Main activities of commercial banks. Commercial activities of the bank. Functions of commercial banks

Russian banks carry out different types of operations and transactions depending on the type of financial institution. For commercial organizations the main objective— receiving income from your work, as for any other line of business. I figured out what types of commercial banks there are and how they make money.

Description of the concept

Commercial banks are financial organizations that conduct transactions with cash and non-cash money, securities, precious metals and stones, and other valuables. They also provide services to the public and government agencies on a reimbursable basis, that is, for payment. A commercial bank is guided in its activities by the following principles:

works for profit;
received from the state and for conducting operations, transactions and work in this type of services;
has the right to attract funds from the population and legal entities in deposit accounts and place them at its own discretion based on the law and for profit;
is not entitled to carry out trade, insurance and production activities.

Features of banking activities

Commercial banks operate according to different rules and principles than industrial or trading enterprise. Their distinctive characteristics are:

Types of banks

Banks in any country are divided into two types:

Central. Established by the state, engaged in issuing national currency and countries and perform regulatory and supervisory functions over the activities of other financial institutions.
Commercial. All other banks, which may be state-owned or fully commercial. They operate within the legal framework of the country and are subordinate to the Central Bank.

By location, banks in the Russian Federation are:

local;
federal;
Republican.

In terms of direction and areas of activity, commercial banks work with industrial enterprises, trading companies and agricultural business.

Classification of commercial banks

Depending on who owns the capital banking organization, make the following classification:

Classification by business line and type of service

Commercial banks in Russia are divided into:

Universal. They work with all types of businesses and individuals. Provide the entire possible list banking services.
Investment. The main activity is working with securities, funds, investments. Such banks do not provide loans to the population and do not accept money as deposits. The main goal is to help industrial enterprises and big business in fixed capital. They help in issuing shares and bonds to companies and earn money from working with these securities.
Mortgage. The main activity of such banks is aimed at lending for the purchase of housing in new buildings or on the secondary market, as well as for business needs. They work with individuals and legal entities, but can specialize in one of the areas.
Savings. They offer the population and businessmen the most attractive conditions for accumulating and saving capital. And the funds raised are used for lending to individuals and commercial entities.
Specialized. They choose one or two main areas of activity, for example, credit and savings.

Sometimes you can find the following classification:

retail bank - aimed at transactions with retail business;
captive - a subsidiary of a large bank, the main focus of which is serving the tasks of the parent institution.

In the Russian Federation, there are not many banks that adhere to a clear type; much more often, commercial structures develop several areas at the same time or serve related ones.

Main functions

The main functions of commercial banks consist of the objectives of their activities. Over the course of history, they have undergone transformation, new ones have appeared, and irrelevant ones have disappeared:

The first function of banks was to store money, for which clients paid a fee. Now financial institutions pay interest to clients for placing their capital on deposit.
Making entries on personal accounts through the correspondent account system. Making non-cash payments by changing entries on balance sheet and current accounts of clients.
Lending. Upon issuance borrowed money the bank acts as a multiplier, artificially creating the volume of additional money supply without actually issuing it. That is, money from the population or legal companies becomes “more”, but the amount of cash remains the same.

Operations and transactions

What are bank income and expenses made of?

The most obvious option for calculating bank profits is to calculate the difference between interest on deposits and the rate on loans issued. In fact, income is divided into two large groups - interest and non-interest:

Interest income includes income from loans, transactions with securities, payments for settlement and cash services physical and legal entities.
Non-interest income is generated from transactions with foreign currency, securities, renting safe deposit boxes, issuing bank guarantees, equity participation in the activities of companies and other activities.

The operations of any financial institution are divided into:

Active. They allow you to create new resources that can be used for lending.
Passive - form the equity capital of a financial organization. They occur due to own funds put into circulation.

The main items of expenses in the activities of banks:

The banking organization must have a sufficient amount of its own funds to meet current needs. When an institution systematically "incurs" debt to its investors, it increases internal borrowing and can lead to bankruptcy.

Brobank's articles tell not only about the types of banks, but also about what is included in this concept and what advantages it provides to clients. And also on the portal you can find out why

KB is credit organisation, which has the right to attract funds from legal and individuals, place them on your own behalf and at your own expense on the terms of repayment, payment and urgency, carry out settlement transactions on behalf of clients.

Issues of creating a design bureau are regulated regulations of the Russian Federation, the main of which is the Federal Law “On Banks and banking" In it in general outline the range of operations performed by banks, the content of the Charter, requirements for the formation authorized capital, list of documents required for bank registration. In addition to this Federal Law, the Central Bank has issued many other regulatory documents, clarifying and explaining the procedure for creating a design bureau. In addition, since CBs are essentially joint-stock companies, the block of documents that define the operating procedure in Russia is of great importance joint stock companies. This entire documentary base is in constant change. This is primarily due to the improvement legislative framework, with the need to clarify the directions of monetary policy.

An approximate list of controls could be as follows:

operational management

automation and communications department

control accounting

legal management

security department

credit management

economic planning management

control foreign exchange transactions and international payments

investment management and valuable papers

administrative and economic management

KB, unlike other enterprises, performs special operations, i.e. attracts temporarily available funds from depositor clients and places them for profit. The bank cannot make a profit through the production and sale of products or the resale of goods. The bank, working with borrowed (i.e., other people's) funds, bears double responsibility and risk: to the owners of the borrowed funds, to the owners (shareholders) of the bank. This increases the requirements for managing banking operations and complicates them.

