The Noble Bank was founded in. Russian state banks for the nobility in the 18th century. Noble loan banks

Founded in 1885 to maintain land tenure of hereditary nobles. The bank's actions extended to European Russia, excluding the Grand Duchy of Finland, the Kingdom of Poland, the Baltic provinces and Transcaucasia). Loans were issued to landowners secured by their land holdings in the amount of 60-75% of the value of the land (including those burdened with debts). The maximum loan repayment period, which initially reached 48 years 4 months, was later increased to 51 years and then to 66 years 6 months. The interest paid on the loan was in the 1880s. 5% - 6%, and by 1897 it was reduced to 3.5%.

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State, Russian Empire. Issued preferential loans to nobles secured by land. From 1754 Bank for the nobility, in 1885 1917 State Noble Land Bank ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

State, Russian Empire. Issued preferential loans to nobles secured by land. From 1754 Bank for the nobility, in 1885 1917 State Noble Land Bank. * * * NOBLERY BANK NOBLERY BANK, state-owned, Russian Empire.… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Bank for the nobility, government agency lending to landowners, the first bank in Russia. Operated in 1754 86. Existed from government funds. Operations D. b. were reduced to issuing loans to landowners at 6% per annum. The size of the loan was determined... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Bank for the nobility, lending authority for serfs. land ownership, the first bank in Russia. Operated in 1754 86. Organized on the initiative of P. I. Shuvalov. There was a state institution and existed on government funds. Basic capital was initially... Soviet historical encyclopedia

noble bank- State I Bank of the Russian Empire. Issued preferential loans to nobles secured by land. Since 1754 Bank for the nobility, in 1885 1917 State Noble Land Bank... Large legal dictionary

NOBLE, noble, noble. adj. to the nobility. Noble Bank. Noble Assembly. Nobles' Congress. || adj. to a nobleman; descended from the nobility. Noble son. Noble origin. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Noble Loan Bank is the first bank in Russia. Established in 1754 by decree of Elizabeth Petrovna to provide loans to representatives of the nobility. In 1786 it was transformed into the State Loan Bank. History The bank was... ... Wikipedia

State Noble Land Bank bank mortgage loan, active 1885-1917. History Founded in 1885 to maintain land ownership of hereditary nobles. The bank's actions extended to European Russia, excluding the Great... Wikipedia

Bank- (French banque, from Dutch bank seat, bench) financial institution producing, storing, providing, distributing, exchanging and controlling cash, as well as the circulation of money and valuable papers. Depending on the forms... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Pre-reform credit system in Russia

The problem of affordable land mortgage loans in Russia has been relevant throughout its history. Historically, the land-rich country has traditionally been capital-poor. There are many reasons for this. Here is the dominant role of the state, forced to spend huge amounts of money on defense, and the slow accumulation of capital itself due to the risky nature of agriculture and serfdom, and much more. Land ownership in the Russian Empire until the second half of the 19th century. was concentrated primarily in the hands of the privileged class - the nobility.

Agriculture was practically the only source of income for both the state and private individuals. It cannot be said that the state did not understand the need to include land in the country’s economy, for which it had to be “revitalized” with capital, without which the development of industry and trade was impossible. The system of state-owned banks began to take shape in the 18th century. and by the first half of the 19th century. consisted of four large banks: the State Loan Bank and the State Commercial Bank, which were under the authority of the Ministry of Finance, as well as the Moscow Saving Treasury and the St. Petersburg Saving Treasury, which were part of the system of institutions of the Empress Maria.

There was also a system of local banks - provincial orders of public charity, which were under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. These institutions issued loans secured by “inhabited estates.” Under serfdom, the land itself, without the peasants working on it, had almost no independent value. Therefore, the amount of the loan issued was determined by the cost of the “serf soul.” The loan was secured by land with peasants working on it. The disadvantage of the pre-reform credit system was that it was built almost entirely to meet the financial needs of the nobility, which was a consequence of the political system. The problem was very acute for entrepreneurs from other classes. The peculiarity of Russia was that here the state was a monopolist in the field of bank land credit.

