Aggregate cash income, receipts and savings of business entities, the state is called financial resources.
The source of formation of financial resources is GDP, revenues from foreign economic activity, part of the national wealth. Their volume, structure and dynamics determine the volume, structure and dynamics of financial resources.
Financial resources business entities are represented by profit and depreciation. Financial resources of the state - income budget system(tax, non-tax, gratuitous transfers) and other resources of the budget system (revenues from sources of financing budget deficits).
Financial resources can be formed and used in the form of funds Money. Funds of funds are characterized by organizational segregation of funds (in a separate bank account, in accounting, financial documents), as well as a strictly targeted nature of formation and use.
The financial resources of the state have an exclusively stock form of use. This is a budget fund and beyond budget funds(Fund social insurance, Pension Fund and Mandatory Funds health insurance). Also in Russia, reserve funds have been created:
Reserve fund - part of the funds federal budget subject to separate accounting and management in order to implement the oil and gas transfer in case of insufficient oil and gas revenues.
Fund national welfare– part of the federal budget funds used to provide co-financing of voluntary pension savings citizens, as well as to ensure a balanced budget pension fund.
Economic entities may form a depreciation fund, as well as reserve funds, funds for the development of production, research and development activities (R&D) and others.
Financial reserves - that part of financial resources, which is intended to compensate for the consequences of unforeseen events.
Organizations use financial reserves to cover losses, repay debts, eliminate the consequences natural Disasters and man-made disasters, etc.
Government agencies use these funds to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters on a national scale.
Financial resources are the most important source of expanded reproduction of the growth of the material standard of living. Therefore, a decrease in the volume of RF may limit the possibility of a targeted impact of finance on the development of the economy, the solution of urgent economic and social problems.
At the same time, the volume and structure of the RF are related to the level of development of production, its efficiency. Constant growth and development of production underlie the increase in FR.
Economic entities have decentralized financial resources. At the state level, centralized financial resources are formed.
Financial resources are funds of funds at the disposal of the state, business entities and the population, formed in the process of distribution and redistribution of part of the value of GNP, in monetary form and intended to ensure expanded reproduction and meet national needs.
The main condition for the growth of financial resources is an increase in national income.
Finance and financial resources are not identical concepts.
Financial resources are money, and finances are social relations regarding their formation, distribution and use.
Depending on who owns the financial resources, they are divided into:
Financial resources of the state;
Financial resources of enterprises;
Financial resources of special funds;
Financial resources of the population.
Sources of formation of financial resources can be the following:
1) public financial resources are formed at the expense of:
taxes and others mandatory payments legal and individuals;
Non-tax revenues (domestic and external loans; government revenue securities; income from state property; income from foreign economic activity...);
2) the financial resources of enterprises are formed at the expense of;
Own funds (revenue, profit, depreciation, non-operating income ...);
Borrowed funds (loans, loans and credits received from credit institutions, the state and other enterprises...);
Raised funds (funds received from the issue and transactions with securities, funds received from higher structures ...);
3) financial resources of special funds are formed at the expense of:
special taxes;
Voluntary contributions;
State budget funds;
4) financial resources of the population are formed at the expense of:
salary;
Allowances, pensions, scholarships;
grants;
Amounts of insurance indemnities, etc.
More on the topic Financial resources as material carriers of financial relations.:
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- III. The Energy Code of the Russian Federation is the fundamental legal document regulating relations in the fuel and energy complex
1. Features that characterize finance as an economic category:
Relations arising at the stage of consumption of a social product
Money relations
Relations regulated by the state
Commodity relations
Distribution (redistribution) relations
Credit relations
2. Material carriers financial relations are:
All cash
Financial resources
Gross domestic product
A.M. Alexandrov
YES. Allahverdyan
A.M. Birman
E.A. Voznesensky
A.M. Alexandrov
YES. Allahverdyan
A.M. Birman
E.A. Voznesensky
V.P. Dyachenko
5. Spheres financial system countries:
State and municipal finance
Centralized finance
decentralized finance
Finance economic entities
6. The finances of an insurance company relate to:
7. The budget system refers to:
Finance of economic entities
8. Finances of enterprises and organizations refer to:
State and municipal finance
9. The Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation refers to:
State and municipal finance
Finance of economic entities
10. The totality of purposeful measures of the state in the field of the use of finance is:
financial policy
financial mechanism
Financial sanctions
11. Components of the financial mechanism, if duplication is avoided:
Financial mechanism of economic entities
Financial mechanism of commercial enterprises
Budget mechanism
Financial mechanism of individual entrepreneurship
tax mechanism
12. State financial management bodies in the Russian Federation:
Financial authorities at the level of the subject of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Finance in the Russian Federation
Territorial bodies Federal Treasuries of the Russian Federation
Credit authorities
Municipal financial authorities
13. Financial plans of economic entities:
Federal budget
Estimate of income and expenses budget institution
Balance of income and expenses of an industrial enterprise
RSO-A budget
insurance company financial plan
14. Sources of financial resources of an open JSC can be:
Funds received from the issue and placement of JSC bonds
Budget resources
Bank loans
Accrued but not paid wages
Profit from the sale of goods and services
15. Public finance in the Russian Federation includes:
Federal budget
State off-budget funds
Local budgets
Budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation
16. The objects of redistribution through the budget are:
The cost of GDP
net income
national income
Depreciation deductions
surplus working capital
