Competitiveness as a factor of economic security. Competition as a process of ensuring economic security of business entities. The essence of enterprise competitiveness

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Competitiveness as an enabling mechanism economic security Economic security and competitiveness are in constant interaction. Both economic security and competitiveness are characteristics of the national economic complex and its components. However, if competitiveness is both a goal and a mega-indicator of the degree of development of the national economic complex and its components, then economic security is a condition for its existence and development. In other words, a sufficient level of economic security can be achieved using economic methods, but, being a necessary condition for the existence of the national economic complex as a system, its achievement can be determined by the use of non-economic methods - through direct government intervention. The most acceptable situation is when micro- and macro-level factors, which are simultaneously criteria for competitiveness and economic security, create high competitiveness of the national economic complex and its components, forming a sufficient level of economic security. In relation to economic sphere Competitiveness is understood as the possession of properties that create advantages for the subject of economic competition. The whole variety of competitive relations is carried out at three levels: micro - specific types of products, production, enterprises; meso - industries, industry corporate associations of enterprises and firms of horizontal integration type; macro-national economic complexes of intersectoral type of integration (Fig. 11.1). Competitiveness at the micro, meso and macro levels influence each other. This relationship is manifested in the nature of the foreign and domestic policies pursued and in the development strategies of companies. Moreover, the more developed a country’s economic system is, the more clearly this interaction manifests itself: in fact, it is proclaimed as the goal of government policy and company development. In Russia, this interaction is only in the initial stages of formation. Some large companies have not fully realized the need for interaction with the state and society. There is a pattern: the more economically developed the state, the more the initiative for such interaction comes from the micro-level, i.e. from the companies themselves. Exactly large companies in developed countries largely determine foreign policy. In Russia, the state must take upon itself the restoration of this chain of competitiveness. General characteristics of the competitiveness of the Russian economy. Competitiveness at the macro level refers to the country’s ability to maintain high rates of economic growth in the medium and long term. To assess the competitiveness of a country, 3 approaches are used: cost-price, rating, and based on realized competitive advantages. The cost-price approach is based on the indicator of labor productivity. Russia in terms of unit wages (WW), determined by the ratio wages to labor productivity, has a competitive advantage compared to industrialized countries. However, the extremely low labor productivity indicator is not a consequence of technological progress and growth in labor productivity: it reflects only low wages and poverty of the population, a high rate of labor exploitation and a low relative to parity purchasing power(PPP) ruble exchange rate. Analysis of realized competitive advantages is carried out on the basis of data on the volume and structure of exports and imports, as well as changes in the share of domestic goods in domestic trade turnover. Sharp reduction in scale national economy, the accelerated painful transformation of its economic mechanisms is also manifested in the collapse of the foreign economic sector, where the liberalization processes took place most rapidly. Exports are being increased only in mineral fuels, raw materials and metals. By product group“machinery and equipment”, Russia’s share in world exports does not exceed 0.5%, and for goods of knowledge-intensive industries it is less than 0.3%. At the same time, the share of Russian goods in consumption on the domestic market decreased. If for many years before the reform period resources consumer goods for the domestic market were formed by their own production by at least 80%, then currently, despite the advantages of devaluation, their share has decreased to 70%. The rating approach to assessing competitiveness provides a comprehensive description of the country’s competitive advantages based on compiling ratings for different groups of competitiveness factors. Russia ranks last in the WEF composite competitiveness index and in almost all the factors that make it up. However, for some subfactors of the “infrastructure” and “technology” factors, Russia ranks above average. Overall, only our workforce is relatively competitive - it ranks 25th. All other factors require development and represent an extensive reserve for increasing competitiveness. For the most adequate monitoring of changes in competitiveness, which shapes the economic security of the country, it is necessary to use the competitiveness index: IC = 0.35^1 + 0.35^2 + 0.35L:z, where K\ is the ratio of GDP per capita to living wage similar to the global average, reflecting the realized competitive advantages of the country; ^2 - the ratio of the average share of costs for civil science in the country's GDP over the past 5 years to a similar global average, reflecting the scientific and technological potential of the country; Az - human development index, characterizing the state of the country's labor resources .Competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets. The competitiveness of a subject of economic competition may differ significantly in the domestic and foreign markets. This is explained by various factors that shape the external and internal environment in these markets: the degree of solvency of demand, gaps between domestic and world prices, the nature of the foreign trade policy, etc. Competitiveness in the domestic market differs from competitiveness in the foreign market in that the state can influence competitiveness in the domestic market, while the conditions of competition in the foreign market are an exogenous factor. An important difference between the conditions of competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets lies in their volumes, measured GDP indicators. After all, it is no secret that the large volume of the US domestic market has ensured and continues to ensure the relative economic security of the country. However, the presence of a significant volume of the domestic market does not always make national producers competitive. In general, competitiveness in the domestic market should be ensured by measures of domestic economic (industrial) policy and supplemented by measures of foreign economic policy. Ensuring competitiveness in the foreign market should be carried out by measures of foreign economic policy. In Russia, due to objective circumstances, there are a number of factors leading to a decrease in competitiveness in the domestic, in the foreign market, the main of which is a higher production cost compared to the world average, associated with unfavorable climatic conditions and a large territory. Russia is the coldest and longest country in the world, and this circumstance is the reason for the increase in construction costs, high transport and energy costs. Labor productivity in Russia is only about 20% of its level in the United States. In this regard, in order to maintain the price competitiveness of domestic products, it is necessary either to lower the level of wages by an amount that compensates for the additional costs of transporting goods and increased energy intensity, or to artificially maintain low tariffs. Therefore, an active state policy is needed aimed at leveling these negative factors and supporting national producers. Domestic market must be considered Russian companies as a launching pad, a mechanism for rejecting new ideas, and the state should strive for maximum convergence of the conditions and mechanisms of the internal market with the objective, specified requirements of the external one. Of course, gradual convergence can and should be ensured not only by manufacturing