Bank operations This:

attraction Money legal entities and individuals in demand deposits and for a certain period;

providing loans on one's own behalf using one's own and borrowed funds;

opening and maintaining accounts (settlement, current, loan, deposit, currency, transit, special);

making payments on behalf of clients;

collection of money, bills, settlement and payment documents, cash services;

cash management;

transactions with currency (purchase and sale in cash and non-cash forms);

operations with precious metals;

issuance of bank guarantees;

Other types of operations:

issuance of guarantees for third parties;

acquisition of the right to claim the fulfillment of obligations from third parties;

providing consultations and issuing information;

rental of special premises and safes;

Main functions of the KB:

raising money capital

credit mediation

carrying out settlements and payments

creation of means of payment

organization of issue and placement of securities

customer information service

Attraction of free funds by the bank allows clients to receive income from investing money in commercial banks and serves as the basis for the placement of loan resources, which is carried out in various fields economy and social sphere. Attracting money capital is of macroeconomic importance, since it contributes to the concentration of money on the scale of the economy and its functioning as capital, i.e. money. Bringing in new money.

Since money is most often raised for a short term and placed for a longer period, the bank acts as a reliable intermediary between the owners of temporarily free funds and borrowers. The bank assumes responsibility for the rational and efficient allocation of resources and their return; the borrower receives the desired funds from the bank for a certain fee. In general, credit resources contribute to the expansion of production.

The stability of the economy, along with other factors, is ensured by a reliable system of settlements and payments. The bulk of settlements between enterprises are carried out in non-cash form, design bureaus keep records of all cash receipts and issuances, therefore they are constantly working on organizing settlements. For this purpose, they are creating clearing centers, settlements through correspondent bank accounts are being improved, the electronic payment system is being modernized, which reduces the costs of settlement transactions, increases the speed and reliability of payments, and hence the quality of customer service.

The creation of means of payment is directly related to the deposit and credit activities banks. A deposit can be created either by the client depositing cash into the bank (in which the amount of money does not change) or by issuing a loan to the borrower (in this case the amount of money increases). When borrowers repay loans when money is written off from their deposit accounts money supply decreases.

CBs issue and place securities. Banks determine the size, conditions, terms of issue, type of securities, and undertake the responsibility for placement and organization of secondary circulation of shares and bonds of enterprises and organizations. They evaluate the prospects for issuing new shares and the reality of their placement.

Banks conduct analysis financial activities enterprises and accounting, evaluate the development strategy and opportunities for increasing income, give recommendations for carrying out transactions in the money, commodity and stock markets.

CBs compete with non-bank credit institutions, which encourages them to search for new areas of activity, increase the number of services, improve the quality of customer service and the reliability of settlement transactions. Banks are actively introducing themselves into the sphere of financial entrepreneurship, and their role in the economy is growing.

Course work

Money, banks, credit

Commercial banks, their types and main areas of activity

Introduction

1. Types of commercial banks

2. Main activities of commercial banks

Conclusion

Glossary

List of sources

Introduction

The word "bank" comes from the Italian "banco" and means "table". The predecessors of banks were medieval money changers - representatives of monetary and commercial capital; they accepted cash deposits from merchants and specialized in exchanging money from various cities and countries. Over time, money changers began to use these deposits, as well as their own funds, to issue loans and collect interest, which meant turning the money changers into bankers.

The term " commercial Bank" arose in the early stages of the development of banking, when banks served primarily trade, barter transactions and payments. The main clientele were merchants. Banks provided loans for transportation, storage and other operations related to the exchange of goods. With the development of industrial production, short-term lending operations arose production cycle: replenishment loans working capital, creation of reserves of raw materials and finished products, payment of wages, etc. Loan terms gradually increased. Part of banking resources began to be used for investments in fixed capital and securities. In other words, the term “commercial bank” has lost its meaning. It denotes the “business” nature of the bank, its focus on servicing all types of business agents, regardless of their type of activity.

IN modern world In all countries with market economies, commercial banks occupy a leading position in the payment mechanism of the economy. Economic role commercial banks is that: credit operations contribute to increasing the volume and continuity of production, sales of services and products to consumers; settlement transactions mediate payment for services and products by consumers, as well as mutual control of participants in settlement transactions; transactions with securities increase the influx of funds for the development of production and trading activities, cash transactions and their regulation make it possible to improve the supply of cash in circulation.

So what are commercial banks, what are their types, what activities do they carry out? Let's try to figure it out.

There is a two-tier banking system in Russia: the first level is the Central Bank Russian Federation, and the second level is commercial banks.

The activities of commercial banks are based on the following principles:

The first principle: the financial activities of the bank must be carried out within the limits of actually available resources. This is "golden" banking rule that the size and timing of the bank’s financial requirements must correspond to the size and timing of its obligations.

The second principle: complete economic independence, which also implies the bank’s economic responsibility for the results of its activities.

The third principle: the relationship of a commercial bank with its clients is built as an ordinary market one.

And the fourth principle: regulation of a bank’s activities can only be carried out by indirect economic (and not administrative) methods. The state determines the legal framework for commercial banks, but cannot order them.

