Investment– is it a short-term or long-term investment? economic resources in order to create and obtain benefits in the future.

Any investment is associated with the refusal to use available funds to meet the needs of an entity (or group of entities) at the present time, in order to obtain benefits in the future.

The benefits must be significant because they must compensate the investor for:

– delay in meeting his existing needs; and the risk associated with the possibility of losing investments made.

Each potential investor can choose the following investment options for his funds:

– investments in real assets (land, equipment, etc.);

– purchase of securities and investment of free money in commercial banks

Investing in human potential

Any of the paths meets the following definition: investments are expenses that bring benefits beyond the current reporting period.”

During the investment planning process, the following items should be determined:

1. Fund amounts, which can be invested. You can invest both your own and borrowed funds.

2. Liquidity requirements for acquired assets. Liquid assets are needed to make payments in the near future or unexpected payments.

3. Amounts of taxes paid before and after investment. Some types of investments earn tax-free returns, so they may be more profitable than those that generate large returns but do not have tax benefits.

4. Investment goals. The investor must be clear about what kind of income he wants to receive from the investment (regular small reliable payments or large profits in the future).

5. Risk attitude. The investor must decide what suits him best:

– receive significant income, but at the same time take a high risk of losing your investments;

– receive a small income, but with virtually no risk of losing your investment.

Forms of investment:

– cash and cash equivalents (targeted deposits, working capital, credits, loans, pledges);

– any property that is in production and has liquidity;

– property rights valued in monetary terms (licenses, patents).

Sources of investment:

– own financial resources(profit, savings, depreciation, etc.);

– borrowed funds (bank loans, bond issues, etc.);

Raised funds (issue of shares, contributions to the authorized capital, charitable contributions)

– appropriations from budgets provided on a free or preferential basis;

– foreign investments provided in the form of participation in the authorized capital of joint ventures, as well as in the form of direct investments in cash.

The development of a company’s investment policy involves the following steps:

1. Formation of long-term goals for the company.

2. Search for new promising areas of investment.

3. Development of engineering, technological, marketing and financial forecasts.

4. Preparation of a capital investment budget.

5. Evaluation of alternative projects.

6. Assessing the consequences of implementing previous projects.

Investment decisions are influenced by a number of factors:

1. Causes, necessitating investment:

– updating the existing material and technical base; increasing the volume of production activities; mastering new types of activities.

2. Investment project cost.

3. Multiple projects available. The basic principle is analysis of alternatives.

4. Limitation financial resources ,available for investment.

5. Risk, associated with making a decision.

Features of costs for the acquisition of tangible assets (land, structures, equipment):

– they require large expenses;

– funds are invested for long periods of time, and investment decisions cannot (or are very difficult) to change;

– Investment decisions typically have a decisive impact on a firm's ability to achieve its financial goals.

– the decision to replace tangible assets determines the path further development companies.

– investments in money require appropriate investments in working capital.

Development of an investment project in real assets - a complex process that includes four stages:

1. Research, planning and project development.

2. Project implementation.

3. Current control and regulation during project implementation.

4. Evaluation and analysis of the achieved results upon completion of the project.

The most important stage of the phenomenon. The preliminary analysis stage of the project includes:

1.Analysis of the commercial feasibility of the project:

A) noun Does the enterprise have the opportunity to sell the product?

B)____for the production of additional volume of product

C) will the enterprise receive a sufficient amount of profit from the investment project?

