Any economic activity organization is impossible without movement financial flows. Cash is involved in all processes occurring in enterprises of any form of ownership. Purchase working capital, investing in fixed production assets, settlements with budgets of different levels, founders, employees of the enterprise - all production and administrative actions committed with the help of money and for the purpose of obtaining it.
Types of calculations
In practice, two main types of payments are used - cash and non-cash. Cash is generally used for small volumes of traffic. Money- these are one-time payments that can be made through the company’s cash desk. For small businesses with low turnover and modest income, using cash is the best option. Large companies more often adopt a cashless system; as the results of its use have shown, it is much more effective, faster and cheaper than working with large amounts of money. Therefore, today 98% of all payments are carried out through banking system, on a cashless basis.
Reflection of the cashless system in accounting
For analysis, planning, accounting, transfer of non-cash payments, the enterprise opens a synthetic balance sheet 51. It is active, which means it reflects incoming funds by debit, expense financial resources- on a loan. 51 accounts were created to account for the most mobile of the company's assets - non-cash funds. It is reflected in the balance sheet in a generalized form; the balance is determined daily for the prompt management of finances. Analytical accounting is carried out for each item of receipt and expense separately. An organization can simultaneously open the required number of accounts in one or more credit institutions. Regardless of their number, all information on non-cash transactions is summarized and posted to 51 accounts. The balance (remainder) is formed according to the formula: balance at the beginning + turnover on the debit of the account - turnover on the loan. The result obtained is the amount of funds available (currently). It is applied to account 51 as the opening debit balance for the next period.
Types of non-cash payments
All settlement and payment transactions are carried out by the bank with which the organization has entered into an agreement for servicing the account. The basis for carrying out operations with the withdrawal or transfer of funds is a written notification of the owner, which is checked for compliance with legal norms and unified forms. The organization that owns the funds chooses the form of non-cash payment independently, based on the contractual obligations of specific counterparties. Most often, the paying company, using the appropriate document, gives the bank an order to withdraw (write off, transfer) non-cash funds from the account in favor of the specified counterparty. Less common are unconditional write-offs, the confirmation of which is not required from the owner of the assets. Cash withdrawal for own needs is carried out by the organization using checks. Bank account holders receive the required check limit based on the application. The sheets filled out and certified with appropriate signatures and seals can also be used for settlements between the account holder company and contractor organizations, suppliers, etc. In this case, the check is issued to the organization or individual(its representative) and is cashed upon presentation at the payer’s bank.
Current account document flow
51 accounts are maintained on the basis bank statement. To her in mandatory documents are attached that serve as instructions for the movement of funds in a specific account of the enterprise. All write-offs and transfers that the owner of the assets made during the statement period are confirmed by a copy of the outgoing payment order or request. The counterfoil of the check serves as justification for the cash withdrawal. The transfer of received amounts from the owner company (delivery of part of the proceeds in cash) is recorded by a bank order. Funds received from buyers and other debtors, within the framework of contractual obligations, are confirmed by a copy of the incoming payment order of the paying organization. All moving documents non-cash money are drawn up in strict accordance with unified forms and the requirements of the bank, are certified by the signatures of authorized persons and the seal of the organization.
Debit
The debit of account 51 is a reflection of the receipt of funds. Enrollment comes from the following sources:
- Enterprise cash register (D 51, K 50) - this entry is drawn up when cash from the cash register is credited to the current account.
- Settlements with counterparties (D 51, K 62/60/76) - the account is credited with the amount from buyers, other debtors, and suppliers (return of advance payment, excessively transferred funds, settlements on outstanding claims).
- (D 51, K 66) - the operation is carried out if the received borrowed money.
- When making settlements with shareholders, owners (D 51, K 75) - funds of the founders are contributed (as working capital or with an increase authorized capital).
- Calculations with budgets and extra-budgetary organizations(D 51, K 68, 69) - overpaid taxes or amounts are listed social support population (benefits, sick leave, etc.).
Debit turnover is summed up for the reporting time period and is a generalized indicator of the receipt of funds into the current account of the enterprise. To analyze receipts by item, account analysis is used.
