The bank is the main subject of money circulation. In the Russian Federation, the law establishes the following definition of such a term: bank - a credit organization that has the authority to carry out monetary transactions. Such operations include:

1. Attracting money from citizens and organizations into deposits.
2. Opening accounts for citizens and organizations.
3. Maintaining accounts of citizens and organizations.
4. Providing loans.

Important aspects of the activities of any bank:

1. Cash vault.
2. Economic body.
3. Agent on the stock exchange.
4. Organization (credit)

Kinds

IN modern countries Banks are divided into 2 types - central and commercial. The main bank of the country is the central bank (CB) - a state credit institution that has the authority to issue money and regulates the entire banking system.

A commercial bank is called a credit institution on accumulation of money, that is, their accumulation, mobilization of money and their subsequent placement on the market. IN different countries There are a huge number of commercial banks with different structures and different ownership relationships. Each country interprets this term in its own way, but the most important difference is everywhere, and it lies in the monopoly right to issue banknotes.

central bank – main bank countries. The Central Bank has no connection with individuals. For this purpose, commercial banks were invented to act as intermediaries.

Common features

What is common between central and commercial banks include their main characteristics. Having a special type of activity, any bank is authorized to carry out transactions of a certain type - Bank operations. As a participant monetary system The bank has authority over clients. The legislation regulates all activities of each bank and establishes a direct ban on engaging in certain types of activities. All of them are called upon to implement the country's monetary and economic policy.

How does a central bank differ from a commercial bank?

As mentioned above, the main difference between a central bank is its monopoly right to issue banknotes. As for the other functions, there are also a lot of differences. Having common characteristics, these banks differ significantly in their powers and their status in the monetary system. Commercial banks are under complete guide central banks. They can lend to them, fully control their activities, and check them.

The Central Bank, with all its essence of supremacy, achieves more important and large-scale goals at the level of the country’s macroeconomics: it implements monetary policy of the country, fully services the state budget, stores the country's foreign exchange and gold reserves, and regulates the economic side of society.

The functions of a commercial bank are determined by the scope of its activities - work with individuals and organizations. Accumulating (accumulating) cash at the expense of others' money economic objects, they open deposits on interest payment terms, provide loans, and ensure uninterrupted functioning payment system using money transfer operations, they create means of payment.

Another difference can be seen by analyzing the objectives of these banks. The main goal there will always be a commercial bank Receiving a profit by conducting monetary transactions and meeting the needs of society. The Central Bank ensures the strengthening banking system, its development ensures the effective development and functioning of the payment system. Thus, he does not have the main task of making a profit from his activities.

The Central Bank has the right to issue regulations that are binding on government bodies. Size authorized capital the central bank is many times larger than the capital of commercial banks. There are significant differences in the structure of banks.

The Central Bank is always provided with a main collegial body. IN Russian Federation, for example, is the National Banking Council, consisting of 12 members. They are sent by the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Such a council has its own chairman, elected from among the participants themselves. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation has its own seal with the image of the coat of arms and name.

All reports of commercial banks are prepared on the basis of regulations developed by central banks. They lead them current accounts

More often than not, central banks can have a dual nature from a legal point of view. On the one hand, the Central Bank may be a government body with special powers to manage the entire monetary policy of the country. On the other hand, it is a simple legal entity that deals with economic activity, enters into various relationships with credit institutions.

The Central Bank, unlike others, ensures the strengthening and development of the banking system, normal functioning and uninterrupted operation of the payment system, is the final authority in lending for commercial banks.

The central bank is different from other banks. And the difference is that it works at the macro level economic relations, serves the general national economic needs, does what no other bank does, issuing cash into the economy.

The difference between a central bank and a commercial bank can also be found in other parameters. Fundamentals of Banking / count. authors; edited by O.I. Lavrushin. - M.: KNORUS, 2008. - P. 32-34..

By target orientation. Making a profit, as is known, is not the target motive for the activities of a central bank. Unlike the latter, a commercial bank, on the contrary, works for profit.

By type of property. Central bank capital most often belongs to

state, while for commercial banks in market economy The most typical form of ownership of capital is the joint stock form.

In terms of numbers and capital base. Each individual country has its own single national central bank; There may be tens, hundreds and even thousands of commercial banks. It is natural, therefore, that according to their capital base, commercial banks are divided into large, medium and small credit institutions. There is no need to divide central banks according to the amount of capital, since in each individual country there is only one central bank.

By areas of activity. Commercial banks, providing a certain range of services, can be both universal and specialized. Such a criterion for classifying central banks is hardly acceptable, because by its status and the powers delegated to it, it acts as a universal monetary institution that performs a wide range of operations and services.

By industry focus. Often commercial banks focus on serving a specific sector of the economy. Central banks, whose activities provide for general national economic needs, cannot be sectoral in nature.

On a regional basis. By the nature of their activities, central banks are national institutions serving economic entities throughout the country. In the context of the tasks assigned to them, they also enter into international monetary relations. Commercial banks can be divided into regional (local), city, interregional, and international.