17.Theoretical foundations of the doctrine of finance are:
The doctrine of reproduction
Supply and demand
Doctrine of the state
18. The origin of financial science, most researchers refer to:
13th-14th centuries
15th-16th centuries
17-18 centuries
19. The subject of financial spiders are:
Taxes and tax system
financial relations
The state budget
20. The objects of study of finance are:
State revenues and expenditures
Income and expenses of business entities
Tax and customs payments
21. The term "finance" in French means:
cash, income
22. The imperative nature of finance means that:
Finance mediates the formation and use of cash funds
23. The monetary nature of finance means that:
Finance mediates the reallocation of resources
Financial relations are inherent in the state-imperious nature
Finances are part of money relations
24. The redistributive nature of finance means that:
Finance mediates the redistribution of GDP and ND
Financial relations are inherent in the state-imperious nature
Finances are part of money relations
25. St. Petersburg school highlights following features Finance:
distribution
Formation of cash funds
control
Use of funds
regulatory
stimulating
26. The Moscow school distinguishes the following functions of finance:
Distribution
formation of cash funds
control
use of funds
Regulatory
stimulating
27. Secondary (derivative) income includes:
Wages of workers employed in the field material production
Income of enterprises of material production
government revenue, and budget organizations
28. Primary (basic) income includes:
The wages of workers employed in the sphere of material production
Income of enterprises of material production
29. Instruments of the state financial regulation are:
Government spending
State loan
Extrabudgetary funds
30. Sources of centralized financial resources are:
Receipts from state social insurance
Depreciation deductions
Enterprise profit
31. Sources of decentralized financial resources are:
Receipts from state social insurance
Depreciation deductions
Enterprise profit
32. The own financial resources of enterprises include:
Sustainable Liabilities
Sale of own securities
33. To borrowed and attracted financial resources of enterprises relate:
Sustainable Liabilities
Sale of own securities
Finance is
Monetary relations associated with the distribution of insurance funds
Monetary relations regarding the formation of the country's budget fund
Monetary relations regarding the formation and use of state funds of funds
35. Primary income is income:
Formed during the distribution of national income among participants in material production
Formed in the process of redistribution of national income
36. Secondary income is income:
Formed during the distribution of national income among participants in material production
Formed in the process of redistribution of national income
37. Financial relations are:
A broader concept than monetary relations
Part of money relations
38. Decentralized finance functions:
On state level
At the level of business entities
39. Centralized finances function:
At the state level
At the level of business entities
40. What links of financial relations are centralized:
State budget system
insurance funds
Enterprise Finance
State loan
41. Budget system modern Russia is:
2-tier
3 tier
4-tier
42. Financial policy is:
Policy in the field of off-budget funds
Policy in the field of public credit
The set of state measures for the use of financial relations for the performance by the state of its functions
43. Financial policy:
Is an integral part economic policy states
Includes the economic policy of the state
44. The classical financial policy of the ball is based on the works of:
Classics of political economy A. Smith and D. Riccardo and their followers
English economist J. Keynes and his followers
45. Short-term state credit includes:
Loans with maturity up to 1 year
Loans with a maturity of 1 to 5 years
Loans with maturities over 5 years
46. Main component municipal finance:
Budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation
Funds of business entities
Municipal budgets
47. By time financial control subdivided into:
Presidential, control executive bodies authorities, auditor
preliminary, current, subsequent
Budget, tax, currency
48. If financial control is carried out at the time of the commission money transactions And financial transactions, that is:
Preliminary financial control
Current (operational) financial control
Subsequent financial control
49. The main direction of the regulatory financial policy:
Non-intervention of the state in the economy, preservation of free competition, use of the market mechanism as the main regulator business processes
The need for state intervention and regulation of the cyclical development of production
50. Normative method of financial planning:
Assumes the performance of financial calculations based on the determination of the relevant coefficients
Calculates financial indicators based on progressive norms and standards for the formation and use of financial resources
Allows you to balance the sources of financial resources with material and labor resources
51. VAT, excises, customs duties refer to:
federal taxes
Regional taxes
Local taxes
52. Land tax, refer to:
federal taxes
Regional taxes
Local taxes
53., the transport tax applies to:
federal taxes
Regional taxes
Local taxes
54. Direct taxes:
Installed directly on the income or property of the taxpayer
Included as a surcharge in the price or tariff for services and paid by the consumer
55. Indirect taxes:
Installed directly on the income or property of the taxpayer
Included as a surcharge in the price or tariff for services and paid by the consumer
56. If the tax is levied as a certain percentage of income, regardless of the amount of these incomes, then this is:
progressive tax
Proportional tax
regressive tax
57. If the tax rate increases with an increase in taxable income, then this is:
progressive tax
Proportional tax
regressive tax
58. If the tax rate decreases with an increase in taxable income, then this is:
progressive tax
Proportional tax
regressive tax
59. K local taxes relate:
Corporate income tax
Land tax
Corporate property tax
Personal property tax
60. K federal taxes relate:
Corporate income tax
Personal Income Tax
Land tax
Corporate property tax
Transport tax
Personal property tax
61. K regional taxes relate:
Corporate income tax
Personal Income Tax
Land tax
Corporate property tax
Transport tax
Personal property tax
62. The corporate income tax rate is:
63. size limit tax rate for corporate property tax is set at the rate of:
64. The base VAT rate currently in the Russian Federation is:
65. The personal income tax rate is:
66. Modern representatives of the Moscow School of Finance are:
Romanovsky M.V., Sabanti B.M., Vrublevskaya O.V., Bocharov V.V. and etc
Rodionova V.M., Pavlova L.P., Drobozina L.A., Markina E.V. and etc.
67. Modern representatives of the St. Petersburg School of Finance are:
Romanovsky M.V., Sabanti B.M., Vrublevskaya O.V., Bocharov V.V. and etc
Rodionova V.M., Pavlova L.P., Drobozina L.A., Markina E.V. and etc.