1 . Types of commercial banks

According to Article 1 of the Federal Law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 (as amended on July 28, 2012) “On Banks and Banking Activities”: A bank is a credit organization that has the exclusive right to carry out the following banking operations in aggregate: attracting deposits funds of individuals and legal entities, placement of these funds on their own behalf and at their own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.

Banks issue, store, lend, buy and sell money and securities, control the flow of funds, the circulation of money and securities, and provide payment and settlement services.

Banks have a wide network of branches, branches and representative offices, and an extensive internal functional management structure.

The main goal of a commercial bank is to extract the maximum possible profit. Bank profit is the margin, the difference between interest rates on loans issued and interest rates on deposits.

Commercial banks in Russia operate on the basis of licenses issued Central Bank RF. Licenses are universal and have a standard form. They list the types of activities that commercial banks can engage in.

The variety of types of commercial banks is extensive.

1 According to territorial services, banks are: local, regional, interregional, republican, national, international, joint, foreign, transnational.

In the global loan capital market, the leading positions are occupied by transnational banks (TNB), which represent a new type international bank and an intermediary in international capital migration. These are the largest banking institutions that have reached such a level of international concentration and centralization of capital, which, due to merging with industrial monopolies, implies their real participation in the economic division of the world market for loan capital and credit and financial services. The difference between TNB and a national large bank lies primarily in the presence of a foreign institutional network, the transfer abroad of not only active operations, but also part of equity, and the formation of a deposit base, in connection with which the foreign network of TNB is actively used to generate banking profits. Thus, TNB have become an important element of the world market for loan capital, foreign exchange transactions and the entire system of international economic relations. Transnational banks, which were mainly formed on the basis of the largest commercial banks industrially developed countries, dominate the national and international markets loan capital.

According to data from the Bank of the Russian Federation, as of the beginning of 2011, the number of commercial banks in Russia was 1012, and as of January 1, 2012 it was already 978. Over the past 5 years (from 2007 to 2012), the number of commercial banks has decreased by 158 banks. And what is most alarming is that reductions are occurring at a rapid pace in all Federal Districts. The majority of banks are registered in the European part of the country, and there are very few regional banks beyond the Urals. Particularly noteworthy is the small number of regional commercial banks in the vast Far Eastern Federal District, which also decreased significantly over the analyzed period. If this goes on, then regional banks they may simply disappear in the near future. Appendix A.

2 According to the form of ownership, state, joint-stock, cooperative, private and mixed banks are distinguished.

State banks are banks whose capital belongs to the state. State uniform ownership most often refers to central banks.

3 According to the method of forming the authorized capital, banks are divided into joint-stock and share.

Joint-stock banks are banks whose capital became contributions from the founders.

4 Po legal form Bank organizations are divided into companies limited liability open and closed types.

5 Based on the nature of the associations, they are divided into associations, pools, cartels, syndicates, and consortia.

6 By capital size: large, medium and small.

A large bank has undeniable advantages: more experienced management personnel, it is better capitalized, can take advantage of geographic diversification, and therefore is better able to withstand the risk associated with offering and developing new types of services.

Based on Article 11 of the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” (with additional) minimum size authorized capital of the bank on the day of filing the application for state registration and the issuance of a license to carry out banking operations is set in the amount of 180 million rubles.

In accordance with the data of the Bank of the Russian Federation, as of the beginning of 2011, the number of commercial banks in Russia was 1012, of which 356 banks with an authorized capital of 300 million rubles. up to 10 billion rubles and above, 406 (40.1%) can be safely classified as small banks, since the size of their authorized capital does not exceed 150 million rubles. and 250 (24.7%) banks that are balancing on this brink. But as of January 1, 2012, the number of banks decreased to 978, while the number of large banks increased slightly - 380, with a capital of 150 million rubles. up to 300 million rubles there are already 263, but small ones due to self-liquidation, merger with large banks, absorption, became much less - 335. Appendix B.

7 By the nature of specialization: specialized and universal.

Specialized banks choose special areas of activity for themselves. This: investment banks, mortgage banks, export-import banks, savings banks.

Investment banks carry out operations on the issue and placement of stock market securities, receive income from it. They do not have the right to accept deposits and raise capital by selling their own shares or through loans from commercial banks. They use their capital for long-term lending various industries farms. Today in the Russian Federation they are few in number.

Mortgage banks are institutions that provide long-term loans secured by real estate (land, buildings, structures).

Savings banks specialize in serving the population, accumulating citizens' funds and carrying out credit, settlement and other operations.

Savings Bank of Russia is a credit institution with the most extensive branch network on the territory of the Russian Federation. It owns 40% of the total number of branch credit institutions in the country. Its share in the private deposit market exceeds 80% for ruble deposits and 50% for foreign currency deposits. Controlling stake Sberbank shares belong to the Bank of Russia.

8 In terms of service sector, banks can be diversified and serve primarily one of the industries (aviation, automotive, petrochemical, gas industry, Agriculture).

In Russia, diversified banks predominate, which is more preferable from the standpoint of reducing banking risk. At the same time, the country has a fairly representative stratum of banks created by a group of industrial enterprises. They primarily serve the needs of their founders; the risks of loan default for such banks increase significantly.

9 According to the degree of independence, banks are divided into independent, subsidiaries, satellites, i.e. fully dependent, authorized (agent banks), branch.