By clients. The clients of both central and commercial banks are legal entities and individuals. The fundamental difference, however, is that central banks do not directly serve commodity producers (except in cases where there are no business banking institutions in a particular area); the clients of the central bank are commercial banks serving specific agents of the economy, government, military and others institutions.

According to the law. Most often, central and commercial banks are regulated various types legislation.

By the nature of subordination (accountability), central banks as entities representing state power in monetary sphere, most often accountable only to the legislative branch, to which they periodically report on the results of their activities. Commercial banks are accountable only to their shareholders, to whom they annual meeting announce the results of their work for the reporting period.

On legal support for the start of its activities. The beginning of the activities of the central bank is established by an act of the supreme state power. The beginning of the activities of a commercial bank begins with the receipt of a license from the central bank.

As designated by senior management. Since the central bank is of national importance and most of its capital is often completed at state basis, the head of the central bank is appointed and confirmed by the president and the highest legislative body of the country. The head of a commercial bank is appointed by its shareholders.

For supervision and control. Control over the work of the central bank is carried out at state level. In the Russian Federation, for example, to check the activities of the Bank of Russia, a audit organization with a high professional reputation. On certain issues of activity, the Bank of Russia may be audited by the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. Supervision and control over the work of commercial banks can be carried out either by specially authorized government agencies or central banks (as, for example, is customary in the Russian Federation).

All this allows us to define the central bank as a public monetary institution that regulates money turnover in cash and non-cash forms in the public interest.

In the generally accepted sense, the concept of a commercial bank comes down to the fact that it is founded for the purpose of making a profit and acts as a subject of the banking system. The State Bank does not act for the purpose of making a profit, but as a regulator of the banking system and interbank relations. Wherein National Bank controls the functioning of absolutely all commercial banks, as well as other financial organizations.

For some citizens the concept state bank boils down to the fact that it was founded by government agencies, such as Sberbank. However, it should be noted that Sberbank, like other credit organizations, is engaged in activities related to making a profit, and therefore it also belongs to commercial banks.

A state bank is a subject or institution that controls the banking system as a whole, influences various processes in it, organizes cooperation with state banks of foreign countries and was not created for the purpose of making a profit. The state bank in the Russian Federation is the Central Bank, which has representative offices in all regions of the country.

Since the goals of creating state and commercial banks do not coincide, there are certain differences between such institutions. The activities of both banks are subject to these differences, that is, they perform completely different tasks.

Differences between commercial banks and state banks

The following are the differences between commercial credit institutions and a state bank:

• commercial banks have in the prescribed form property - Joint-Stock Company or society with limited liability, while the state bank does not have this characteristic, although all banks are legal entities. Thus, a commercial bank, having a form of ownership, coincides in this characteristic with other legal entities, and a state bank belongs more to government bodies than to legal entities, although it is
• the activities of the Central Bank correlate with the banking system of the Russian Federation, that is, it develops and approves various regulatory legal acts on the basis of which it conducts banking activity in the country. At the same time, he is completely under his control this system, and he has the right to control the functioning of commercial banks, issue or revoke licenses from them, carry out their reorganization (or financial rehabilitation)

Commercial banks operate within the banking system, serving legal and individuals. They have the right to develop and approve only internal documentation of the bank itself, which is of a local nature. Commercial banks are subject to legislation approved by the state bank, and also report to it on various indicators, criteria and facts of their activities:

• The Central Bank services the correspondent accounts of commercial banks, which in turn service the current accounts of legal entities and individuals
• the actual activity of the state bank is connected exclusively with commercial banks, that is, it can even lend to them if necessary. The activities of commercial banks are related to legal entities and individuals, their services in a variety of areas
• release banknotes In Russia, only the Central Bank of the Russian Federation has the right, and commercial banks have the right only to use them in their activities
• the vaults of the Central Bank contain the country's reserve and gold and foreign exchange reserves, as well as funds of commercial banks, and the vaults of a commercial bank contain only the funds of the individuals and legal entities it serves
• The Central Bank is involved in the development and modification monetary policy state, that is, it functions on the scale of the entire economy as a whole. Commercial banks operate at the federal or regional level, but never take part in the formation of the state's monetary policy
• commercial banks can provide the population and business entities with a variety of services, including accepting funds as deposits, issuing finance in the form of loans, mutual settlements between legal entities and individuals, currency exchange, collection and investment services. The Central Bank does not carry out such operations, but has the right to control all areas of activity of commercial banks

If we consider commercial banks from the position of the owner, they can be private or public, but in general their activities are similar regardless of the founder. The main difference is who exactly owns the bank - a private owner or the state.

Features of cooperation with commercial banks

Individuals and legal entities, cooperating with commercial banks, have certain guarantees of the legality of their transactions. The fact is that the activities of commercial banks are fully controlled by the Central Bank, which conducts periodic checks to ensure that commercial banks are faithfully fulfilling their duties.

Often, Russian citizens worry that their money transferred to a commercial bank as a deposit may be lost due to the revocation of the credit institution’s license or its bankruptcy. However, it should be noted that deposits of Russians in the amount of up to 1.4 million rubles. insured by the Deposit Insurance Agency. This means that if such a negative situation occurs, when a commercial bank cannot return the depositor’s deposit, the Agency will do so.

