersome: the number of accounting entries increases, and there is a need for additional control over the write-off of deferred expenses. Therefore, the accountant should avoid a situation where the actual repair costs exceed the amount of the accumulated reserve (for more details, see the section on choosing an accounting policy).
3.4. Reflection of reserves in financial statements
As noted above, not always unused balances of funds in reserves for future expenses and payments are reversed. IN balance sheet(Form No. 1) at the end of the reporting year, the balances of reserves carried over to the next year, determined on the basis of the rules established regulations systems of normative accounting regulation, are reflected in liabilities in line 650 “Reserves for future expenses” /10/.
If the amounts are significant, this line is disclosed in the explanatory note separately for each type of accepted reserves. As a rule, the amounts of reserves are accepted as significant, the amount of which is more than 5% of the total balance sheet (line 700).
In the Statement of changes in capital (form No. 3), the movement of the reserve for repairs or the repair fund is reflected in section II "Reserves" in the line "Reserves for future expenses", the name of the reserve is entered by the organization independently. At the same time, the column “Balance” shows the balance of the reserve at the beginning of the year, the column “Received” - the turnover on the loan, the column “Used” - the turnover on the debit of account 96 for the corresponding subaccount, the column “Balance” - the balance at the end of the year . If there is an overrun, the column "Received" reflects only the data of the posting Dt20 and others Kt96, the data of the posting Dt97 Kt96 are not taken into account, and in the column "Used" - only the data of the posting Dt96 Kt23 or 60, the data of the posting Dt96 Kt97 are not taken into account.
3.5. Accounting policy in the field of reserves
When choosing an accounting policy on the procedure for accounting for expenses for the repair of fixed assets, the following factors should be taken into account:
1. Frequency and cost of repairs.
The less often repairs are carried out and the higher their cost, the greater the need to distribute these costs over time. In other words, in this case, the one-time inclusion of repair costs in the costs of the current period will create large fluctuations in the volume of costs, which means it can distort the cost of manufactured products (as we indicated above), affect the change not only in the amount, but also in the "sign" financial result. In other words, with a positive result of the activity as a whole for the year (profit) for shorter reporting periods, a loss is possible (see examples above). If you use the reservation mechanism, then the reporting will reflect a uniform accumulation of profits.
At the same time, the repair fund is created in case of performing rare, but especially large, complex and lengthy repairs; costs are accumulated as part of deferred expenses in the case of a one-time nature of expensive repairs, and in other cases, costs are reserved.
2. Uneven repair costs over periods.
If the organization's business is subject to seasonal or some other fluctuations, then the volume of repair costs will also be subject to significant changes. In this case, their distribution in time is required for reasons similar to the previous paragraph. However, it is important to understand which mechanism should spread the costs over time. If the peak of repair costs is predicted for the first half of the year, then it is necessary to reflect them as deferred expenses, since the rate of spending the reserve in this case would be much greater than the rate of its formation, and the lack of reserve funds would again be recognized as expenses future periods. On the contrary, if it is assumed that the main expenses will be in the second half of the year, then it is the reservation mechanism that will most effectively distribute these expenses within the reporting year, leaving no balance for the next year.
3. Unification of accounting and tax accounting, impact on the value of tax bases.
If an organization is interested in the maximum convergence of accounting and tax accounting methods, then the current tax code does not rule out such a possibility. In other words, if tax policy one of the accounting options is adopted - inclusion in the costs of the current period or the formation of a reserve, then exactly the same option is accepted in accounting. In addition, when choosing accounting on the account of deferred expenses, it must be remembered that account 97 is included in the taxable base for property tax, that is, the organization is not interested in forming large balances on this account.
Change in accounting policy in the field of reserves. Since the provision for repairs is formed and used within one financial year, a change in accounting policy on this issue does not create practically any problems. If the organization did not create reserves for future expenses, and from the new year it proceeds to create them, then no special accounting actions related to a change in accounting policy are required. If the organization, on the contrary, refuses to create reserves from the new year, then in the annual report for the year in which the reserve for repairs is created for the last time, the carry-over balance of the reserve is not formed even for the amounts of those repairs that were started but not completed.