At this stage, the enterprise conducts marketing research, including consumer analysis, on the basis of which it carries out demand forecasting, competitor analysis, analysis of external factors at the macro and micro level, analysis of the internal environment of the enterprise, based on the number of restrictions for the implementation of the investment project

2. Technical analysis. Objectives: identification of technologies for the purposes of project implementation; assessment of opportunities to attract resources for project implementation; checking the potential for planning and implementation of the project

3.Financial analysis:

A) analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise for the previous 3 years in order to identify operational problems

B) analysis _______during the preparation of the investment project in order to identify current problems of the activity

C) determination of the volume of investment needs of the enterprise

D) establishing possible sources of financing for investments, assessing their value

D) forecast of profit and cash flows during the implementation of the investment project

E) economical assessment of the effectiveness of an investment project

4. Institutional analysis of the possibility of successful implementation of the project, taking into account the organizational, legal, political and administrative situation. Conducted on the basis of expert assessments. Assessment of implementation according to 2 categories of factors:

1) internal: analysis of the capabilities of production management (experience of qualified managers, their motivation, in conjunction with the goals of the project); analysis of labor resources (compliance of personnel labor with the level of use in the technology project); analysis of the organizational structure (decision-making process, distribution of responsibilities and powers between performers

2) external: legal, political, administrative.

When choosing the second investment path - investing in securities (CB) a thorough analysis of the securities available on the market is carried out and a investment portfolio.

One should strive for optimal portfolio diversification in order to improve its efficiency.

Effective portfolio is a set of investment projects that provide the highest rate of return at an acceptable level of risk for the investor.

Obtaining an effective portfolio is the goal of managing it. Portfolio management is a dynamic, continuous process.

In general, the desire to invest is determined by the influence of two factors:

1) income from investments;

2) the level of risk associated with investments.

17 . Methods for evaluating investment projects under conditions of complete certainty. Evaluation of projects based on payback period. Regular and discounted term payback. Method for calculating return on investment (indicator ROI)

METHODS FOR EVALUATING INVESTMENT PROJECTS UNDER CONDITIONS OF CERTAINTY

1. Methods based on discounted valuations:

a) method of evaluating projects by net present value (NPV)

b) method for calculating the net profitability index (PI)

c) method of evaluating projects by internal rate of return (IRR)

d) method of evaluating projects using discounted payback period (DPP).

2. Methods based on accounting estimates (does not take into account the time value of money):

a) method of evaluating projects using the usual payback period (PP)

b) method for calculating return on investment (ROI)

c) method of evaluating projects using the accounting rate of return (ARR).

Real investment - investing in tangible and intangible real assets.

Due to real investments, the main and working capital enterprises

Money - means embodied in new industrial buildings and structures, machines, components, finished products.

TO intangible assets include patents, licenses, and trademarks.

Financial investments - investing in various financial instruments.

Such instruments include savings accounts and deposits, deposit and savings certificates, bills, government securities, stocks, bonds, etc. Financial instruments can be bought and sold in the primary and secondary markets.

As a rule, it is not always possible to draw a clear line between real and financial investments. By purchasing, for example, shares on the primary securities market, an investor finances a real investment project, according to which a new enterprise is created or an existing one is modernized. This investor becomes a co-owner of the issuing company. The investments of such an investor are called real. If an investor wants to get his money back, he sells shares, for example, on a secondary securities market. In addition, the buyer of a small block of shares on the secondary market also becomes a co-owner of the enterprise. This buyer's investment is called financial. How can you differentiate between these investors? It is customary to distinguish such investors from each other by the volume of their shareholding and the ability to influence the process of enterprise management. Counting investments real, if they control at least 10% of the share capital. This, as a rule, allows you to influence the enterprise management process. The purchase of shares on the secondary market is generally less than 10%, and this does not give the right to influence the management process.

Direct and indirect investments are also considered. In progress direct investment investor deposits wits funds to the project. When investor acquires a share of a mutual fund, then carries out indirect investment. The specific direction of investment in this case is determined by the fund’s specialists.

Stages of a real investment project

The implementation of a real investment project goes through three stages:

• pre-investment;
• investment;
• operational.

IN pre-investment The stage includes analysis of investment opportunities, development of a preliminary and final feasibility study (business plan), development of a report on investment opportunities.

Analysis investment opportunities carried out in order to identify the possibility of further continuation of work on the project. During the preliminary analysis, the following is revealed:

• availability of financial, labor and natural resources;
• future demand for the product under development;
• possibility of environmental pollution;
• connections with other industries;
• investment climate.