10 Based on the number of branches, banks can be divided into non-branch and multi-branch.

2 . Main activities of commercial banks

IN modern society Banks engage in a wide variety of transactions. They not only organize money turnover and credit relations, through which the financing of the economy is carried out, the purchase and sale of securities, and in some cases intermediary transactions and property management, act as consultants.

Commercial banks provide comprehensive customer service, which distinguishes them from special non-bank credit institutions that perform a limited range of activities financial transactions and services.

Commercial banks, on the one hand, attract temporarily free funds, on the other hand, satisfy the various financial needs of enterprises, organizations and the population using these raised funds.

The main operations of commercial banks and the services they provide include:

1 Attracting funds from legal entities and individuals into demand deposits and for a certain period.

The bank covers over 90% of the total need for funds to carry out active operations through borrowed funds. Traditionally, the bulk of these funds are deposits, i.e. money deposited into the bank by clients - individuals and companies, stored in their accounts and used in accordance with the account regime and banking legislation.

2 Providing loans on one’s own behalf using one’s own and borrowed funds.

In the practice of banks, a distinction is made between commercial loans and personal loans. These categories correspond to various types loan agreements, defining the terms of the loan, its repayment, etc.

Loans to commercial enterprises can be divided into two groups:

loans for working capital financing;

loans to finance fixed capital.

The first group is associated with the enterprise's lack of funds to purchase working capital elements necessary for day-to-day operations. This is basically short-term loans for a period of up to one year. The second group is represented by medium- and long-term loans for the purchase of real estate, land, equipment, etc.

The first group includes:

credit line- agreement between the bank and the borrower on maximum amount a loan that the latter can use within a specified period and under certain conditions. This form is used to cover seasonal influences or growth accounts receivable. Often the collateral for a line of credit is inventories or unpaid bills on credit from the bank.

a revolving credit line is provided by the bank if the borrower experiences a prolonged shortage of working capital to maintain a certain volume of production. Having repaid part of the loan, the borrower can receive a new loan within established limit and the duration of the contract.

loans for emergency needs. Issued by the bank to finance a one-time extraordinary increase in the client’s need for working capital associated with receiving a large order, concluding a profitable deal and other emergency circumstances. permanent loan to replenish working capital. Loans of this kind are issued for several years and are intended to cover long-term deficits. financial resources borrower. Repayment is carried out in installments. These loans are often issued for the initial development of a business.

The second group includes: - term loans are issued for a period of more than one year in the form of a single loan or a series of consecutive loans and are used for the purchase of machinery, equipment, building repairs, debt refinancing, etc. The typical term is 5 years.

Mortgage loans are used to finance the purchase of buildings and land. They are designed for long term(more than 15 years).

construction loans are issued for the period of the construction cycle (up to 2 years). The borrower regularly pays interest. The loan is then converted into a mortgage and repayment of the principal begins.

As for loans to individual borrowers, they are related to the purchase of real estate.

mortgage loans. The basic form of home equity loan is a fully amortizing fixed-rate mortgage. The loan is secured by the purchased property; The debt amount is repaid in equal amounts over the entire term of the loan.

Installment loans are used to purchase durable goods. Often the loan is not fully amortizing: it requires a large payment at the end of the term and contains a buyback clause. Those. the borrower, at his choice, can either repay the loan in full or transfer the goods to the bank at the residual value in payment of the unpaid debt.

revolving loans. A credit line is opened for the borrower with the right to receive a loan within a certain period. Repayment terms are determined by the wishes of the borrower. Interest is calculated on the actual amount received.

There is also such a common form of loan as a pawn loan. It implies a pledge of property or rights. When providing a pawnshop loan, the collateral is not assessed according to full cost, but is taken into account depending on the type movable property, only a fraction of its cost. This assessment is associated with risks arising from the sale of collateral. A pawnshop loan is secured by:

valuable papers;

precious metals

financial requirements.

The cost of the loan consists of interest and commission payments.

Stages of issuing a loan

1 Application and interview with the client.

A client applying to a bank for a loan submits an application containing initial data about the required loan: purpose, loan amount, type and term of the loan, expected collateral. The bank requires that the application be accompanied by documents and financial reports, serving as justification for the request for a loan and explaining the reasons for contacting the bank. The package of accompanying documents includes: Balance sheet, profit and loss account for the last 3 years, Cash flow statement, financing forecast, tax returns, business plans. The application is submitted to the loan officer, who conducts a conversation with the management of the enterprise. He must accurately determine the level of management and the order of business, and discuss the subtleties of fulfilling obligations.

2 Study of creditworthiness and risk assessment.

If after the interview it is decided to continue working with the client, then the documents are transferred to the credit analysis department. An in-depth and thorough examination is carried out there. financial situation borrowing company, while experts are given very broad powers.

3 Preparation for concluding a contract.

This stage is called loan structuring, in which the main characteristics of the loan are determined:

type of loan;

repayment method;

security;

loan price;

other conditions.

Credit monitoring.

4 Monitoring the progress of loan repayment and interest payments is an important stage in the entire lending process. It consists of periodically analyzing the borrower’s credit file, reviewing loan portfolio bank, assessing the status of loans and conducting audits.

