History of the Russian banking system. A brief history of banking in Russia The origins of the banking system

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3

1. The emergence and features of the development of the banking system in Russia…………………………………………………………………………………..4

1.1.Essence and evolution banking……………….4

1.2.The emergence and development of banks in Russia………………………7

1.2.1.Banks in Tsarist Russia…………………………………………………………….7

1.2.2.Soviet period of banking activity……………………….12

1.3.Modern banking system…………………………………15

PRACTICAL PART……………………………………………………………27

Test…………………………………………………………………………………..27

Task No. 1……………………………………………………………………..28

Task No. 2………………………………………………………………………………30

Task No. 3………………………………………………………………………………31

Task No. 4………………………………………………………………...32

Task No. 5………………………………………………………………………………34

Task No. 6………………………………………………………………………………35

List of sources used…………………………………….37

INTRODUCTION

Banking institution is a financial organization that produces, stores, provides, distributes, exchanges, controls funds and the circulation of money and securities. Banks- these are special economic institutions that accumulate cash providing credit, carrying out cash settlements, issuing money and securities, as well as mediating in mutual payments and settlements between states, enterprises and individuals. A legally strict definition of a bank is given by the “Law on Banks and Banking Activities”:

Bank- a commercial establishment that is a legal entity to which, in accordance with this law and on the basis of a license issued Central Bank Russia has been granted the right to attract funds from legal and individuals and on its own behalf place these funds on the terms of repayment, payment and urgency, as well as carry out other banking operations.

A bank is an enterprise inherent in any normally functioning economic formation that is engaged in lending and financing industry and trade using monetary capital raised in the form of deposits and by issuing its own means of payment (stocks, bonds, etc.).

Banking system - the most important of the structures market economy, conducting, concentrating the bulk of credit and financial transactions, leading part credit system.

1. EMERGENCE AND FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SYSTEM IN RUSSIA

1.1 The essence and evolution of banking

In the ordinary understanding, for an ordinary person, a bank is a depository of money. In fact, such a definition of a bank does not reveal its essence, place and role in market conditions. The term “bank” comes from the word banca (Italian: money changer’s bench, money table), which meant the place where in the Middle Ages Italian money changers laid out their coins for exchange. Money changers gradually expanded the range of their operations from simple exchange of coins to non-cash payments and bill circulation.

IN legislative acts In most countries, the concept of “bank” means an organization that accepts deposits, makes payments and provides lending, usually short-term. However, there is no single, generally accepted definition of a bank. In France, at the end of the 20th century, a distinction was introduced between credit institutions that have the right to accept demand deposits for up to 2 years, and other institutions that are deprived of this right. In Great Britain, in 1979, a line was drawn between banks and other credit institutions.

Currently, commercial banks, large savings institutions, various financial companies very often they engage in exactly the same operations.

In Russian economic literature, a bank is defined as a large credit institution, where loans are issued not only for consumption, but also for business transactions and, finally, the creditor (banker), on the orders of his clients, performs settlement and other operations. A bank is a stage in the development of credit business at which credit, monetary and settlement operations in their totality are concentrated in a single center.

Banks are an indispensable attribute of the commodity-money economy. Historically they went side by side. The beginning of the circulation of the monetary form of value can be considered the beginning of banking, and the degree of development of banking and activity has always, one way or another, corresponded to the degree of development of commodity-money relations in the economy.

The prerequisites for the formation of banks as institutions, and indeed the banks themselves, were ancient temples in the Ancient East, Greece, Rome, and then in Medieval Europe. There was a constant influx of funds into the churches from the state. As part of their economy, churches begin to carry out paid storage operations along with free storage of property. The temples are also involved in providing loans. The expansion of lending operations allowed them to buy and sell land, collect taxes, manage state property.

In ancient civilizations, with any loan, as well as with the collection of interest, usury went closely together, i.e. issuing money at a high interest rate. Loan transactions of temples were formalized with special observance of legal norms. Thus, temples carried out basic monetary transactions, contributed to the emergence of credit transactions, carried out various operations, and improved payment turnover.

Modern banking developed in the Middle Ages in Italy. Monetary taxes for the maintenance of the church, paid in coins from different countries, flocked to Italy from all over Europe. And so it appeared special class money changers, who not only exchanged some coins for others and stored valuables, but also contributed to an increase in bill turnover.

At the beginning of the 15th century, the first modern banks appeared. Bank in Genoa, and then banks in Venice and Florence. At the beginning of the 17th century, the first banks in Amsterdam and Hamburg were created in the likeness of Italian banks. In the Netherlands, in lands that were not connected by regular river or sea routes, the formation of banks had the same principles as in ancient centuries, i.e. the intermediary role of temples or individual merchants. In Germany, German trading houses began to develop on the basis of various branches of Italian trading houses. They had no charter and were not obliged to publish balance sheets. To organize execution monetary transactions had to get state certificate a certain sample.

It is practically impossible to establish a specific historical date for the emergence of banks. This is because the elements of the development of banking differed to one degree or another in Italy, Greece, Egypt, Babylon and other countries, long before the new era. Greece had a fairly developed banking activity. Initially, banking transactions were carried out by companies of priests. Subsequently, the need for credit prompted individuals to engage in banking operations. Greek bankers already had a certain specialization in the 5th century BC. The bankers themselves were directly involved in accepting deposits. From them separated a class of money changers, who later became experts in determining the authenticity of the price of circulating coins. The third category of bankers issued small loans.

1.2. The emergence and development of banks in Russia

1.2.1 Banks in Tsarist Russia

It is generally accepted that banking activity in Russia began in the first half of the 18th century. The first step in creating an institution similar to a bank in Russia was created at the beginning of the 18th century.

In fact, the history of the development of banking in Russia has deeper roots. In Rus', as a result of active trade with German cities, the main centers of monetary transactions were determined - Novgorod and Pskov. Monasteries, temples, churches served as places for the existence of trading houses. They were engaged in monetary transactions: the formation of their own capital through entrance fees from merchants, accepting deposits, issuing loans, and obtaining various privileges in the use of income. Gradually, collateral relationships begin to develop and spread. Rus' accepted the main provisions of the Byzantine state law, and also adopted their organization of monetary transactions.