Development banking system after the abolition of serfdom

On the eve of the abolition of serfdom, a credit reform was carried out, which eliminated the old banking system and became the prologue to the bourgeois reforms of the 1860s and 1870s. A new credit system began to be created. On May 31, 1860, Emperor Alexander II approved the charter of the new State Bank, the first paragraph of which stated that it was intended “to revive trade turnover and strengthen the monetary credit system.” Until 1897, this bank did not have issuing functions and was an ordinary commercial bank that accepted deposits and issued loans secured by goods, precious metals and securities. National Bank Russia, unlike other countries, was directly subordinate to the Minister of Finance, who controlled and directed all its activities. The State Bank owned an extensive network of savings banks, the number of which by 1912 exceeded eight thousand, and the amount of deposits amounted to one billion 600 million rubles.

In the 1860s. another important link in the credit system began to take shape: joint stock commercial banks. They provided short-term and long-term loans industry. Every large enterprise in any industry relied in its activities on one or another commercial Bank. The largest commercial banks in the country were Russian-Asian, Russian for foreign trade, Azov-Don, St. Petersburg International Bank and the Russian Commercial and Industrial Banks, which in 1913 accounted for 48.3% of all assets of commercial banks (four billion 900 million rubles). Another link in the banking system of the Russian Empire were mutual credit societies. They made up their capital from the contributions of their members, each of whom had the right to receive a loan not exceeding ten times his contribution. The companies carried out all types of commercial transactions, the main of which was the accounting of bills. By 1914, there were 1,108 mutual credit societies in the country, which ranked second after joint-stock commercial banks in terms of volume of operations.

Another component of the credit system of post-reform Russia was mortgage lending institutions. They were represented by city credit societies, ten joint-stock land banks, city public banks administered by city authorities and two state land banks: the Peasant Land Bank and the Noble Land Bank. The main difference between the post-reform mortgage lending institutions and the old state-owned mortgage lending institutions was as follows. If previously there was no mechanism for interaction between the recipient of a mortgage loan (the bank borrower) and the owner of free capital (the bank lender), now such a mechanism appeared in the form of mortgage bonds, which the borrower had to sell in order to get money. Time frame for this mortgage loans, issued by credit institutions to borrowers, had to correspond to the periods for which these institutions issued mortgage bonds. The rapid development of mortgages during the period of structural restructuring of the economy after the abolition of serfdom was caused by the formation of a land market in Russia.

Everyone was interested in mortgages: sellers of land (nobles and the treasury), buyers (representatives of all classes) and mortgage lending institutions. Let us dwell on the history of the emergence and development of the two largest mortgage lending institutions of the Russian Empire: the Peasant Land Bank and the Noble Land Bank.

Peasant Land Bank

The main reason for its appearance should be recognized as the government’s desire to alleviate the situation of the peasantry suffering from land shortages by creating a mortgage credit institution with a preferential loan for them. This desire expressed the desire of the top to prevent a possible explosion of discontent among the masses of the empire’s population: in the late 1870s. As a result of the activities of the populist revolutionaries, rumors about the redistribution of land began to spread widely among the peasantry. The development and approval of the Regulations on the Peasant Bank took place from May 20, 1881 to April 26, 1882.

The draft Regulations were developed by a group of ministers: Internal Affairs (N.P. Ignatiev), State Property (M.N. Ostrovsky) and Finance (N.H. Bunge). After numerous debates in the State Council, the draft “Regulations on the Peasant Land Bank” was approved by Emperor Alexander III on May 18, 1882. The basic principles of the bank’s functioning were as follows. Loans were issued for terms ranging from 24 years six months to 34 years six months according to normal and special estimates. Loans based on special assessments were issued in cases where the composition land plot there were valuable lands, such as water meadows, hemp fields, and so on. The loan from the Peasant Land Bank, unlike other land banks, was strictly “targeted”: only for the purchase of land. Rural communities (societies) and individual householders could receive loans. When lending to rural communities maximum size The loan was set at 125 rubles per male head. A householder could receive up to 500 rubles. The issuance of the loan was preceded by a land purchase and sale agreement.

