Payment order is a written order from the account owner to the bank to transfer certain sum of money his account (settlement, current, budget, loan) to the account of another enterprise-recipient of funds in the same or another same-city or non-resident bank institution.

The possibilities of application in the calculation of payment orders are varied. With their help, settlements are carried out on the farm for both commodity and non-commodity transactions. In this case, all non-commodity payments are made exclusively by payment orders.

In payments for goods and services, payment orders are used in the following cases:

For goods received and services provided (i.e., by direct acceptance of goods), subject to reference in the order to the number and date of the shipping document confirming receipt of goods or services by the payer;

For payments in the order of advance payment and services (subject to reference in the order to the number of the contract, agreement, contract that provides for advance payment);

To repay accounts payable on commodity transactions;

When paying for goods and services according to court and arbitration decisions;

When paying rent for premises;

Payments to transport, utilities, household enterprises for operational services, etc.

In settlements for non-commodity transactions, payment orders are used:

- For payments to the budget;

Repayment of bank loans and interest on loans;

Transfers of funds to state and social insurance authorities;

Contributions of funds to the authorized funds when establishing joint-stock companies, partnerships, etc.;

Acquisition of shares, bonds, certificates of deposit, bank bills;

Payment of penalties, fines, penalties, etc.

The payment order is issued by the payer on a standard form containing all the necessary details for making a payment and submitting it to the bank, usually in 4 copies, each of which has its own specific purpose:

The 1st copy is used in the payer’s bank to debit funds from the payer’s account and remains in the documents for the bank;

The 4th copy is returned to the payer with the bank’s stamp as a receipt for acceptance of the payment order for execution;

The 2nd and 3rd copies of the payment order are sent to the payee's bank; in this case, the 2nd copy serves as the basis for crediting funds to the recipient’s account and remains in the documents for this bank, and the 3rd copy is attached to the recipient’s account statement as a basis for confirming the bank transaction.

A payment order is accepted by the bank for execution only if there are sufficient funds in the payer's account. A bank loan can also be used to make a payment if the economic entity has the right to receive it.

The order is valid for 10 days from the date of its issue (the day of issue is not taken into account). The document flow diagram for settlements by payment orders for goods actually received, services rendered, and work performed is as follows.

With constant and uniform supplies of goods and provision of services, buyers can pay suppliers with payment orders in the order of scheduled payments. In this case, settlements are made not for each individual shipment or service, but by periodically transferring funds from the buyer’s account to the supplier’s account at specific times and in a certain amount based on the plan for the supply of goods and services for the coming month or quarter. In this way, calculations can be made between trade organizations and their suppliers, between peat enterprises and power plants, manufacturing enterprises for coal, gas, electricity, metal, etc.

Document flow diagram for settlements by payment orders

1 – shipment of products, provision of services with the transfer of invoices;

2 – submission of a payment order to the bank to transfer funds to the supplier;

3 – transfer of documents to the CC to reflect account transactions;

4 – registration of documents passed through the CC and submitting them to the RCC;

5 – debiting funds from the correspondent account of the payer’s bank and sending a credit memo for the MFO to the RCC (branch B);

6 – crediting of funds to the correspondent account of the supplier’s bank;

7 – debiting funds from the correspondent account of the supplier’s bank and crediting them to the supplier’s current account;

8 – statement from the supplier’s current account about the crediting of funds on the payment request.

Payments by scheduled payments are a progressive form of transfer of payments, since they are based on the counter movement of money and goods. This leads to faster settlements, a reduction in mutual accounts receivable and payable, simplifies settlement techniques, and enables enterprises and organizations to plan their payment turnover in advance.

In this regard, in order to normalize financial condition agricultural producers, enterprises and organizations of the food and processing industry and creating conditions to support the development of industries. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 22, 1993 No. 1401 “On streamlining payments for agricultural products and food products” expanded the practice of using payments by scheduled payments. Based on this Decree, the Central Bank of Russia established that with permanent economic relations, payments from buyers to agricultural producers, food and processing industry enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, for the supplied products are made in scheduled payments. In this case, the transfer of funds is carried out within the time frame and in the amounts agreed upon in the agreements of the parties, but at least three times a month.

The specified scheduled payments apply to both same-city and non-resident payments. The amount of each scheduled payment is established by the parties for the coming month (quarter) based on the agreed frequency of payments and the volume of deliveries under the contract or actual deliveries for the previous period.

For each scheduled payment, the bank is provided with a separate payment order, in which in the “Type of payment” column the buyer indicates the scheduled payment by date (day, month) in accordance with the above-mentioned Decree.

After the bank verifies the correctness of the order, funds are debited from the payer’s account. If there are no funds in the buyer’s account on the day the scheduled payment is due, the payment order is accepted by the bank into the file cabinet of unpaid settlement documents with posting to the off-balance sheet account “Settlement documents not paid on time.” Payment is made as funds are received into the payer’s account after priority payments to the budget, Pension Fund, Employment Fund and Compulsory Health Insurance Fund.

The current Regulations “On Non-Cash Payments” provide for a special procedure for settlements by payment orders when paying for money transfers through communications companies.

Enterprises and organizations are given the right, without limiting the amount, to make money transfers through communications companies for the following purposes:

In the name of individual citizens, funds due to them personally (pensions, alimony, wages, travel expenses, royalties);

To enterprises in places where there is no bank establishment, for expenses for payment wages, on the organized recruitment of workers, on the procurement of agricultural products.

In these cases, the paying company issues a payment order to the nearest post office, indicating the purpose of the transferred amount and submits it to its bank institution. To the order, the payer must attach forms of completed money transfers to specific recipients, as well as a general list of all transfer recipients (in 2 copies) indicating who receives the money, for what purpose, to which city or town this transfer is sent.

In turn, the communications company transferring funds issues a payment order through its bank branch addressed to the post office that will pay for these transfers. This order is accompanied by completed money transfer forms of the remitters and a copy full list transfer recipients.

At the same time, the movement Money between banks is carried out through correspondent accounts in the RCC. Communications companies pay for received transfers in cash or by crediting funds to the accounts of the transfer recipients. At the same time, transfers addressed to legal entities are paid only by bank transfer, also by orders drawn up in 4 copies, on total amount all transfers for each recipient.

Through telecommunications companies, business entities can also transfer cash amounts of trading proceeds to their accounts opened with banks. On the form of a postal transfer, the transferor must indicate:

Your full name;

The number of the bank account to which this proceeds are to be credited;

The name and number of the bank where this account is opened.

For all money transfers related to the transfer of trade proceeds, the communications company must draw up a payment order to the transfer recipient for the total amount and submit this order to the bank servicing this communications company. On the reverse side of all copies of instructions related to the transfer of trade proceeds, the communications company is obliged to indicate the name of the specific remitters of trade proceeds.

Payments by payment orders have a number of advantages compared to other forms of payment: relatively simple and fast document flow, acceleration of cash flow, the ability of the payer to pre-check the quality of goods or services being paid, the ability to use this form of payment for non-commodity payments, which makes settlements by payment orders the most promising form of payment.