68. What links of financial relations are decentralized:
State budget system
insurance funds
Enterprise Finance
State loan
69. The regulatory financial policy of the ball is based on the works of:
Classics of political economy A. Smith and D. Riccardo and their followers
English economist J. Keynes and his followers
70. The main direction of classical financial policy:
Non-intervention of the state in the economy, preservation of free competition, use of the market mechanism as the main regulator of economic processes
The need for state intervention and regulation of the cyclical development of production
Ensuring the maximum concentration of financial resources from the state for their subsequent redistribution in accordance with the main directions of the state plan
71. The impact of finance on price can be identified through:
Taxation
state loan
Prior distribution
personal consumption
72. The amount of primary income is equal to:
gross domestic product
national income
gross national product
national wealth
73. At what stage of social reproduction do finances show their purpose:
at the production stage
at the stage of exchange
At the distribution stage
at the stage of consumption
74. What monetary funds are state:
accumulation funds
consumption funds
Budget funds
Extrabudgetary funds
75. What monetary funds are formed at enterprises:
accumulation funds
Consumption funds
budget funds
investment funds
off-budget funds
76. The optimal level of tax withdrawals to the state budget, according to Laffer, should not exceed:
25-30% of taxpayers' income
30-35% of taxpayers' income
35-40% of taxpayers' income
77. Accumulation funds are intended for:
Implementation of expanded reproduction
social benefits to employees
78. Consumption funds are intended for:
reduce production costs
repayment of bank loans and interest on them
implementation of expanded reproduction
Social payments employees
payment of taxes to the state budget
79. Cash paid at enterprises in the form of material incentives are called:
statutory fund
accumulation fund
sinking fund
consumption fund
80. Funds intended to finance expanded reproduction are called:
statutory fund
accumulation fund
reserve fund
sinking fund
consumption fund
81. Personal consumption is:
expenses for public administration and defense
Wages, pensions, allowances, scholarships
expenditures on the national economy
expenses for social and cultural events
82.Public consumption is:
Public administration and defense spending
salaries, pensions, allowances, scholarships
Spending on social and cultural events
83.Taxes paid out of national income are:
indirect
proportional
84. Accrued, but not paid on time, wages of employees are:
Sustainable Liabilities
budget resources
government spending
85. The relationship between finance and credit is manifested in:
State loan
86. Expanded reproduction means:
Growth in output
reduction in production costs
tax base optimization
attracting foreign investment
87. National income:
includes the value of gross domestic product
is part of the gross domestic product
88.Gross domestic product:
includes the value of national income
Is part of the national income
89. According to the role in social reproduction, all budget expenditures are divided into:
For specific types of costs
90. On a functional basis, all budget expenditures are divided into:
For the development of material production and the non-productive sphere
Depending on the functions performed by the state
For specific types of costs
For industry, construction, Agriculture, trade
91. According to the sectoral purpose, all budget expenditures are subdivided:
For the development of material production and the non-productive sphere
Depending on the functions performed by the state
For specific types of costs
For industry, construction, agriculture, trade, etc.
92. The sequence of stages of the reproduction process means:
Production - distribution - exchange - consumption
Distribution - exchange - consumption - production
Production - exchange - distribution - consumption
Production - distribution - consumption - exchange
Since the 17th century the works of Y. Krizhanich (1617–1683) and G. Kotoshikhin (1630–1667) have come down to us. In the works of Y. Krizhanich, for the first time, the problems of financial management are formulated in a broad context, when the financial system is understood as one of critical factors strengthening the statehood. In the manuscript of Grigory Kotoshikhin "On Russia in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich", published in Russia in 1840, financial questions affected not on a nationwide scale, but from the standpoint of ascertaining certain types income and expenses on the example of royal orders.
Further formation and development of financial science is associated with the names of I.T. Pososhkova (1652–1726), I.Ya. Gorlova (1814–1890), V.A. Lebedeva (1833–1909), I.I. Yanzhula (1846–1914), I.Kh. Ozerov (1869–1942) and others. As in the West, formed in Russia to late XIX V. the science of finance had an obvious focus on the state.
An important role for its time was played by the “Plan of Finance” (1810) by M.M. Speransky (1772–1839), in which the main attention was paid to tax system(liquidation of wine leases, rejection of unproductive expenses). The next milestone in the development of finance in Russia was the work of N.I. Turgenev "Experience in the theory of taxes", published in 1818. Turgenev gave short description the history of taxes, formulated the principles tax policy, led various classifications taxes, analyzed in detail economic sense each tax, gave definitions and interpretations of various types of capital.
The peculiarity of the development of financial science in Russia within the framework of the classical theory of finance was that, firstly, for a long time it closely corresponded with financial law. At the same time, the vast majority of books on financial law and financial science largely duplicated each other in terms of content. Secondly, there were no universities in those years special programs training of economists and financiers - these specialties were prepared at the law faculties of universities.
S.Yu. Witte noted that “since the end of the 17th century, the word “finance” began to mean the totality of state property and, in general, the state of the entire state economy. In the sense of the whole material resources, available at the disposal of the state - its income, expenses and debts - this word is understood even now. Thus, more precisely, the science of finance can be defined as the science of how best to satisfy the material needs of the state.
In Russia on the eve of the revolution of 1917, two independent directions existed and successfully developed - balance analysis (within the framework of balance-keeping) and financial calculations. The revolution that broke out contributed to the formation of financial science. In the 20s. 19th century finances are beginning to be interpreted as relations of redistribution of the social product and national income (M.G. Bronsky, A.K. Schmidt, K.A. Shmelev). M.G. Bronsky wrote that in the implementation of commodity-money relations, the financial system "is engaged in the redistribution of the country's national income in accordance with the goals and objectives of economic policy."