The bank itself transferred money to land sellers, which was done in order to prevent the possibility of peasants refusing the land they had purchased or buying land where it was cheaper. Borrowers paid payments on loans in the amount of 7.5% - 8.5% per annum, depending on the size of the loans. Another difference between the Peasant Land Bank and private land banks was that it collected loan payments at the end of a six-month period, rather than in advance. For late payments, penalties were charged at the rate of 6% per annum. The bank's activities extended to the European territory of Russia, where in 1883 11 of its branches were opened. After the opening of the Noble Land Bank in 1885, the management of the Peasant Land Bank passed to the manager of this bank, and in June 1890, the cash desk of the Peasant Land Bank was transferred to the management of the cashier of the Noble Land Bank. The unification of the management of two state land banks was supposed, in the opinion of the government, to bring closer the sellers of land, the nobles, with the main buyers, the peasants.

Operations for issuing loans by branches of the Peasant Land Bank began to be carried out on April 10, 1883. Until 1895, the Peasant Land Bank issued 14 thousand 924 loans in the amount of 82 million 400 thousand rubles secured by two million 411 thousand 700 acres of land. During this period, the Peasant Land Bank was significantly inferior in all respects to both private land banks and the Noble Land Bank. Its share in the total volume of operations of mortgage lending institutions in 1895 was 11.6% in terms of the number of loans issued, 3.8% in their amount and 4.5% in terms of the area of mortgaged land.

In 1895, the bank's charter came into force, developed by the Ministry of Finance under the leadership of S. Yu. Witte and approved by Emperor Alexander III on November 27, 1895. If before 1895 the activities of the Peasant Land Bank were limited to issuing loans for the purchase of land, now the bank received the right to buy land at their own expense for subsequent resale to peasants, as well as to provide loans for land already purchased by peasants. As a result, for 1896 - 1905. The bank's share in the system of mortgage lending institutions increased from 11.6% to 29.9%.

The last period of activity of the Peasant Land Bank began in 1906, simultaneously with the beginning of the famous Stolypin agrarian reform. He was assigned the most important role in the system of reform measures. On March 21, 1906, a law was issued to change the method of issuing loans from the Peasant Land Bank and the Noble Land Bank. From now on, loans were issued not in cash, but in interest-bearing securities. On October 14, 1906, a decree was issued to reduce payments by borrowers of the Peasant Land Bank from five rubles 25 kopecks and five rubles 75 kopecks to four rubles 50 kopecks per year from 100 rubles for a loan with a term of 55.5 years. Lending priorities have also changed. If before 1906 the bank gave preference to collective buyers of land, then since 1908 lands from the bank's estates were sold only to individual ownership.

By 1915, the Peasant Land Bank took first place among all mortgage lending institutions in terms of the number and volume of loans issued. They were issued 377 thousand 683 loans (74.4% of the total number of loans) with a total volume of one billion 350 million 768 thousand rubles secured by 15 million 912 thousand acres of land. The Peasant Land Bank played a significant role in the consolidation process land ownership in Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, especially during the years of the Stolypin reform. His significance lay in the fact that he played an important role in the government's attempts to resolve the peasant question. During the years of the Stolypin agrarian reform, the Peasant Land Bank became an instrument of active state intervention in the process of restructuring land relations. At the same time, it occupied a leading position among mortgage lending institutions in terms of the volume of operations. The existence of mortgage banks ceased to make sense along with the abolition of private ownership of land, carried out Soviet power November 8, 1917 A year and a month later, on December 8, 1918, a decree was adopted on the liquidation of state mortgage banks in Russia - the Peasant Land Bank and the Noble Land Bank.

Noble Land Bank

On April 21, 1885, a rescript to the “Noble Russian Nobility” was published, which announced the establishment of the Noble Land Bank. The main idea of the rescript, signed by the closest adviser to Emperor Alexander III, Chief Prosecutor of the Synod K. P. Pobedonostsev, boiled down to the desire to restore the “primary place” of the nobility in economic life countries. Indeed, the Russian nobility experienced difficult times during the post-reform period. Not all of its representatives were able to adapt their economy to the market relations emerging in the country. By the end of the 19th century. Other classes, primarily the peasantry and merchants, begin to dominate the economy of the empire. The draft charter of the State Noble Land Bank was prepared by the Minister of Finance N.H. Bunge and on June 3, 1885, the draft “Regulations on the State Noble Land Bank” was finally approved by the emperor. The bank was under the direct control of the Minister of Finance. At first, he carried out his operations in the Great Russian provinces of the country.