Content

The global financial system is constantly improving. The main priority of banks is legal entities becomes security and speed of transactions. Because of this trend, non-cash funds have become very popular. What's happened cashless payment and what are the ways to implement it?

What is cashless payment

The presented payment format is implemented by money transfers through bank accounts without the use of paper currency and coins. It can be used by legal entities, individuals and entrepreneurs. The concept of non-cash payments implies the use of payment cards, bills and checks to carry out transactions. The transfer of payments occurs between the parties to the property relationship or with the help of an additional entity represented by a credit institution.

Essence

Organization financial transactions Using this type of payment is beneficial for banks and the state, because allows you to avoid a sharp increase in treatment delays. The essence of non-cash payments is the implementation of payments by transferring currency to accounts intended to replace cash. By using a non-cash form of payment at an enterprise, you can get rid of cash registers and comply with the rules for their use.

Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantage of this payment method is its flexibility. Non-cash money can be stored in special accounts for an unlimited time. Bank documents You can connect to the transaction at any time. They establish and confirm the fact of the transaction. Enterprises that use non-cash payments are freed from the need to constantly transfer money to the bank.

The main disadvantage of the method is its dependence on the bank. A non-cash transfer cannot be carried out if the holder of the funds has problems with their turnover. Owners of regular and special accounts will have to pay the bank a commission for transactions performed. The pros and cons of non-cash payments compensate each other, making this payment method the most convenient in the realities of our time.

Forms of non-cash payments

The characteristics, structure, and meaning of payment transactions are determined by their type. Depending on the variety, they can be used by enterprises and individuals. In Russian financial system The following forms of non-cash payments are distinguished:

• transfers using payment requests and orders;
• letter of credit payments;
• payments through check books;
• collection settlements;
• payments by transfer electronic money;
• Money transfers by direct debit.

Types of non-cash payments

Payments of this type are classified according to various criteria. Depending on the economic nature, remittances are needed to pay for non- commodity transactions and for the purpose of purchasing goods or services. Payments can be intra-republican and interstate. Funds transferred within the state are divided depending on the region and locality. The following types of non-cash payments are also distinguished:

• guaranteed, in which the collateral is the funds reserved in the budget account;
• non-guaranteed;
• transfers with instant debiting of funds from the account;
• payments with deferred transfer of money.

Methods

Payment documents represent legally formalized demands, instructions and orders for the transfer of funds for the receipt of goods, services, and works. They can be implemented in the form of collection orders, bank transfers, letters of credit. Depending on the type of payment document, contact and contactless methods of non-cash payments are distinguished. These include:

• payments using a bank card through POS terminals;
• transferring money from cards using Pay Wave/PayPass technology;
• payments using card details, often used to pay for services via the Internet and purchase goods in stores;
• sending money through online wallet systems (QIWI, WebMoney, Skrill, etc.), where special terminals or transfers from bank cards are used to top up the balance;
• Internet banking services offered to users of Sberbank and other financial organizations;
• payments using NFS technology via smartphone.

Cashless payment system

It is based on bank accounts with settlement documents. The non-cash payment system must work as quickly as possible in order to quickly execute payment orders, open accounts for new clients, and maintain a continuous flow of funds. If economic authorities come to an agreement, then payments can be made bypassing the bank.

Principles of organization

The presented payment method is one of the important tools for development market economy countries. It is voluntary in nature, allowing you to transfer and receive wages, savings from deposits and other income without visiting financial institutions. Continuity of money transfers is ensured by the principles on which the organization of non-cash payments is based:

1. Enterprises and organizations participating in operations themselves choose their form, regardless of the scope of their activities.
2. The client's rights to manage funds are not limited.
3. Transactions are implemented on a first-come, first-served basis.
4. Payments are transferred from account to account if funds are available.

Implementation principles

Compliance by business firms and banks with established rules ensures that this type of payment meets modern requirements such as reliability, efficiency, and speed of transactions. For this purpose, principles for implementing wire transfers were developed. The procedure for making non-cash payments is determined by the following principles:

• The principle of acceptance. Without obtaining the consent or notification of the cash account holder, funds cannot be debited. This rule even applies to requests from government agencies.
• The principle of freedom of choice. Payment participants can conduct transactions in any form convenient for them. Financial organizations cannot influence the choice of non-cash payment methods.
• The principle of legality. All transactions must be carried out within current legislation and be regulated by it.
• The principle of urgency of payment. Any transfer of funds must be carried out within the time frame established by the payer. If they were violated, then sanctions fall on the bank.

These principles not only lie in making payments without withdrawing currency, but also in their implementation. The payer's current account must always have the required amount of funds to carry out transactions. All transactions are always carried out on the basis of an agreement between the bank and the account holder. You can go beyond the scope of the agreement only if a new contract is concluded with the client.

Rules for non-cash payments

Financial law regulates everything monetary transactions between entrepreneurs, individuals and legal entities, shops, and other institutions. For these purposes, rules for non-cash payments were developed, the main one of which states that money should be debited from the client’s account only by his order. Payment documents used for transactions must contain:

• TIN of the account owner;
• name and account number of the credit institution;
• name of the payer's bank;
• account number and BIC of the transfer recipient.

Payment by bank transfer

Money transfer is carried out using one of the methods listed above. The correspondent account reflects the details of the sender and recipient of the funds, the amount of the transfer and the name of the paid service or product. Therefore, if the seller does not fulfill his obligations, the non-cash payment will be returned to the buyer with the exception of the banking system commission.

Refund to buyer

The customer has the right to return or replace goods purchased in the store. Refunds to the buyer by bank transfer are carried out upon presentation of the product, receipt, warranty card, and identity documents. Scans of the listed documents must be sent to the store’s mail. The transfer of funds to a client may be refused in the following situations:

• the product is a food product and is of good quality;
• documents on the transfer of funds are lost;
• the purchase belongs to the list of non-replaceable products.

Purchase returns

Products of inadequate quality must be sent by the client to the store warehouse. The return of goods by bank transfer is stipulated in the contract of each enterprise separately. The company can compensate for the costs of sending the goods if such a clause is included in its rules. Non-cash forms of payment involve the transfer of money to the buyer's current account immediately after sending the products back to the seller.

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Cash turnover is carried out in two forms: cash and non-cash. MovementmoneyVformcash serve banknotes, change coins and paper money (treasury tickets) as a means of circulation and, in some cases, as a payment function. They provide: settlements that are directly related to the sale of goods and services; payment of wages, pensions, scholarships, benefits; payment of insurance compensation, payment of securities and income on them; payments for public utilities and so on.

At the same time, modern banknotes have a credit basis, but, falling under the influence of the laws of circulation of paper money, they can depreciate under the pressure of inflation. The main channels for issuing banknotes were:

a) bank lending to business entities, which ensures communication money circulation with the dynamics of the social product;

b) bank lending to the state in cases of bank issue instead of government debt obligations.

Classic banknotes had a dual meaning: the bank's gold reserves and commercial bills. Modern banknotes have only commodity support. The primary issue of cash on behalf of the state is carried out by National Bank. The quantitative relationship between cash and non-cash form money is constantly changing and is characterized by trends of limitation and displacement of cash by non-cash payments.