companies (on the supply side) and the direct influence of the state, but also by bringing demand factors closer to international standards (attitude to product quality, compliance with the requirements of efficiency and environmental standards, etc.) . According to corresponding member. RAS B. Kuzyka, “...internal competition in the current state of our economy in general and the domestic military-industrial complex in particular is absurd” i. Today, those of our companies that survived and were able to enter the world market must integrate. Even advanced, but single enterprises have little chance of gaining a stable position in the world market. Today they prefer to cooperate with global companies whose product range accounts for 50-60% of the domestic market and at least 5-7% of the world market. Thus, to support shipbuilding companies, B. Kuzyk proposes to form two or three large holdings. Competitiveness is an attribute of a developed market mechanism, based on competition in the domestic developed market, which should be formed in Russia before 2010 as a result of institutional reforms in the state and private sectors, namely in the fields of education, medicine, banking and finance, as well as in commodity markets. But competition is not an end in itself of reforms, but only their consequence. In this regard, it is important to consider the main objectives of the ongoing institutional reforms from the perspective of competitive relations. The ongoing reform educational system- an example of underestimating the possibility of competitive development incentives. the main problem Russian education lies in the fact that it is considered by society as part of the social sphere, and not as a manufacturing industry. In the government program for the period until 2010, education reform is discussed in the social policy section. At the same time, effective incentives for the development of competitive relations can be created only if we consider higher education as, albeit specific, but still part of the market economy, and universities are corporations producing private and public goods. It is precisely to create competition that the reform of entrance exams should be aimed at, including the introduction of a unified state exam and the implementation of the principle “money follows the student” with the mandatory introduction into practice, especially of elite universities, of providing student loans. In addition, the activities of universities should be characterized by transparency and modern corporate governance, which must be ensured by publication annual reports about the results of activities. Moreover, a system of independent monitoring of the quality of education is necessary with the creation of an institute of independent rating agencies, which COULD, using data on the careers and earnings of graduates, on the research successes of teachers, provide society with information not only about the process of acquiring knowledge within the university, but also about its results. Creating competition in the field medical care should happen with the reform of compulsory and voluntary health insurance, which will create the necessary preconditions for the existence of fierce competition for the patient’s insurance money, which will inevitably lead to an improvement in the quality of medical care. Institutional reforms are also necessary in the private sector. Increasing competition and, as a consequence, increasing the competitiveness of enterprises in the industry and the industry itself as a whole must be achieved in the electric power industry as a result of its demonopolization and the creation of a free market for electricity suppliers. IN banking sector competition should take place for depositors' money after the adoption of the insurance law bank deposits. In addition, as a result of the pension reform, competition should arise between management companies for the insurance part pension savings citizens of Russia. Main mechanisms for increasing the competitiveness of the Russian economy1. A skillful combination of market openness with protectionist policies, which requires an effective customs policy with a well-functioning system of import and export customs tariffs.2. An important task to create common system ensuring competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets - pursuing a balanced policy in relation to the national currency. The deterioration of the ruble as uniform measures of labor and capital, the circulation of goods, services and money led to the pursuit of reliable foreign currency. As a result, the single economy broke up into different loosely interconnected enclaves - export (dollar) and domestic (ruble). There is only one way out - to make the ruble the main unit of measurement of costs and results. There are several possible ways to solve this problem: sale of export goods for rubles, gradual revaluation of the dollar taking into account the PPP of the ruble, increasing the security of the ruble based on the assessment of profitable mineral reserves, creating a new payment system based on a payment basket from a group of metals with fairly high and stable prices.3. Increasing the competitiveness of the country's economy is impossible without structural restructuring, which can only be carried out through large-scale investments. Since a significant improvement in the investment climate is only possible in the long term with a reduction in investment risks, a significant part of investments should come not from external, but from internal sources. The savings rate in Russia is 15-16%. The source of accumulation is savings. The savings rate in Russia is about 30%. Most of the difference between saving and accumulation rates is capital flight. The most effective means of combating capital flight is effective currency regulation, in particular, implying the mandatory sale of 75% of foreign currency earnings.4. Since structural restructuring of the economy takes time, in the short term it is necessary to maintain the price competitiveness of Russian goods on world markets by: 4.1) regulating prices for products and services of natural monopolies, which make up a significant share in the production costs of the national economy. At the same time, the argument that domestic energy prices are many times lower than world prices is not entirely convincing. Calculations show that domestic energy prices, recalculated through PPP into US dollars, are quite consistent with prices for this resource on the foreign market; 4.2) the targeted impact of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on exchange rate rubleWorld experience shows that in developing countries and countries with transition economy an undervalued exchange rate is deliberately maintained national currency to maintain a positive trade balance, however, as the economic situation it is necessary to gradually bring the national currency exchange rate closer to the PPP without a sharp change in prices.5. In stimulating the export of knowledge-intensive, high-tech products, it is necessary to use such generally accepted instruments as preferential lending and taxation, the provision of government guarantees under external financing and supply of products for export credit insurance against risks, state assistance in promoting domestic products to foreign markets, including through organizing exhibitions and fairs. Increase in exports finished products with a high degree of added value is impossible without R&D. Therefore, it is necessary to provide tax benefits industries or individual enterprises whose products can compete on world markets: laser equipment and technologies, computer software, products from the aerospace, nuclear, and energy industries. At the same time, targeted funding for R&D is necessary. The production of high-tech products is ensured by only 50 macrotechnologies. Seven most developed countries, possessing 46 macro-technologies, have 80% of this market and receive from the export of high-tech products: USA - 700 billion dollars, Germany - 530, Japan - 400 billion dollars. Russia can lay claim to 10-15 macro-technologies, which should become national priorities, which will allow it to control 10 -15% of the market for high-tech products. An important reserve for expanding the export of high-tech and knowledge-intensive products is the conversion of the military-industrial complex and the production of dual-use products.