Under the conditions of state ownership of the means of production and a planned economic system, the theory of socialist finance was developed (V.P. Dyachenko, A.M. Aleksandrov). Later, the main concepts of finance took shape - distribution (L.A. Drobozina,
V.M. Rodionova, N.G. Sychev, V.G. Chantladze and others), reproductive (D.A. Aplakhverdyan, P.S. Nikolsky, V.K. Senchagov and others) and imperative (E.A. Voznesensky).
With the development of market relations, the term "finance" goes beyond its narrow understanding only as state (public) finance. Accordingly, two relatively independent sciences of finance were formed - public finance science And science of finance of enterprises, organizations, corporations, that is, business entities. IN Lately methodological foundations financial management are included in textbooks on the theory of finance as a relatively independent area of financial science. Current state financial science in Russia, the logic of its structuring, the interpretation of the basic sections, categorical and scientific tools are set out in educational and methodological works published in last years edited by L.A. Drobozina, A.M. Kovaleva, V.V. Kruglova, V.M. Rodionova, M.V. Romanovsky, O.V. Sovelova, S.I. Lushina, V.A. Slepova. Financial management is represented by the works of such specialists as I.A. Blank, L.P. Pavlova, G.B. Polyak, E.S. Stoyanova and others.
10. Financial resources as material carriers of financial relations
Modern interpretation of the concept "financial relations" allows us to define them as an organic component of production relations that express economic ties in monetary form between the state and individual business entities.
Financial relations are diverse. They are associated with monetary relations that arise:
- between business entities in the process of selling products, providing services, acquiring inventory items;
– between business entities and higher organizations in the creation of joint funds of funds and their use;
- between business entities and the state, local governments in the formation of budgets and extra-budgetary funds;
- within business entities in the formation and use of trust funds of funds;
- between individual budgets, extra-budgetary funds;
- between citizens and the state, local governments in the formation of budgets and extra-budgetary funds.
Subjects of financial relations legal entities and individuals act: the state, enterprises of all forms of ownership, various organizations (including credit and banking), associations, institutions, citizens and other participants in the reproduction process, at whose disposal monetary funds are formed designated purpose. Objects of financial relations are financial resources- funds of the state, enterprises, institutions, organizations of all forms of ownership, individuals and other participants in the reproduction process.
Financial resources act as material carriers of financial relations. As with finance, there is no unified approach to determining the economic content of financial resources in the economic environment (Table 3).
Table 3
Approaches to determining the economic content of financial resources
Potentially, financial resources are formed at the stage of production, when new value is created and the old one is transferred. But the real formation of financial resources begins only at the stage of distribution, when the value is realized and specific economic forms realized value.
Based on the foregoing, a more extended definition can be given. financial relations as relations arising between business entities and the state in the process of accumulation, distribution and use of funds, as well as their use for expanded reproduction, material incentives for workers, satisfaction of social and other needs of society.
11. Financial system Russian Federation, its spheres, links and their relationship
On the basis of finance is formed financial system- a form of organization of monetary relations between all subjects of the reproduction process for the distribution and redistribution of the total social product. The process of distribution and redistribution of the value of the total social product is financial mechanism, which is a "system of organization, regulation and planning of financial relations, methods of formation and use of financial resources" . The financial system is made up of financial institutions(organizations, institutions that carry out and regulate financial activities, the Ministry of Finance, the Treasury, central bank, tax office, tax police, stock and currency exchanges, financial institutions) and financial instruments, creating the necessary conditions for the flow financial processes.
The financial system of the country forms a multi-level, hierarchical structure, characterized by the presence of a number of parts, sections, as well as types of financial resources and funding sources of different purposes (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Spheres of the financial system of the Russian Federation
Depending on the methods of income generation economic entities, the financial system is usually divided into spheres centralized finance (public finance) and decentralized finance (institutional finance and household finance).
By using centralized finance resources are mobilized into the budget system, and they are distributed and redistributed between sectors of the national economy, economic regions, and individual groups of the population. The main ones in this area are public finance
, which reflect economic relations on the formation and use of centralized funds of funds intended to ensure the fulfillment by the state of its functions. decentralized finance used to regulate economic and social relations within individual business entities and form the basis of finance. The general condition largely depends on their condition. financial position countries, since it is here that most of the financial resources are formed.
The existing differences, both in the functional purpose of these areas, and in the methods, methods of formation and use of financial resources make it expedient to single out separate systems of financial relations: (1) finances of organizations (economic entities); (2) public finance (state and municipal finance); (3) household finances (households).
These subsystems, in turn, are divided into separate links (private subsystems) depending on the mechanism for the formation and use of monetary funds by specific economic entities. Taking into account such a grouping, the financial system of the Russian Federation is divided into the following areas and links (Table 4) (note that other representations of the financial system are possible with the isolation of certain of its components).
Table 4
Spheres and links of the financial system
The financial system is not just the sum of blocks, links and sub-links. This is really a system that is a single whole, all the components of this system are closely interconnected by numerous types economic ties and relations, and the development of financial policy serves to implement the goals of individual areas and links.
12. Institutional structure of the financial system of the state
Institutional structure - a set of organizations operating in the financial sector of the economy. On fig. 5 gives the most general idea of the institutional structure. The financial sector of the economy can be considered in a broad and narrow sense.
Rice. 5. Institutional structure of the country's financial system
In the first case, it should be classified as the financial institutions themselves; and regulatory, supervisory bodies, as well as financial unions. The main tasks of the controlling and supervisory bodies within the framework of the financial system are to maintain its stable functioning, implement state regulations and directly control the activities of financial institutions. The main purpose of financial unions is to represent and protect the interests of groups of financial institutions before the state and the public.