Investment opportunity research is based on general assessments. Detailed analysis is postponed to later stages. Cost data is taken from similar completed projects.

Preliminary feasibility study is recognized as a more detailed stage compared to the analysis of investment opportunities. Identification and analysis of possible alternatives is carried out at this stage. As alternatives, for example, consider:

• sources of supply of raw materials, components, materials;
• location of the investment object;
• types of costs and overheads;
• methods of remuneration, types of vocational training;
• project implementation schedules.

A feasibility study (business plan) is considered the main document of an investment project. It contains the main technical and economic characteristics, in particular the project implementation plan, as well as the commercial, technical, financial, economic and environmental prerequisites for this project. The final assessment of investment and production costs, calculations of financial and economic profitability are also given here.

Preliminary and final feasibility studies are similar in content, but the latter is carried out with higher accuracy, and therefore is significantly more expensive.

The development of a feasibility study begins only when the necessary financial resources for the implementation of the project have been identified. Otherwise, the funds spent on its development may be in vain. Therefore, possible sources and forms of project financing should be determined at an earlier stage.

The report on investment opportunities briefly presents the results of an analysis of technical, commercial, managerial, organizational, financial, and economic aspects.

The investment stage is devoted to the creation of the facility. At this stage, the object is manufactured, commissioned and prepared for operation.

Often an investor does not want to spend too much time and money developing a detailed business plan. In this case, failures may occur during the manufacture and commissioning of the investment facility, which will lead to a significant increase in the cost of the project. Therefore, the cost of creating a good business plan usually pays off many times over.

The operational stage includes:

• acceptance and start-up of the enterprise;
• production and profit making;
• equipment replacement, expansion, innovation.

Good afternoon dear friends! I am sure that investing as a passive income option has interested you all. That is why I decided not to stop halfway and continue our excursion into the world of wealth and abundance. The topic of today's article is investing in real assets. If you are wondering how to make earning money useful for the entire society, your country and its people, then you have come to the right place. Get ready to learn all about investments you can see and touch.

Characteristics

The existence of the term “real investment” is by no means a reason to believe in the existence of unreal investments. Everything is much simpler: the existence of a classification according to investment objects divides investor contributions into real and financial investments. Since we already managed to figure it out in one of the previous articles, I think it would be very appropriate to discuss with you the second type of classification.

TO real investments accept investments in fixed capital, which can be presented in one of the following forms:

• as productive capital– both fixed and working capital of the enterprise, construction and overhaul;
• as land and other natural resources– purchase of deposits for subsequent mining;
• as intangible assets– purchase of brands, licenses, patents, know-how, trademarks;
• as investments in science and education;
• purchase ready-made business.

In other words, all these investments are aimed at real sector economy - material production goods and services that create the state's gross domestic product. To succeed in this area of ​​investment, in addition to money, an investor will need specific knowledge and qualifications in the manufacturing industry, the ability to manage a workforce, finances, and understand market processes. That is, real investment management should be carried out exclusively by first-class professionals. Otherwise, the risks of capital loss skyrocket to unprecedented heights.

Comparison with other types of investments

High profitability, stability and resistance to market fluctuations are the main differences between investments in real assets and financial investments. Based on this, you and I can draw a completely logical conclusion - the degree of risk for such deposits is significantly lower. That is, you, finding yourself in the role of an investor in a bankrupt enterprise, will be able to minimize your losses by selling all the property and material values"burnt out" company.

However, I cannot keep silent about the fact that this medal has two sides. Therefore, we should not forget that liquidity investments in real assets are an order of magnitude lower than in financial ones. Indeed, in the case of the latter, it is high liquidity that is the main tool that manages the entire investment portfolio.

Perhaps the brightest distinctive feature investment in real assets from financial ones is that real investments are contributions to the real economy. They are aimed at developing its potential and improving the quality of life of the population. Exactly because of this reason state prefers this type of investment.