Competitiveness - most important factor strategy for national economic security. The central role of competitiveness in market relations is natural. However, interest in the study of this economic category has increased especially in the last decade of the last century due to the growing internationalization of economic life and the increasing complexity of the relationships and interdependencies of firms and companies from different countries that are involved in cooperative ties and developing international specialization at different levels. economic organization: from a fairly simple product to a more complex one - unit and detail. It is economic internationalization that goes deep into production processes, and often precedes them in the form scientific research and developments, significantly complicated the relationships between competing companies and individual countries, which required a serious analysis of the new situation. Publications appeared, including monographs, and a number of international research projects on competitiveness issues emerged, such as, for example, a project by the Economic Commission for Europe or a WEF project. However, no holistic concept of international competitiveness has yet been created. Unfortunately, in the USSR, and then in Russia, the problem of competitiveness has not received worthy attention. This led to a sharp decline in Russia’s role in the world economy, and the loss of many positions both in world markets and in its own market. One of the reasons for the unpreparedness of the Russian economic science to understanding a number of economic categories in rapidly changing external conditions - the extremely rapid and radical nature of the transformation of the national economic system in Russia. The imitation effect of pseudo-market categories of the Soviet period also played a certain role here. Price, demand, supply, profit and others economic categories in a planned economy had a different content than what they have in market conditions. Hence the confusion both in concepts and in the ways of their theoretical understanding and practical application. Meanwhile, analysts market economy accumulated vast experience on this topic of research, and although they did not always directly connect their work with competitiveness, undoubtedly, everything related to prices, market behavior, and business analysis was imbued with its spirit. Lately Works have appeared that examine this extremely relevant and mysterious category, but more questions remain than we receive answers. This is due to the complexity of the subject of research, on the one hand, and the desire to obtain some kind of integrated effect for practical application, on the other. However, the desire to quickly obtain a result for its application in practice often leads to unjustified simplification of complex categories, which only further confuses the problem, making it difficult to find its adequate solution. If we assume that competition is a process of competition, then the ability to successfully conduct such a competition and win in it can be called competitiveness. In relation to the economic sphere, competitiveness in general general view we can understand the possession of properties that create advantages for the subject of economic competition (competitive struggle). Let us not forget how competition differs from competitive struggle. In competition, unlike competition, only winners reach the finish line. The carriers of these properties - competitive advantages - can be various subjects of competitiveness: types of products, enterprises and organizations or their groups that form industry or conglomerate associations, and, finally, individual countries or their associations (regional, political, ethnocultural), leading a competitive struggle for leadership V various fields international economic relations. Competitiveness is a concept that not only more fully reflects the requirements of the market, but also, which is especially important, orients the subjects of competitive struggle towards active actions to gain market positions, retain them, strengthen and expand them. Competitiveness is a category that mobilizes economic agents to more active, or perhaps even more aggressive in a positive sense, activity. Competitiveness is often confused with efficiency. Competitiveness is a broader category than efficiency. It includes efficiency as a component category, but describes more complex relationships between business entities, individual firms and corporations, their industry associations and national economies of individual countries. Two fundamental differences between competitiveness and efficiency can be identified. Firstly, the difference is formal and semantic, resulting from the etymological difference between both terms. Efficiency is the ratio of costs to results, showing how effectively it is intended to use (calculated efficiency) or used (actually achieved efficiency) the resources available to the subject of competition. Competitiveness - This is potential, the ability to compete. This ability may not be realized. It is determined by a set of indicators characterizing the resource potential (in the broad sense) available to the subject of competition. This is not a result, but the ability to conduct successful competition. Secondly, competitiveness is, as a rule, not an absolute characteristic of resource potential, but relative, in relation to some other competing market entity (product, company or country). This, in turn, means that an inefficient market entity can be competitive if other competing entities are even less efficient. It follows that competitiveness can be achieved not only by improving one’s own characteristics, but also by using various kinds of measures to block the development of competitors, for example, by undermining their competitive potential or disrupting plans and programs to increase the competitiveness of market opponents. Moreover, such disruption often turns out to be cheaper and more effective than developing and implementing one’s own expensive programs to improve technology, train personnel, find new ways to meet consumer demand, etc. In addition, destructive measures can often turn out to be more effective from the standpoint of “cleaning up” the competitive field and, for some time, ensure a stable leading position for the company or country practicing such measures. Although such destructive policies are recognized as unfair competition and are fraught with punishment legislative order However, the temptation to use destructive methods along with constructive methods of competition often wins. Both individual companies and individual countries are forced to take this circumstance into account in the practice of competition. The degree of protection they build from such measures also largely determines the level of their competitiveness, which in this formulation of the problem is aimed at ensuring economic security (of a company or a country). Thus, competitiveness practically includes the concept of economic security, without which neither an individual company nor a country can in the conditions of the modern world market, it is quite long time to maintain market positions. It is especially important to take this factor into account when assessing the competitiveness of a country (i.e. at the macro level), since practically no single legal field has yet been created between countries (it is just being formed, and, moreover, in a very unique way - based on the legal systems of leading industrialized countries). At the same time, already within the framework of this new system, such strategic conceptual positions are being built that can often thwart the attempts of potential competing