Loan movement
The credit of account 51 is formed from write-off (expense) transactions of non-cash funds of the enterprise. Loan turnover shows total amount transfers, write-offs and withdrawals of cash deposited into account 51. The loan entries are as follows:
- Cash withdrawal (D 50, K 51) - funds are withdrawn from the current account and received at the enterprise's cash desk (cash out occurs on a limited basis, indicating the item of expense). Most often, organizations use part of the funds when paying wages or for household needs.
- Transfer of non-cash funds (D 51/55, K 51) - this correspondence is carried out when transferring part of the funds to another account or opening special letters of credit intended for settlements with counterparties.
- Payment to suppliers, contractors and other creditors (D 60/62/76, K 51) - transfer of the amount of assets from the current account to counterparties (for goods and services, product returns, etc.).
- Calculations for loans, advances and credits (D 66, K 51) - interest on the use of borrowed funds is transferred or repaid
- Fulfillment of obligations to budgets of various levels and extra-budgetary funds (D 68/69, K 51) - depending on the tax or fund, the corresponding sub-accounts are indicated in correspondence.
- Salary (D 70, K 51) - transferred salary to employees.
- Settlements with founders (D 75, K 51) - based on the results of activities, payments were made to the founders.
Score 51 " Current accounts» organization is intended for the storage and movement of funds in rubles on current accounts opened in banking institutions.
It is very simple: cash receipts are carried out in the debit of account 51, write-offs are carried out in the credit of account 51. This is an active account. Amounts erroneously credited or written off by credit institutions are reflected in account 76 “settlements with various debtors and creditors.”
Analytical accounting for account 51 is carried out in the context of current accounts.
All transactions on the current account are carried out on the basis of bank statements with attached documents.
An enterprise has the right to open several current accounts, and analytical accounting for each current account is maintained separately.
Money is debited from the current account on the basis of payment orders issued by an accountant to pay taxes and fees, supplier invoices, payments accounts receivable And so on. The payment order is issued in two copies - one to the bank, the other to you, if necessary. True, now many have switched to automated accounting of the “Bank-client” type. A very convenient system in which if you fill out the recipient’s details incorrectly, your payment will not be accepted by the bank.
If you have overdue taxes, tax office may issue you a payment request, which is fulfilled by the bank first. Money is withdrawn from the current account without your participation (if it is in the current account).
When withdrawing money in cash from a current account, an authorized representative (cashier, accountant, manager) issues a check, which fills in the date, name of the enterprise, amount to be issued in words and figures, purpose of spending the funds, passport details of the recipient, as well as the signatures of authorized persons (who are indicated V bank card) and a stamp is affixed (if there is one, a seal is not required for the individual entrepreneur). The amount in words must be written from the beginning of the line without spaces with a capital letter in the highlighted field. If you misspelled it, it’s okay, the bank employee will tell you how to do it correctly. True, not everyone gets everything right the first time and has to be rewritten, or even several times. Therefore, when you withdraw money, take the stamp with you: you never know! - so as not to go back twice.
The checkbook is ordered at the branch of the servicing bank and paid for separately. The costs of issuing the book are charged to the same accounts in which the amounts for bank services are recorded.
Based on the check, the cashier (or the person replacing him) fills out the receipt cash order, in which the basis is indicated: “Receipt of money by check” and the check number is written.
The delivery of proceeds, as well as cash contributions to the bank, is formalized by an announcement for a cash contribution. Often it is issued by the banks themselves. It indicates the date, purpose of the contribution, the person who contributed the funds, his passport and signature.
Based on the announcement for a cash contribution, an expenditure cash order is issued, which indicates the purpose of the contribution. If there are several goals, several announcements are issued for cash contributions: for example, “contribution to the authorized capital” and “delivery of proceeds to the bank.”
If there is a large amount of cash, the company enters into an agreement at a bank service branch for collection. Cash collectors arrive to collect the proceeds on the appointed days and at the appointed time.
At the end of the month, statements with attached documents are stapled (for ease of use). If there are a lot of extracts, then this can be done as needed.
Typical postings to account 51 "Current account" can be viewed.
Accounting account 51 "Current accounts" not that complicated. If you don't know how to fill out correctly bank documents: payment orders, checks, announcements for cash deposits, receipts from collectors - no problem, bank workers they will help you. Only the director may get angry if you rewrite payment orders and checks several times.