Since 1891, the bank expanded its activities to the Transcaucasus, and since 1894 - to the Western region, that is, to Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states. To carry out its operations, the bank issued mortgage bonds (mortgage sheets), which were issued against the security of land property only to hereditary nobles. The loan amount was 60% of total cost estates. The loan interest rate was 5.5% per annum, which was reduced to 4.5% in 1899. Mortgage sheets of the Noble Land Bank were quoted at a high price on Russian exchanges, which was explained by the active participation in exchange trading of the State Bank, which bought mortgage bonds of the Noble Land Bank in order to maintain their high rate. In addition, to carry out operations, the Noble Land Bank used reserve capital funds formed by conducting a one-time issue of 5% mortgages with winning sheets. Mortgage sheets were issued to the bearer, but could also be converted into registered ones at the request of the owner. Their sale was handled by the State Bank of the Russian Empire.

Repayment of mortgage sheets was carried out annually in editions for an amount equal to the repayment contributions of the borrowers. Defaulting borrowers were in danger of having their estates sold at auction. However, it rarely came to this, and the total number of estates sold in the entire history of the bank did not exceed 1%. If we talk about the scale of operations of the Noble Land Bank, then over the twenty-year period of its activity (1885 - 1905) the total volume of operations increased to 717 million 400 thousand rubles, which amounted to 34.6% of the total volume of land loans of all mortgage institutions. Subsequently, there was a decline in the number of loan transactions, which was caused by the events of the revolution of 1905-1907. Frightened by peasant unrest, noble landowners began to sell land to the Peasant Land Bank. In addition, financial difficulties associated with the consequences of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 - 1905. forced the government in March 1906 to introduce the issuance of loans from the Noble Land Bank not in money, but in mortgage sheets at a nominal price, as in joint-stock land banks.

Subsequently, the State Noble Land Bank was never able to catch up with its private competitors in terms of the volume of operations. It found itself in third place after the Peasant Land Bank and joint-stock land banks. Despite the fact that the Noble Land Bank was created as a class-based credit institution, the land pledged to it was in motion. Thus, non-nobles also became bank borrowers. By January 1, 1917, only three-fifths of the total number of borrowers were hereditary nobles of this credit institution. The non-noble group of borrowers of the Noble Land Bank was dominated by peasants: they owned 70% of the non-noble land property pledged. Non-nobles became owners of lands mainly by purchasing them. The clients of the Noble Land Bank were mainly large and medium-sized landowners. Share of small landowners in total area mortgaged land was just over 1%.

Generally, financial position The noble land bank was stable. He received strong support from the State Bank at the start of his activities, but then acted on a purely commercial basis. The opinion of some researchers who consider this bank as a charitable institution for the nobility does not correspond to reality. The merit of the Noble Land Bank was that it brought relatively cheap loan, which was very important in the conditions of underdevelopment of other forms of agricultural credit. It was the mortgage loan that largely saved the landlord economy from collapse in the conditions of the post-reform restructuring of the country's economy.

The role of mortgage loans in the development of the economy of post-reform Russia

Noble borrowing banks

The purpose of the noble banks in St. Petersburg and Moscow was to issue loans to the nobles at a low interest rate of 6% per year. Loans were taken not so much for the improvement of estates, but for the redemption of mortgaged estates. The situation was especially acute in the late 1750s and early 1760s, when many estates were mortgaged to private individuals. At the same time, practically nothing from the bank loans received was directed to the development of agriculture, and the nobles themselves, being in the active army, could not even go to their estate to assess the state of affairs and find a way to pay off the state with the new creditor.

The loans were secured by estates with serfs and lands, stone houses, as well as precious metals, products with diamonds and pearls. Copies of census books of noble estates were sent to noble banks, which were used as reference material to determine the client's solvency. By the nature of the collateral, noble banks occupied an intermediate position between mortgage lending institutions and pawnshops. At the same time, noble estates remained the main collateral.