countries to create and strengthen their own competitive springboard. Thus, the concept of competitiveness actually includes the concept of efficiency and is complemented by the fact that it requires ensuring economic security. If your Highly efficient production, trade, finance or insurance business is not provided with the necessary level of protection from competitors, you cannot consider yourself competitive. If a system of such security is not built, your competitive advantages will not save you. They will certainly become the prey of a competitor. Ensuring security, as a rule, excludes the loss of competitive advantages or their transfer from one competing entity to another. Therefore, we can simply say that COMPETITIVENESS = EFFICIENCY + SAFETY. At different levels of organization of economic activity, security is achieved in different ways. One more note: the nature of the competitive struggle conducted by market entities at different levels of economic organization varies greatly. The competition of goods sold in the market will be completely different from the competition of firms, companies or industry complexes. The competition between individual countries differs even more significantly. Therefore, the concept of competitiveness as applied to each level will be different. It is obvious that it is impossible to approach the analysis of the competitiveness of a product and a country in the same way. The point is also that different levels of formation of competitive advantages are closely related to each other, however, this circumstance is not always taken into account today. Today, in most scientific works competitiveness is considered at the micro and macro levels. At the same time, the micro level is understood as the enterprise level, and the macro level is the country level. This approach has a right to exist, but it practically disappears the competitiveness of goods - the level at which each buyer, making a decision to purchase a product, confirms its competitiveness almost every day. The commodity world, although it is created by enterprises, companies and firms, has its own specifics. Moreover, with competition between goods, i.e. When buyers identify their preferences, the latter are often interested not so much in who produced them, but in their actual quality and price. Although for many products the manufacturer is very important to the buyer, this relationship is constantly changing as the role of sellers in the market changes. Some work calls into question the concept of national or macro-competitiveness, and suggests limiting the analysis of competitiveness to the level of products and firms. But then it turns out that along with competitiveness, the problem of the economic security of the country and the national economy disappears. However, this only indicates that the issue of competitiveness is not sufficiently developed and requires further systematic research. Nevertheless, today it is possible to formulate some generalizations that, in our opinion, will make it possible to more clearly connect this category with the problem of economic security that interests us. To identify In the structure of the concept of competitiveness, several criteria can be used. The main one is, in our opinion, the criterion of subjectivity. The main question to which we must get an answer when determining the level of analysis of this category: who is the bearer of competitiveness or competitive advantages? By answering it, we can build a three-level system for the formation of this category: 1) micro level - goods (specific types of products and services); 2) meso level - individual enterprises, firms, their corporate associations, industries, industrial complexes; 3) macro level - national economies of individual countries. To these three levels you can also add the hypermacro level, when as subjects of competition It is not individual countries that act, but associations of countries that previously agree to pursue a coordinated economic policy, i.e. create aggregate competitive advantages at the macro level. The most striking example is the European Union, but there are others - NAFTA, ASEAN. The overall competitive advantages are more reliable, and things are gradually moving towards the point where competition will move to this hyper-macro level, although this process is not simple or fast. By the way, unlike our competitors, we (meaning the former USSR, and today Russia) We have actually voluntarily abandoned our cumulative competitive advantages, destroying the common economic space of the CMEA and the USSR, and so far we have not made any serious efforts to restore it (this space, not the USSR and the CMEA, of course). Obviously, the loss of these cumulative competitive advantages plays into the hands of our competitors , since they only benefit from this, turning the lack of our competitive advantage into their own. The concept of macro-competitiveness can also include regional economic complexes at the national level, since the principle of forming their competitive advantages will be very close (their own city’s second-order macro level). However, there are some features of the connection between such macro-competitiveness and economic security. The concept of “micro” is used, as a rule, to distinguish small forms economic activity from large (macro) forms. But for the classification and structuring of the conceptual framework describing such a complex organism as modern economy , this is clearly not enough. In accordance with the chosen levels of analysis, it is advisable to distinguish between the range of factors that shape micro-, meso- and macro-competitiveness. In each of these areas, specific approaches and research methods are used. Each of the listed concepts of competitiveness should be described by its own set of indicators. This type of structural analysis can be called vertical, since it reveals the hierarchy of the formation of competitive advantages. At each level, certain tasks are solved with the help of competition, therefore, when analyzing competitiveness, it is important to understand what the main goals are pursued in the competitive struggle of subjects - carriers of competitive advantages. It is clear that enterprises and countries will have different goals, and therefore competitiveness will differ in content. These goals, in accordance with the levels of competitive advantages, usually differ in scale and time horizons: short-term - at the micro level, medium and long-term - at the meso level and ultra-long-term (historical ) - at the macro level. It is generally accepted that the competitiveness of a country is formed as the totality of the competitiveness of its goods, enterprises and firms. But this is only an external representation, i.e. what lies on the surface. In fact, the competitiveness of goods and firms is formed on a national sociocultural and historical basis. It is this sociocultural foundation that creates the prerequisites for the formation of the structure of the national economy, the image of economic behavior, and the country’s specialization in the production of certain products and services. There is an accumulation of factors for the formation of competitiveness from the macro to the micro level. Products and services only cap this complex process of developing competitiveness. Finally, it is important to find out what advantages can achieve the goals set by competing entities. Three groups of them can be distinguished: 1) resource - the possession of resources of a special quality or quantity (natural or acquired); 2) operational - characterizing the degree or efficiency of use of available resources; 3) program-strategic - the development strategy of the subject - the bearer