The main reasons for the development of this process were:

1) cash payments are too expensive because they include significant costs for printing banknotes, their storage, transportation and collection;

2) cash payments slow down payment turnover, make it difficult for society to control it, and can give rise to shadow business and the outflow of funds abroad;

3) increase money supply in circulation causes an increase in the number of workers servicing its movement: cashiers, controllers, collectors, etc.;

4) reduction cash circulation promotes the introduction of electronic payments and a system of correspondent accounts in the banking system.

Particular attention is required to the correct organization of cash flow at enterprises, the amount of cash payments of which significantly affects the size of the money supply in circulation. The speed of circulation depends on it monetary unit, stability of the country's monetary circulation and cost cash transactions. To maintain strict discipline at enterprises of all forms of ownership, the following mandatory requirements uniform rules for cash payments:

a) in the cash register of an enterprise, only a legally established amount can be kept in cash, the limit of which is determined by the scale of monetary and financial transactions. Rest working capital the enterprise is kept in a settlement or current account with a bank;

b) to pay wages, the company receives cash from the bank from its current account;

c) an enterprise can receive money from a bank only if there is a free balance of funds in its current or other account;

d) the enterprise takes into account all cash receipts and expenses in cash book. Entries in it are made immediately after receiving money or issuing it for each order. The cashier daily withdraws the balance of money in the cash register for the next day and submits a report with receipts and expenditure documents to the accounting department;

e) for exceeding the established limit of the balance of cash in the cash register, exceeding the norm for spending cash, incomplete or untimely posting of cash in the cash register and for other non-accounting in an indisputable manner.

The State Control and Audit Service applies severe penalties in the form of fines against those responsible.

Cashless calculations - This is the movement of value without the participation of cash. It is carried out in two ways: 1) transfer of funds from one account to another in credit institutions; 2) carrying out offsets of counterclaims without using cash.

Cashless payments, servicing economic relationships between business entities and with financial and credit institutions, are divided into payments for commodity transactions, which include payments behind products, work performed or services provided, and non-commodity operations - payments to the budget, loan repayments, insurance payments and other obligations. The main principles of organizing non-cash payments in Ukraine are:

1) the obligation to store funds in settlement, current and other bank accounts;

2) own enterprises cash payments and settlements are carried out through banks by independently choosing the form of accounts, which is fixed in contracts and agreements with banks;

3) payments from buyers for inventory and services are made through banks only if there are sufficient funds in the payers’ accounts;

4) funds from the company’s account are debited by order of the owner. The direct form of debiting funds is used only in exceptional cases, established by laws Ukraine;

5) the moment of payment should be as close as possible to the time of shipment of goods, performance of work, provision of services;

6) funds are credited to the recipient’s account, as a rule, after the corresponding amounts are written off from the payer’s account;

7) enterprises have the right to choose banks to open their accounts.

Cash in non-cash payments, having no real expression, exists only in the form of deposits in bank accounts. They begin to perform monetary functions only if they are withdrawn from the deposit by issuing the following settlement documents:

Payment orders;

Payment requests-orders;

Letters of credit;

Bills of exchange;

Payment requests;

Collection orders (orders). At the same time, settlement documents submitted by bank clients must comply with the requirements of established standards and have certain details, in the absence of which the documents will not be accepted for execution. Payment documents can be submitted to the bank both in paper form and in the form of electronic payments.

Funds are debited from the payer's account only on the basis of the first copy of the payment document.

Payment order - this is a written order from the client to his servicing bank to transfer the specified amount of funds from his account in favor of the recipient. With the help of a payment order, payments are made for actually shipped products, in the order of advance payment, for the transfer of amounts that belong to individuals, by agreement of the parties in other cases. The bilateral agreement specifies the amount and timing of the transfer of funds, the frequency of reconciliation of payments and the procedure for making final payments by the buyer. In cases where settlement of payment orders directly with the recipient of funds is not possible, bank-guaranteed payment orders can be used, which indicate the specific communications company from whose account the transfer will be paid.

Payment requirement - order is the recipient of the funds and is sent to the payer. It constitutes a combined settlement document, which consists of the upper part - the supplier’s demand to the buyer to pay the cost of the products delivered under the contract, and the lower part - the payer’s order to his servicing bank to transfer from his account the amount entered in the “amount to be paid” line. To speed up settlement, it is recommended to transfer it along with settlement and shipping documents. If the payer refuses to pay, he must inform the recipient of the funds directly in the manner and within the time limits specified in the agreement.

Check - a written order from the owner of the current account to the bank to pay a certain amount of money specified in it to the person. For the convenience of settlements, the bank can bind check forms of 10, 20 and 25 sheets. Individuals' checks are prepared and accounted for separately. Validity checkbook- one year, check individual- three months. A check from a checkbook must be submitted for payment within ten calendar days. Guaranteed payment of checks is ensured by depositing funds on a separate balance sheet account No. 7222 “Settlement check books and paychecks" At the same time, the bank client writes the check, so he does not fully guarantee the issuance of money. This limits the use of the check, so it has not become a universal means of payment. In addition, check payments are associated with the inconvenience of issuing, accepting at the bank, delivering it to the bank, etc.

Letter of Credit - monetary document, under which one credit institution, in accordance with the client’s application, instructs another to pay for shipping documents for goods shipped or services provided, at the expense of funds specially reserved for this purpose, or to pay the bearer of the letter of credit a certain amount of money. In accordance with current legislation, the issuing bank may open:

A) coated letter of credit, for payment of which the payer's funds are reserved in advance in the full amount in an account with the issuing bank or with the bank that must make the payment;

b) uncovered letter of credit - such that if the payer has insufficient funds, it is guaranteed to be paid by the issuing bank at the expense of bank loan.

In addition, a letter of credit can be revocable, which may be changed or canceled by the issuing bank, and irrevocable, modification or cancellation of which can only be done with the consent of the beneficiary, that is, the party entitled to receive funds.

Bill of exchange - standard form, abstract, written promissory note, under which one party to the agreement undertakes to pay the other a certain amount of money within a specified period. Specific features of the bill:

The form is legally defined, which makes it universal and accessible to all subjects of monetary relations;

Abstractness. It does not indicate the reason for the debt, only the amount of the cash payment;

Unconditionality and irrefutability. This sign indicates that the debtor has no right to refuse to pay the debt;

Specificity of the payment term. A bill of exchange can be issued for a period of up to one year, but preferably up to 90 days. Promissory notes and bills of exchange are in circulation.

Collection order are used in cases where a bank, on behalf of its client, receives money on the basis of settlement documents and credits these funds to his bank accounts. A banking collection operation may also provide for other obligations of the bank to carry out certain operations.