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Enterprises can open settlement and current accounts in banks. The current account is the main account of the enterprise through which all monetary transactions without limiting their list.
Current accounts are opened for separate transactions. Current accounts include: foreign currency accounts, loan accounts, accounts for transactions with funds intended purpose and so on.
Funds are debited from the account by order of its owner or without the order of the account owner in cases where provided for by law. If there are insufficient funds in the account to satisfy all demands placed on it, funds are written off as they are received in the order established by law.
Forms of non-cash payments are chosen by clients of credit institutions independently and are provided for in agreements concluded by them with their counterparties.
Non-cash payments are formalized using monetary settlement documents of the established form:
Money orders;
Requirements-assignments;
Payments for collection;
Letters of credit;
Payment order – this is an order to the bank to transfer a certain amount from the enterprise’s account to the account of the recipient of funds. The payment order is drawn up in 2-3 copies, the first (memorial) copy is drawn up with the signatures of the company (in accordance with the card) and its seal. 2 copies are provided to the bank for local payments, 3 copies for long-distance payments.
Payment request – this is the supplier’s demand to the buyer and the buyer’s order to his bank to pay the cost of the delivered products (works, services) on the basis of settlement and shipping documents. The supplier sends a request-instruction to the buyer's bank, bypassing its bank.
Collection orders - this is a requirement for the undisputed write-off of funds (For example, the Federal Tax Service writes off penalties and arrears on taxes).
Letter of Credit - this is an order from the bank, servicing enterprise another bank servicing the supplier to pay the supplier's invoices for goods shipped or services provided under the conditions provided for in the application for opening a letter of credit.
Check (cash) - this is an order to the bank to issue the amount of cash specified in the check from the company’s account. Cash checks are documents strict reporting and are issued by bank institutions on the basis of an application in the established form.
Payment documents are valid for presentation to the service credit institution within 10 calendar days, not counting the day of their discharge.
Announcement for cash payment issued when cash is deposited into the current account. To confirm the receipt of money, the bank issues a receipt to the depositor, which serves as a supporting document.
An active account is used to record transactions on a current account. 51 “Current accounts”, the debit of which reflects the receipt of funds, and the credit - their write-off (transfer, withdrawal). If an organization has several current accounts, the movement of funds for each of them is accounted for separately on 51 sub-accounts opened for the account. The basis for recording transactions on account 51 are bank statements.
Extract – this is a copy of the company’s personal account, opened by the bank. The statement contains the company's account number and the dates for which transactions were made on the current account (current and previous).
By storing the funds of an enterprise, the bank considers itself its debtor, i.e. for this amount has accounts payable. Therefore, the bank records balances and receipts to the current account as a credit to the current account, and write-offs and cash withdrawals as a debit.
The company receives from the bank a statement with attached copies of documents on the basis of which funds were credited or debited. The accountant checks the statement and the compliance of the amounts received and written off according to the documents attached to it. If an error is detected, he reports it to the bank. Amounts erroneously included in K-t or D-t calculated invoices and statements discovered during verification are reflected in account 76 subaccount “Calculations for claims”.
And having its own balance.
Free funds in foreign currency are stored in the current account Russian Federation. Current accounts are also used to make payments to the budget, suppliers, customers and various. The issuance and transfer of funds from this account is carried out by the bank, as a rule, on the basis of an order from the account owner (organization) or with his consent (acceptance). However, in some cases, the bank debits amounts from the current account without the consent of its owner.
Payments from the current account are made in the order of their calendar priority. Transactions on the current account are documented with the following documents. An announcement for cash contributions is issued when money is deposited from the cash register into the current account. Cash check serves as an order from the organization to the bank to issue the amount of cash specified in the check from the current account. Payment check used to transfer funds from the payer’s current account to the recipient’s current account. A payment order serves the same purpose. The payment request, in contrast to the settlement check and payment order, is issued by the recipient of the funds (supplier). It is intended for payments for products, works and services.
The organization periodically receives from the bank bank account statement, containing the transactions performed, turnover and balance. The statement is accompanied by monetary settlement documents on the basis of which transactions were made on the current account. Based on the statements, records are kept on current accounts.
Analytical accounting for 51 “Current accounts” should be maintained for each current account.