Loans secured by estates ranged from 500 to 10 thousand rubles, the minimum mortgage was 50 serf souls. However, by decree of December 11, 1766, the cost of a serf was doubled to 20 rubles. Loans secured by gold, silver and precious stones were issued in the amount of 66% of the value of the products. The loan could be issued without collateral under the guarantee of rich and noble people. 8

The structure of noble banks was simple. At the head of each of them was the Chief Present with the rank of court councilor. His deputy was called an Assistant and usually bore the rank of collegiate assessor. The top management of noble banks also included a secretary, an accountant and a cashier. Unlike Assignation Bank, whose offices were subordinate to the Board, the offices of the Noble Bank, called the Moscow and St. Petersburg Noble Banks, were directly subordinate to the Senate.

Important matters in the Moscow and St. Petersburg noble banks were discussed at meetings chaired by the Chief Present and his Assistant. The decisions of the meetings were recorded in a special journal.

Banking operations in noble banks were carried out in ordinary houses that looked like rich mansions. The only prerequisite was a spacious stone basement or pantry, where the cash treasury and property deposits were kept, the so-called Treasury Chamber. Accounting and issuance of money were carried out in Kassirskaya, not far from which the meeting room of the top management of the noble bank was located. The high status of the bank in the Russian state credit system was emphasized by the location of its offices in the center of capitals. It is known that the Moscow office of the Noble Bank occupied one of the Kremlin buildings.

The opening of noble banks could not solve the problem of debts of the nobility. The volume of loan transactions remained insignificant compared to the requests of landowners. Under the conditions of the Seven Years' War, the bulk of the serving nobility, being in the active army, simply did not have the opportunity to pay off their debts. Office of P.I. Shuvalov, at the insistence of Chancellor M.I. Vorontsov in 1761 was forced to reduce the loan interest from 6 to 4%. These measures were taken primarily in the interests of the treasury, as they were aimed at achieving greater repayment of loan amounts. The terms of the loans were changed to 10 years, and the bank's capital was reduced from 6 to 5 million rubles.

At the same time, the bulk of the funds were distributed among a small group of courtiers, mainly among people close to P.I. Shuvalov. The cash register was constantly short of money; in wartime conditions, injections from the treasury were not sufficient, especially since part of it, according to the instructions of the Senate, was taken for all sorts of undertakings.

Due to the huge non-return of amounts to the banks, Emperor Peter III, who came to the throne, decided to close them. The decree on the cessation of the activities of noble banks dated June 26, 1762 stated that the investigation corresponded very little to the intention, and bank money remained for the most part in the same hands, to which it had been distributed from the very beginning; For this reason, we command that there be no more delays in the money distributed as a loan and that all of it be urgently collected. 9

As a result of the palace coup of 1762, Peter III was killed, and the guards gave the throne to his wife Catherine II. The decree on the liquidation of noble banks remained on paper.

The influential nobles who formed the entourage of the new empress needed a source of cheap loans. In the event of a difficult financial situation, natural disasters and unrest, noble banks served as an anchor of salvation for them. Banks issued preferential loans for the restoration of landowners' farms, despite their obviously low liquidity.

The noble banks provided significant support to the nobles who suffered from the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev. On March 31, 1775, the Moscow Noble Bank was given an order to loan 1.5 million rubles to the provinces affected by the riot. State banknotes under military escort were delivered to Orenburg, Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod. Loan expeditions in these cities issued loans for 10 years at 3% per annum. Of the collected interest, 1% was spent on the maintenance of banking expeditions, and 2% was supposed to be used for the construction of stone bank buildings in these cities or sent to the board of banks. To obtain preferential loans, landowners did not fail to complain about the ruin of their estates. The money taken was not returned. The bank did not even receive its 2%, which was supposed to be sent to Moscow. 10

Since 1770, noble banks, in dire need of raised funds, began to accept deposits from nobles and institutions, committing to pay relatively high interest rates of 5% and 6%. Such high interest rates reduced the main source of the bank's profit to zero, and in conditions of weak repayment of loan amounts, payment of the officially declared interest became unrealistic. Interest on deposits had to be reduced, and they were paid irregularly. This caused displeasure among the nobles who kept large sums in the bank. In the early 1780s. they even wanted to withdraw their deposits in case of non-payment of interest. The case became public and was considered at the Senate level. However, noble banks continued to charge increased interest only on some deposits, for example, on the deposit of Moscow University.