Pskov loan law formalized credit transactions on special “boards”. Debt obligations - bills of exchange - began to be introduced into money circulation. According to “Russian Truth”, the protection and procedure for ensuring the property interests of the creditor, as well as the collection of debt, were regulated.

During the 13th – 16th centuries, monetary transactions were localized by a reduction in international trade and a lack of support for princes and their cities. In these times, a loan acted as a kind of gift (the use of interest was strictly prohibited).

Banks as specific economic institutions began to be created in Russia only in the middle of the 18th century. At that time, trading was carried out only in cash. Industry developed mainly due to public funds. The spread of commercial credit in Russia was lagging behind (compared to Europe). The first borrowers were the government and large landowners, and the lenders were individual entrepreneurs. This situation made it possible to uncontrollably raise interest rates on loans. This was one of the incentives for the creation of state-owned banks.

Their predecessor was the Coin Office established in 1733 in St. Petersburg. Its purpose was to issue loans to everyone, secured by gold and silver, at an interest rate of 8% per annum. Later, in 1754, two class banks were established: Noble and Commercial. The bank for the nobility had a fixed capital of 750,000 rubles. It had its branches in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The scope of activity was: 1) providing credit; 2) providing loans to landowners secured by estates. The landowner could take collateral real estate a loan of up to 10,000 rubles, at 6% with payment in three years, since these were very attractive conditions, then the fee for private loan reached 20% per annum.

A few years later these banks were closed. This happened because short-term loans, due to late repayment turned into long-term ones, and the borrowers were mainly the same persons (large landowners, landowners).

During the reign of Catherine II, as well as in 1764, two state-owned commercial banks were opened. One in St. Petersburg, the other in Astrakhan. They assisted foreign trade. But they did not exist for so long. St. Petersburg was closed in 1782 due to depletion of resources. After a big fire, Astrakhan turned into a charitable institution in 1767.

The reign of Alexander I was marked in the history of banking by the development of accounting offices and their spread throughout the country. But since bill circulation was poorly developed in the country, as well as a lack of funds, these offices did not have a significant impact on trade and industry in Russia. In 1818, a state one was opened instead commercial Bank.

The creation and establishment of this bank was aimed at improving the health of credit institutions in Russia, whose position was undermined by large issues of banknotes, issuing long-term loans and borrowing for the needs of the government. To stop all this, it was planned to carry out the following reforms.

In Russia, in the field of money circulation and banking, Byzantine law in this area and the exclusive state monopoly on money issue and banks. This circumstance predetermined the features banking system Russia as a system is mainly state-owned. Until the 1860s, there were no private banks in Russia at all.

For comparison, in Great Britain the Bank of England was established in 1694 due to the need to regulate the activities of the already established system of private banks. And only in 1844 the monopoly of the Bank of England’s issuing activities was proclaimed, i.e. In Great Britain, banking, like any other business, grew from below.

The creation of the state loan bank in 1733 is considered to be the birthday of the Russian banking system.

The stages of development of the Russian banking system were the creation in 1786 of the “State Land Bank” (mortgage lending), in 1797 of the “Auxiliary Bank for the Nobility” (issuance of mortgage loans with bank notes with a forced exchange rate), in 1817 of the “State Commercial Bank "(deposits, loans, fat settlements).

Commercial banks were created in Russia during the era of the Great Reforms of Emperor Alexander II.

In 1860 it was created National Bank Russia on the basis of a state commercial bank, and an intensive process of creating commercial and public banks immediately began.

In 1864--1873 About 40 commercial banks were created, the largest of which was the Volzhsko-Kama Commercial Bank at that time.

By 1914, the following two-tier banking system had formed in Russia:

1. State Bank and several specialized state banks (Commission for the Repayment of State Debts, State Savings Banks (1834), State Noble Land Bank (1885), Peasant Land Bank (1881).
2. Public city and land banks and private banks. The second level of banks consisted, as we see, of two sublevels. In total, at this time there were 600 credit institutions and 1,800 bank branches. Public and private banks included 50 joint-stock commercial banks, 300 city credit societies and city public banks, zemstvo banks, mutual land loan societies, 80 mutual short term loan, 15,450 savings and loan partnerships, 16,000 credit partnerships, rural, township and stanitsa banks and cash desks, 11 credit unions, which included 558 partnerships and 4,724 public peasant institutions of small credit.

State specialized banks took an active and direct part in carrying out the “Stolypin reforms”.

After the Bolsheviks came to power in 1917, private and public banks were nationalized, and the activities of foreign banks were prohibited in 1918.

With the transition to the NEP, commercial lending was temporarily restored. By 1926, the number of commercial banks had grown to 61, and the State Bank's share of loans decreased from 66% to 48%. But already in 1927 commercial banks came under the control of the State Bank and were actually liquidated as independent credit institutions.

In the USSR, until 1987, the banking system included the State Bank of the USSR, Stroybank of the USSR and Vneshtorgbank.

The State Bank of the USSR served as the issuing center, the main credit institution, settlement and cash institution of the country.

Stroybank serviced capital construction.

Vneshtorgbank served foreign trade.

The division of banks into the Central Bank and business state banks occurred in 1987. Five sectoral state banks were created: Promstroibank (lending to industry, transport, communications), Agroprombank (agriculture and processing), Zhilsotsbank (housing and social sphere), Sberbank (deposits population), Vnesheconombank (foreign economic activities).

The creation of commercial banks began in Russia in 1988 after the release of the Law “On Cooperation”.

The spontaneous growth in the number of cooperative banks turned out to be an avalanche. By the end of 1991, the number of banks was 1,357. Essentially, these were not banks in the generally accepted concept, but instruments for pumping budget funds to individuals.

By 2002, the banking system had overcome the consequences of the default and restored its level. At the end of 2001, according to the Development Center, the total assets of the Russian banking system reached 140% in real terms of the pre-crisis level, and capital 120%. Net income for 2001 amounted to $2.2 billion and also exceeded pre-crisis levels. Moreover, the main source of bank income in 2001 was loans to the real sector of the economy. The share of loans to the non-financial sector of the economy in the assets of the banking system amounted to 42% at the end of the year (an increase of 43% in 2001). Thus, the banking system began to fulfill its main function of lending to the economy.