Financial institutions within the financial sector itself (in the narrow sense) include entities related to banking systems e, as well as to non-bank financial intermediaries. In turn, in the banking system, a special place is given to central banks. There is a central issuing bank responsible for carrying out monetary policy in the country and the issuance of banknotes and other credit money, and central banks, which perform regulatory functions within certain banking groups, such as central banks cooperative credit. Most large group banks form commercial banks, which can be considered as the core of the financial and banking systems.
As non-banking or other financial intermediaries, there is a large group of institutions that perform only certain banking or "bank-like" functions. In the group of non-banking financial intermediaries, two subgroups can be distinguished:
1) institutions that are considered by the legislators of the country as credit ( investment banks depository banks that store, register and re-register ownership of securities);
2) institutions that are not considered credit (insurance companies, pension funds, real estate funds, leasing companies, dealer companies, etc.).
In economically developed countries, two main types of financial systems are traditionally distinguished - segmented and universal. IN universal financial system The law does not restrict the performance by banks of those financial service operations that are not related to banking. This is a fundamental feature. Banking operations are determined mainly by the established list, and their composition is periodically reviewed in accordance with changes in legislative acts. Universal systems are typical for the countries of continental Europe. The German system is considered a classic example of such a system. IN a strictly segmented financial system banks are not allowed to perform non-banking functions. An additional feature, although not absolute, is a more rigid delimitation of areas of activity and individual operations. Thus, with a segmented system Bank operations for accepting deposits and issuing loans are legally separated from operations for the issuance and placement of securities of an industrial company and a number of other types of services (insurance, trust operations). Typical representatives of segmented systems are the USA, Great Britain and Japan.
13. Financial policy, its essence, structure and main elements
Financial policy is a fundamental element in the financial management system. Depending on the subject of management, the state financial policy and the financial policy of enterprises are distinguished.
Public financial policy- this is part of the socio-economic policy of the state to ensure a balanced growth of financial resources in all parts of the country's financial system. Home goal of public financial policy should be the creation of financial conditions for the socio-economic development of society, improving the level and quality of life of the population.
Subjects financial policy are the bodies of legislative (representative) and executive power, which determine and approve the main directions for the development of financial relations, develop specific ways of organizing them in the interests of business entities, the population and the state. Objects financial policy is a set of financial relations and financial resources that form the spheres and links of the financial system of the state.
Content of financial policy quite complex, as it covers a wide range of activities:
1) development of a general concept of financial policy, determination of its main directions, goals, main tasks;
2) creation of an adequate financial mechanism - a system of forms, types and methods of organizing financial relations established by the state;
3) control financial activities state and other economic entities.
According to the targets, financial policy is divided into financial strategy and tactics. Financial strategy- a long-term course of financial policy, designed for the future, and involves the solution of large-scale tasks that are determined by economic and social strategy. In the process of developing a financial strategy, the main directions of the development of finance are predicted, principles for the use and organization of finance are outlined, the issue of the need to concentrate financial resources in those areas of economic development that have been developed and adopted economic policy. Financial tactics- solving problems at a certain stage of the country's development and ensuring this development by timely changing the methods of organizing financial resources aimed at solving the problems of financial policy. Financial tactics are more flexible, as they are determined by mobility economic conditions And social factors. Financial strategy and tactics are interrelated. The strategy creates the conditions for solving tactical problems, and also identifies the decisive areas of development and brings them into line with the methods and forms of organizing financial relations and relationships. Financial tactics allows you to solve the problems of financial strategy in a shorter time and at the lowest cost. At present, the financial strategy includes the completion of tax and budget reform, the development pension reform and reforms in the social sphere. An example of financial tactics is the reduction of the VAT and UST rates, streamlining budget process.
On present stage known three types of financial policy: classical, planned - directive, regulatory. Each of them was based on economic theories(Table 5).
TO elements of financial policy include 1) tax, 2) budget, 3) customs, 4) social, 5) investment policy and 8) policy in the field of international finance.
Table 5
Types of financial policy
All branches of state power are involved in the development of the state financial policy in Russia. At the same time, due to "the peculiarities of the constitutional system, the priority in its development belongs to the President of the Russian Federation, who, in his annual messages to the Federal Assembly, determines the main directions of financial policy for this year and perspective.
Along with the state financial policy, there is also financial policy of enterprises, which is a purposeful activity of financial managers to achieve the goals of doing business. The goals of the financial policy of an enterprise can be: (1) the survival of the enterprise in a competitive environment; (2) avoiding bankruptcy and major financial setbacks; (c) leadership in the fight against competitors; (3) maximization market value enterprises; (4) sustainable growth economic potential enterprises; (5) growth in production and sales volumes; (6) profit maximization; (7) cost minimization; (8) ensure cost-effective operation, etc. . The priority of one or another goal of the financial policy of the enterprise is predetermined primarily by the goals of doing business.
The role and significance of financial policy lies in the fact that it radically shapes financial science and the practice of financial relations. Financial policy is subject to everything in the field of finance and not only. It is subordinate and dependent only in relation to the political course in the field of the economy.
14. Financial mechanism, its role in the implementation of financial policy
The financial policy finds its practical implementation in the financial measures of the state, which are implemented through the financial mechanism. financial mechanism- an integral part of the economic mechanism, represented by a set of types and forms of organization of financial relations, conditions and methods of calculation used in the formation of financial resources, the formation and use of special-purpose funds. The financial mechanism is used to influence the economy and social sphere, carrying out a unified financial policy of the state, regions, municipalities, business entities.
Impact of the financial mechanism on the economy and social sphere is carried out, on the one hand, through structure of the financial mechanism and the focus of its various parts on solving specific problems and achieving a real effect, on the other hand, through amount of financial resources, formed at the disposal of business entities and the state and directed (invested) to meet the needs of society (the state, its territorial structures, business entities, citizens).