Investors who choose actual investments make investments for several decades, starting from the fact that production will develop and increase its potential. Therefore, they need to be prepared for the fact that the amount of capital investment will need to be constantly increased and replenished. Continuous scientific and technical progress leads to the emergence of new advanced technologies, alternative materials and management methods. It is very important not to ignore all these innovations, but to introduce them into production. Otherwise, you can forget about the competitiveness of manufactured products and maintaining high positions in the market.

Investment principles

If you want to start mastering the actual ones, be sure to thoroughly study their basic principles:

1. Unlike growth national currency, real investment multiply several times faster.
2. Compared to financial investments, these investments higher returns and lower risks.
3. Investments in real assets are an opportunity to provide an organization with intensive development, improve product quality, and help develop new markets.
4. Real investments are provided by enterprises stable cash flow , which is achieved due to depreciation charges, accrued even if the project does not bring profit.
5. Rapid technological progress exposes actual investments to obsolescence.
6. Have actual investments low level liquidity.

Forms of real investments

I cannot help but draw your attention to the classification of forms of real investment. Getting to know it will allow you to better understand the features of such deposits and, perhaps, find the most interesting and promising option for investing your funds. So to main forms of investment in real assets should include:

Real investments in fixed and working capital

For the most complete understanding of what investments we can still call real, I suggest you divide them into investments in fixed and working capital. If you are interested in the former, then you should consider investing in land, construction, machinery and other capital goods.

The category of production funds with vehicles, work tools and equipment with a service life of one year, and construction funds with construction mechanisms and machinery, vehicles and power equipment.

As for investments in working capital, here you can invest in raw materials, fuel and various types of structures. Their main task is to ensure product output and maintain normal functioning production.

Investment Valuation

To prevent your investing career from going to waste, I advise you to extremely carefully select the projects in which you plan to invest your funds. To save yourself from the migraine caused by colossal losses, evaluate it before making an investment efficiency. The best place to start is with a preliminary assessment.

Efficiency mark

To assess the effectiveness of your investments, I suggest you calculate the main indicators that will help you draw conclusions regarding how correct your decision was to direct your funds to a particular project. So, arm yourself with a calculator and do the following:

• rate profitability your investments using a profitability index;
• calculate investment payback period;
• find out what it will be like net present value from the operation performed;
• find internal rate of return investments.

Risk assessment

After you decide on the profitability of your venture, don’t be lazy risk assessment future investment. This can be done by modeling changes in the main indicators of the project and determining the sensitivity of the latter. Personally, I advise you not to reinvent the wheel, but simply draw up several business plans:

• based on pessimistic scenario(take as a basis the situation with the most unfavorable conditions for the implementation and operation of the project);
• based on optimistic scenario(based on the most favorable conditions);
• based on scenarios with average data, as close to reality as possible.

In the resulting range of project performance, you will be able to identify clear boundaries of the risk that you will face when you decide to invest your funds in this activity.

Real investment

I would like to note that investments in real businesses have a number of restrictions for investors who are physical persons. The following options for investing in real assets are prescribed by law for this category of investors:

1. Purchase real estate for its subsequent rental;
2. Purchase of transport and technical equipment for subsequent rental;
3. Registration of rights to intellectual property;
4. Registration own business.

With the first three positions, everything is quite simple: they received the status of a private entrepreneur, completed the documents and started earning money. As for creating a company, in this case you, as an individual, receive significantly greater investment opportunities. Therefore, you have to take care of finding an accountant who can cope with maintaining strict tax documentation. Most often, for such purposes, companies are registered in the form OOO.

As for capital investments made by legal entities, it is worth saying that sooner or later, every company in the market for real investment objects has to face a lack of money for investment activities. The reason for this may be the need to expand, modernize or update the existing technical base.

You can even make a small one classification of causes, which necessitate investment by legal entities:

1. Mandatory investments;
2. Investments for the purpose of updating the material and technical base of the enterprise;
3. Expansion of production volumes;
4. Search and development of new markets.