Currently, the volume of loans issued to small and medium-sized businesses by Russian banks continues to gain momentum. According to the rating of the largest banks in the small and medium-sized business market, the total volume of loans issued by all participants in the rating in the past six months increased by 55% compared to the same period last year, while the size of the portfolio of loans to small and medium-sized businesses did not increase so much - by only 19%. In terms of the volume of loans issued to small and medium-sized businesses in the first half of 2011, Sberbank is the leader. According to data received by RBC.Rating on the section of small and medium-sized businesses for the first six months of 2011, Sberbank issued loans for total amount 385.41 billion rubles, which is 78% more than similar period previous year. Moreover, 100% of all loans issued come exclusively from the bank’s own funds, that is, without attracting targeted resources from the Russian Development Bank. Second place, no less stable, is occupied by Uralsib Bank - 134.2 billion rubles, over the year this figure has increased by almost 50%. By percentage, the volume of loans issued to small and medium-sized businesses by Bank Vozrozhdenie increased more significantly - by 103.71% to 73.7 billion rubles, which corresponds to third place.

The top ten leaders in terms of the volume of loans issued to small and medium-sized businesses also included: Promsvyazbank - 65.4 billion rubles, RosEvroBank - 47.1 billion rubles, Center-Invest - 27.9 billion rubles ., "Transcapitalbank" - 26.3 billion rubles, "VTB 24" - 20.8 billion rubles, "LOKO-Bank" - 19.3 billion rubles. and SB Bank - 17.1 billion rubles.

Banks, when assessing the quality of a loan portfolio, focus on such an indicator as the share of overdue loans. IN international practice An overdue loan is a loan whose payments are overdue by more than 90 days.

According to the Bank of Russia, as of January 1, 2012, the share of overdue loans amounted to 5.3% of all loans issued to individuals, this is the lowest figure in the last few years. Over the year, the share of bad loans decreased by 1.7%.

Lending to the population is expected to tighten. Banks are looking for proven borrowers, mainly salary clients and clients with positive credit history. Refusals to obtain retail loans are becoming increasingly common.

Head of Rospotrebnadzor G.G. Onishchenko is concerned about the “dangerous availability of loans” given the lack of financial literacy population. The so-called bogeyman is currently collection agencies. Their existence deters individual clients from defaulting on loans.

An important role in timely payment of loans is played by the speed and ease of making payments. When choosing a bank, you must pay attention to the methods and variety of payment methods. Now banks offer not only payment at the cash desk of the bank branch where the loan was issued, but also in any department, regardless of region. There are ATMs with the function of accepting money, various payment terminals, the Contact system, Rapida, etc. You can generally pay without delay, without leaving your home - through Internet banking.

3 Opening and maintaining accounts for individuals and legal entities.

In almost all countries, the legal relationship between the bank and the client begins with the opening of an account. In our country, bank clients have the right to open the number of settlement, deposit and other accounts they need in any currency in commercial banks with their consent, unless otherwise provided by federal law.

In most countries, the classification of deposit accounts is based on two factors: the period of deposit until withdrawal and the category of the depositor.

Demand deposits allow owners to receive cash on demand and make payments by issuing a check. The main advantage of these accounts is their high liquidity and the possibility of their direct use as a means of payment. The main disadvantage is the lack of interest payments on the account. Deposits and withdrawals of money are carried out both in parts and in full at any time without restrictions. The account owner pays the bank a fee for using the account in the form of a flat monthly rate or for each check written.

Nau accounts are deposit accounts into which settlement drafts, similar to drafts, can be written. The basic principle is to combine liquidity with income generation. Accounts are opened only to individuals and non-profit organizations. The owner is not required to hold a minimum balance.

Term and savings accounts

These accounts store funds that generate interest income for the owner and are not intended for settlements with third parties. The peculiarity of savings accounts is that they do not have a fixed term and the owner is not required to provide advance notice of withdrawal of funds. A time deposit has a clearly defined term, it pays a fixed interest and, as a rule, there are restrictions on early withdrawal of the deposit.

Certificate of Deposit - a document confirming deposit with a bank term deposit With fixed term and the interest rate. This is a type of liquid money market instrument. By purchasing a certificate, companies and individuals can profitably invest capital and, if necessary, turn it into cash.

The computer revolution has had a profound impact on the nature and technology of monetary transactions. Two automated settlement systems have been developed: “retail” electronic settlement systems and interbank funds transfer systems.

For example, Federal institutions of Russia have their cash settlements carried out through the Treasury through the Electronic Document Management System, the so-called EDMS. The document flow is protected by an electronic digital signature (electronic digital signature of the manager). Salary is transferred to salary bank cards, which of course helps reduce cash flow.

Number of bank plastic cards in circulation in Russia continues to break records. Totally agree Last year the total number of cards in the hands of the population increased by 28% and amounted to more than 138.5 million pieces. The largest and oldest Russian bank, Sberbank, is not only the clear leader in the number of plastic cards in circulation, of which it has more than 68.6 million, but also in issuing new cards in the amount of 25.8 million, and about 10.5 more million pieces were successfully re-released by him. Alfa-Bank is in second place - 10 million units. In third place is VTB 24 - 9 million units,

ATMs are installed in shops, hotels, airports, university buildings, train stations, etc. The current generation machines allow you to perform the following operations:

withdrawing money from a current or savings account at a bank;

obtaining a loan within the open limit;

depositing money in an account and simultaneously receiving a deposit receipt;

Receive at any time the status of the client’s bank account;

transfer of funds from one account to another;

exchange of foreign banknotes for local currency;

ATMs are a great convenience for bank clients, as they reduce the need to travel to the bank to carry out daily transactions and are effective in making large, regularly recurring payments.