Structure of the financial mechanism is very complex due to the huge variety of types and forms of organization of financial relations. Allocate three groups reflecting the economic content of finance: the mechanism of state and municipal finance; financial mechanism of the enterprise; insurance mechanism.
Elements of the financial mechanism:
– forms of financial resources;
– methods of their formation;
- a system of legislative norms and standards that are used in determining the revenues and expenditures of the state;
- organization of the budget system, finance of enterprises and the securities market.
In addition, in the structure of the financial mechanism, there are functional links: financial planning and forecasting; financial indicators, standards and limits; financial management; financial leverage and incentives; financial control. The division of the financial mechanism into organizational and managerial blocks: block of financial planning and forecasting; operational management; financial control. The functioning of the financial mechanism is due amount of financial resources allocated for specific purposes, ways of generating financial resources, as well as in what forms and through what channels the funds move, on what conditions they are allocated and used. The financial mechanism that sets in motion financial resources affects social production through financial security and financial regulation. At the same time, the higher the level of development of society and its economy, the greater the role of financial regulation. Financial security is implemented through self-financing, lending and non-repayable financing.
1. The term "finance" from Latin means:
a) system of monetary relations
b) money
+ c) cash payment
d) the monetary form of capital
e) public finance
2. Interpretation of finance as economic category corresponds to:
a) the beginning of the 20th century
b) the end of the 20s of the XX century
+ c) mid-1940s
d) the end of the 70s of the XX century
e) launching market reforms
4. Supporters of the reproductive concept of the essence of finance:
+ a) A.M. Alexandrov
b) V.P. Dyachenko
+ c) D.S. Molyakov
d) V.M. Rodionova
+ e) N.G. Sychev
5. At what stage of the reproduction process does the two-way movement of value take place:
a) consumption
b) distributions
+ c) exchange
d) production
e) control
6. The process of value distribution of the social product is carried out using the following categories:
a) goods
+ b) price (if deviating from cost)
+ c) finance
d) insurance
+ e) salary
7. Most Russian scientists believe that the essence of finance is expressed through such basic functions as:
a) distribution and regulatory
b) stabilization and regulatory
c) distributive and organizational
+ d) distribution and control
e) regulatory and control
8. Material carriers of financial relations are:
a) all cash
+ b) financial resources
c) income and expenses of special-purpose funds
d) gross domestic product
e) national income
9. Indicate the specific features (properties) that make it possible to single out finance from the totality of various monetary relations:
+ a) finance is derived from the monetary form of value
+ b) finances are related to real cash flow
+ c) finance is related to ownership relationships of value by various entities
d) finances mediate the counter movement of values in commodity and monetary forms
+ e) finance mediates non-equivalent movement of the monetary form of value
10. Indicate the function by which the purpose of finance is implemented - to provide each business entity and the state with the financial resources they need:
a) organizational
b) regulatory
c) control
+ d) distributive
e) stimulating
11. Indicate the function of finance, which signals the emerging deviations in the proportions of the distribution of GDP, in the timely and complete formation of trust funds:
+ a) control
b) regulatory
c) distribution
d) organizational
e) stimulating
12. The objects of action of the distributive function of finance are:
+ b) part of the national wealth
c) savings of individuals
+ d) income from foreign economic activity
e) earmarked funds
13. Indicate which stage does not include the reproductive process:
a) exchange
b) production
+ c) savings
d) distributions
e) consumption
14. Specify decentralized monetary funds:
a) federal budget
b) the budget of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation
+ c) wage fund
+ d) statutory fund
e) the budget of the city of Orenburg
15. The financial system is:
a) link of finance of individual entrepreneurs
b) the sphere of finance of business entities
c) totality of budgets of public authorities and local governments
+ d) a set of interconnected spheres and links of financial relations
e) a set of interconnected levels of the budget system
16. The finances of business entities are the initial area of the financial system, since in this area:
+ a) there is a formation of primary financial resources
b) the process of production of goods and provision of services is carried out
+ c) the process of distribution and redistribution of value begins
d) the market is regulated by goods and services
e) there is a constant replenishment and increase of production assets and non-production funds
17. Spheres of the financial system of the Russian Federation:
b) state off-budget funds
+ c) business entity finance
d) finances of insurance organizations
e) finances of individual entrepreneurs
18. Financial relations in the sphere of economic entities can be grouped according to:
a) territorial basis
+ b) organizational and legal forms
+ c) industry-specific
d) temporary sign
+ e) the nature of the activity of the subject
19. The grouping of finance in the field of state and municipal finance is carried out according to:
+ a) functional purpose
b) operating time
c) forms of ownership
d) business practices
+ e) management levels
20. The totality of interconnected spheres and links of financial relations is:
a) financial policy
b) financial relations
+ c) financial system
d) financial resources
e) financial mechanism
21. Specify the links of the financial system of the USSR:
a) public finance, public credit, insurance
b) government loan, municipal budgets, regional budgets
c) federal budget, regional budgets, local budgets
+ d) general government finances, finances of sectors of the national economy, government credit
e) national finance, state social insurance, state credit
22. As part of the sphere of state and municipal finance, the following links are distinguished according to their functional purpose:
a) local finance, federal budget, state off-budget funds
+ b) budgets of public authorities and local self-government, off-budget funds
c) federal budget, regional budgets, territorial off-budget funds
d) federal budget, territorial budgets, municipal off-budget funds
e) federal budget, finances of insurance companies, local finances
23. Links of the financial system in the field of finance of economic entities (when grouping financial relations according to management methods):
a) finance state enterprises
+ b) finance commercial organizations
+ c) non-profit organization finance
d) finances of public associations
e) finance of joint-stock companies
24. Correlate the concepts of "finance" and "financial system":