Macroeconomic indicators of the banking sector of the Russian Federation in 2001-2005. are shown in Table 68. The assets of the banking sector have increased approximately threefold since 2001; in 2005, they amounted to $350 billion. The equity capital of the banking sector also increased approximately threefold and reached $44.4 billion in 2005. The share of loans increased significantly in assets up to 55.9% compared to 41.9% in 2001. The volume of lending also increased real sector economy, including population, 4 times. The banking system is increasingly fulfilling its functions as a source of financing for the economy.

Macroeconomic indicators of the banking sector of the Russian Federation in 2001-2005.

Loans to non-financial organizations in 2005 increased by 30.5% (2004 by 39%) and amounted to 4110.6 billion rubles. as of 01/01/06. Short-term loans up to 1 year amounted to 43.5%.

A serious competitor to lending legal entities began lending to the population. Annual volume consumer loans increased 1.9 times from 616.05 billion rubles. as of January 1, 2005 to 1174.9 billion rubles. as of 01/01/06.

The second most important active operation of banks and source of income is the acquisition valuable papers about 16% of assets in 2005

The population's confidence in the banking system was restored after the default. Deposits from individuals increased approximately fourfold during this period and amounted to about 30% of the sector's liabilities. Sberbank's share in the deposit market is steadily decreasing - from 60% in 2004 to 54.4% in 2005. The population is increasingly participating in financing the economy through the banking system. It places about 20% of its income in banks (savings). Deposits from the population almost equaled the total deposits of legal entities.

The growth trend in the financial results of commercial banks has become stable. In 2004, the profit of the banking sector, according to the Bank of Russia, amounted to 177.9 billion rubles, for 2003 and 2002. -- 128.4 billion rubles. and 93 billion rubles, respectively. In 2005, profit growth was the highest in three years and amounted to 47.3% (2004 38.6%). The profit of the banking sector in 2005 amounted to 262.1 billion rubles. Taking into account financial result previous years 304.5 billion rubles. (data from the Bank of Russia). The share of profitable banks increased to 98.9%. Losses mainly fell on one crisis bank (95% of all losses). Profitability equity increased over the year from 20.3% to 24.2%, and return on assets from 2.9% to 3.2%. Thus, the banking sector of the economy is one of the most profitable and rapidly growing sectors of the economy in the Russian Federation.

The net current income of credit institutions amounted to 665 billion rubles. and grew by 42.4% compared to previous year. The main contribution to net income was made by net interest income (63% versus 62.3% in 2004), but its share increased slightly due to a decrease interest rates on deposits of the population. In second place is the share of net commission income (23.2% versus 22.6%). Net income from transactions of purchase and sale of securities is in third place in terms of contribution to total net income. Their share is 12.4% (was 12.5% in 2004). The share of credit institutions in operations with foreign currency in 2005 was 5.1% (was 4.9%).

According to the Central Bank, the share of stable credit institutions in 2005 was 99.6%.

Russia's banking capital remains largely concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region. Of the 200 largest banks, about 70% are registered in Moscow and the Moscow region.

The goals and conditions for the development of the banking sector are defined in the “Strategy for the development of the banking sector of the Russian Federation for the period until 2008”, adopted jointly by the Bank of Russia and the Government of the Russian Federation on April 5, 2005.

As of the beginning of 2005, the ratio of banking sector assets to GDP was 42.5% (versus 32.3% as of January 1, 2001), capital 5.6% (versus 3.9%), loans provided to non-financial enterprises and organizations - 19.5% (versus 11.0%), which is still significantly lower than in developed countries peace.

The banking sector of the Russian Federation still has a low investment attractiveness on international level. This is evidenced by the declining share of foreign capital. In the period from January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2005, the share of non-residents in the total authorized capital of operating credit institutions of the Russian Federation decreased from 10.7% to 6.2%. The Bank of Russia has adopted a number of decisions and measures aimed at the influx of foreign capital into the banking sector and the elimination of bureaucratic obstacles on its way. And these measures led to an increase in the influx of foreign capital into the banking sector already in 2005. It is envisaged to generally simplify the procedure for forming capital of credit institutions at the expense of non-residents and bring it as close as possible to the procedure for forming capital of credit institutions by residents. In order to facilitate the admission of non-residents to the capital of the banking sector, it is planned to make changes to the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The banking sector in Russia remains relatively small. The total capital of the entire banking system is small and less than the capital of one large Western bank. Costs of operation are high banking business. The problems of developing competition in the market have not yet been solved banking services, increasing the transparency of bankruptcy and bank liquidation procedures.

The main goal of developing the banking sector in medium term The Strategy is to increase the stability of the banking system and the efficiency of the banking sector.

The Strategy of the Central Bank and the Government of the Russian Federation determined the basic objectives for the development of the banking sector:

- strengthening the protection of the interests of depositors and other creditors of banks;
- increasing the efficiency of the carried out banking sector activities to accumulate funds of the population and organizations and their transformation into loans and investments;
- increasing the competitiveness of Russian credit institutions;
- preventing the use of credit institutions to carry out unscrupulous commercial activities and for illegal purposes;
- developing a competitive environment and ensuring transparency in the activities of credit institutions;
- strengthening confidence in the Russian banking sector on the part of investors, creditors and depositors.

The Strategy predicts that the following aggregate quantitative indicators of the Russian banking system will be achieved:

- assets/GDP -- 56-60%;
- capital/GDP -- 7-8%;
- loans to non-financial organizations/GDP 26-28% of GDP.

The activities of credit institutions are increasingly focused on needs real economy. There continues to be a steady growth trend in credit investments. Competition is intensifying in the banking services market, including for individual deposits. As a result, Sberbank's share in the deposits attracted by the banking sector from individuals tends to decline.

Introduction

1. Origin of banks

2. Development of the banking system in Russia

2.1The origin of the banking system in Russia.

Banking system before 1917

2.2 Banking system of the Soviet state

2.3Current state banking system

Banking crisis in Russia 2008 – 2009

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The banking system is an integral component economic system any country. Banks are the link between industry and trade, agriculture and the population. This makes clear the need and importance of banking structures, both for business and for the country’s economy as a whole. Banks are not an attribute of a single economic region or any one country, the scope of their activity has neither geographical nor national boundaries, it is a planetary phenomenon with colossal financial power and significant monetary capital.