Another thing is the formation of a repair fund. When switching from including the cost of repairs directly into the cost to the formation of a repair fund, no adjustments will be required. If the organization, on the contrary, refuses to form a fund, then in this case
A) B accounting registers the balance of the corresponding subaccount of account 96 is reset to zero and the balance of account 84 is increased by this amount. If, however, automated system accounting does not allow manual adjustment of incoming balances, then the following entries are made in the interreporting period (let the unused balance of the repair fund be 300 thousand rubles):
debit of account 96 sub-account for the repair fund credit of account 84 - the write-off of the carry-over balance of the repair fund, the formation of which is not provided for in the reporting year, is reflected - in the amount of 300 thousand rubles.
B) In the reporting for the year in which the fund will not be formed for the first time, the following actions are performed:
1. In the balance sheet (form No. 1) in the column “At the beginning of the reporting year”, the data of line 650 “Reserves for future expenses” are reduced, and the data of line 470 “Retained earnings ( uncovered loss)” increase by the amount of the accumulated but not used fund, i.e. on the balance of account 96, the subaccount "Repair Fund" (in our example, this is 300 thousand rubles).
2. In the Profit and Loss Statement (Form No. 2) in the column "For same period of the previous year" the data of the line "Cost of goods, products, works, services" are reduced (for trade organizations) or the string " Selling expenses” (for trading organizations) and the data of the line “Gross profit” (for non-trading organizations) and the lines “Profit (loss) from sales”, “Profit (loss) before tax”, “ Net profit(loss) of the reporting period” (for all organizations).
The decrease and increase in the specified lines is carried out by the amount of the difference between the deductions to the repair fund (turnover on the credit of account 96, subaccount "Repair Fund") and the expenditure of the fund (debit turnover) made in the previous year. At the same time, if the amounts of deductions were less than the amounts of expenses, then the cost or commercial expenses, on the contrary, increase by the amount of the difference, and the profit indicators decrease.
Let the balance at the beginning of the previous year be 200 thousand rubles, 900 thousand rubles were accrued to the fund for the year, 800 thousand rubles were used, then the unused balance, as we have already indicated above, is 300 thousand rubles. Then the data of the line “Cost of goods, products, works, services sold” (for non-trade organizations) or the line “Commercial expenses” (for trade organizations) should be reduced by 100 thousand rubles. (900 thousand rubles - 800 thousand rubles), and the data of the lines "Gross profit" (for non-trading organizations) and the lines "Profit (loss) from sales", "Profit (loss) before tax", "Net profit ( loss) of the reporting period" (for all organizations) - increased by 100 thousand rubles.
3. In Explanatory note in the section “Impact on the reporting of changes in accounting policies” all adjustments made are explained, i.e. provides information on why the report data for last year differ from the current year's financial statements.
4. In the Statement of Changes in Equity (form No. 3), the data in the column “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” are changed in the line “Changes in accounting policy”, located in the section “200_g. (previous year)”, by 200 thousand rubles. (with a plus, i.e. without parentheses, because profit increases) (in the amount of the balance of the repair fund at the beginning of the previous year). This causes changes in the same column on the line "Balance as of January 1 of the previous year" by the same amount - by 200 thousand rubles. In addition, the data on the line “Changes in accounting policy”, located in the section “200_g. ( reporting year)”, for 100 thousand rubles. (also with a plus) (in the amount of the difference between the accrual and expenditure of the fund, reflected in the Profit and Loss Statement). This causes changes in the same column on the line "Balance as of January 1 of the reporting year" by the same amount - by 100 thousand rubles.
So the increase retained earnings, reflected in the balance sheet in the amount of 300 thousand rubles, consists of two amounts - for previous years (200 thousand rubles) and for the previous year (100 thousand rubles).
In Section II “Reserves” of the Statement of Changes in Capital, in case of refusal to form and use a reserve or repair fund, the movement of the reserve or fund is no longer reflected - as of January 1, the reserve or fund has no balance, funds are not received and are not used as in the line “Data of the reporting year” and in the line “Data of the previous year”.