of competitive advantages and the quality of this strategy. The first two advantages are interconnected by the fact that the availability of resources largely ensures the efficiency of their use. For example, accumulated fixed production assets and qualified personnel allow the enterprise to effectively use available natural resources. But when changing modern technologies Often such resource characteristics can turn out to be a heavy burden, inhibiting the use of rapidly changing technologies and preventing the formation and strengthening of competitive advantages. The last advantage, on the contrary, becomes especially important in the modern period, since today the competitive struggle actually turns into a struggle of strategies at almost all levels, and the strategic component, in fact, is the leading characteristic of competitiveness, although this characteristic creates difficulties, since it is practically not quantifiable comparison. If the first two advantages are quite traditional, then the last requires some explanation. Since competitiveness is a concept associated with the formation and use of the potential of a market entity, its formation and implementation can be effectively carried out only according to a specific program, plan or in accordance with a pre-developed strategy. It is no coincidence that the development of a strategy in competitive struggle is the main and starting point of such a struggle. Today's motto sounds something like this: NO STRATEGY - NO SERIOUS COMPETITIVE STRUGGLE. And we will add that there is no serious economic security. modern conditions even an individual seller, if he is going to stay on the market for a more or less long time, needs to have at least a simple strategy for getting into a competitive environment. Strategy development consists of the following three main elements: 1) assessing the position of the object of competition (in our case, the country);2 ) forecasting changes in the conditions of the competitive environment; 3) the actual development of a strategic plan of action with options for reacting to various forecast situations. All these elements remain important for any level of competition. But the more complex and large-scale the subjects of this struggle, the more important and complex the development of strategy becomes at its initial stage - the assessment of competitive positions. For an enterprise, such characteristics are important as its position in the industry, the structure of the industry, the rate of its growth and structural changes, the assessment of barriers to entry of potential competitors into the industry, the degree of technological, organizational and financial and economic integration of the industry, the presence of cartel agreements in it, etc. Finally, it is important to qualitatively assess the position of a company as a subject of competition in a rapidly changing competitive environment. It is especially important and at the same time difficult to assess the starting positions for a country: the totality of socio-economic, national-cultural and military-political characteristics that can, to one degree or another, influence its competitive position in the world . A qualitative assessment of its position as a subject of competition in a rapidly globalizing world economy is especially important for a country. The main task here is to identify strong and weaknesses competing object. If this part of the work is done correctly, it allows you to get rid, on the one hand, of illusions, and on the other hand, of unnecessary fears. Developing a strategic plan or program is, first of all, a creative task, the directions and parameters for solving which are in many cases difficult and sometimes impossible determine in advance. Therefore, the more competitive advantages there are in a strategic component, the more difficult it is to compare these advantages and assess the competitiveness of subjects. THE STRATEGIC COMPONENT, OTHER EQUAL CONDITIONS, INCREASES FROM THE MICRO TO THE MACRO LEVEL. Therefore, reducing competing entities to a common denominator that allows them to reliably compare their competitive advantages and assess their competitiveness on the basis of integrated indicators is becoming increasingly difficult and sometimes impossible. The growth of competitiveness and a series of victories in the competition ultimately lead... to the formation of a monopoly. And the monopoly in market economy suppresses competition, leads to a decrease in the company's interest in developing competitive advantages, since the incentive for this - the competitor - disappears. This applies to both an individual company and an individual country. In turn, this development of events leads to stagnation and degradation. Therefore, in a market economy, there is a contradiction between tendencies of monopolization (a consequence of the natural growth of the power of individual companies and countries) and the need to maintain a competitive climate as the main driving force economic development economic system based on market principles are usually eliminated through external (non-market) regulation. As a rule, these functions are assumed by the state and/or public authorities. Their task is to find and establish in each specific case the optimal ratio of the permissible level of monopolization and the degree of competitive tension. Another aspect of this problem is to ensure the same economic security. It is non-market regulation that makes it possible to implement the requirements of economic security in the country’s economic practice. At the same time, the state should play the main role in the implementation of this function. Here we are faced with the problem of choosing between a private and state monopoly. Many specialists (economists, lawyers, not to mention sociologists and political scientists) do not make such a distinction and, as a rule, consider any monopoly to be evil. This is categorically false, especially in relation to a state monopoly. Any private company seeks to create monopoly conditions for its existence in order to obtain monopoly excess profits. Otherwise, such aspiration loses its meaning. But a private monopoly company operating under the control of the state or the public already finds itself under conditions of restrictions in obtaining monopoly profits. This is especially true for a state monopoly. The state, taking into its hands the monopoly right to set prices, simultaneously assumes responsibility to the population of the country for fair use this right, i.e. that responsibility that a private monopoly firm is completely deprived of. Thus, a state monopoly differs from a private one in that it is, as a rule, accompanied by social responsibility, which includes solving the problem of ensuring the economic security of the country. A private monopoly has practically no such responsibility. This circumstance is important be taken into account when forming a macro-strategy for competitive development, since social stability in the country and its economic security are the determining conditions for competitiveness at the micro-, meso- and macro levels. Increasing economic efficiency in a market economy can (and often does) conflict with social efficiency, creating unemployment and excessive export orientation (to the detriment of national needs or interests) or import dependence, etc. All these problems are solved within the framework of the implementation of the economic policy of the state, which is responsible to the population of the country for internal social stability and external security. Therefore, a competitive strategy at the macro level, closely related to the solution of economic, social and political problems, is the actual result.