The activities of banking institutions are so diverse that their actual essence is difficult to determine unambiguously. IN modern society Banks engage in a wide variety of transactions. They not only organize money circulation and credit relations; Through them, financing of industry and agriculture, insurance operations, purchase and sale of securities, and in some cases, intermediary transactions and property management are carried out.

Many books have been written about banks and banking activities, however, economists continue to debate both the time of the emergence of banks and the understanding of their specific role in the economy of various historical formations, in particular during the transition to a market.

1. Origin of banks

The word "bank" comes from the Italian word "banco", which means "bench [of the money changers]" (money table). Historically, the predecessors of modern banks appeared at a time when the main form of money was gold and silver coins, which were not safe.

For the safety and convenience of business transactions, medieval “businessmen” began to bring their coins to local jewelers, receiving receipts in return. Jewelers' receipts were readily accepted as payment for goods and became the earliest form of paper money, and goldsmiths themselves became medieval bankers. Initially, their receipts were completely exchanged for gold, i.e. had 100% liquidity. Over time, however, the jewelers began to notice that the amount of money that people deposited into their shop (bank) exceeded the amount that they withdrew. This led to the idea of providing part of the gold of their investors to other persons for a certain fee (at a certain interest). This marked the beginning of the creation of the so-called fractional reserve banking system.

One of the first banks in the modern understanding of this term was the Bank of Genoa, created in 1407. Institutions with the features of banks appeared in shopping centers - the Netherlands, Germany. Following the money changers, who exchanged money and accepted it for safekeeping, the profession of bankers arose. Thus, the origins of modern banking can be seen in the activities of banks in ancient times and money changers in the Middle Ages.

The first banks with modern accounting principle double entry appeared in the 15th century. in Italy. The first special credit institutions (“business houses”) arose in the Ancient East, credit functions in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome performed temples, in medieval Europe - monasteries.

As production and circulation volumes developed, the role of banks in all countries increased. Free monetary resources appeared, which were accumulated and sent in the form of loans to industrial and commercial capitalists. The development of commodity-money circulation in all sectors of the economy determined the expansion of banking capital. To the original function of banks - trading money - a new function was added - managing interest-bearing capital. Banks, as collectors of capital, began to serve the entire production process and were able to influence it.

From modest institutions for storing money, from modest intermediaries, banks turned into active participants in the increase of industrial capital and stimulators of the development of social production.

2. Development of the banking system in Russia

2.1 The origin of the banking system in Russia.

Banking system before 1917

The beginning of the development of banking in Russia can be dated back to the first half of the 18th century. The first attempts to streamline and organize credit institutions came from the imperial government, which was the patron of the development of financial affairs in Russia.

Already during the reign of Anna Ioanovna, there was a “Coin Office” in Russia, the creation of which is considered the first step towards the development of banks and other credit institutions. And the main function of which was to issue loans secured by gold and silver with a “recovery” of 8% to alleviate the situation of persons in need of a loan.

Further development banking is observed under Elizaveta Petrovna, on whose instructions the first Noble Loan Banks were established in 1754, one of the main functions of which was issuing loans to nobles secured by movable and immovable property. Later, in 1766, banks began to issue loans to peasants.

Under Elizaveta Petrovna, other credit institutions arose, such as the “Copper Bank”, “Banking offices of bill production” between cities, engaged in issuing loans to merchants and manufacturers in copper coins secured by bills of exchange. Upon repayment, the borrower was obliged to repay the loan in silver.

However, all the established credit organizations were unable to have a significant impact on the development of credit in that era.

Further development of banking continues under Catherine II.

1769 were created Assignation banks, who were mainly involved in the introduction of paper money into circulation. Despite the control concentrated in the hands of governors and mayors, the activities of all these offices were unsuccessful, and they gradually began to close.

In 1796, the “State Loan Bank” was founded, which was engaged in issuing loans to landowners from the nobility to improve their economy. He issued loans for estates, houses and factories for a period of 20 years at 8% per annum to the nobles and for 22 years at 7% to the cities.

During the reign of Emperor Alexander I, banking, and with it credit institutions, underwent significant changes.

To establish unity between all credit institutions, a special institution, the “Council of State Credit Institutions,” was formed, which was in charge of all credit regulations.

In 1817, the Emperor founded the “State Commercial Bank”, the need for its creation was to revive industry and assist in the development of small credit. This bank was granted the right to discount bills, the right to accept deposits for storage and the right to make transfers. As the bank developed, it gradually opened its branches in major cities countries.

At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Alexander II, the entire system of credit organizations was transformed in the most radical way.
Period from 1862 to 1872 is considered a time of continuous historical development of banking in Russia. During this period, 33 joint stock bank, 11 joint-stock land banks, and in 1873 there were 222 city public banks in operation. The sudden appearance of such a mass of credit institutions led to an excess of their actual needs, due to which many of them deviated from their main goal and became carried away by various speculative operations, which led to the collapse of the banks themselves.

All existing banks at that time were divided into state, public and private.

The most developed form of banks at that time were Joint Stock Commercial Banks, which appeared in Russia in the 60s. XIX century.
The composition, structure and order of their activities were determined by frequent charters. The number of founders of such a bank had to be at least five people. Half of the share capital had to be contributed when subscribing for shares, and the remaining half within six months after the opening of subscription.

In the pre-revolutionary history of the Russian banking system, the State Bank of the Russian Empire played a key role.

The State Bank of Russia was established in 1860, but until the end of the century (1897) it did not have the right to independently issue banknotes. It was carried out only “by the highest decrees”, for the benefit of the treasury and the government. Independently, the State Bank could only replace old banknotes with new ones, had the right to accept deposits and issue loans, purchase and sell gold, silver, foreign currency and securities. From the very beginning, the State Bank was subordinate to the Ministry of Finance.

The State Bank of Russia became a true issuing center after the reform of 1897. Before the First World War, it already had 10 offices and 124 branches, expanded lending activities State Bank, it has turned into a real “bank of banks”. Subsequently, the State Bank of Russia was forced to combine its role as a “bank of banks” with direct commercial lending to enterprises (it provided direct lending to such export industries as grain procurement).

After October 1917, the State Bank ceased to exist altogether, as the creation of a system of communist distribution began, in which money and credit seemed unnecessary.