Enough in a convenient way payments began to use payment cards. Payment card - a monetary document certifying the presence of the corresponding amount of money in its owner’s bank account at a credit institution. Owner plastic card without using cash, can at any time carry out a full package of settlement transactions within the limits of a debit card, or use funds of more than the available amount within the established limit - credit cards. The most famous credit card systems are: Visa, Master Card, American express, etc. ATMs are used for electronic payments, magnetic cards, cards with microprocessors, electronic payment terminals in stores and other places of mass payment, and home terminals that operate on the basis of videography.

Based on the current Regulations, non-cash payments in Russia can be carried out using payment orders, payment requests-orders, checks and letters of credit. The use of one or another form of payment is determined by an agreement between the payer and the recipient of funds. Let's get acquainted with the features of each form of non-cash payments used in modern conditions.

It can be immediately noted that in the current conditions in Russia, the predominant form of payment is a transfer, moreover, a credit transfer. It provides the payer (debtor) with the opportunity to give instructions to credit the account of the recipient (creditor). An essential property of such an operation is its simplicity, which, in particular, allowed banks to speed up the transition from postal and telegraphic to electronic forms of transfer.

The orderliness of document flow is ensured by the use of payment orders for debit write-offs. A payment order is an order from an enterprise to the servicing bank to transfer a certain amount from its account to the account of another enterprise - the recipient of funds in the same or another bank institution.

Application of this financial instrument may be associated with both commodity and non-commodity transactions, and non-commodity payments, for example to the budget, are carried out exclusively by payment orders.

Examples of non-commodity transactions include:

• - payments to the budget,
• - repayment of bank loans and interest on loans,
• - transfer of funds to state and social insurance authorities,
• - contributions of funds to the authorized funds when establishing a JSC,
• - purchase of securities,
• - payment of penalties, fines, penalties, etc.

Transfers by payment orders for payments for goods and services are used:

• - for goods received and services provided (with reference to the number and date of the shipping document);
• - in advance payment for services (with reference to the contract number);
• - to repay accounts payable for commodity transactions;
• - in settlements based on court and arbitration decisions;
• - For rent for premises;
• - in settlements with utilities, transport, household enterprises, etc.

They can be either urgent, that is, immediately after shipment of the goods, or long-term or deferred within the framework of contractual relations.

The buyer's bank debits funds from the account of the buyer enterprise, and the supplier's bank credits the corresponding amounts to the account of the supplier enterprise.

Often this form of payment does not fully satisfy suppliers, since they become dependent on the purchasing enterprises. Indeed, the payer can in this case delay the issuance of a payment order due to the absence or insufficiency of funds. In this case, the buyer's bank will not accept the payment order for execution.

In addition, untimely receipt of funds to the supplier’s account may also occur due to the fault of the relevant banks or related organizations (for example, RCC). Thus, it is appropriate to point out once again the need to carefully study the terms of settlements reflected in the agreement, as well as take into account the responsibility of banks for improper execution of orders in accordance with legislative norms.

A payment request-order is a settlement document containing the supplier’s request to the buyer to pay, on the basis of the attached shipping and commodity documents, the cost of products supplied under the contract, work performed and services rendered. The advantage of this form of payment is that it is convenient for the supplier, since the bank is included in the established relationship, collects payment requests and monitors the collection of money from the buyer.

The purchasing company, accordingly, has the opportunity to monitor the supplier’s compliance with contractual terms using documents. In particular, if the conditions are not met, you can refuse to accept (consent) payment for documents. Moreover, in practice, a variety of forms of acceptance are allowed: positive and negative, preliminary and subsequent, full and partial. To justify the procedure, payment requests-orders are registered in the buyer’s bank in a special journal and transferred directly to the payer against signature for acceptance.

In this case, the buyer's bank debits funds from the account of the buyer enterprise, and the supplier's bank credits the corresponding amounts to the account of the supplier enterprise. The disadvantage of the above calculation scheme is the certain duration of the operation and the possibility of non-payments due to the lack of funds from the payer.

A payment order is a document of a certain form submitted by the client to the bank as an order to transfer a certain amount to the account of a specified person within the period provided for by law, bank account agreement or business customs.

The importance of settlements by payment orders is that they do not require large expenses for their implementation, high speed of payments and the opportunity for the payer to pre-check the quality of the goods paid. Therefore, they account for the bulk of settlements in business processes.

Target — reveal the concept of non-cash payments, the procedure for their organization and documentation.

Tasks

1. Study the principles of organizing the payment system.
2. Consider regulations regulating the payment system.
3. Reveal the content of the main forms of non-cash payments.
4. Consider the requirements for settlement documents.
5. Study the features of using one or another form of calculation.

1. Non-cash money turnover and principles of organizing non-cash payments

Enterprises operating in the Russian Federation constantly carry out various settlement transactions with their counterparties, budgets, employees, and owners. The main part of settlement transactions consists of the following:

• for purchased raw materials and materials;
• for products sold.

In the first case, there is an outflow of funds at the enterprise, in the second there is an influx of funds. Depending on the form of payment between the enterprise and its counterparties, flows material resources and their corresponding cash flows most often coincide in time.

According to Art. 140 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, payments on the territory of Russia are made by cash or non-cash payments. In cash payments, funds are transferred in the form of banknotes and coins, and in non-cash payments, the right to a sum of money is transferred by preparing the relevant documents and making entries in accounts.

Cash- money turnover regulated by the Regulations on the rules for organizing cash circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation dated January 5, 1998, approved by the Bank of the Russian Federation. Cash received at the cash desk of an enterprise must be handed over to a bank institution and subsequently credited to the account of this enterprise; The amount of money that can be kept in the company's cash register is limited. The procedure and deadlines for depositing cash at a bank institution are established individually for each enterprise.

Cashless payments - these are settlements made by banks transferring funds to customer accounts, based on payment documents drawn up according to uniform standards and rules.

The following basic principles for organizing non-cash payments are identified:

1. Principle uniform order carrying out settlements within the country. Means the use of one monetary unit (ruble), uniform forms calculations and standard types of payment documents filled out in the state language (Russian). In accordance with this principle, settlement documents are drawn up on uniform forms in paper or electronic form and contain the following details:

• name of the settlement document and form code;
• number of the payment document, day, month and year of its issue;
• payment type;
• name of the payer, his bank account number;
• name and location of the payer's and recipient's banks, bank identification codes, correspondent bank account numbers;
• name of the recipient of funds, his bank account number, an identification number taxpayer;
• purpose of payment;
• payment amount indicated in numbers and words;
• order of payment;
• signatures of authorized persons and seal imprint.

Payment documents are valid for 10 days, not counting the day of their issue. Corrections, blots and erasures in settlement documents are not allowed.