The organization's accounting department maintains synthetic accounting of transactions on current accounts on active account 51 "Current accounts". Turnovers on the credit of these accounts are registered on the basis of bank statements in journal order No. 2, and on debit - in statement No. 2. Amounts with the corresponding corresponding accounts of each statement are added up and recorded in the journal order and statement of results. The debit balance of account 51 means the availability of funds in the current account at the beginning of the month, the debit balance is an increase, i.e., the receipt of funds, and the credit turnover is a decrease, i.e., the write-off of funds.
The debit of account 51 “Current accounts” reflects the following main transactions:
1. Cash deposit to bank accounts:- account credit 50 "Cash".
- debit of account 51 "Current accounts",
- credit account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers",
- credit account 90-1 "Revenue".
- debit of account 51 "Current accounts",
- debit of account 51 "Current accounts",
- credit account 66 "Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings",
credit account 67 "Calculations for long-term loans and loans."
- debit of account 51 "Current account",
- credit account 55 "Special accounts in banks."
- debit of account 51 "Current accounts",
- credit to account 91-1 “Other income”.
- debit of account 51 "Current accounts",
- credit account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors."
- debit of account 51 "Current accounts",
- credit to account 76-2 “Calculations for claims”.
On the credit of active account 51 “Current accounts” the following main transactions are recorded:
1. Funds have been received at the cash desk from the current account:- debit account 50 "Cash",
- debit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors",
- credit account 51 "Current accounts".
- debit of account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees",
- credit account 51 "Current accounts".
- debit account 91-2 "Other expenses",
- credit account 51 "Current accounts".
- credit account 51 "Current accounts".
- debit of account 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”,
- debit of account 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”,
- credit account 51 "Current accounts".
- debit account 69 "Calculations for social insurance and provision",
- credit account 51 "Current accounts".
- debit of account 58 "Financial investments",
- credit account 51 "Current accounts".
- debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors",
- credit account 51 "Current accounts".
In addition to current accounts, organizations can have other accounts in banks: 52 " Currency accounts", 55 "Special bank accounts."
All these bills. Accounting for transactions on them is similar to accounting for transactions on current accounts. Analytical accounting for account 52 “Currency accounts” must be maintained for each account opened for storing funds in foreign currency. And for account 55, it is necessary to ensure the receipt of data on cash flows in letters of credit, deposits, checks, etc.
Current account - all movements in accounting financial resources it is reflected in account 51. Let's see why the company needs this current account and how non-cash cash transactions are registered business transactions in accounting, in this article.
What is this current account?
The predominant part of settlements between legal entities is carried out by bank transfer - by transferring financial funds from the account of one counterparty to the account of its counterparty in transactions. Intermediary function such transfers are performed by the bank.
To make cashless financial transfers become possible, the company needs to open a bank account. The bank client will be able to use this account both to save available funds and to conduct settlement transactions, including withdrawing cash from the account (in cases established by law).
IMPORTANT! There is currently no law that requires individual entrepreneurs have a current account. Only companies have such an obligation. Although entrepreneurs who do not have a current account, in practice may encounter problems when concluding agreements with counterparties.
The bank assigns a specific number to each settlement account, and a personal account to each client to record the movement of funds. Cashless payment within the current account is carried out by the bank strictly with the consent of the client - the owner of this current account. And only in some cases can finances be written off forcibly.
Consider the table of the movement of funds in the current account:
Synthetic accounting of business transactions carried out using a current account in accounting is kept on account “51” “Current account (Order of the Ministry of Finance). This account belongs to active accounts: its debit reflects the balance of available financial assets of the business entity, as well as financial receipts, and the credit records all write-offs.
Basic transactions for the current account
We have combined the more popular transactions for account “51” in this table below.