2.2 Banking system of the Soviet state

In the context of a new economic policy By resolutions of 1921, the bank was restored under the name of the State Bank of the RSFSR, and later in 1923 it was transformed into the State Bank of the USSR.

This bank had:

· the right to provide loans to industrial and trading enterprises various forms property, as well as agriculture and handicraftsmen only “subject to their security and economic feasibility.”

· monopoly right to conduct transactions with currency and currency values, establish official rate on precious metals and foreign currency, regulating private transactions for the purchase and sale on the exchange of gold, silver, foreign currency, as well as checks and bills issued in foreign currency.

· the right to issue chervonets - bank notes - into circulation, and it turned into an emission center.

Since 1922, the country began to create commercial banks, including sectoral joint-stock banks (special banks) and mutual credit societies, which were supposed to provide short-term or long-term lending to certain sectors of the economy.

· the right to direct operational management of the entire credit system. The State Bank was supposed to monitor the activities of other credit institutions in accordance with government directives in the field of credit policy.

In December 1990, the Laws “On the State Bank of the USSR” and “On Banks and Banking Activities” were adopted. In accordance with them, the State Bank of the USSR, together with those established at that time on the basis of republican bank offices national banks should have created unified system central banks based on the general monetary unit(ruble) and performing the functions of a reserve system.

On December 20, 1991, the State Bank of the USSR was abolished and all its assets and liabilities, as well as property on the territory of the RSFSR, were transferred to the Central Bank of the RSFSR. A few months later the bank became known as the Central Bank Russian Federation(Bank of Russia).

In 1992-1995. In order to maintain the stability of the banking system, the Bank of Russia created a system of supervision and inspection of commercial banks, as well as a system currency regulation and exchange controls.

At the end of the last century, the state monopoly on banking was eliminated in our country. A modern two-tier banking system has been formed. Special banking legislation has been developed and is in force. A competitive credit and financial infrastructure is gradually taking shape, the main element of which is commercial banks. Some of them have already received high international ratings. The Association of Russian Banks has become the largest national banking association.

2.3 Current state of the banking system

Banking crisis in Russia 2008 – 2009

Russia was far from the first country to face a large-scale economic crisis and a crisis in the banking system in particular in 2008–2009.

The causes of the Russian banking crisis of 2008-2009 lie far beyond the country’s borders, and the economic situation did not worsen overnight; it was preceded by a number of other processes, the consequences of which gradually accumulated and simply could not help but lead to what we have now.

During a financial crisis, the banking system is the first to suffer. We can say that as a result of the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, a banking crisis occurred in Russia. Its main reasons include the following: low capitalization of most banks in Russia and low level banks' trust in each other, and, as a consequence, the underdevelopment of the interbank lending market. Large (system-forming) Russian banks, such as Sberbank, VTB, Gazprombank, VEB have the opportunity to take out cheap loans in the West. When did it start in the West? financial crisis, the banks that borrowed there lost this opportunity. Thus, banks with little capital living on borrowed funds, had to pay off debts. In this situation, they had nowhere to refinance - cheap loans are not provided in the West, the interbank lending market does not work. As a result, such banks cannot fulfill their obligations to both depositors and creditors.

Just a year ago it was believed that our banking system was invulnerable and practically safe for capital. The bankruptcy of Russian banks was unlikely. Today this topic is no longer raised. Russian banks went through a lot in the third and fourth quarters of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009: the banking crisis, the liquidity crisis, the closure of international capital markets for Russian banks; losses from the sector that provided trading services for stock exchanges; significant outflow of depositors' funds, stopping the growth of the segment consumer lending and problems of loan defaults.

Forecasts for the development of the situation with the banking crisis vary greatly. From the brightly optimistic, promising the restoration of the banking system and the end of the crisis by the end of 2009, to the sharply pessimistic, who declare that the bottom of the banking crisis in Russia has not yet been reached, and that the 2009 crisis will be worse than the banking crisis of 2008.

Conclusion

The development of credit relations and their main link - the bank - goes back hundreds of years. All this time they were improving and adapting to the existing economic and political structures. Banking institutions have also gone through their own evolutionary path - from money changers providing the traveler and trader with the necessary currency, to modern giants providing their clients with hundreds of services and operating in all sectors of the economy. The state intervened in this process, forming a banking system that was economically and socially acceptable to society.

When considering the history of the development of the banking system, it becomes obvious that the forms of banking activity were in constant development and change. In the context of the development of commodity and financial markets, the structure of the banking system became more complex, new types appeared financial institutions, new credit instruments and customer service methods.

List of used literature

1. http://revolution

2. Andreev A. “History of the development of banking in Russia”, www.zadachi.org.

3. Banking crisis in Russia: causes, consequences of the banking system crisis - 2008. // Internet portal “Economic crisis.ru” - http://www.economic-crisis.ru/novosti-crizisa/bankovskij-krizis-v- vrossii.html

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State educational institution

Higher vocational education

"Ural State Economic University"

College

INTERDISCIPLINARY COURSE WORK

By discipline: “Finance money circulation and credit"

On the topic: Banking services.

Student: Alferova I.S.

Group No. 12 – 01 BD-2

Head of work:

Romanova S.B.

Yekaterinburg city

Maintenance…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3- 4

1. History of the development of the Russian banking system …………………………………...5-7

1.1 The essence of banking services…………………………………………….….8-11

1.2 Classification of banking services……………………………………..…..12-18

2. Main types of banking services for individuals………………………19-25

3.Analysis of Sberbank Ekaterinburg……………………………………………………….26-35

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....36

List of sources and literature used………………………………………………………37-38

Introduction

One of the main and integral structures in the economy is the banking system. The development of banks proceeded in parallel and was closely intertwined with commodity production and commodity circulation. At the same time, banks contribute to the growth of social labor productivity and significantly increase the overall efficiency of production by conducting cash payments, lending to the economy and acting as intermediaries in the redistribution of capital.

The main area of the national economy of any developed state is the modern banking system. Its practical role is as follows: managing the state’s system of payments and settlements, directing the population’s savings to firms and production structures, carrying out most of its commercial transactions through deposits, investments and credit transactions. Commercial banks regulate traffic cash flows, influencing their total mass, including the amount of cash in circulation, the speed of cash flow turnover and emission, act in accordance with the monetary policy of the state. Ensuring the constancy of the price level, upon reaching which market relations influence the national economy in the most effective way, and the key to reducing inflation is stabilizing the growth of the money supply.