1. The principle of compliance with current legislation, which means that non-cash payments must be carried out in accordance with the basic provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, federal laws “On the Central Bank Russian Federation(Bank of Russia)" and "About banks and banking", in accordance with which the Bank of Russia, by order of October 3, 2002 No. 2-P, approved the Regulations on non-cash payments in the Russian Federation, regulating settlements between legal entities in the currency of the Russian Federation, defining the formats, procedure for drawing up and filling out settlement documents, and also establishing rules for conducting settlement transactions on correspondent accounts (sub-accounts) of credit institutions (branches), including those opened with the Bank of Russia, and on inter-branch settlement accounts.
2. The principle of mirror reflection of payment amounts on accounts accounting payers, recipients and credit institutions - intermediaries. That is, in accordance with this principle, the amount of the borrower’s accounts payable must correspond accounts receivable the person who issued the loan (lender). The amount debited from the payer's account must be equal to the amount posted through the accounts of intermediary credit institutions and credited to the recipient's account.
3. The principle of compliance with payment deadlines and repayment terms of debt obligations. This principle applies to the procedure and timing of processing documents by banking institutions, the timing of debiting and crediting funds to accounts. Various instructions from the Bank of Russia establish unified terms for processing payment documents in commercial banks and cash settlement centers of the Bank of Russia. In accordance with Art. 80 of the Federal Law of July 10, 2002 “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” The Bank of Russia establishes terms for non-cash payments. In particular, total term non-cash payments should not exceed two operating days within a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and five operational days within the Russian Federation.
4. The principle of security of payment. It involves making payments from the account within the limits of the amounts available on it. All documentary orders for debiting funds from the account are executed by the bank in accordance with the order of debiting funds established by Art. 855 part 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

If there are funds on the account, the amount of which is sufficient to satisfy all the requirements presented to the account, these funds are written off from the account in the order in which the client’s orders and other documents for write-off are received (calendar priority).

If there are insufficient funds in the account to satisfy all demands placed on it, funds are written off in the following order:

• First of all, write-off is carried out according to executive documents providing for the transfer or issuance of funds from the account to satisfy claims for compensation for harm caused to life and health, as well as claims for the collection of alimony;
• secondly, write-offs are made according to executive documents providing for the transfer or issuance of funds for settlements for the payment of severance pay and wages with persons working under employment contract, including under the contract, payment of remuneration under the author's agreement;
• in the third place, write-offs are made on payment documents providing for the transfer or issuance of funds for settlements of wages with persons working under an employment agreement (contract), as well as for contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and compulsory medical insurance funds;
• fourthly, write-offs are made on payment documents providing for payments to the budget and off-budget funds, contributions to which are not provided for in the third stage;
• fifthly, write-offs are made according to executive documents providing for the satisfaction of other monetary claims;
• Lastly, debits are made for other payment documents in calendar order.

In addition, debiting funds from the account for claims related to one queue is carried out in the calendar order of receipt of documents.

2. Classification of forms of non-cash payments

The form of non-cash payments means a combination economic relations arising in the process of transferring funds between payers, recipients (collectors) and intermediaries. These relationships must be documented.

Forms of non-cash payments are classified according to the following criteria.

1. Depending on the presence or absence of intermediaries between the payer and the recipient of funds:

• settlements without intermediaries: using offset mutual demands on accounting accounts (for example, barter transactions); settlements using simple bills of exchange;
• settlements with the help of a third legal entity - an intermediary. Banks and other companies can act as intermediaries. credit organizations(clearing centers, clearing houses).

2. Depending on the level of payment processing:

• inter-farm settlements;
• interbank settlements.

3. Depending on who is the payer and recipient of the funds:

• settlements on behalf of bank clients, when the payers and recipients are organizations that are not banks or other credit institutions. They can be commercial or non-commercial;
• settlements between banks, on the one hand, and bank clients, on the other: for issuing and repaying loans, accruing and paying interest, receiving commissions for banking services;
• settlements of banks on their own operations in the interbank loan market, foreign exchange and stock markets.

4. Depending on the status and degree of isolation of the bank institutions serving the payer and recipient of funds:

• intra-bank settlements carried out within one institution by debiting the amount from the payer’s account (within the limits of the funds available on it) and crediting it to the recipient’s account;
• interbranch settlements, in which the amount (if there are funds in the payer’s account) is transferred to the recipient through interbranch turnover accounts without restrictions, regardless of the presence or absence of funds on them (since interbranch accounts allow the presence of debit and credit balances);
• interbank settlements, a prerequisite for which is the opening of correspondent accounts by banks on each other’s balance sheets or in a third credit organization. Interbank settlements are carried out within the limits of the balance of funds in the payer’s current account, but also subject to their sufficient availability in the correspondent account of the bank sending the payment.

5. Depending on the method of storing, processing and transmitting information:

• calculations carried out by making entries in accounting accounts based on primary paper documents;
• calculations carried out by transmission in the form of electronic signals.

6. Depending on the types of payment documents used and the established document flow procedure:

• traditional forms of non-cash payments for paper media:
  • settlements by payment orders;
  • settlements under a letter of credit;
  • payments by checks;
  • collection settlements;
• electronic payments;
  • settlements using electronic payment orders;
  • calculations using plastic cards.

Let's consider the main forms of non-cash payments.

2.1. Settlements by payment orders

A payment order is an order from an enterprise to the servicing bank to transfer a certain amount from its account to the account of a person specified by the payer. Currently, this is one of the main forms of payment.

From the moment the bank receives a payment order from the client, it has an obligation to the client, within the time limits established by law or the agreement, to transfer funds for the intended purpose from the correspondent account (sub-account) and other accounts opened for settlement transactions. In this case, the client must comply with the following conditions:

• correctly indicate the details of the payer and recipient of funds required for the transaction to transfer funds;
• have funds in the account in an amount sufficient to execute the accepted document.

Subject to the above conditions, the bank or its branch, on the day of acceptance of the payment order from the client, debits funds from his account and transfers them from its correspondent account (sub-account) and other accounts opened for settlement transactions no later than the next day, unless otherwise provided in bank account agreement.

If the payment document does not indicate a payment due date, then the payment due date is considered to be the date of acceptance of the document from the client.

The scheme for settlements by payment orders is as follows (Fig. 1):

Rice. 1. Scheme of settlements by payment orders

1 - issuing a payment order in accordance with the requirements of the agreement

2 - debiting funds from the buyer’s account and crediting them to the seller’s account

3 - statement from the buyer’s current account about the debiting of funds

4 - statement from the seller’s current account about the crediting of funds

The payment order is valid for 10 days, starting from the day following the day of issue. In some cases, irrevocable orders are used that are valid for an indefinite period.

The paying company issues four copies of the payment order on the form unified form, one for each participant in the transaction. The original seal of the enterprise is placed on one copy, and this copy is also signed with the first and second signatures. This copy is the general basis for debiting funds from the bank and remains in banking documentation. The second copy of the order is returned to the payer with a note from the bank that the order has been accepted for execution. The third and fourth copies go to the seller's bank. Based on the third copy, funds are credited to the recipient's account. The last copy is attached to the recipient's account statement as confirmation of the transaction for crediting funds.

A payment order is a universal payment document and is used for all types of commodity and non-commodity payments, used both on paper and in in electronic format. Currently, electronic payment orders are transmitted through the unified settlement network of the Bank of Russia, through local settlement networks of commercial banks and through the client-bank system, if there is a reliable computer connection with the client.

The main advantage of settlements using payment orders is the relatively fast workflow.