A significant increase in the volume of plastic cards issued by banks is pushing banks to more actively expand their ATM network. Over the past year a large number of banks increased the number of ATMs both through their own and through participation in a partner ATM network. As of January 1, 2012, the number of Sberbank ATMs was almost 34.5 thousand. VTB24 has 5.75 thousand units, and Master Bank has 3.1 thousand units. Of course, all these thousands of pieces are located in the European part of the country, in the cities of the Far Eastern Federal District, and even more so in villages, they are sorely lacking. Of course, everything is complicated by the high cost and poor Internet bandwidth in the Far East. With the transition of the Internet to fiber optics, maybe something will change.

Terminals are installed everywhere in retail outlets. The idea is to pay for everyday purchases in stores, cafes and restaurants, gas stations, etc.

Home banking is another promising element of payments. This is a range of services for providing bank clients with financial information, as well as carrying out banking transactions on their initiative with the transfer of information via the Internet. This form assumes that the client has a personal computer. Online banking is a new promising form of servicing bank clients.

4 Carrying out settlements on behalf of clients, including correspondent banks.

5 Collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash services for clients.

6 Management of funds under an agreement with the owner or manager of funds.

7 Purchase from legal entities and individuals and sale to them foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms. If you have the appropriate license from the Bank of Russia.

8 Carrying out transactions with precious metals and precious stones in accordance with current legislation.

9 Issuance of bank guarantees.

10 Issuance of guarantees for third parties, providing for the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form.

11 Providing consulting and information services.

12 Providing for rent to individuals and legal entities special premises or safes located in them for storing documents and valuables.

13Leasing operations.

This form is applicable to financing the long-term lease of expensive equipment. According to the leasing agreement, the lessee receives equipment for long-term use subject to periodic payments to the owner of the equipment. Lessors can be industrial enterprises that have their own leasing companies, as well as specialized leasing companies. There are different types of leasing:

Operating leasing. Powerful manufacturing companies may be interested not in selling their products, but in renting them out. The contract is usually concluded for 3-5 years.

Real estate leasing. Certain companies create, in cooperation with the bank, large facilities such as a factory floor, which can be used in various ways. After the end of the lease period, which is 15-20 years, the property is sold to the tenant.

Financial leasing. This type involves leasing goods such as airplanes, cars, for a period of 2-6 years. IN financial leasing Maintenance and repair services are separated.

Leasing rates are calculated based on production costs, interest, and taxes.

14 Factoring and forfaiting.

The factor bank buys the claims of a company and then receives payments on them itself. In this case, we are talking, as a rule, about negotiable short-term claims arising from commodity supplies. There are three participants in a factoring operation: the factor, the original creditor and the debtor, who receives goods from the client on a deferred payment basis. The factor maintains all accounting, assumes responsibilities for warning the debtor about payments, carries out collection of claims, and also bears all the risk associated with the full and timely receipt of payments. The client's expenses consist of commissions and factoring fees, consisting of interest on the advance payment provided and the advance company's profit.

15 Trust transactions.

Many commercial banks assume the functions of a fiduciary and in this role perform a variety of transactions for their individual and corporate clients. For example, a businessman wants his son to receive annually a portion of the capital his father has in the bank, and upon reaching adulthood to receive the entire capital. Some commercial banks do not perform any functions other than trust. There are three main categories of trust services for individuals:

disposition of property after the death of the owner;

property management on a trust basis and trusteeship;

agency functions;

Post-death dispositions for the benefit of heirs are the most common type of trust. A detailed inventory of the property must be drawn up, debts must be paid, and the remaining amount must be distributed among the heirs according to the law.

Property management in the form of a trust can have different legal basis: will, special agreement, court order. The types of trusts managed by banks are very diverse:

A lifetime trust is established by a person by agreement with the bank. For example, a client transfers money to trust management bank, instructing him to pay income during his life, and after death to transfer the capital to his wife and children.

An insurance trust arises when a client appoints a bank as trustee for insurance policy and instructs him to pay the income to his wife upon his death and to pass on the amount of the policy to his children upon the death of his wife.

A corporate trust is established in the form of property pledged to a bank to secure the issue of company bonds.

A trust in favor of employees may take the form pension fund or profit sharing plan. In the first case, the entrepreneur deposits money according to an approved scheme into a fund managed by the bank to purchase annuities or direct payments to employees upon reaching retirement age. If employees contribute money to the fund, it is called a participating pension trust; if not, it is called a non-participating trust. In the second case, the entrepreneur transfers part of the profit to a trust fund opened in the bank for the subsequent distribution of contributions and subsequent income from the fund in favor of the company's employees upon reaching retirement age or on another date.

Agency functions differ from a trust in that in the case of a trust, the trustee receives the legal right to dispose of the property, while in an agency relationship, the right remains with the principal. Agent functions are as follows:

Storing valuables in a safe. The bank receives, stores and issues valuables on behalf of the principal without any initiatives or active functions.

Storage of property with active functions. The bank does not just store valuables in a safe, but buys and sells them, receives income from them, acting in accordance with the instructions of the principal.

Control. The bank performs all the functions of a custodian of property and actively manages property, for example, analyzes the state of the securities portfolio, makes recommendations and suggests ways to invest capital, etc. If real property is placed under the bank's custody, the bank can rent it out and operate it in accordance with the instructions of the principal.