The modern banking system is a sphere of diverse services: from traditional cash settlement and deposit and loan operations, which determine the basis of banking, to the latest forms financial and monetary instruments used by banking structures (trust, leasing, factoring, etc.).

One of the most important tasks economic reform in Russia is the organization of a sustainable, flexible and efficient banking infrastructure. The formation of a modern domestic banking system is determined by the practice of foreign banks in developed countries. In addition, it helps to bring domestic banking structure To international standards and bring Russian banks to the global level.

Nowadays, in conditions of developed financial and commodity markets, the structure of the banking system is becoming much more complicated. New tools and methods of serving clients, new types of financial and credit institutions are emerging.

In fact, the concept of “bank” is not as simple as it seems at first glance. Typically, a bank is understood as a “money depository.” But this everyday interpretation of the bank hides its true purpose in the national economy.

Due to the fact that currently the activities of banking institutions are very diverse, their true essence is uncertain. Today, banks are engaged in various types of transactions. Besides the organization money turnover and credit relations, through which insurance operations, purchase and sale of securities, intermediary transactions and property management, and financing of the national economy are carried out. Credit institutions keep statistics, participate in discussions of national economic programs, act as consultants, and have their own subsidiary enterprises.

History of the development of the Russian banking system

Banks are a huge achievement of civilization. They are economic bodies designed to serve all market relations. Banks should be considered as an important part of business, the business world. They accumulate funds, provide loans, conduct cash transactions, and issue banknotes, serve securities markets provide a variety of economic services.

Banking arose and developed on the basis of interest-bearing capital. Even during the decomposition of the primitive communal system, usurious capital was used. Wealthy representatives of the top government lent funds. The development of usurious capital marked the beginning of banking.

In ancient times, there were some institutions that performed the functions of banks. There are indications in historical literature that banks operated in Babylon, ancient Greece, Egypt, Rome. They performed a variety of transactions - from commission transactions for purchases, sales and payments on behalf of clients to issuing loans and acting as a guarantor and trustee in various acts and transactions. For example, in the 8th century. BC The Babylonian Bank accepted cash deposits, providing loans and even issued bank loans“Gudu.”

Usury and money changers developed in Babylon. The state was already trying to legally regulate personal credit relations and protect the interests of moneylenders. In Greece, banking operations were initially carried out by priests. Due to the intensive development of trade, the need for credit increased, and this prompted the development of banking operations. Ancient temples in Greece were original banks, bankers and places for storing money. It is interesting to note that the term “coin” originates from one of the synonyms of Juno, at whose temple in Rome back in the 3rd century. BC there was a mint of Juno (her middle name is Coin).

As international trade grew, the trade of money changers developed. The emerging money changers were institutions specializing in money exchange. The minting of their own coins by various feudal lords and their frequent damage required the exchange of different currencies. Exchange national currency to foreign, and vice versa, is the main function of such offices. Money changers were also the predecessors of banks. The starting positions for the development of banking were determined by the activities of money changers in the Middle Ages in Italy. One version of the origin of the word “bank” is from the Italian “banco” (money table).

One of the first banks in the modern understanding of this term was the Bank of Genoa, created in 1407. Institutions with the features of banks appeared in shopping centers - the Netherlands, Germany. Following the money changers, who exchanged money and accepted it for safekeeping, the profession of bankers arose. They initially differed from money changers in that, along with participating in payments, they began to lend money. Thus, the origins of modern banking can be seen in the activities of banks in ancient times and money changers in the Middle Ages.

In Western Europe, the transition to credit banking houses and commercial banks occurred in the second half of the 17th century. In England, the Bank of England was created in 1664, which actively provided credit for commercial and industrial turnover.

The history of banking in the United States begins in the second half of the 18th century, with private colonial loan offices performing the functions of issuing loans secured by land and issuing paper money. The first US commercial bank to receive a document to conduct banking operations was the Bank of North America, formed in Philadelphia in 1781.

The roots of Russian banks go back to the era of Veliky Novgorod (12-15 centuries). Already at that time, banking operations were carried out, cash deposits were accepted, loans were issued against collateral, etc. Banking in Russia received more serious development in the first half of the 18th century, when the imperial government began to patronize finance and the development of banks in every possible way.

The banking system of the Russian Federation began to be created much later than in Western countries, and went through several stages in its development. Conventionally, five stages can be distinguished: 1st - from the middle of the 18th century. before 1860 - the period of creation and functioning of banks as state-owned (state-owned); 2nd - from 1860 to 1917 - the period of development and improvement of the banking system; 3rd - from 1917 to 1930 - formation of a new banking system; 4th - from 1932 to 1987 - stable functioning of the “socialist” banking system; 5th - from 1988 to the present - the formation of a modern market banking system.

The beginning of the first stage in the development of the banking system was the creation in 1733 of the state loan bank, which largely played the role of a state pawnshop. But even before this, in Russia, already in 1665 in Pskov, governor Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin made an attempt to establish a commercial bank, which was not approved by the central government, and the bank never began to function.

Economic development required an increase in lending opportunities. Therefore, already in 1754, two banks were created - the State loan bank for the nobility, designed to provide short-term lending secured by the real estate of the nobles, and the Bank for the Correction at the St. Petersburg Port of Commerce and Merchants to provide short-term loans to the merchants secured by goods, precious metals, as well as the guarantees of city magistrates. However, these banks quickly ceased their activities, faced with the non-repayment of the bulk of the loans. The same fate befell the commercial commercial banks of St. Petersburg and Astrakhan, created in 1764 to encourage foreign trade.

Along with banks, specialized credit institutions appeared in 1772, accepting demand deposits and issuing loans either secured by mortgages (Safety Banks) or secured by precious metals (Loan Banks). In 1775, Orders of Public Charity appeared, forming capital by accepting deposits and issuing short-term loans secured by real estate. Naushnaya since 1786, when the State Land Bank was established on the basis of the St. Petersburg and Moscow land banks for the nobility, institutions for long-term mortgage lending. Among them is the Auxiliary Bank for the Nobility (1797), the peculiarity of which was the issuance of long-term mortgage loans not in money, but in bank notes with a forced exchange rate. They were obligatory for acceptance by both private individuals and the treasury at a forced cost and brought a certain annual income.