2.2. Settlements under a letter of credit

Letter of Credit represents a conditional monetary obligation, accepted by the issuing bank on behalf of the payer to make payments in favor of the recipient of funds upon presentation by the latter of documents that comply with the terms of the letter of credit, or will authorize another (executing) bank to make such payments.

1. The payer and supplier delegate to the banks that service their operations the functions of monitoring compliance with the terms of the agreement in terms of amounts and terms of payment.
2. The supplier's bank opens a special account in which the payer's funds are deposited.
3. Deposited funds are reserved for a certain period established in the main agreement.
4. Once funds are reserved, the supplier (seller) ships the products or performs the related services or work.
5. Documents confirming shipment (provision of services, performance of work) are provided by the supplier (seller) to the bank.
6. The executing bank (seller's bank) checks the compliance of the shipment (provision of services, performance of work) with the terms of the letter of credit, and in case of full compliance with the contract, the funds are debited directly to the account of the supplier (seller).
7. Documents evidencing the shipment of products are sent by the executing bank (seller's bank) to the issuing bank (buyer's bank), from where they reach the buyer.

Payments from a letter of credit can only be made in non-cash form.

There are several types of letter of credit payment forms.

Deposited (covered) letter of credit (Fig. 2). Here, the payer's bank (issuing bank) transfers to the recipient's bank (executing bank) the corresponding amount from the payer's account or from the funds of the loan provided to him. That is, the necessary funds are debited from the payer’s account even before the supplier fulfills its obligations under the contract. This form of letter of credit payments is used if correspondent relations have not been established between the banks servicing the parties to the transaction.

Rice. 2. Payment scheme using a covered letter of credit

1 - provision of a letter of credit to the bank according to in the prescribed form;

2 - debiting funds from the buyer’s account and transferring them to the executing bank for payments under the letter of credit;

3 - notification to the seller about the opening of a letter of credit;

4 — shipment of products, performance of work, provision of services;

5 - provision to the servicing bank of documents evidencing shipment in accordance with the terms of the letter of credit;

6 — control of the executing bank over compliance with the terms of the contract and the crediting of funds to the seller’s account;

7 - notification of the issuing bank about the use of the letter of credit along with documents evidencing shipment;

8 - notification to the buyer of the use of the letter of credit along with documents evidencing shipment

Uncovered or guaranteed letter of credit (Fig. 3), is used when banks have correspondent accounts for each other. In this case, the funds debited from the buyer’s current account are not transferred directly to the supplier’s bank, but are deposited in a special account. Payment to the supplier under the letter of credit is made from funds in the correspondent account of the buyer's bank with the supplier's bank. In this case, the terms of settlements between counterparties are reduced.

Other classifications of the letter of credit form of payment are, in fact, modifications of either the covered or uncovered form of the letter of credit. These include:

Revocable letter of credit , which can be changed or canceled by the issuing bank on the basis of a written order of the payer without prior agreement with the recipient of funds and without any obligations of the issuing bank to the recipient of funds after revocation of the letter of credit.

Rice. 3. Payment scheme using a guaranteed (uncovered) letter of credit:

1 - provision of a letter of credit in the prescribed form;

2 — message about the opening of a guaranteed letter of credit;

3 - reflection of the opening of a letter of credit in the executing bank;

4 - notification to the seller about the opening of a letter of credit;

5 — shipment of products, performance of work, services;

6 - provision to the servicing bank of documents evidencing shipment in accordance with the terms of the letter of credit;

7 - control of the executing bank over compliance with the terms of the contract, debiting funds from the correspondent account of the issuing bank and crediting funds to the seller’s account;

8 - notification of the issuing bank about the use of the letter of credit along with documents evidencing shipment;

9 — debiting funds from the buyer’s account;

10 - notification to the buyer about the debiting of funds along with documents evidencing shipment

Irrevocable letter of credit is recognized as one that can be canceled only with the consent of the recipient of funds. At the request of the issuing bank, the nominated bank may confirm an irrevocable letter of credit (confirmed letter of credit). An irrevocable letter of credit confirmed by the nominated bank cannot be amended or canceled without the consent of the nominated bank. The procedure for providing confirmation under an irrevocable confirmed letter of credit is determined by agreement between the banks.

Each letter of credit is intended for settlements with only one recipient of funds, and the recipient may refuse to use the letter of credit before its expiration, if the possibility of such refusal is provided for by the terms of the letter of credit.

The letter of credit form of payment is characterized by the complexity and duration of document flow, the high cost of opening and maintaining a letter of credit, and the need to verify the authenticity and marketability of documents presented to the bank by the supplier. In addition, when opening a deposited letter of credit, the amount is first withdrawn from the payer's account and stored in a specific account in the supplier's (seller's) bank. In this case, interest is not accrued on the letter of credit account, even if it has not been used. Therefore, the payer is forced to divert his liquid funds and bear inflationary losses. Currently, in Russia the letter of credit form of payment is practically not used.

2.3. Payments by checks

By check recognized security, containing an unconditional order drawer to the bank servicing him to make a payment of the amount indicated in the check to the check holder. There are two types of checks:

• cash - intended for payment of cash to the check holder;
• settlement - intended for settlements between legal entities.

Settlement checks are represented by deposited and guaranteed checks.

Upon registration deposited checkbook (Fig. 4), the client first transfers the appropriate amount to a certain personal account, which provides a guarantee of payment for these checks, i.e., simultaneously with the application for the issuance of a checkbook, a payment order is submitted to the bank. This form of payment by checks is most widespread in modern domestic practice.

Rice. 4. Payment scheme using a deposited checkbook:

1 - application from the buyer to the bank to provide a checkbook along with a payment order for the deposit of funds;

2 - depositing funds in a special account;

3 — issuance of a checkbook;

4 — shipment of products, performance of work, services;

5 - issuing a check and transferring it to the supplier;

6 - provision of checks to the servicing bank along with a register of checks;

7 — presentation of the register of checks to the buyer’s bank for payment;

8 - transfer of the corresponding amounts from the personal account of the checkbook

Guaranteed checkbook pre-deposit does not provide funds. The check is covered by the drawer's funds in the current account within the limits of the corresponding guarantee amount established by the bank when issuing the checkbook. If there is a temporary lack of funds in the payer’s account, the bank can make payment at the expense of own funds within the established amount (overdraft), if this service is established by agreement between the bank and the client.

The procedure for using settlement checks is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, according to which the check must contain the following mandatory details:

• the name “check” included in the text of the document;
• an instruction to the payer to pay a certain amount of money;
• name of the payer and indication of the account from which the payment should be made;
• indication of payment currency;
• indication of the date and place of drawing up of the check;
• the signature of the person who wrote the check - the drawer.

The absence of any of the above details will invalidate the document as a check. If the name of the check holder is indicated on the check, then such a check is called personal .

In accordance with the law, a check must be presented for payment within 10 days, not counting the day of its issue.

Rights under a check can be transferred using an endorsement on the check - endorsement , with the exception of personal check. The holder of a transfer check is considered its legal owner if he bases his right on a continuous series of endorsements.

Currently, the check form of payment is gradually giving way to electronic payments.