Banks perform agency functions for business firms:

Transfer agent. The bank performs operations for the corporation to transfer ownership of shares and registered bonds from one owner to another.

Registrar of shares. The bank keeps records of issued securities to prevent their excessive issue, which is punishable by law.

The bank acts as a depository of various assets during financial reorganizations

The bank assumes the functions of an agent for the payment of dividends on shares and interest (as well as repayment of principal) on the company's bonds.

The bank's trust department provides numerous services and financial advice individual managers, guardians and administrators managing other people's property on a trust basis.

Commercial banks, on the basis of the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities,” are prohibited from engaging in production, trading and insurance activities; these activities are classified as non-banking.

Conclusion

Commercial banks play a significant role in the economy of any country. Speaking at financial market With the demand for credit resources, commercial banks not only mobilize the savings available in the economy, but also create fairly effective incentives for the accumulation of funds. Incentives for accumulating and saving money are formed on the basis of flexible deposit policy commercial banks.

The banking system today is one of the most important and integral structures market economy. The development of banks and commodity production and circulation historically proceeded in parallel and were closely intertwined. At the same time, banks, acting as intermediaries in the redistribution of capital, significantly increase the overall efficiency of production.

Commercial banks belong to a special category of business enterprises called financial intermediaries. They attract capital, savings of the population and other funds released in the process of economic activity, and provide them for temporary use to other economic agents that need additional capital. Banks create new demands and obligations that become commodities on money market. Thus, by accepting customer deposits, a commercial bank creates a new deposit obligation, and by issuing a loan - a new requirement for the borrower. This transformation allows us to overcome the difficulties of direct contact between savers and borrowers that arise due to the discrepancy between the amounts offered and required, their terms, profitability, etc.

The bank’s stable performance of its functions creates the foundation on which the stability of the country’s economy as a whole is based. And although each type of operation is concentrated in special departments of the bank and carried out by a special team of employees, they are intertwined.

Thus, banks have the unique ability to create means of payment that are used in the economy to organize commodity circulation and settlements. We are talking about opening and maintaining check and other accounts that serve as the basis for non-cash payments. An economy cannot exist and develop without a well-functioning cash settlement system. Hence the great importance of banks as organizers of these settlements.

Gaining experience and effective management allowed at the end of 2011 the 500 largest Russian banks make a profit of 672.56 billion rubles. Compared to 2010, this figure increased by almost 49%. Banks explain this significant growth by the revival in the lending market and partly by the continuing decline in reserves for possible loan losses. Data on bank profitability for 2010 and 2011 are presented in Appendix B.

Glossary

commercial bank deposit money

Bank is a credit organization that has the exclusive right to carry out the following banking operations in aggregate: attracting funds from individuals and legal entities on deposit, placing these funds on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities

Banking system - totality various types interconnected banks and other credit institutions operating within the framework of a single financial and credit mechanism

Commercial bank is a credit organization that is subject to the general definition of “bank”

Subsidiary bank (credit institution) - in the Russian Federation, a bank (credit institution) is considered in which the parent bank acquired more than 50% of the authorized capital at the expense of its profits, and this fact is reflected in its charter

Investment banks are credit institutions that mobilize long-term loan capital and provide it to borrowers through the issuance and placement of bonds or other types of debt obligations

Credit risk - the risk of non-repayment by the borrower of the received loan and interest on the loan provided

Bank profit is a general indicator of bank activity, final financial results, reflecting the difference between the bank's income and expenses

Principles of banking - the work of banks within the limits of actually available resources; complete economic independence and responsibility for the results of its activities; organizing relationships between a commercial bank and its clients on a real market basis; regulation of their activities by government authorities is mainly indirect economic methods, excluding purely administrative orders

Savings banks are credit institutions that build their activities by attracting small deposits for a certain period; As a rule, most of them practice maintaining fixed-term accounts with various modes of use

Specialized banks are banks whose activities in market conditions are focused on providing mainly one or two types of banking services for the majority of their clients or servicing only a certain category of clients (territorial-geographical or industry specialization)

List of sources used

1. - the federal law RF dated December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 (as amended on July 28, 2012) “On banks and banking activities”

2. - Money, credit, banks: Textbook / ed. O.I. Lavrushin - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003.

3. - Finance and credit: textbook. manual / ed. O. I. Lavrushina. - M.: KnoRus, 2009.

4. - Money, credit, banks: a textbook for universities / G. N. Beloglazova. - M.: Higher education, 2009.

5. - Money, credit, banks: textbook. allowance / E. I. Kuznetsova; under. ed. D. Eriashvili. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2009 (RF Ministry of Defense stamp

6. - Finance, money turnover and credit: textbook / V. A. Galanov. - M.: Forum, 2009.

7. - Finance, money circulation and credit: textbook. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional / Ed. V. K. Senchagova, A. I. Arkhipova. - M.: TK Velby; Prospect, 2008.

8. - Finance and credit: textbook / A. N. Troshin, T. Yu. Mazurina, V. I. Fomkina. - M.: INFRA-M, 2009 (RF Ministry of Defense stamp: 978-5-16-003527-7.

9. - Banking: textbook / ed. G. G. Korobova. - M.: Master, 2009

10. - Economic theory: textbook / ed. V. I. Vidyanina, G. P. Zhuravleva. - M.: Infra-M, 2008.