| Situation | Debit | Credit |
| Receipts to the current account | ||
| Payment received from buyers | 51 | 62 (sub-account “Payment”) |
| Advance received from buyers | 51 | 62 (sub-account “Advances”) |
| Refund of prepayments from suppliers | 51 | 60 (sub-account “Advances”) |
| Claim paid by suppliers | 51 | 76 (sub-account “Claims”) |
| Received funds from other persons | 51 | 76 (corresponding subaccount) |
| Dividends received | 51 | 76 (sub-account “Dividends”) |
| Refund of taxes, contributions | 51 | 68, 69 |
| Contribution to the authorized capital received | 51 | 75 |
| Cash deposited into current account | 51 | 50 |
| Funds have been received into the current account (through transfers on the way) | 51 | 57 |
| Received funds from another current account | ||
| Interest accrued on current account | 51 | 91 |
| Receipt of credit, loan | 51 | 66, 67 |
| Budget funding received | 51 | 86 |
| Debits from current account | ||
| Payments made to suppliers | 60 (sub-account “Payment”) | 51 |
| Advance paid to suppliers | 60 (sub-account “Advances”) | 51 |
| Advance was returned to buyers | 62 (sub-account “Advances”) | 51 |
| Paid according to customer claims | 76 (sub-account “Claims”) | 51 |
| Cash received from the current account to the cashier | 50 | 51 |
| Write-offs (withdrawals) of finances through transfers in transit | 57 | 51 |
| Money transferred to another bank account | 51 (sub-account of the recipient's bank) | 51 (sub-account of the sender's bank) |
| Paid from a current account to other persons | 76 (corresponding subaccount) | 51 |
| Taxes and fees paid | 68, 69 | 51 |
| Written off as payment for banking services | 91 | 51 |
| Salary transferred | 70 | 51 |
| Accountable funds paid | 71 | 51 |
| Dividends paid | 75 | 51 |
| Loan issued to workers | 73 | 51 |
| Settlements have been made with the customs service | 76 (corresponding subaccount) | 51 |
| Repayment of a loan | 66, 67 | 51 |
Current account transactions and primary documents
Non-cash bank transfers are made on the basis of special forms. These include payment orders and demands.
A payment order is an administrative document of the account owner, obliging the bank to transfer a certain financial amount to the recipient's account opened with this or another bank.
With the help of payment orders, orders for funds transfers are issued:
- for goods supplied, services provided, work performed;
- towards payment of taxes and contributions to the budget and off-budget funds;
- to repay loans and pay interest on them;
- for processing other non-cash expenditure transactions.
The purpose of the payment request is somewhat different. It assumes that it is an administrative document not of the payer of funds (exactly as in the case of a payment order), but of their recipient and contains a requirement to transfer one or another amount from the debtor’s account to the creditor’s account. At the same time, settlements with payment requests may require prior acceptance by the payer, or they may be made without it.
Characteristic
On the territory of Russia, accounting of transactions on current accounts is organized by “51” account “Current accounts”:
- Debit is the point at which financial receipts are reflected.
- Credit is the point where the processes of writing off finances are reflected.
IMPORTANT! THE AVAILABILITY OF SEVERAL CURRENT ACCOUNTS REQUIRES THE ORGANIZATION TO KEEP ACCEPTABLE ACCOUNTS.
Characteristics of accounting for transactions on the account:
- All transactions on the current account are reflected in the database of statements of financial and credit firms, as well as in the documents attached to them.
- After receiving the statement, the accountant checks the balance of funds on the account at the end of the day of the previous statement and compares the data with the information received in the current document. The specialist also checks the compliance and completeness of the data provided in relation to the primary documents.
- If inconsistencies are found in the verification procedure, they are reflected in the subaccount.
- The company is given 10 days to protest the controversial issues. The starting point for this period is the day the statement is submitted.
- Accounting for transactions on accounts and subsequent reflection of transactions on accounts is carried out on the day when the statements were received.
How transactions are reflected in accounting accounts
Accounting for transactions on a current account involves monitoring the following operations (debit/credit):
- The amount of funds that, after depositing through the cash register, arrived on the account. D/C - 51-50.
- Making advances and payments for services (goods) from clients (buyers). D/C - 51-62.
- Obtaining bank loans for a short period of time. D/C - 51-66 (67).
- Receipt from the founders of contributions sent to replenish the authorized capital of the company. D/C - 51-75.
- Transfer of funds for insurance compensation received from insurers. D/C - 51-76.
- Lending funds to other companies. D/C - 58-51.
- Transfer of certain amounts to the state budget (tax payments, fees, extra-budgetary funds). D/K - 68 (69)-51.
- Payment of money on existing loans (short-term and long-term). D/K - 66 (67)-51.
- Carrying out payments to suppliers for goods and materials, and also carrying out a range of works (providing services). D/C - 60-51.