a) the economic content of finance predetermines the construction of the financial system
b) the structure of the financial system determines the content of finance
+ c) finances are transformed into a financial system based on the grouping of financial relations according to certain criteria
d) the financial system in the course of historical development turns into finance
e) finances in the course of historical development turn into a financial system
25. The fund of obligatory medical insurance belongs to the sphere:
+ a) state and municipal finance
b) finances of business entities
c) finances of individual entrepreneurs
d) state off-budget funds
e) finances of insurance companies
26. As part of the finances of non-profit organizations, in accordance with the organizational and legal form, the following are distinguished:
a) finances of state and municipal unitary enterprises
+ b) consumer cooperative finance
c) finances of business partnerships
+ d) finance public organizations
+ e) fund finance
27. As part of the finances of commercial organizations, in accordance with the organizational and legal form, the following are distinguished:
a) institution finances
+ b) corporate finance
c) finances of public organizations
+ d) finance of production cooperatives
+ e) finances of business partnerships
28. The formation and use of financial resources is carried out in the following forms:
a) budgets of the respective levels
b) earmarked funds
c) cash income
+ d) stock and non-stock
e) off-budget funds
29. The sources of formation of financial resources include:
+ a) value of gross domestic product
b) fund wages material production workers
+ c) part of the national wealth involved in the process of value distribution
+ d) receipts from foreign economic activity
e) federal budget
30. Specify the types of financial resources:
a) sales revenue
+ b) depreciation charges
+ c) tax revenues
d) interest on securities
+ e) insurance payments
31. Indicate the specific part of the national wealth that is involved in the process of value distribution:
+ a) funds from the sale of part of the country's gold reserves
+ b) income from the privatization of state and municipal property
+ c) budget carry-overs
d) income from foreign economic activity
e) Proceeds from the sale of orphan property
32. The composition of sources of financial resources of business entities is influenced by:
+ a) industry specifics
b) insurance payments
+ c) organizational — legal form
+ d) field of activity
+ e) way of housekeeping
33. Financial support for reproduction costs is carried out in the form of:
+ a) self-financing
b) taxation
+ c) public funding
d) insurance
+ e) lending
34. Indicate the financial resources that meet the needs social production at the macro level:
a) decentralized
b) gross domestic product
c) national income
+ d) centralized
e) national wealth
35. The objects of state financial regulation are:
+ a) industry structure economy
b) intra-industry proportions
c) on-farm proportions
+ d) territorial proportions
+ e) social structure societies
36. Self-financing is typical for:
a) all economic entities
b) only for organizations based on private property
+ c) for all commercial organizations
d) for all non-profit organizations
e) only for financial intermediaries
37. The methods of state financial regulation of reproduction and sectoral proportions are:
+ a) change in tax rates
b) various forms of support for lower budgets
c) transfer payments
+ d) change in depreciation policy
e) budget financing and other forms of support for business entities
38. Specify the financial leverage and ways of influencing economic processes:
+ a) prices and tariffs
+ b) taxes
c) patent fees
+ d) customs duties
+ e) budget
39. As part of the financial incentives for the development of production and increasing its efficiency, the following are distinguished:
+ a) special financial incentives and sanctions
+ b) incentive funds
c) transfer payments
+ d) budgetary methods of production intensification
+ e) effective directions for investing financial resources
40. The main directions of financial impact on the processes of social development:
+ a) financial support for the needs of expanded reproduction
b) implementation of stabilization measures
+ c) financial regulation of economic and social processes
+ d) financial incentives for better performance
e) financial redistribution of value added
41. Indicate at what stages business cycle the state uses a stabilization (stimulating) financial policy:
a) economic recovery
+ b) stagnation
c) economic recovery
+ d) economic downturn
+ e) depression
42. A deterrent policy is characterized by:
a) tax cuts
b) increase in public spending
c) attraction of additional financial resources for financial market
+ d) increased tax burden
+ e) reduced government spending
43. The subjects of financial policy are:
a) company managers
b) areas and links of the financial system
+ c) legislative and executive authorities
d) population
e) business entities
44. Types of financial policy:
a) classical, regulatory, budgetary
b) regulatory, distribution, command and control
c) classical, reproductive, control
+ d) classical, regulatory, planning and directive
e) classical, distributive, directive
46. The totality of purposeful measures of the state in the field of financial management is:
+ a) financial policy
b) financial system
c) financial mechanism
d) financial sanctions
e) financial relations
47. The long-term course of financial policy, designed for the future, is called:
a) financial tactics
+ b) financial strategy
c) financial planning
d) financial management
e) financial programming
48. The components of the financial mechanism, based on the areas of functioning of finance and avoiding duplication:
+ a) financial mechanism of economic entities
b) financial mechanism of commercial enterprises
c) financial mechanism of individual entrepreneurship
+ d) budget mechanism
e) tax mechanism
49. The type of organization of financial relations determines:
a) different kinds resources used in economic system
+ b) the way of expression and manifestation of financial relations in the relevant financial resources
c) specific types of budget revenues
d) specific types budget spending
e) specific types of intergovernmental transfers
50. The form of organization of financial relations means:
a) establishing a mechanism for sequestering budget expenditures
+ b) establishment of a mechanism for the accumulation, redistribution and use of financial resources
c) establishment of a mechanism for financial regulation of social production
d) establishment of a mechanism for financial stimulation of social production
e) formation of elements of the financial mechanism
51. Methods for the formation of financial resources are:
+ a) financial method
b) budget method
+ c) lending method
+ d) tax method
+ e) insurance method
52. Indicate at what stages of the economic cycle the state uses a restrictive financial policy:
+ a) economic recovery
b) economic downturn
+ c) economic recovery
d) stagnation
e) depression
53. The totality of activities carried out by the state in the field of formation and use of budgets at all levels is called:
a) budget mechanism
+ b) fiscal policy
c) budget law
d) budget planning
e) budget process