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course work, added 11/13/2014

The economic essence of a company's competitiveness and factors influencing it. General characteristics of the activities of Omskteplokomplekt LLC, assessment of its competitive advantages. SWOT analysis of the enterprise. Ways to increase the competitiveness of an organization.

thesis, added 05/09/2014

The essence of competition and competitiveness. Factors influencing the competitiveness of an enterprise, methods and evaluation criteria. Analysis and assessment of the competitiveness of LLC PKF "Your Home", comparative analysis of competitors. Diagnosis of the likelihood of bankruptcy.

thesis, added 01/30/2010

One of the most important areas when studying threats to national security is the economic sphere. The study of the economic security of all subjects of business and other types of activity is of decisive importance for the favorable development of the state.

The category “economic security” appeared relatively recently in the conceptual apparatus of economic science. Like any new concept, it does not yet have a generally accepted interpretation. In relation to an enterprise, it is considered as an integral assessment of the resource potential and the degree of protection of the enterprise from negative effects external environment. It is reflected as elements of diagnostics current state, as well as forecasting future risks and threats.

One of the different interpretations of the concept of economic security is as follows. A.G. Shavaev believes that the economic security of an enterprise is the position of the most effective use of resources to prevent threats and ensure the stable functioning of the enterprise for the present and in the future. Shavaev A.G. Corporate security. M., 2015. P.128.

Economic security of enterprises in the agro-industrial complex, in the opinion of A.G. Svetlakov, there is a complex of economic, social, legal and environmental conditions for the functioning, development and achievement of competitiveness of the industry, ensuring the necessary level of living and material incentives for its own producers. Svetlakov A.G. Economic security. Perm, 2013. P.72.

Thus, the economic security of an enterprise provides for sustainable development, that is, balanced and continuous, which is achieved through the use of all types of resources and entrepreneurial opportunities, which guarantee their most effective use for stable operation and dynamic scientific, technical and social development, preventing internal threats.

The main components of the economic security of an enterprise are: resource, technical and technological, financial, social security. Each of the components is assessed using a number of qualitative or quantitative indicators. Economic security, although it can be considered an intuitively understood category, a quantitative expression for it has not yet been found. Certain steps in this direction have been made in the work, the authors of which propose to calculate the indicator of the level of economic security based on expert assessments. Assessing the level of economic security is the starting point strategic planning, indicator investment attractiveness and reliability of the enterprise, characteristics of its viability. It is especially important in “problem” industries experiencing a crisis. Svetlakov A.G. Economic security. Perm, 2013. P.74.

When assessing economic security, a number of assessment provisions intersect with certain types activities of the enterprise. This concerns, first of all, the formulation of the strategic interests of the enterprise and their quantitative interpretation. These provisions for assessing economic security affect the area of strategic management of the enterprise, and if the enterprise has developed and adopted for implementation appropriate functional strategies (innovation, resource, investment, marketing), then their goals must correspond with the formulation of the strategic interests of the enterprise in the functional area of activity under consideration, and indicators characterizing the goals of the strategy must correspond to the quantitative assessment of the strategic interests of the enterprise.

Establishing such correspondence is very important, since it is with its help that the unity of the methodological basis for organizing enterprise management is ensured. In his works N.P. Fokina, in order to ensure a unified approach to assessing the degree of compliance with the interests of the enterprise, finds the need to ensure the unity of the nature of the indicator values used, i.e. select the type of indicators - actual or planned. These types of indicators have different reliability statuses. Fokina N.P. Economics of entrepreneurship is the most important component financial stability. // Actual problems economy. - 2014. - No. 8. - P.112.

Actual indicators are characterized by the highest level of reliability, since they record the results of already completed processes of production and sales of products. Less high level have certainty planned indicators due to their nature, they reflect the expected state of the enterprise and the expected results of its activities. Finally, the lowest level of reliability belongs to the indicators of quantitative assessment of the interests of the enterprise, since they characterize certain hypothetical results of the cooperative. The highest requirements are imposed on the calculation of these indicators in terms of their reliability and validity, since they are the basis for assessing the degree of compliance with the interests of the enterprise. Right there. P.115.