Conclusion

Remember, real investment is an important basis for growth, both industrial and economic potential countries. That is why I strongly recommend that you conduct a detailed assessment of the effectiveness of these investments and the risks they pose. Not only the well-being of your investor capital, but also the entire economy of the state will depend on your every decision. I wish you sobriety and prudence in making decisions financial decisions. Subscribe to blog updates and see you soon!

If you find an error in the text, please select a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter. Thanks for helping my blog get better!

(real investment) Investments in fixed assets - buildings, structures, machinery and equipment, etc., or in assessable public assets - schools, dams, etc., and not in financial assets– stocks, bonds, etc.

• - the company's tangible assets minus liabilities...

  Dictionary of business terms

• - investments in assets that do not arise in the production process...

  Dictionary of business terms

• - 1. Long-term investments in the material production sector. 2...

  Dictionary of business terms

• - Assets that you can touch with your hands. Any object, tangible or intangible, that is of value to the owner...

  Economic dictionary

• - investment of capital by the state or private firm in the production of any product...
• - see Investments are real...

  Terminological dictionary librarian on socio-economic topics

• - The organization's real assets minus its current liabilities...

  Dictionary of business terms

• - REAL INVESTMENTS Investments in fixed capital - buildings, structures, machinery, equipment, etc., or in assessable public assets - schools, dams, etc., and not in...

  Financial Dictionary

• - long-term investments funds in the material production industry...

  Big economic dictionary

• - the amount of fixed asset balances minus depreciation, inventories, work in progress, low-value and wearable items...

  Great Accounting Dictionary

• - the organization's real assets minus its current liabilities...

  Great Accounting Dictionary

• - "... - acquisition of patents, licenses, rights of use land plots and other objects of environmental management, copyrights, trademarks, trademarks, software products etc.....

  Official terminology

• - ...
• - ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

• - the sum of balances of fixed assets, inventories of work in progress, low-value and wear-out items...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

• - long-term investments in material production, material activities. R. and., mainly capital, are characterized by sectoral, reproductive and technological...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

"INVESTMENTS IN REAL ASSETS" in books

Paper assets

From the book It's Time to Rise! by Kiyosaki Kim

Paper Assets Chapter 32 Introduction to Paper Assets What It Takes to Become a Successful Securities Investor Getting started with paper assets is easy. Nowadays, anyone can easily buy or sell shares via the Internet.

8. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

From the book How to correctly use “simplified language” author Kurbangaleeva Oksana Alekseevna

8. INTANGIBLE ASSETS 8.1. ACCOUNTING As we have already said, organizations using the simplified taxation system are exempt from maintaining accounting. However, they continue to maintain accounting records for intangible assets in the same

5. Real investments

From the book Investments author Maltseva Yulia Nikolaevna

5. Real investments Upon establishment and organization joint stock company, if it increases authorized capital, new shares are issued first, followed by actual investment. Thus, financial investment plays an important role in

55. Real investments

From the book Finance of Organizations. Cheat sheets author Zaritsky Alexander Evgenievich

55. Real investments Russian legislation defines real investments as “ capital investments" This concept is revealed in Federal law“On investment activities” as “investments in fixed capital (fixed assets), including

3. Real and financial investments

From the book Investments: lecture notes author Maltseva Yulia Nikolaevna

3. Real and financial investments Financial investments are purchases valuable papers, and real investments are capital investments in industry, Agriculture, construction, education, etc. With real investments, the main condition for achieving the intended goals

Example 13. When disposing of fixed assets, the organization does not write off accumulated deferred tax liabilities (assets) reflected in account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” (09 “Deferred tax assets”)

From book Common mistakes in accounting and reporting author Utkina Svetlana Anatolyevna

Example 13. When disposing of fixed assets, the organization does not write off accumulated deferred assets. tax obligations(assets) reflected in account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” (09 “Deferred tax assets") According to clause 18 of PBU 18/02, deferred tax