54. Stabilization (stimulating) financial policy is characterized by:
+ a) increase in public spending
b) lower government spending
+ c) attraction of additional financial resources in the financial market
+ d) tax cuts
e) increased tax burden
55. The totality of types, forms of organization of financial relations, specific methods for the formation and use of financial resources and methods for their quantitative determination is called:
a) financial system
+ b) financial mechanism
c) financial law
d) financial policy
e) financial strategy
56. Budget policy is divided into:
+ a) a policy of mobilizing revenues to the budgets of all levels
b) state social insurance policy
+ c) spending policy
+ d) policy in the field of interbudgetary relations
e) policy in the field of social protection of the population
57. Subjects of financial management:
+ a) finance department
+ b) Ministry of Finance
+ c) financial service
+ d) financial management
+ e) financial management
58. Functional elements of financial management:
a) financial authorities
+ b) financial planning and forecasting
+ c) operational management
d) strategic management
+ e) financial control
59. The highest body of executive power in Russia is:
a) President of the Russian Federation
b) Administration of the President of the Russian Federation
+ c) Government of the Russian Federation
d) Federation Council
e) State Duma
60. Strategic financial management is carried out:
a) federal services
+ b) President of the Russian Federation
+ c) the Federal Assembly
d) federal agencies
+ e) Government of the Russian Federation
61. Operational financial management is carried out:
+ a) ministries
+ b) federal agencies
c) the Federal Assembly
+ d) organizations
+ e) federal services
62. The set of legal norms governing relations arising in the process of formation, distribution and use of monetary funds of state authorities and local governments, as well as business entities, is:
a) financial management
+ b) financial law
c) financial policy
d) financial control
e) financial legal acts
63. Financial legislation includes:
+ a) tax code
b) presidential decree
c) Government Decree
d) international treaties
e) letters, instructions issued by executive authorities
64. Specify the executive authorities subordinate to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
a) federal Service on financial monitoring
b) federal agency management federal property
+ c) Federal Tax Service
+ d) Federal Service for Financial and Budgetary Supervision
e) Federal Customs Service
65. Financial management bodies in non-profit organizations:
a) board of directors
+ b) boards of trustees
+ c) accounting
+ d) audit committee
+ e) leaders of a non-profit organization
66. Financial management bodies in commercial organizations:
a) audit commissions
b) boards of trustees
+ c) meeting of shareholders
+ d) board of directors
+ e) accounting
67. Timely enrollment tax payments enterprises and organizations on budgetary accounts control:
a) federal inspection tax service
+ b) organs Federal Treasury RF
c) branches of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation
d) territorial financial authorities
e) control and audit departments of ministries and departments
68. Functions of the President of the Russian Federation:
a) consideration of the draft federal budget
b) approval of the budget execution report
+ c) signing and promulgation of the law on the federal budget for the corresponding year
+ d) definition of the goals and objectives of financial policy in the message to the Federal Assembly
e) execution of the federal budget
69. Main functions of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
a) conducts an examination of reports on the execution of the federal budget
+ b) develops draft laws in the field of taxation
+ c) organizes the execution of the federal budget and draws up a report on its execution
d) determines financially — budget policy countries
+ e) manages public debt
70. The powers of the deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation correspond to the functions:
+ a) consideration and approval of the federal budget
+ b) review and approval of financial legislation
+ c) formation of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation
+ d) approval of the report on the execution of the federal budget
e) preparation of a report on the execution of the federal budget
71. In the control system public finance The Government of the Russian Federation implements the following tasks:
+ a) develops and implements financial policy in the Russian Federation
b) considers and approves the draft federal budget
+ c) submits a draft federal budget to the State Duma of the Russian Federation
+ d) approves resolutions, issues orders that ensure the implementation of financial legislation
+ e) defines tasks and functions federal bodies executive power
72. The process of developing a set of measures aimed at achieving the maximum effect at a minimum cost based on an analysis of the current financial situation and the corresponding redistribution of financial resources is:
a) financial planning
b) financial forecasting
c) financial control
+ d) operational management
e) strategic management
73. Financial planning contributes to:
+ a) achieving proportional and balanced functioning and development of an individual entity and the economy as a whole
b) collection and analysis of information on financial condition management of the entire facility
c) the effectiveness of the management decisions taken
d) comparison of current and planned financial indicators
+ e) sustainable economic growth
74. Financial plans approved in the form of law:
+ a) federal budget
b) the budget of the Orenburg region
c) consolidated budget RF
+ d) the budget of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation
e) consolidated financial balance region
75. Financial planning is:
+ a) a functional element of the financial management system
b) an element of the country's financial system
c) financial policy element
d) financial mechanism element
e) element of financial control
76. Specify the methods for calculating the indicators of financial plans used in financial planning:
+ a) extrapolations
+ b) normative
c) mathematical modeling
d) quick estimates method
+ e) program-target
77. Financial plans of economic entities:
+ a) an estimate of income and expenses of a budgetary institution
b) business plans of the enterprise
+ c) balance of income and expenses of an industrial enterprise
d) budget of the city of Moscow
e) federal budget
78. Stages of financial planning
a) follow-up of the current financial plan
+ b) drawing up a financial plan as a document
+ c) calculations for specific types of income and expenses for the planned period
+ d) analysis of the implementation of the financial plan in previous and current planning periods
e) operational management of the implementation of the current period plan
79. A study of specific prospects for the development of finance of business entities and government entities in the future, a scientifically based assumption about the volumes and directions of use of financial resources in the future is called:
a) financial planning
b) financial programming
+ c) financial forecasting
d) financial policy
e) financial control