At industrial enterprises, the assessment of the level of economic security can be the enterprise rating, calculated based on a set of single criteria. It is defined either as a static indicator - an “instant photograph” of the state of affairs at the enterprise, or as a dynamic one - taking into account the predicted changes in individual criteria in the future. The rating of an enterprise characterizes its competitiveness in relation to other enterprises in the industry, and the strength of its competitive position is precisely the best indicator of safety in market conditions.

As a basis for comparison, normative (recommended) or progressive values for groups of enterprises (maximum for stimulants and minimum for disincentives, respectively) can be used. To select a standard, it is advisable to group industrial enterprises by industrial regions, within which economic conditions approximately the same. There are nine such regions on the territory of Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov, Saratov and others. For a number of individual criteria, the indicators of foreign enterprises can serve as standards: Poland, Germany, France, Great Britain. Ilyashenko S.N. Components of economic security and approaches to their assessment. // Current problems of economics. - 2013. - No. 3. - P.16.

In the economic literature, attempts have already been made to quantify the level of economic security of an enterprise using so-called indicators. The problem is that there is currently no methodological basis definitions of indicators.

An integral element of the study of the economic security of an enterprise is the choice of its criterion. The criterion of economic security of an enterprise is understood as a sign or sum of signs on the basis of which a conclusion can be made about whether the enterprise is economically secure or not. Such a criterion should not only state the existence of economic security of the enterprise, but also evaluate its level. If the purpose of the criterion is reduced only to stating the economic security of the enterprise, then in this case the subjectivity of the assessment is inevitable. At the same time, it would be desirable to obtain a quantitative assessment of the level of economic security using those indicators that are used in planning, accounting and analysis of the enterprise’s activities, which is a prerequisite for the practical use of this assessment.

To do this, it is advisable to study the indicators of financial stability, break-even and liquidity of the enterprise. In the economic literature, attempts have already been made to quantitatively assess the level of economic security of an enterprise, which has led to the emergence of several approaches to assessing the level of economic security of an enterprise. Thus, the indicator approach is known, in which the level of economic security is determined using so-called indicators.

Indicators are considered as threshold values indicators characterizing the activities of the enterprise in various functional areas, corresponding to a certain level of economic security. An assessment of the economic security of an enterprise is established based on the results of a comparison (absolute or relative) of the actual performance indicators of the enterprise with indicators. Ilyashenko S.N. Components of economic security and approaches to their assessment. // Current problems of economics. - 2013. - No. 3. - P.17.

The level of accuracy of the indicator in this case is a problem, which lies in the fact that currently there is no methodological basis for determining indicators that take into account the characteristics of the enterprise’s activities, determined, in particular, by its industry, type of ownership, capital structure, and existing organizational and technical level. In case of unqualified determination of the indicator values, the level of economic security of the enterprise may be incorrectly determined, which may lead to the adoption of management decisions that are inappropriate real situation business The indicator approach is quite justified at the macro level, where indicator values are more stable.

There is another approach to assessing the level of economic security of an enterprise, which can be called resource-functional. In accordance with this approach, the assessment of the level of economic security of an enterprise is carried out on the basis of an assessment of the state of use of corporate resources according to special criteria. At the same time, business factors used by the owners and managers of the enterprise to achieve business goals are considered as corporate resources.

Competitiveness as an enabling mechanism

economic security

Economic security and competitiveness are in constant

clear interaction. Both economic security and competitive

the characteristics of the national economic complex and its co-

components. However, if competitiveness is also a goal,

and a mega-indicator of the degree of development of the national economic complex,

and its components, then economic security is an improvement

the reason for its existence and development. In other words, a sufficient level

economic security can be achieved through economic

methods, but, being a necessary condition for the existence of a national

economic complex as a system, its achievement may be conditional

it is also possible to use non-economic methods - through direct intervention -

state of the state. The most acceptable situation is when micro- and ma-

crown level, which are both criteria of competitiveness and

economic security, create high competitiveness of the national

nal economic complex and its constituent elements, forming

providing a sufficient level of economic security.

In relation to the economic sphere, competitiveness is

possess properties that create advantages for the subject of eco-

nomic competition. All the diversity of competitive relations is carried out

is implemented at three levels: micro - specific types of products, production

stva, enterprises; meso-industries, industry corporate associations

enterprises and firms of horizontal type of integration; macro - folk culture

economic complexes of intersectoral integration type (Fig. 11.1). Konku-

rent capacity at the micro, meso and macro levels influence each other. This

close relationship is manifested in the nature of the external and internal

its policies and in company development strategies. Moreover, the more developed

economic system of the country, the more clearly this interaction is manifested

action: in fact, it is proclaimed as the goal of the state-

the gift of policy and company development. In Russia, this interaction

is only in the initial stages of formation. Some large ones

companies do not fully understand the need to interact with the government

society and society.

There is a pattern: the more economically developed the state,

the more the initiative for such interaction comes from micro-

level, i.e. from the companies themselves. It is large companies in developed countries

Our foreign policy is largely determined. In Russia the state must

take upon itself the restoration of this chain of competitiveness.

General characteristics of the competitiveness of the Russian economy. Under

Competitiveness at the macro level refers to a country's ability

maintain high rates of economic growth in the medium and long term

nom plan. To assess the competitiveness of a country, 3 sub-dimensions are used:

new advantages.

The cost-price approach is based on the performance indicator

labor. Russia in terms of unit wages (WW) determined by

the ratio of wages to labor productivity, has a competitive

rent advantage compared to industrialized countries.