It is necessary to take into account the main point: since there is a limit on the size of the insured part of the deposit, it is necessary to focus on this value. And if you need to make a deposit for a large amount of money, it makes sense to divide it into several parts so that each of them is insured and returned in the event of force majeure circumstances from a commercial bank.

As a rule, experts advise investing money in commercial banks that have government support, and then the likelihood of a negative event occurring may be minimal. However, such banks offer very modest interest rates on deposits, which, however, are stable and protected. In contrast, private commercial banks, which are less protected and do not have state support, in order to attract customers, they offer higher interest rates. With such an offer, investors can get very good income, if a negative situation in terms of bankruptcy or revocation of a commercial bank’s license does not occur.

It makes sense to choose a commercial bank to enter into a deposit agreement with it after studying the special reliability rating of commercial banks located on the official website of the Central Bank. Since the Central Bank of the Russian Federation completely controls the activities of commercial banks and analyzes their reports, it can compile such a list with a high guarantee. Based on this rating, the investor has the opportunity to organize profitable cooperation with commercial bank and at the same time not lose your money.

Cooperation with commercial banks has certain principles or rules, which include:

• mutual interest, in which both parties pursue their own interests that do not contradict each other’s interests
• payment, which consists in the fact that commercial banks provide services and individuals place their funds not for free, but for a monetary reward
• liquidity, in which a commercial bank must return the deposit and customers must repay their credit obligations
• mutual obligation, in which both commercial banks and their clients undertake to fulfill all the terms of the contract or agreement without prejudice to the interests of the opposite party
• liability based on the fulfillment of certain requirements in case of violation of the terms of the cooperation agreement

Virtually all banks in the country are commercial. With the exception of one state - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia). What is the difference between these banks? And, most importantly, how to choose a reliable commercial bank?

Differences between commercial banks and state banks

1. Only the Central Bank has the right to issue.
2. The Bank of Russia is developing regulations for reporting, as well as maintaining accounting in all commercial banks.
3. The Central Bank contains all commercial banks, while they contain the accounts of individuals and legal entities.
4. The Bank of Russia lends exclusively to commercial banks. While the operations of commercial banks include lending to legal entities and the population. In addition, the functions of commercial banks include accepting deposits, conducting transactions, etc.

Features of cooperation with commercial banks

Some people believe that the activities of commercial banks are uncontrolled. And if that happens, the money will “disappear.” In fact, in the event of a license revocation by the Bank of Russia or the bankruptcy of a commercial bank, the depositor receives his deposit. The deposit and interest on it must be paid by the state Deposit Insurance Agency within a maximum of 14 days. True, there are restrictions: the amount of compensation does not exceed 1,400,000 rubles. Tips for clients

• There are or state-owned companies and government agencies act as shareholders. For long-term cooperation, for example, to open a deposit, you should choose these financial institutions. For example, Sberbank, Gazprombank, TransCreditBank and others. You can find out whether the state is a shareholder on the bank’s official website.
• Those who are planning to deposit money into a deposit account at a particular bank should first find out the rating of that bank. The rating is compiled based on data from the Central Bank on key performance indicators. This will allow

Many people now turn to commercial banks for various types of services, such as loans, deposits or transactions with securities and precious metals. But there is also such an organization as the Central Bank, which has slightly different functions. And although all these organizations are called banks, there are still differences in them and they are significant enough to divide them into different categories of organizations.

Definition

central bank represents government agency designed to establish and regulate credit system states. It is in charge of the activities of all commercial banks in the country, since the current accounts of these particular entities of the system are under the jurisdiction of the Central Bank. He develops a system of accounting and reporting principles for all credit institutions, and they, in turn, are obliged to obey them. If necessary, this government body can issue loans to commercial banks for their financial and economic transactions. In addition, the Central Bank and only it is authorized to issue or issue banknotes.

Central Bank of the Russian Federation

Commercial Bank – non-governmental organization, the main function of which is to meet the needs of legal entities and individuals of the country in order to obtain their own benefit. They can issue loans for various needs and accept deposits from the public at different interest rates, maintain current accounts of companies, carry out foreign exchange transactions and transactions with securities and precious metals. In addition, commercial banks have the right to exchange damaged banknotes for new ones. The current account of such a credit institution is located in the Central Bank, and if necessary, it can receive credit funds from the Central Bank of Russia.

Comparison

Thus, we can say that the Central Bank dominates all commercial banks, develops various regulations and principles for how banks conduct their activities, and also controls their work, conducting various checks and analyzing reporting. In turn, the activities of commercial banks are aimed at satisfying the interests of the population and legally registered economic entities of the country. They can issue loans, accept deposits, exchange currency, sell precious metals.

Conclusions website

1. Only the Central Bank has the right to issue state banknotes;
2. The Central Bank contains settlement accounts of commercial banks, and commercial banks contain accounts of legal entities and individuals;
3. The Central Bank develops regulations on accounting and reporting in commercial banks;
4. The Central Bank issues loans only to commercial banks, and the latter can issue loans to the population and legal entities, as well as carry out deposits and various transactions with valuables, such as currency or metals.