The deposit operation in noble banks did not receive as much development as the loan operation. The state, despite the chronic budget deficit, had to make increasingly significant cash injections into these banks. Treasury funds became the main liability item from which funds for lending were drawn. In 1782, the remaining funds from the liquidated Merchant Bank were transferred to the St. Petersburg Noble Bank. But this did not save the situation; the demand for loans was so great that very soon it completely absorbed the funds received.

Meanwhile, things were going badly at the St. Petersburg Noble Bank. The main problem of loan repayment was never resolved, despite all the efforts of the director of the St. Petersburg Noble Bank A.A. Vyazemsky. In his opinion, the root of this problem was the insufficient provision of loans issued and, in addition, the violation of the rules for issuing them.

The assets and liabilities of the noble banks were not balanced, and the shelf life of deposits did not correspond to the long-term nature of the loans. One unresolved problem gave rise to another. Due to the sharp depletion of the cash register due to inflated lending, chronic delays or non-repayment of amounts, it was impossible to return deposits in a timely manner and in full.

The empress, elevated to the Russian throne by the nobles, in no way wanted to encroach on their property and rights. On June 30, 1775, she announced that she would pay off the debts of the Moscow Noble Bank from Her Majesty's room amount. The queen decided to sell off part of her huge and already outdated personal wardrobe, believing that in this way she could pay off debts for the enormous amount of 287,649 rubles. As a result, by September 1775, the demands of the bank's depositors had decreased to 19,417 rubles. To pay off the remaining debt, the Empress ordered the release of amounts from the State Office. However, this was an artificial solution to the problem, proving that the disease of the noble banks had long passed into a chronic phase.

Unable to cope with the stubborn resistance of the senators, A.A. Vyazemsky, who was rightly called the conscience of bureaucratic Russia, resigned from his post. In his place in 1779, Yakov Vilimovich Bruce was appointed, who found the reporting of the St. Petersburg Noble Bank in complete disarray. His attempts to understand it were unsuccessful, and in 1781 he left the Noble Bank without having time to understand all the intricacies of its work. eleven

The bank was headed by Senator Pyotr Vasilievich Zavadovsky (1739-1812). A participant in the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774, Zavadovsky distinguished himself in the battles of Larga and Kagul and was one of the compilers of the text of the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace. He was a business man 12, recalled Count A.I. Ribopierre. His contemporary G. von Gelbig added: Zavadovsky was a man who did not have a brilliant, but very sound mind and, moreover, the good quality that he did not consider himself smarter than he actually was 13.

Having received the position of Chief Director of the Borrow Bank, P.V. Zavadovsky introduced some innovations into the organization of this credit institution, the main one of which was the formation of several funds to cover losses. In addition, he carefully monitored the accuracy of maintaining bank records. Under him, balance sheets were compiled regularly and, in accordance with the Manifesto on the establishment of the Borrowing Bank, were published and made public on the stock exchanges.

In addition to P.V. Zavadovsky, the Board of the Loan Bank included five advisers appointed by the Empress. Due to numerous absences, the Chief Director did not always preside over the Management Board, but in the event of particularly important issues being resolved, he always chaired the meetings of the Management Board. Internal orders for the bank were given by the Board, which also received reports on the work done.

P.V. Zavadovsky also proposed organizing a special expedition at the bank office, for the financing of which 3,500 rubles a year would be allocated from the funds of the bank itself. These funds were supposed to be allocated from the sums of the sixth percent of non-noble deposits in the bank. The senator offered his services as the leader of this event. Thus acquiring unlimited power in the bank, P.V. Zavadovsky promised to bring the bank into perfect order regarding its interior in two years.

The report was written on December 9, 1781, and heard in the Senate on December 14. The Senate decided to submit a report on this issue to Catherine II. However, in the report compiled on the main points of the report, the candidacy of P.V. Zavadovsky was not mentioned as a possible leader of the expedition; whoever would occupy this position was determined by the empress herself. 14

On December 31, 1781, Catherine II wrote to this effect on the Senate report, and the expedition began its work.