However, the extremely low work efficiency indicator is not a consequence of technological progress.

nology and productivity growth: it reflects only low pay

labor and poverty of the population, high rates of labor exploitation and under-

ruble exchange rate relative to purchasing power parity (PPP).

The analysis of realized competitive advantages is carried out on the basis

data on the volume and structure of exports and imports, as well as on changes in do-

whether domestic goods are included in domestic trade turnover. Sharp reduction

scale of the national economy, accelerated painful transformation

its economic mechanisms are also manifested in the collapse of foreign economic

economic sector, where liberalization processes took place most rapidly

specifically. The increase in exports is carried out only for mineral top-

liv, raw materials and metals. For the product group “machinery and equipment” the share

Russia’s share in world exports does not exceed 0.5%, and for science-intensive goods

industries is less than 0.3%. At the same time, the share of Russian goods decreased

goods in consumption on the domestic market. If over the years

pre-reform period resources of consumer goods for domestic

market were formed by their own production by at least 80%, then in

Currently, despite the advantages of devaluation, their share has been reduced.

characterization of the country’s competitive advantages based on compilation

the WEF composite competitiveness index and almost all factors

the tori that compose it occupies the last places. However, according to some

subfactors of the factors “infrastructure” and “technology”, Russia ranks second

hundred above average. Overall, we are relatively competitive only

labor force - 25th place. All other factors require development and

represent an extensive reserve for increasing competitiveness. For on-

the most adequate monitoring of changes in competitiveness, the formation

protecting the economic security of the country, it is necessary to use in-

Competitiveness dex:

IR = 0.35^1 + 0.35^2 + 0.35L:z,

where K\ is the ratio of GDP per capita to the subsistence minimum to

similar to the world average, reflecting the implementation

bathroom competitive advantages of the country;

^2 - the ratio of the average share of costs for civil science in the country's GDP

over the past 5 years to a similar global average, from -

reflecting the scientific and technological potential of the country;

Az - human development index, characterizing co-

the state of the country's labor resources.

Competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets. Competitiveness

the property of the subject of economic competition may differ significantly

in the domestic and foreign markets. This is due to various factors,

shaping the external and internal environment in these markets: the degree

solvency of demand, gaps between domestic and world prices

us, the nature of our foreign trade policy, etc. Competitive

ability in the domestic market is different from competitiveness in the

foreign market and the fact that the state can influence competitive

ity in the domestic market, while the conditions of competition in the foreign market

market - an exogenous factor. An important difference between competitive conditions

properties in the domestic and foreign markets also lies in their volumes, measured

based on GDP indicators. After all, it’s no secret that a large volume of internal

the US morning market provided and provides relative savings

technical security of the country. However, the presence of a significant volume

domestic market does not always make national countries competitive

cash producers. Overall, domestic competitiveness

market should be ensured by measures of internal economic (industrial

national) policy and be supplemented by foreign economic policy measures.

Ensuring competitiveness in the foreign market must be carried out

to be taken as measures of foreign economic policy.

In Russia, due to objective circumstances, there are a number of facts:

tors leading to a decrease in competitiveness both domestically and

in the foreign market, the main one of which is higher compared to

world average indicator of production costs associated with unfavorable

pleasant climatic conditions and large territory. Russia -

the coldest and longest country in the world, and this circumstance is

cause of increased construction costs, high transport and

energy costs. Labor productivity in Russia is

only about 20% of its level in the United States. In this regard, to maintain the price competitiveness of domestic products, it is necessary to either reduce

reduce the level of wages by an amount that compensates for the additional

costs of transporting goods and increased energy intensity, or use

artificially maintain lower tariffs. Therefore, active

national policy of the state aimed at leveling these negative

factors and support for national producers. Domestic market

should be considered by Russian companies as a launching pad,

mechanism for rejecting new ideas, and the state should strive for maximum

small convergence of the conditions and mechanisms of the internal market with the objective

new, given external requirements. Of course, the gradual rapprochement

production can and should be ensured not only by manufacturing companies

ly (on the supply side) and direct influence of the state, but also

by bringing demand factors closer to international standards (attitude to

quality of products, compliance with the requirements of efficiency and environmental

logical standards, etc.). According to corresponding member. RAS B. Kuzyka, “...internal

early competition given the current state of our economy as a whole and

of the domestic defense-industrial complex, in particular, the absurd

on" i. Today, those of our companies that survived and were able to enter the world

howl market must integrate. Even advanced, but single pre-

enterprises have little chance of gaining a stable position in the world market -

ke. Today they prefer to cooperate with global companies,

whose product range accounts for 50-60% of the domestic market and

at least 5-7% of the world market. So, to support shipbuilding companies

nii B. Kuzyk proposes to form two or three large holdings.

Competitiveness is an attribute of a developed market mechanism, especially

new competition in the domestic developed market, which should

be formed in Russia before 2010 as a result of institutional

nal reforms in the public and private sectors, namely in the areas

education, medicine, banking and finance, as well as commodity

markets. But competition is not an end in itself of reforms, but only their consequence. IN

In this regard, it is important to consider the main tasks of institutional

nal reforms from the standpoint of competitive relations.

The ongoing reform of the educational system is an example of underestimation of the potential

possibilities of competitive development incentives. The main problem of Russian

education is that it is considered by society as part

social sphere, and not as a manufacturing industry. In the program the rules