4. The procedure for creating and using reserves in accordance with the requirements of the tax legislation of the Russian Federation
The creation of reserves for tax purposes occupies an important place in the system tax planning commercial organization. By creating a reserve, an organization can reduce the real tax burden by obtaining tax deferrals (meaning, first of all, income tax) due to the fact that expenses increase in the current reporting period, and tax payment is postponed for the following tax periods. In this case, the nominal (absolute) value tax payments over several tax periods remains the same, and savings are achieved due to the fact that the value of money changes over time.
In tax accounting, the taxpayer has the right to choose one of two ways of accounting for repair costs by including actual repair costs in the tax base or by forming a reserve for future repair costs.
According to the provisions of the Tax Code, organizations are granted the right to create the following types of reserves for the repair of fixed assets:
reserve for planned repairs during the coming year;
a reserve for carrying out particularly complex and expensive types of overhaul.
If such reserves will be created by the organization, then this fact should be fixed in the accounting policy, and the norms for deductions to the reserve should also be determined in this document.
The marginal value of the provision for ordinary repairs cannot exceed the average value of the actual costs for repairs that have developed over the past three years.
With regard to the reserve for repair costs, the legislator did not provide for the rules that exist in the Tax Code in relation to the reserve for warranty repairs of goods (works), if the organization exists (and, therefore, carries out repair costs) for less than three years. In this regard, in our opinion, an organization that has existed for less than three years cannot create a reserve for repair costs for tax purposes.
The formula is used to calculate:
K \u003d (PP1 + PP2 + PP3) / 3
Where K is the average value of the actual repair costs that have developed over the past three years;
РР1, РР2 and РР3 are repair costs for the previous three years.
2. Compare the obtained value with the sum of the planned repair costs, determine the smallest value (RRH).
3. Determine the rate of contributions to the reserve.
H= PPH / CCOC
Where H is the annual rate of deductions to the reserve,
CCOS is the total cost of fixed assets as of January 1 of the year in which the reserve for repair costs is formed;
РРН - the amount of planned expenses for repairs, taking into account the established standard.
If the organization pays advance income tax payments on a quarterly basis, the quarterly rate of deductions to the reserve should be determined. When an organization pays advance payments for income tax on a monthly basis, based on the actual profit received, the standard of monthly deductions to the reserve is determined.
At the same time, a study of the provisions of Article 324 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation leads to the conclusion that the amount of deductions to the reserve debited to expenses on a monthly basis depends only on the planned estimated cost of repair work for the coming current year and the amount of actual repair costs incurred over the previous three years. This point was also noted in the Guidelines for the application of Chapter 25 “Corporate income tax /9, clause 5.5.3/, where there is no reference to the standard, and the calculation of deductions to the reserve is carried out only on the basis of the above indicators.
The establishment of a standard depending on the total cost of fixed assets is, on the one hand, formal in nature, and on the other hand, it imposes certain restrictions on the ability to exercise the right to create this reserve for newly created organizations and organizations that do not have their own fixed assets and plan to create a reserve for repairs leased fixed assets. These organizations can take into account the cost of repairs when calculating tax base only in terms of actual costs.
The amount of the reserve for carrying out particularly complex and expensive types of overhaul is not limited by the Tax Code. Moreover, the amount of the reserve not used during the year can be carried over to the next year. The Code establishes the only restriction: a reserve can be created only if the specified or similar types of repairs were not carried out in previous tax periods.
Thus, on the one hand, the creation of this reserve creates for the enterprise more convenient conditions for the distribution of repair costs in tax accounting. At the same time, organizations should take into account that the creation of this reserve carries significant tax risks.
Firstly, the Tax Code does not establish the criteria by which a particular type of repair can be classified as particularly complex or expensive, which creates a field for different interpretations of this concept. Therefore, the organization must independently develop these criteria. In our opinion, such repairs should include expensive overhauls, which are carried out every few years.
Secondly, a literal reading of the restriction established by the Code related to the possibility of creating this reserve, only if “in previous tax periods, these or similar types of repairs” were not carried out, leads to the fact that the organization can only once exercise the right to create such a reserve.
At the end of the tax period, an inventory of the reserve for the payment of ordinary repairs is carried out.
If at the end of the year the amount of deductions to the reserve for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets exceeds the amount actually incurred in the current tax period the cost of repairing fixed assets, then the amount of such an excess as of the last date of the current tax period for tax purposes is included in the non-operating income of the taxpayer.