During the work, it turned out that the landowners owed the treasury large sums that they were unable to pay. The expedition had to take tough measures, including the sale of personal property and estates.

There was another problem at the Borrowing Bank: large-scale theft of money. For example, cashier Andrei Ivanovich Kelberg stole 590 thousand rubles from storerooms, putting plain paper in ten-thousand-dollar bundles instead of banknotes. Based on the materials of the investigation carried out on the personal orders of Catherine II in 1796, it became clear that the theft of government money was a pre-planned action in which one of the bank’s directors took part. Moreover, during the investigation, the cashier stated that by order of the Chief Director P.V. Zavadovsky two chests of money were taken from the bank. Other abuses were also discovered in the Borrowing Bank: loans were issued in banknotes, and in the books of issuing amounts they were recorded as issuing silver money.

The verdict in this case was pronounced on September 30, 1796. Kelberg and his accomplices were deprived of their ranks and nobility and sent to hard labor.

P.V. Zavadovsky retained his position thanks to the support of influential friends. However, after the death of Paul I in 1799, P.V. Zavadovsky was fired. Trying to avoid the shortcomings of the work of noble banks in the activities of the Loan Bank, he could not avoid similar problems. Loan bank by the beginning of the 19th century. turned into an institution for lending to the nobility. The distinctive features of the Borrowing Bank were the long-term nature of the loans and incomplete or untimely repayment of amounts. Lending to cities, declared in the manifesto on the founding of the bank, was again reduced to lending to nobles. 15

So, throughout their existence, noble banks remained a cash office for lending to the nobility. However, in the context of numerous military campaigns and budget deficits during the reign of Catherine II, it became increasingly difficult to carry out this lending. A solution was found in the transformation of noble banks into a Loan Bank and the establishment of an Assignation Bank with the right to issue paper money not backed by a metal fund. The reorganization manifesto was published on June 28, 1786 and meant the liquidation of the former noble banks. The Moscow office of the Noble Bank, left to account for the stolen money, existed until 1800.

After the liquidation of noble banks in 1786, the question arose about creating a mortgage bank for Russian nobles, providing long-term lending. By decree of December 18, 1797, the Auxiliary Bank for the Nobility was established. The name Auxiliary was explained in the text of the Charter of the Borrowing Bank, which provided assistance... to noble families with property in real estate, burdened with debts, fallen into the hands of greedy usurers and insolvent from burdensome interest.

The creation of a new credit institution was an initiative of the government of Catherine II's son, Emperor Paul I. An admirer of the Prussian order with its clarity and clarity, he looked at the problem of a bank for the nobles in a new way. 16

History of banking in Russia dates back to the decree of Empress Anna Ioanovna, who ordered the issuance of loans from the coin office at 8% per annum. Precious items served as collateral. Prior to this, an attempt to create a credit institution was made in Pskov by the local governor Ordin-Nashchokin, who organized the issuance of loans in the city government. But this initiative did not last long: the state considered it an attempt by Pskov to “live by its own rules.”

The first Russian credit institutions in the modern sense appeared in 1754. At the direction of Elizaveta Petrovna, Noble loan banks were created in St. Petersburg and Moscow and Merchant Bank In Petersburg. In 1786 they were disbanded, and on their basis the State Loan Bank was created, which lent money mainly to the state. To a lesser extent, loans were also used by the nobility and merchants. State loan bank became the first financial institution in Russia, which accepted deposits from the population.

Since 1758, the Copper Bank operated in Russia with a starting capital of two million rubles. Its functions included issuing loans, and they were issued in copper coins, and upon return, it was necessary to repay the loan in silver.

In 1769, the first paper money was issued into circulation - ruble banknotes. Assignation banks were established to service the issue.

The first commercial bank was created in 1817. The state commercial bank specialized in lending to merchants.

And in 1842, the first savings banks appeared in St. Petersburg and Moscow, from which Sberbank of Russia traces its history.