2.4. Payments for collection

Collection settlements are a banking operation through which the bank (issuing bank), on behalf and at the expense of the client, on the basis of settlement documents, performs actions to receive payment from the payer. To carry out collection settlements, the issuing bank has the right to involve another bank (executing bank). The essence of such an operation is that the order to write off funds from the payer’s account is issued not by the payer himself, but by the recipient within the framework of the right granted to him.

Payments for collection are carried out with acceptance , i.e. when the payer confirms the documents submitted to his bank for debiting funds; without acceptance when, in cases established by law (as a rule, this applies to write-offs based on executive and equivalent documents), funds are debited from the payer’s account.

Collection calculations are carried out on the basis payment requests And collection orders . They are presented by the recipient of funds (collector) to the payer’s account through the bank serving the recipient.

A payment request-order is used, as a rule, in commercial transactions and is a settlement document that contains the requirement of the creditor (recipient of funds) under the main agreement to the debtor (payer) to pay a certain amount of money through the bank. Settlements by payment requests-orders can be carried out with or without the payer’s acceptance. In settlements between commercial enterprises, payment requests without acceptance are used only if this condition established by the main agreement between the counterparties, as well as if there is a condition in the bank account agreement between the payer and his bank regarding the possibility of direct debiting of funds. However, mainly settlements are carried out by payment requests, paid with the acceptance of the payer (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Scheme of settlements using payment requests-orders subject to acceptance by the payer:

1 — shipment of goods, performance of work, services;

2 - extract and sending to the issuing bank a payment request-order, registers of claims and accompanying documents;

3.4 - transfer of the specified documents to the executing bank and sending the claim to the buyer;

5 - acceptance or refusal of acceptance together with the corresponding statement;

6 - transfer of funds in case of acceptance or return of documents along with a statement of refusal of acceptance;

7 — crediting of funds to the seller’s account (in case of acceptance and payment);

8 - notification of the supplier about the receipt of funds or transfer of documents indicating a complete or partial refusal of acceptance

The recipient's bank (issuing bank) that accepts payment requests checks the compliance of the payment request with the established form, the compliance of the recipient's signatures and seals, as well as the completeness of filling out all the details specified on the form. If all the rules are followed, two copies of the payment request with a register of payment requests (list of requirements for this payment and their basic details) are transferred to the payer’s bank (executing bank). Payment requests received by the executing bank are checked for compliance of the terms of this form of payment with the terms of the agreement between the bank and the payer.

When settling payment requests with acceptance, one copy of the request is submitted to the payer for acceptance. Acceptance of a payment request can be made by the payer before the expiration of the acceptance period by submitting to the bank a corresponding application with the seal and signatures of the relevant officials. In this case, based on the details specified in the request, the executing bank debits funds from the payer’s account.

Collection payments can also be carried out on the basis of collection orders. In accordance with current legislation, funds are written off under collection orders only in an indisputable manner. The Regulations on non-cash payments provide for the following cases of application of collection orders:

• in cases where an indisputable collection procedure is established by law, including for the collection of funds by bodies performing control functions;
• when collecting on writs of execution.

Collection orders can also be used in settlements between commercial organizations, if the terms of the main agreement, as well as bank account agreements, contain such an opportunity. The document flow procedure is similar to the document flow when using payment requests-orders without acceptance. The scheme of settlements by collection orders and payment requests without acceptance is shown in Fig. 6.

The collection form of payment is not only characterized by the complexity of document flow, but also does not provide a guarantee of payment. Maintaining two files of payment documents: those transferred to the payer for acceptance and those not paid due to the lack of funds in the account requires additional costs on the part of the bank. Therefore, payment requests are rarely used. Collection orders are usually used tax authorities to collect tax and other arrears mandatory payments to the budget and extra-budgetary funds.

Rice. 6. Payment scheme using direct payment requests or collection orders:

1 - conclusion of a bank account agreement providing for the possibility of direct debit of funds, and submission to the bank of information about suppliers who have the right to issue direct demands and collection orders;

2 — shipment of goods, performance of work, services;

3 - extract and sending to the issuing bank a payment request or collection order, a register of claims or orders and accompanying documents;

4 - transfer of the specified documents to the executing bank;

5 - verification by the executing bank of compliance of the application of this form of payment with the bank account agreement and other legal requirements;

6 — transfer of funds in case of full compliance with the conditions specified in clause 5;

7 - notification of the payer about the debiting of funds from his account;

8 — funds are credited to the seller’s account (if payment is received);

9 - notification to the supplier of the receipt of funds or transfer of documents indicating the impossibility of collection in case of non-compliance with the terms of the law or lack of funds in the payer’s account

2.5. Payments using plastic cards

Many experts in the field of banking believe that the beginning of the issuance of bank credit cards was laid by John S. Biggins, a specialist in consumer credit from Flatbush National Bank in Brooklyn, New York. In 1946, S. Biggins organized work on a credit scheme called “Charge-it”. This scheme involved the issuance of promissory notes, which were accepted from customers by local stores for small purchases. After the purchase took place, the store handed over the receipts to the bank, which paid them from the customers’ accounts. This is how the mechanism appeared banking acquiring , i.e. servicing shopping centers that accept payment credit cards, issued by other banks.

The first mass payment card system was the American Diners Club, created in 1949. One of its main differences from previous systems was the presence of a professional intermediary company that takes upon itself the organization and conduct of payments between sellers and buyers of goods and services. In 1950, Diners Club introduced payment cards accepted by restaurants, hotels and travel agencies. Subsequently, they became known as tourism and entertainment maps. Initially they were made on thick paper and cardboard, but already in the 50s the first plastic cards appeared. In 1958, the first cards were issued by American Express and Bank of America (now the Visa system).

In Western European countries, primarily in the UK and France, the first payment cards appeared in the 60s.

IN THE USSR bank cards were not used in ruble payments within the country. In 1969, the first international agreement was signed with Diners Club, in 1974 - with American Express, in 1975 - with Bank Americard and Eurocard, in 1976 - with a Japanese company "J.C.B." On the Soviet side, all these agreements were signed by the Intourist organization, which carried out payments using plastic cards for elite foreign tourists in special currency stores “Beryozka” and hotels. In 1989, Vnesheconombank issued “golden” Eurocard cards, but in very limited quantities and for a narrow circle of people. Therefore, it is generally accepted that the first Russian commercial bank, which issued the Visa system card in 1991, became Kredobank. Along with the introduction of cards from international payment systems, Russian payment systems began to develop from the beginning of the 90s: STB Card based on Stolichny Bank, Union Card based on Avtobank, Gold Crown" - on the basis of the Siberian Trade Bank and, of course, Sbercard - on the basis of the largest domestic commercial bank— Savings Bank of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for issuing bank cards and making payments using them is mainly regulated regulations Central Bank Russian Federation, since in Civil Code Russian Federation and federal legislation not given enough attention electronic forms calculations.

On April 9, 1998, No. 23-P, the Bank of Russia approved the Regulations on the procedure for issuing bank cards by credit institutions and making settlements for transactions carried out using them.