“Real” assets of America using the example of GM and Microsoft

From the book Global Financial Crisis [=Global Adventure] by Adventurer

“Real” assets of America using the example of GM and Microsoft Theses As for how you can find out that the United States has not had any property for a long time, it is very easy. Take these reports: http://www.bea.gov/national/nipaweb/Ni_FedBeaSna/Index.asp and consider the capital and assets of corporations as a cumulative total

Assets

From the book Economics for the Curious author Belyaev Mikhail Klimovich

Assets Let's say funds have already been raised and the bank has an idea of ​​how much money it is dealing with. But why did he attract them? IN market economy everything is profit oriented. Moreover, a significant part of the resources is paid. The bank receives income

Real assets: movable, useful stores of value

From the book Wake Up! Survive and thrive in the coming economic chaos by Chalabi El

Real Assets: Movable, Useful Stores of Value If the local currency depreciates almost entirely, you'd better have some in reserve in case emergency situations a few gold coins or gold equivalents. Consider the following scenario: business is going

Investments in publicly traded securities and private equity

From the book Social Entrepreneurship. Mission is to make the world a better place by Lyons Thomas

Investing in Publicly Traded Securities and Direct Investments Active Ownership StrategiesAs a strategic owner and trustee of publicly traded securities holdings, an investor can influence corporate behavior through voting decisions.

Real money for real clicks

From the book Profitable Blog: Create, Promote and Earn author Litvin Evgeniy

From the OrCAD PSpice book. Electrical circuit analysis by Keown J.

Real current sources or real voltage sources So far we have worked with only one type of power supply, voltage sources. However, in many cases it is convenient to represent real sources electrical energy as non-ideal sources

Chapter 2. WHERE TO FIND REAL INVESTMENTS?

From the book The Rape of Eurasia author Boldyrev Yuri Yurievich

Chapter 2. WHERE TO FIND REAL INVESTMENTS? INVESTMENTS IN... PITCHESHaving dealt with the demagoguery about favorable investment climate as a mode of fulfilling any whims of kind rich uncles, it is nevertheless worth considering the question of real possibilities

Assets

From the book Life as a Startup [Build a Career According to the Laws of Silicon Valley] by Hoffman Reid

Assets Assets are what we own right now. Before we dream about the future or make plans, we need to clearly articulate what we already have and what we can use. This is exactly what entrepreneurs do. The best business ideas are often based on assets

Real people, real events

From the book Roots of Love. Family constellations - from dependence to freedom. Practical guide author Liebermeister Swagito

Real people, real events When we encounter the dynamics of death during a constellation, are we talking about real people, former members of the client's family, or are we addressing the part of his psyche that holds the memory of these people? This question also applies to

What are real and financial investments? What investments are considered real investments? In what forms are gross investments presented?

Hi all! Denis Kuderin is in touch with you!

Statistics show – 60% richest people planets earned their millions thanks to successful investment. If an entrepreneur does not invest money in new projects and directions, he will face stagnation and regression. It is eaten up by competitors and ignored by consumers. His business is rotting on the vine.

The investment theory says: if you don't buy, you sell. This means if you don’t invest money in business development today, you will lose it tomorrow. Most promising for entrepreneurs financial instrument– real investments. I will talk about them in a new article.

Those who read to the end will receive a review of the most reliable companies in Russia that provide assistance in real investing, plus tips on how to avoid the main risks when investing.

Go ahead, friends!

1. What is real investment

Free company money that collects dust in bank accounts is lost profits.

Firstly, they are eaten up by inflation, which in Russia averages 12-15% per year. Secondly, an enterprise that does not invest in its own development is doomed to inevitably lag behind more efficient and enterprising competitors.

Conclusion: finances need to be invested. The most profitable direction of such investments is real investment.

The economic concept of “real investment” does not mean that there are “unreal” investments. Just a scientific classification according to the objects of investment of funds divides deposits into real and financial. Financial is an investment in securities for the purpose of their subsequent sale.