If at the end of the year the amount of fixed asset repair costs actually incurred in the current tax period exceeds the amount of deductions to the reserve for future fixed asset repair costs, then the amount of such excess as of the last date of the current tax period is included in other expenses for tax purposes.
The inventory of the reserve for carrying out particularly complex and expensive types of overhaul is carried out after the period of accumulation of funds for repairs in accordance with the schedule for the repair of fixed assets.
Documentation of transactions with the reserve.
When determining the standards for deductions to the reserve for future expenses for the repair of fixed assets, the taxpayer is obliged to draw up an estimate for the upcoming repair in the coming year, which should include:
Listed items of fixed assets to be repaired;
The frequency of repairs, the frequency of replacement of elements of fixed assets (in particular, units, parts, structures) are taken into account;
The estimated cost of the specified repair is reflected.
When determining the standards for deductions to the reserve for carrying out particularly complex and expensive types of overhaul, it is necessary to draw up a schedule for the repair of fixed assets.
The calculation of the rate of deductions to the reserve for the upcoming repairs of fixed assets should be carried out as follows:
Reflection of the reserve in tax accounting (in tax registers) and tax reporting.
The amount of evenly accrued deductions to the reserve for future repair costs should be reflected in the tax register of other expenses.
At the same time, the amount of actually incurred repair expenses is accumulated until the end of the year, when the amount of the created reserve for repairs is correlated with the actual costs incurred. At the same time, if an organization provides repair services to a third party, then in the relevant reporting periods in the tax registers, the repair costs are divided into direct and indirect, with the calculation of a part of the direct costs related to the services sold. The rest of the costs (except for the balance of work in progress) in terms of both direct and indirect costs are written off against the reserve.
Thus, the composition and form of the applied registers depends on the specifics of the enterprise.
Comparison of actual repair costs with the amount of deductions to the reserve is advisable to issue in the form of an appropriate accounting statement.
IN tax return for corporate income tax, the amount of deductions to the reserve for repairs is reflected in line 080 “Expenses for the repair of fixed assets or deductions for the creation of a repair fund” of Appendix No. 2 “Costs associated with production and sales” to sheet 02 “Calculation of corporate income tax” .
This line indicates the amount of the reserve for both ordinary repairs and for especially complex and expensive types of major repairs.
If the taxpayer decided to create a reserve for future repair costs and the amount of the created reserve turned out to be less than the amount of actual repair costs, the corresponding difference is also reflected in line 080 of Appendix No. 2 to sheet 02.
If the amount of the reserve created in the current tax period is greater than the amount of actual repair costs, the corresponding difference is included in the taxpayer's non-operating income in the current tax period and is reflected in line 063 "Reserve for the repair of fixed assets" of Appendix No. 6 " Non-operating income“ to sheet 02.
5. List of used normative documents(in chronological order)
1. Guidelines on accounting of costs included in distribution and production costs, and financial results at trade and public catering enterprises dated 04.20.95 No. 1–550/32–2.
2. Guidelines on the inventory of property and financial obligations (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 1995 No. 49).
3. Guidelines for the accounting of fixed assets (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 20, 1998 No. 33n, subject to subsequent changes and additions).
4. Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 No. 34n; subject to subsequent changes and additions).
5. Regulations on accounting "Accounting policy of the organization" PBU 1/98 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 09.12.98 No. 60n; subject to subsequent changes and additions).
6. Regulation on accounting "Accounting statements of the organization" PBU 4/99 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 06.07.99 No. 43n).
7. Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Part two (dated 05.08.00 No. 117-FZ, subject to subsequent changes and additions).
8. Chart of accounts for financial and economic activities of organizations and instructions for its use ( approved by Order Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 00 No. 94n; subject to subsequent changes and additions).
9. Guidelines for the application of Chapter 25 “Corporate Income Tax”, Part II of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (approved by Order of the Ministry of Taxation of the Russian Federation of December 20, 2002 No. BG-3-02/729, subject to subsequent changes and additions).
10. Instructions on the procedure for compiling and submitting financial statements and Sample forms of financial statements (Appendix to the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 22, 2003 No. 67n).