In 1860, the State Commercial Bank was transformed into the State Bank of the Russian Empire. It was for him after monetary reform Minister of Finance Sergei Yulievich Witte in 1897 determined the role that is played today central banks: issue and management of monetary policy.

The real development of banking began in Russia after the abolition of serfdom, when industry began to develop. Before this, the total number of commercial banks was about 20. And in the period from 1861 to 1872, 33 joint-stock commercial banks and 11 joint-stock land banks appeared.

By 1914, there were 53 joint-stock commercial banks in the country with 778 branches.

As a result of the 1917 revolution, all credit institutions were nationalized, and their funds were transferred to the newly created State Bank, which was later transformed into National Bank RSFSR, and in 1922 - to the State Bank of the USSR.

In addition, savings banks, then called state labor savings banks, began operating in 1922.

Commercial banks appeared in Russia again only in 1988. And on July 13, 1990, on the basis of the Russian Republican Bank, the State Bank of the USSR was established central bank Russian Federation(Bank of Russia). As of summer 2011, there are about a thousand banks operating in our country.

NOBLE BANK

A bank for the nobility, a lending authority for serfdom. land ownership, the first bank in Russia. Active in 1754-86. Organized on the initiative of P.I. Shuvalov. There was a state institution and existed on government funds. Basic the capital was initially 750 thousand rubles, and later expanded significantly. Operations D. b. were reduced to issuing loans to landowners at 6% per annum. The size of the loan was determined by the number of serf "souls". The conditions became more and more favorable. At first they gave 10 rubles. per "soul" for up to 3 years, then - 40 rubles. for a period of up to 8 years. Since 1770, the bank began to accept deposits, paying 5% per annum. In 1775 under D. b. three specials were organized. “expeditions” (in Orenburg, Kazan and N. Novgorod) to issue especially preferential loans to landowners who “suffered” from the uprising led by E.I. Pugachev. In 1786 it was reorganized into the State. loan bank.

In 1885 the State was established. noble land bank, which, together with the Peasant Bank, was a conductor of the reaction. agrarian policy of the tsarist government. Loans to landowners from D. b. were given out at the most preferential terms. The maximum loan term was raised to 66 years by 1890, and interest rate on loans was 11/2-2% lower than in joint-stock lands. banks. For noble borrowers, the deadlines for annual payments and interest were extended; often, interest not paid on time was written off, i.e., it became a hidden subsidy. Other benefits were also given, and the losses associated with this were hidden at the expense of the State. jar. The process of transfer of land from the nobility to the villages. The bourgeoisie especially intensified after the revolution of 1905-07. During this period, the issuance of new loans from D. b. landowners slowed down and, on the contrary, Cross operations increased enormously. a bank for the sale of landowners' lands to the kulak and wealthy elements of the village. By 1914, the balance of long-term loans, that is, the debt of landowners of the bank, reached 894 million rubles, which was equal to the balance of loans secured by agricultural assets. estates, landowners and non-landowners, all have 10 joint-stock lands. banks combined. After the Great Oct. revolution D. b. was liquidated.

Lit.: Borovoy S. Ya., Credit and banks of Russia (mid-17th century - 1861), M., 1958, ch. 4.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .

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Legal dictionary

State, Russian Empire. Issued preferential loans to nobles secured by land. From 1754 Bank for the nobility, in 1885 1917 State Noble Land Bank ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A bank for the nobility, a state lending authority for landowners, the first bank in Russia. Operated in 1754 86. Existed from government funds. Operations D. b. were reduced to issuing loans to landowners at 6% per annum. The size of the loan was determined... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

noble bank- State I Bank of the Russian Empire. Issued preferential loans to nobles secured by land. Since 1754 Bank for the nobility, in 1885 1917 State Noble Land Bank... Large legal dictionary

The State Noble Land Bank is a mortgage loan bank that operated from 1885 to 1917. History Founded in 1885 to maintain land ownership of hereditary nobles. The bank's actions extended to European Russia, excluding the Great... Wikipedia

Bank- (French banque, from Dutch bank seat, bench) a financial institution that produces, stores, provides, distributes, exchanges and controls funds, as well as the circulation of money and securities. Depending on the forms... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

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