- attachments Money into assets directly related to the production of goods and services for subsequent profit. Real deposits aimed at increasing the company's fixed assets, as well as their reorganization, restructuring and modernization.

Typical example

The Russian Potato company, which produces chips, wants to increase the volume of production of its main products. For this purpose, the company is purchasing new generation equipment in Germany, which will increase the annual number of product units by 5-10 times.

This is a direct (aka real) investment in production, which - subject to a competent marketing plan and the presence of market prospects - guarantees the company an increase in profits.

Real investments are made by large, medium, and sometimes small businesses, state organizations, less often investment funds. Private investors almost never make such investments. Not because they don’t want to - it’s just that the volume of investment is too large for one person.

Real investments involve operations with million-dollar and billion-dollar turnover aimed at extracting corresponding profits in the long term.

There are many forms of real investment:

• purchase of whole property complexes– factories, factories, workshops, agricultural farms;
• construction of new facilities;
• opening of branches, regional branches, subsidiaries;
• reconstruction with the aim of radically transforming production based on innovative technological developments;
• modernization of an existing enterprise – a radical renewal of the enterprise’s production assets;
• investment in intangible assets– promising startups, new brands, inventions and patents;
• acquisition of new business;
• purchase of deposits for the extraction of natural resources;
• investments in scientific developments and research.

Since investments are always associated with risk, investments are possible only after a comprehensive study and consideration of all factors that may affect future profits.

How do real investments differ from financial ones?

Compared to financial investments, real ones by definition have higher returns and resistance to market fluctuations. In a good situation, stocks and bonds bring 15-25% profit per year, and real production facilities pay off by 100% or even more.

Consequently, the risks of such investments are lower - since the money is invested mainly in material instruments. The same equipment or construction projects can always be sold. However, in comparison with securities, the liquidity of such objects will, of course, be lower.

Another difference between direct investments and financial ones is that the former are real investments in the country’s economy, creating gross product. Ultimately, such investments lead to improved well-being of the population, an increase in the number of jobs and other positive effects.

For this reason, the state promotes real investments and welcomes them in every possible way. A real investor is an owner who has come for a long time: to work and develop production. A financial investor is, in essence, a stock speculator who makes money on fluctuations in the securities market. Financial investments produce nothing and do not directly benefit the economy.

Henry Ford said: “Old people always advise being more frugal and saving money. As for me, I didn’t save a penny until I was 40, investing all my available funds in developing my business.”

From what sources can real investments be financed - 3 main sources

Where to get money for all these economically feasible and, of course, necessary and useful things?

There are 3 types of investment sources.

1) Own funds

The company's current finances are formed from profits and depreciation of fixed assets. The money that does not go to employee salaries, tax deductions, production maintenance and other urgent needs is invested in the development and growth of production.

That's how economic law. Free money should create other money. It’s like in physics - a body, while it is moving, cannot fall.

2) Borrowed sources

If you don't have enough funds of your own, you take out loans. Banks are willing to give large loans to enterprises to expand and modernize existing businesses.

And if to startups and aspiring entrepreneurs financial institutions attitude, rather wary than friendly, then to existing enterprises credit organizations They almost always give the green light.

3. How to manage real investments - 7 main steps

Real investment management is a science combined with experience, sober calculation, forecasting and intuition of a businessman. Decisions to invest company assets are rarely made by the head of the company alone, even if he is Henry Ford.

To attract funds, you need to justify the need for investment, develop a step-by-step plan, and conduct constant monitoring of the project.

Stage 1. Funding analysis

Evaluation of an investment undertaking involves a preliminary study of market conditions and other economic parameters. For example, you cannot start producing a new category of product without studying the market for demand for it.

Example

Construction company in full swing economic crisis decides to expand production and opens new divisions in several cities in central Russia. The company builds apartments with improved layouts and appropriate prices.

Meanwhile, no one is in a hurry to purchase constructed objects due to the decrease in financial resources among average buyers. Investments “freeze” for an indefinite period of time; no one knows when they will pay off.