In 1817, the State Commercial Bank was created, which not only accepted deposits, but also carried out giro settlements ( free translations- transfers). Among active operations This bank was responsible for issuing loans and accounting for promissory notes and bills of exchange. At the same time, the bank was granted certain privileges, in particular, capital and deposits were not subject to taxes and were not used to finance government spending. The state maintained some control over the bank by appointing half of the directors and approving decisions of the bank's board regarding active operations. This bank had 12 branches.

In the 50s XIX century The prerequisites for the expansion of the banking system began to take shape. After all, in fact, the existing banks were state-owned institutions with inherent usurious features. Therefore, in 1859, decisions were made that marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of the banking system. Its reform of 1861 involved the liquidation of all state credit institutions and the creation of commercial banks.

The beginning of the reform was the abolition of the Loan Bank in 1860, the affairs of which were transferred to the St. Petersburg Treasury. In the same year, the State Bank of Russia was established on the basis of the state commercial bank. Simultaneously with the opening of the State Bank, the process of creating private long-term and short-term credit institutions began. Among the long-term ones, the most famous were:

St. Petersburg City Credit Society, created on the basis of mutual lending and joint liability to issue loans secured by city real estate;
Kherson Zemstvo Bank, created on the basis of the principle of mutual lending;
Mutual Land Loan Society (went bankrupt in 1890). Among the short-term institutions are the St. Petersburg Mutual Credit Society and the St. Petersburg Private Commercial Bank, which became the first joint-stock bank.

By 1872, the Russian banking system consisted of:

State Bank;
community city and land banks;
private banks: long-term lending - secured by real estate with mutual guarantee and joint stock; secured by city real estate - city credit societies; short-term lending - joint-stock commercial banks; mutual credit societies, which appeared in 1863, rural mutual credit savings and loan partnerships, which appeared in 1870.

At the beginning of the 1880s. in Russia there were 44 joint-stock banks (first appeared in 1864) with 49 branches, 83 mutual credit societies, 729 savings and loan partnerships, 32 commercial banks, 232 city public banks. In addition, banking offices, trading houses, and money changers appeared, which carried out a significant number of purely banking operations and also attracted client funds for high-risk transactions.

The widespread development of the banking system was interrupted by the First World War. But by 1914 there were 600 credit institutions and 1,800 bank branches, which were divided into state, public and private. The state ones included: State Bank. Redemption commission government debts, State Savings Banks (1834), State Noble Land Bank (1885) and Peasant Land Bank (1881).

Public and private banks included: 50 joint-stock commercial banks, 300 city credit societies and city public banks, zemstvo banks, mutual land loan societies (1866), 80 mutual short-term credit societies, 15,450 savings and loan partnerships, 16,000 credit partnerships, rural, volost and stanitsa banks and cash desks, 11 credit unions, uniting 558 partnerships and 4,724 public peasant institutions of small credit. Most large banks were: St. Petersburg International Bank (1869), Russian Bank for Foreign Trade (1871), St. Petersburg Accounting and Loan Bank (1869), St. Petersburg Private Commercial Bank (1864), Azov-Don Commercial Bank (1890 g.), Volzhsko-Kama Bank (1870).

Since the First World War, the decline of the Russian banking system began, and in 1917 its complete reorganization began.

In 1917, a monopoly on banking was declared, which resulted in the nationalization of private commercial banks and other credit institutions and their merger with the State Bank, renamed National Bank RSFSR and transferred to the jurisdiction of Narkomfin. In 1918, the activities of foreign banks were prohibited. The development of the policy of “war communism” led to the need for centralized budget financing, which entailed the abolition of the People’s Bank and the transfer of its functions in 1920 to the Narkomfin. However, the complete decline of the banking system did not follow, since the transition to the NEP in 1921 required its restoration. And already in the same year the State Bank of the RSFSR was re-established, and in 1922 - consumer cooperation banks and Industrial Bank. In 1922-1924. A number of banks and credit institutions emerged, and the banking system again became multi-tiered.

In 1924, Vneshtorgbank was formed as Joint-Stock Company. Its shareholders were the state, cooperative and public organizations. This bank was under the jurisdiction of the State Bank of the USSR and was engaged in lending for foreign trade transactions and international payments. By 1925 in Russia there were the State Bank, Industrial Bank, Torgbank (serving trade) and Agricultural Bank (lending Agriculture). At the same time, both central and republican agricultural banks, the Central Bank of Public Utilities (Tsekombank), and cooperative banks (Vsekombank) were distinguished. There were also joint stock, industry, regional banks, primarily the Far Eastern, Central Asian, Foreign Trade Bank, mutual credit societies, agricultural credit societies, savings banks, credit cooperation. The emergence of these links in the credit system was due to the development of small-scale production in need of credit. Therefore, the cooperative lending system served all types of cooperation, as well as directly peasants and artisans. At the same time, mutual credit societies became mutual associations of artisans and private entrepreneurs, accepting deposits and providing loans under the control of Narkomfin. Special purpose each previously named bank did not mean their strict specialization. They tried to attract clients from different sectors of the national economy, which reduced their risk and added stability.

In the second half of the 1920s. the development of syndicates led to their concentration of all bank loans allocated to the relevant industry and their distribution among trusts. Such syndicates increasingly took on credit intermediary responsibilities. This gave impetus to the beginning of the reorganization of the banking system. In 1927, the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On the principles of building a credit system” was adopted, according to which the State Bank received operational management of the entire banking system, which eliminated the right of independence in carrying out the interest rate policy of banks. This resolution eliminated the specialization of banks. The next stage of the reorganization was a strict distinction between short-term and long-term lending. In 1928, Prombank and Elektrobank were merged into a single Bank of Long-Term Loans for Industry and Electrical Facilities. All short-term loans were to be issued by the State Bank in accordance with quarterly plans. In general, the result of 1927-1929. was the elimination of the specific lending functions of banks, which turned bank lending into a type of state planned financing.