7. Bank lending to SC&T enterprises

Bank loan as economic category is one of the forms of movement of loan capital. At bank loan Economic (monetary) relations arise, during which temporarily free funds of the state, legal entities. and physical persons are provided to organizations on a repayable basis.

Legal regulation of banking activities, including lending, is carried out by the Federal Law “On central bank RF"; Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” and other Federal Laws and regulatory documents.

Bank loans– these are funds received by an entity, including a state enterprise, for specific purposes on the terms of urgency, repayment, payment, security and purposefulness.

The receipt of a loan by an enterprise is formalized by a loan agreement in accordance with the norms of civil law.

Banks operate on the basis of their charters.

Loans are:

long-term – validity period up to 20 years;

medium-term – the period of use ranges from 1 to 3 years;

short-term – the period of use does not exceed 1 year.

Bank loans are classified on the following basis:

by method of repayment;

by the method of charging loan interest;

by availability of collateral;

intended purpose.

The spread of interest rates on loans is very significant. In Russia from 19 to 42%. On average, a commercial legal loan. it costs the person 22–25%.

In order to apply for a loan, you must contact credit department bank and the first step to obtain a loan is an application addressed to the manager or director of the bank. After this, the procedure for reviewing and applying for a loan begins. The loan application specifies the amount requested, the repayment period, and the purpose for which the loan is taken. If the bank decides to consider the loan case, then the collection of documents for processing the loan begins. The list of documents includes:

balance sheet for 2a years;

Profits and Losses Report;

income and expense plan;

bank account transactions for the year;

statutory documents, etc.

Be sure to have no debt; the property of the enterprise and the property of the enterprise should not be under arrest or under long-term lease.

The decision to issue any loan is made by the bank's credit council, headed by the director. Therefore, even after collecting documents, the bank’s credit council may decide not to issue a loan.

Loans are issued in 3 ways:

without bail on parole. This type lending is not used in Russia;

on the guarantee of three persons. If the borrower does not repay the loan amount, the guarantors pay the bank with their own funds;

secured (movable and immovable property).

To implement large investment projects credit lines are issued. As a rule, they are issued for several years. According to the credit line agreement, the amount of the entire loan is negotiated in advance and the loan is issued in parts over several years, provided that all these parts do not exceed the total amount specified in the agreement.

CB is a credit institution that has the right to attract funds from legal entities and individuals, place them on its own behalf and at its own expense on the terms of repayment, payment and urgency, and carry out settlement transactions on behalf of clients.

The issues of creating a commercial bank are regulated by regulations of the Russian Federation, the main of which is the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”. It defines in general terms the range of operations performed by banks, the content of the Charter, requirements for the formation of authorized capital, and a list of documents required for registering a bank. In addition to this Federal Law, the Central Bank has issued many other regulatory documents that clarify and clarify the procedure for creating a commercial bank. In addition, since commercial banks are essentially joint-stock companies, the block of documents that determine the procedure for the functioning of joint-stock companies in Russia is of great importance. This entire documentary base is in constant change. This is primarily due to the improvement of the legislative framework and the need to clarify the directions of monetary policy.

An approximate list of controls could be as follows:

n operational management

n Automation and Communications Department

n accounting department

n legal administration

n security department

n credit management

n economic planning management

n Department of Currency Transactions and International Settlements

n Investment and Securities Department

n administrative and economic management

Banking operations are:

n attracting funds from legal entities and individuals into demand deposits and for a certain period;

n providing loans on one’s own behalf using one’s own and borrowed funds;

n opening and maintaining accounts (settlement, current, loan, deposit, currency, transit, special);

n making payments on behalf of clients;

n collection of money, bills, settlement and payment documents, cash services;

n cash management;

n currency transactions (purchase and sale in cash and non-cash forms);

n operations with precious metals;

n issuance of bank guarantees;

Other types of operations:

n issuance of guarantees for third parties;

n acquisition of the right to claim the fulfillment of obligations from third parties;

n providing consultations and issuing information;

n rental of special premises and safes;

n leasing

Main functions of the KB:

n raising money capital

n credit mediation

n carrying out settlements and payments

n creation of means of payment

n organization of issue and placement of securities

n customer information service

The bank's attraction of free funds allows clients to receive income from investing money in commercial banks and serves as the basis for the placement of loan resources, which is carried out in various areas of the economy and social sphere. Attracting money capital is of macroeconomic importance, since it contributes to the concentration of money on the scale of the economy and its functioning as capital, i.e. money. Bringing in new money.

The stability of the economy, along with other factors, is ensured by a reliable system of settlements and payments. The bulk of settlements between enterprises are carried out in non-cash form; commercial banks keep records of all cash receipts and disbursements, therefore they are constantly working on organizing settlements. For this purpose, clearing centers are being created, settlements through correspondent bank accounts are being improved, the electronic payment system is being modernized, which reduces the costs of settlement transactions, increases the speed and reliability of payments, and hence the quality of customer service.

The creation of means of payment is directly related to the deposit and lending activities of banks. A deposit can be created either by the client depositing cash into the bank (in which case the amount of money does not change) or by issuing a loan to the borrower (in this case the amount of money increases). When borrowers repay loans when money is written off from their deposit accounts, the money supply decreases.

Banks analyze the financial activities of enterprises and accounting, evaluate the development strategy and opportunities for increasing income, and provide recommendations for carrying out transactions in the money, commodity and stock markets.