Stage 2. Determination of forms of financing

Each market participant independently determines the instruments and forms of investment. For large production facilities main directions are expansion and construction of new facilities.

For enterprises that occupy a local business niche, the best option is modernization and/or automation of production in order to reduce costs.

Stage 3. Clarification of the full volume of real investments

Money, as you know, loves counting. Investments - especially. All reputable enterprises have financial departments that deal with economic calculations.

If the company does not have such a department, it is worth inviting third-party consultants from a reputable consulting firm. There is a detailed article on what this is on our website.

Stage 4. Selection of specific investment projects

Investment projects are selected depending on the investment goals and the specifics of the company’s activities. Each direction has its own economic expediency, their implementation and payback periods.

An investment project is not an abstraction.

This is a document that must indicate the following indicators:

• purpose and timing of investment;
• the main idea of ​​the project;
• options;
• the amount of resources required for implementation;
• calculation of performance indicators.

The development of the project is entrusted to people with experience and appropriate education.

Stage 5. Project effectiveness assessment

Will help evaluate effectiveness guidelines and computational technologies operated by professional specialists.

Investment costs and resources necessary for their implementation are taken into account, as well as the amount and timing of the planned profit. Based on them, a performance indicator is derived.

Stage 6. Formation of a real investment program

The next stage is the development of a specific real investment program. It is necessary to draw up a step-by-step algorithm for implementing the investment project and estimate the costs at each stage.

Stage 7. Monitoring the implementation of the investment program

Competent monitoring investment program– the basis of success. Real investments, unlike financial ones, require the investor to directly participate in the process. This is no longer passive income, but quite active.

Managing a project takes time. To the person in charge you will have to negotiate, monitor the implementation of the project on the ground, and make sure that the money is not stolen. It won't be boring - it's not bank deposits and not investing in stocks.

In addition, in the process of fulfilling investment tasks, it is necessary to manage the work of personnel - after all, new equipment and new facilities will be installed by people, not mechanisms.

4. Professional assistance in real investing - review of the TOP 3 service companies

If the company’s management is not able to manage investment projects on their own, they can delegate the task to professional performers.

There are companies that will help you manage free funds competently and with guaranteed profit.

Our expert review presents the most competent investment firms. These companies work with private and corporate investors and in mandatory insure customer deposits.

1) Invest Project

Financial think tank"Invest Project" has been operating in the investment market since 2010. During this time, the company was able to achieve the status of a leading institution in Russia in the field of finance and lending. The return on key investments of the project is up to 70% per annum. The minimum investment amount is 50,000 rubles. This means that they can use the company’s services individual entrepreneurs And individuals with a small amount of initial capital.

Interest on income is calculated monthly. The main areas of investment are construction, transport, agriculture, tourism and trading services. The company's employees will help clients form an investment portfolio and assist in obtaining a loan.

2) FMC

The company specializes in financial investments. The company's field of activity is consulting and real help citizens and legal entities regarding beneficial cash investments. FMC clients are always aware of what they can make money on right now. The income received from it successfully moves further - it is placed in real instruments- production, business expansion.

The main area of ​​interest of the company is direct investment in real estate. E3 Investment is a professional operator of investments in construction and ready-made objects for beginners and experienced investors. Over 7 years of operation, the company has already helped its clients earn more than 150 million rubles.

Each asset is protected by three types of insurance. Available to users free consultations on issues of the most profitable and safe investment of financial assets.

5. What are the risks of real investment projects - an overview of the main risks

Real investments involve many risks that cannot be ignored at the stage of developing an investment plan.

Knowing the main risks will help you control them.

1) Financial risk

This type is associated with a shortage of investment resources needed to make the project a reality, untimely receipt of money from borrowed sources, increased costs at the implementation stage.

How to avoid: calculate the amount of investment accurate to the nearest ruble.

2) Risk of insolvency

Liquidity level current assets tends to decline. As a result, in investment project there is an imbalance in time between positive and negative financial flows.