Credit reform 1930-1932 marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of the banking system. Its essence was the replacement of commercial and indirect bank lending with direct bank lending. The banking system was restructured along functional lines: a national short-term loan bank was created and a system of specialized banks was created to service capital investments. Such a banking system was a single-tier one, consisting of the State Bank of the USSR; four All-Union specialized banks for financing and long-term lending of capital investments - Prombank, Selkhozbank, Tsekombank, Torgbank; Vneshtorgbank, which had a wide network of correspondent relations with foreign banks; and savings banks, which were a single national credit institution serving the general population by attracting free funds, payment for services, placement of loans.

In 1959, the system of long-term banks was reorganized: two banks - Agricultural Bank and Tsekombank were abolished, and their functions were transferred to the State Bank. On the basis of Prombank and Torgbank, the All-Union Bank for Financing Capital Investments - Stroybank - was created. Its functions included financing and long-term lending to enterprises and organizations various industries national economy (except agriculture). The final structure of the banking system by 1960 was as follows: State Bank, Stroybank, Vneshtorgbank, savings bank system. This system existed for quite a long time, until 1988.

The latest changes in the country's policy and the transition to market relations led to changes in the banking system. In 1987, the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was held, which decided to improve it. As a result, along with the State Bank, which played the role of a “bank of banks,” 5 industry banks were created - the Industrial Construction Bank (Promstroibank), which was engaged in lending to industry, construction, transport, and communications; Agroindustrial Bank (Agroprombank), which provided loans to the agro-industrial complex; Housing and Social Bank (Zhilsotsbank), whose task was lending and servicing housing sector and social sphere; Savings Bank (Sberbank), transformed from savings banks and serving the population, and Foreign Economic Bank (Vnesheconombank), serving foreign economic activities.

Such a multitude of banks in a single-tier system led to the intertwining of their functions, which further aggravated the reasons for the reorganization of the banking system. The Law “On Cooperation” (1988) came to the rescue, which allowed the formation of cooperative banks that filled the empty niche in lending and raising funds. The first commercial bank was registered in August 1988. Favorable conditions for the opening of banking cooperatives led to a wide wave of the emergence of banks, a kind of “banking boom”. By January 1, 1989, there were 43 commercial banks in the country, a year later - 224, and by the end of 1991 - 1357. However, the bulk of these banks were “fly-by-night banks”, which were created only to receive a certain part of the profit, after which they closed and were replaced by new ones that offered extremely favorable conditions for clients, but also failed to fulfill their obligations.

A certain order came in 1991, when at the end of 1990 two laws were adopted - the Law “On the State Bank” and the “Law on Banks and Banking Activities”, which defined the conditions for opening a bank, ways and methods of monitoring them. Following these laws, the Law “On Banks and Banking Activities of the Russian Federation” was adopted, which finally established a two-tier banking system in the form Central Bank. Savings bank and commercial banks. According to this Law, commercial banks received independent status in the field of attracting deposits and credit policy, as well as in determining interest rates. In addition, they were given the right to exercise currency operations based on licenses issued by the Central Bank. Specialized banks turned into commercial banks on the basis of corporatization. By the time these laws were passed, there were 1,215 commercial and cooperative banks in the country with 2,293 branches.

The new banking system was quite complex and contradictory. By the beginning of 1992, there were already 1,414 commercial banks operating, of which 767 were created on the basis of former specialized banks and 646 were newly formed. But, in fact, the bulk of them consisted of small banks - 1037, or 73% of the total number of banks ( authorized capital from 5 to 25 million rubles). There were 24 large banks (authorized capital of more than 200 million rubles), or 2% of their total number. The main large banks were Sberbank and Vnesheconombank. A feature of banks of this period was “their instability, the reasons for which were, not least, insufficient qualifications, lack of capital, incorrect interest rate policy, high risk And low liquidity. All this led to a large number of bankruptcies.

By 1994, the banking system could be considered fully established. There were 2,019 commercial and cooperative banks with 4,539 branches and 414 credit institutions. The geography of the location of these banks has remained virtually unchanged since 1990 - the bulk is in the Central region - 43.6%, with Moscow remaining the leader, where 37.3% of banks operate. In the North Caucasus -13.4% of all banks, in Western Siberia- 8%, in the Volga region - 7.4%, in the Urals - 7.3%, in the Far East - 5.1%, in Eastern Siberia- 3.3%. The least saturated region was the Central Chernozem Region - 1.5% of the total number of banks. The total capital of banks also increased, amounting to 968 billion rubles. Speaking about the specialization of banks, it should be noted that almost all of them are universal in their core, only some of them, which were created either as “pocket” banks or on the basis of specialized banks, differ in their area of activity. Examples are Neftekhimbank, Promstroybank, Rosselkhozbank, Agroprombank. A special feature of 1994 was the creation of the first mortgage banks providing long-term loans secured by real estate. Among them are the Moscow Mortgage Joint Stock Bank, Standard Bank Mortgage Bank, and St. Petersburg Mortgage Bank.

The following years did not bring anything particularly new to the development of the banking system. First, the number of banks continued to grow - in 1995 there were 2517, and from 1996 their reduction began: on January 1, 1996 - 2295, on October 1, 1996 - 2030, and on October 1, 1997 - 1764. At the same time, the number of registered banks increased - 2,558.

But despite this, the structure of commercial banks in the country does not change. To this day, the same trends remain characteristic:

Small and medium-sized banks predominate.
Based on their form of ownership, banks are divided into mutual, joint stock and mixed.
The bulk of banks are still concentrated in the Central region.
The number of branches and representative offices is increasing, both in Russia and abroad.
The Russian Federation is characterized by universal banks, the network of specialized banks, such as mortgage banks, is practically undeveloped.
The main goal of the banking system is lending to the economy represented by three economic agents - the population, entrepreneurs and the state. In this regard, the domestic banking system lags far behind the Western one. Almost only the Savings Bank is engaged in lending to the population. Lending to enterprises occupies a relatively small place in the operations of commercial banks.
In structure passive operations The main share is occupied by ruble deposits of the population and legal entities.

Gradually improving, the banking system of the Russian Federation is increasingly beginning to become developed system, and not only externally, but also in essence of the operations performed. The network of branches and representative offices is expanding both within the country and abroad, and the network of non-bank credit institutions is increasing. The policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, aimed at increasing the stability and reliability of the banking system, should lead to the development of large, competitive, stable banks and the gradual displacement of small ones.