In accordance with this Regulation bank card is a means for drawing up settlement and other documents payable at the client’s expense. Also bank card can be defined as a personalized payment instrument that provides the holder with the opportunity to make cashless payments for goods or services and receive cash at bank branches (branches) and ATMs.

To carry out transactions with plastic cards of a credit organization, it is enough to have a regular license to conduct banking operations, no separate permission from the Bank of Russia is required.

A credit institution may issue bank cards for individuals and legal entities, provided that its license to conduct banking operations provides for transactions on the accounts of these persons in the appropriate currency.

If issued bank cards provide the holder with the opportunity cross-border payments , i.e. payments for transactions made using bank cards outside the state in which they are issued, cards can only be issued by credit organizations that are authorized banks in accordance with the Law on currency regulation and exchange control.

Bank cards are issued on the territory of the Russian Federation by resident credit institutions.

Distribution (sale) of cards and prepaid cards by resident credit institutions financial products other issuers (American Express, Diners Club, VisaTravel Money, VISA CASH, Mondex, checks, etc.), allowing you to pay for goods (services) or receive cash, only with special permission from the Bank of Russia.

Bank cards are issued to the client on the basis of an agreement concluded with him. The bank card must bear the name and logo of the issuer, which uniquely identifies it.

The issuer must notify clients of the need to obtain permission from the Bank of Russia to carry out foreign exchange transactions related to the movement of capital, including when making cross-border payments with subsequent reimbursement in the currency of the Russian Federation of the issuer’s expenses, in accordance with foreign exchange legislation.

One client account can reflect transactions using several bank cards of the same type (payment, credit operations) one or different payment systems issued by a credit institution either to the client himself or to persons authorized by the client.

A credit institution that begins (completes) the issue of bank cards or acquiring with their use, is obliged to notify the Department of Methodology and Organization of Settlements of the Bank of Russia within 30 days about the beginning (completion) of the issue or acquiring . The notice must contain general information O payment system and types of bank cards issued or serviced by the issuer acquirer , in the form established by the Bank of Russia.

The issuer may issue bank cards of the following types to individuals, both residents and non-residents:

• payment or debit card - a bank card issued to the owner of funds in a bank account, the use of which allows the bank card holder, in accordance with the terms of the agreement between the issuer and the client, to manage the funds in his account, within the spending limit established by the issuer, to pay for goods and services or receive cash funds;
• credit card - a bank card, the use of which allows its holder, in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the issuer, to carry out transactions in the amount provided by the issuer line of credit and within the expenditure limit established by the issuer, to pay for goods and services or receive cash.

The issuer may issue the following types of bank cards to legal entities:

• corporate payment card — a bank card, the use of which allows the holder, authorized by a legal entity, to manage funds in the legal entity’s account within the spending limit established by the issuer in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the client, according to the list of permitted transactions;
• corporate credit card — a bank card, the use of which allows the holder, authorized by a legal entity, to carry out transactions in the amount of the credit line provided by the issuer and within the spending limit established by the issuer in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the client, according to the list of permitted transactions.

All payments for transactions using bank cards made on the territory of the Russian Federation must be carried out only in the currency of the Russian Federation, except for cases provided for by current legislation. But this rule does not apply to interbank payments when using bank cards by residents and non-residents outside the Russian Federation, as well as when receiving cash in foreign currency using bank cards in authorized banks.

Resident legal entities can use corporate cards non-cash transactions at trade (service) enterprises, as well as cash receipt operations in the following cases:

1) receipt of cash in the currency of the Russian Federation for settlements related to economic activity legal entity on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as to pay expenses associated with the secondment of employees of the relevant legal entities within the Russian Federation;

2) non-cash payment of expenses in the currency of the Russian Federation related to the secondment of employees of relevant legal entities within the Russian Federation;

3) non-cash transactions on the territory of the Russian Federation related to the main economic activity of a legal entity, in the currency of the Russian Federation;

4) non-cash payment in the currency of the Russian Federation for expenses of a representative nature on the territory of the Russian Federation;

5) non-cash payment of expenses related to the business trip of employees of relevant legal entities to foreign countries, in foreign currency;

6) non-cash payment of entertainment expenses in foreign currency outside the Russian Federation;

7) receiving cash in foreign currency outside the Russian Federation to pay expenses associated with sending employees of relevant legal entities to foreign countries.

The use of corporate cards for payment of wages and other social payments is prohibited.

When performing transactions using bank cards and in the event of a lack of funds in the client's account, settlements for such transactions are carried out by providing the client with a loan in the appropriate amount under the terms of the agreement between the issuer and the client.

For transactions on plastic card accounts, credit institutions receive the following types of commission:

• interbank commissions - funds paid by the acquirer to the issuer or by the issuer to the acquirer for transactions using bank cards;
• processing fees - funds collected from acquirers and issuers for processing;
• acquirer commission - funds charged by the acquirer from the bank card holder for services provided for transactions using bank cards;
• issuer's commission - money charged by the issuer from its client for conducting transactions using bank cards.

In addition, when issuing credits to cardholders within established limits The bank interest stipulated by the agreement is charged.

The obvious advantages of payments using bank cards are: high speed their implementation (amounts are debited from the payer’s account and credited to the recipient’s account almost instantly), the possibility of using a bank loan, reducing the costs of issuing, transporting, storing and counting cash. Payment cards are portable, difficult to counterfeit, and in case of loss or theft, the account is blocked upon the first application of the owner. At the same time, the development of the bank card market in Russia requires improving the current legislation, reducing the shadow sector of the economy, and additional investments in banking infrastructure (for the creation of computer networks, information security tools, installation of ATMs and terminals).

conclusions

Thus, as a result of studying the topic, the basic principles of organizing non-cash payments were determined, the classification of non-cash payments and the features of the organization were considered various forms non-cash payments: payment orders, letters of credit, collection, checks and using plastic cards.

Self-test questions

1. Define non-cash payments.
2. Name the basic principles of organizing non-cash payments in the Russian Federation.
3. In what sequence are funds written off from the payer’s account if there are insufficient funds in the account?
4. In accordance with what criteria is the classification of forms of non-cash payments carried out?
5. What is the procedure for making non-cash payments using payment orders?
6. What are the features of settlements under a deposited letter of credit?
7. How are payments made using an uncovered or guaranteed letter of credit? What are its features?
8. How are payments made by checks? What types of payment by checks do you know? Reveal their features.
9. What are the features of collection settlements? Where are they used?
10. How are payments using plastic cards currently organized in the Russian Federation? What bank cards are used in the Russian Federation?

Bibliography

1. Neshitoy A.S. Finance and credit: Textbook. — 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2006. - 572 p.
2. Semenov V.M., Aseynov S.A. Financial terms: Brief dictionary. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2006. - 224 p.
3. Finance: Textbook. — 2nd ed., revised. and additional / S.A. Belozerov, S.G. Gorbushina and others; edited by V.V. Kovaleva. - M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2004. - 512 p.
4. Finance: Textbook / Ed. A.G. Gryaznova, E.V. Mirkina. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2005.

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