In the last decade of the 20th century, measures were taken in our country to decentralize the so-called “mono-banking” system, laws on banks and banking, introduced elements of competition into the banking sector, laid the foundations for the functioning of the new Russian banking system oriented to the needs of a market-type economy. A series of crises in recent years has predetermined the need to create conditions for increasing the stability of banks and developing competition in the banking system.

In the recent past, commercial banks occupied a special position in the economies of Western countries. Government bodies always supported in the event of a liquidity crisis or the threat of bankruptcy in order to guarantee the stability of the financial and credit system. At the same time, financial legislation limited the scope of activity of commercial banks, precisely defining what and how they could do, and at the same time protecting banks from the emergence of competitors. Banks played the traditional role of intermediary between depositors and borrowers and ensured the functioning of payment system, thinking relatively little about the application of new methods and technologies.

However, the end of XX - beginning of XXI centuries were a period of profound and dramatic changes in banking, numerous innovations in the organization, methods of bank management and forms of servicing corporate and individual clients. These processes have affected all countries, including Russia, to varying degrees and with varying intensity.

Emphasizing the significance of the ongoing changes, experts often call them a “financial revolution.” The techniques and methods of banking activities that have evolved over centuries are becoming more complex and acquiring new features. At the same time, completely new, original types of operations and services emerge that have no analogues in world practice and became possible due to a complex combination of reasons influencing the demand and supply of money capital.

The banking business has always been interesting and unique. There are several areas in the international banking business. These include consumption banking services abroad, cross-border trade in services and other areas of activity. During recent years The rapid development of the banking business has been noticed, and the most profitable activity is considered to be the opening of banking offices in other states.

There is a certain list of services provided by banks to small businesses. Only in recent years have banks issued a large number of loans and subsidies to small businesses. Conducting banking business abroad involves providing bank clients with the most popular services.

Such banking services include:

accumulation and lending of deposits;

foreign exchange transactions;

trust transactions;

international payments;

operations on world stock markets.

The banking business provides for the provision of a huge range of services, but at the same time, lending can confidently be considered the main and most popular service. The development of banking activities in our country is gaining momentum every year. Modern banks today provide clients with more than 100 types of services. At the same time, the largest giant banks have become popular multi-purpose credit and financial institutions.

Both state and private banks operate in our country. Private bank- This is a new promising business option. When compared with other areas of activity, the banking business has significant differences. A bank is a whole system whose goal is the skillful management of cash flows. It should be noted that the development of the banking business is greatly influenced by right choice strategies and their subsequent implementation, selection of the process and methods that are selected to manage it.

Private banks appeared on the territory of the Russian Federation in 1988. During their existence, banks of this type had to overcome all stages economic development, which are typical for commercial organizations.

Private banking business is obliged to provide the maximum level of comfort for its clients. To do this you need to spend huge amounts of money. In order for a new bank to take a successful position in the market, you need to wait a long period of time: obtaining a license, the process of selecting professional employees, registration necessary documents- these processes will take approximately 12 months. But in reality the procedure takes even longer. It should also be taken into account that the development of the banking business very much depends on the key areas of banking activity.

The banking business, as well as others, consists of technological chains. Traditional approaches in commercial banks rely on the hierarchical structure of the organization, or the executive structure of the bank. That is, the elements that are contained in the bank’s organizational structure are standardly divided in a hierarchical order according to functional areas focused on performing certain tasks

It is very important for a bank to determine for itself not an ideal structure, but an optimal one, that is, one that will bring the best results. It should be noted that each bank solves the problems of ensuring and improving the quality of its banking business and meeting customer needs in different ways. At the level of one bank everything is quite clear. For the banking business, the quality management system (QMS) of the banking industry is very important, which has its own architecture, processes and procedures that regulate documents and other components.

The most important characteristics of modern banking business in Russia and many other countries are:

financial globalization;

deregulation of the banking services market;

increased competition in banking;

computerization, financial innovation and engineering;

increasing risks.

A bank is an organization that provides services to the population for opening deposits and providing loans. Banks are necessary to manage the finances of the population. Provide money to businesses, loans to entrepreneurs, and interest rates to the population.

Like private enterprises, banks earn money and increase their capital, establish relationships with other organizations, ensuring the stable development and management of part of the banking sector. These tasks can be performed by providing in-demand services, assisting enterprises, and solving existing problems.

Banks are also a tool for economic management. They solve important industry problems and regional problems. Stability and protection of the population from inflation and crisis is provided, including by banks.

Banks support business because business is a source of income. Banks work with financial means and manage finances. Carrying out lending activities, banks solve their problems of attracting financial resources.

Financial activities of business, payment for services, mutual settlements are also carried out in non-cash form calculations. Banks make it possible to carry out financial transactions between companies, as well as pay salaries to workers.

Working with the population, banks issue loans for business, for life, for the purchase of cars and housing. A mortgage is a form of long-term collateral in which the borrower pledges property whose value can cover the amount of the collateral. Banks provide various mortgage programs. These programs should solve the problem of improving the standard of living of the population.

The accumulation of capital and the saving of funds is carried out by banks. Banks offer depositors interest rates on ruble deposits for mutually beneficial cooperation. Banks redistribute funds and provide money for business development and pay interest to depositors. For those who want to keep money in foreign currency, the offer to receive interest on deposits in euros will be interesting. Perhaps savings in foreign currency will be profitable.

For large companies banks provide services of issue, sale, purchase, storage valuable papers. This is another tool with which companies can manage their finances, attract cash.

Thus, banks perform financial management functions and provide their services to the public and business. Banks work with attracted financial resources, and act for their own benefit and accumulation of capital. Banks support businesses and make it possible to accumulate and preserve household funds.

Working in the economic sphere, banks provide opportunities for interaction and cooperation between regions and countries, establish trade relations, and provide business financial instruments, connect regional businesses and make possible organizations and companies to enter into long-term relationships.

The banking sector cannot be called simple, but despite this fact, it is very profitable and attractive. The main limitation is considered to be the presence of significant work experience and special knowledge, as well as the huge amount of investment.

A closer look at the peculiarities of the Russian legislative sphere allows us to conclude that a simpler and faster option is to acquire a ready-made and operating bank than to open a new one, which requires obtaining all the necessary permits.

Currently, the range of banking services is very popular, which attracts more and more new entrepreneurs to this area. Before you start opening your own institution, you need to decide what direction it will have:

• Market banks whose main activity consists of establishing and maintaining interbank relationships. Most of their assets consist of finance attracted from other credit organizations. They are based on speculative finance, such as securities.
• IN credit institution, based on its name, the main part of the asset consists of borrowed funds.
• Calculated the bank practices service for its clients (by the way, they do not necessarily have to have many clients, often just one, but large one, is enough).
• The largest group is retail organizations. They provide various services in the field of finance, combine the features of each other type and therefore are the most multidisciplinary and universal.

You can watch an interesting interview about the organization of such activities with its owner in the following video:

Required documents and procedure for obtaining them

So first you need to register the subject entrepreneurial activity. The standard form here is Joint-Stock Company(open or closed - no restrictions are established by law). In accordance with the OKPD 2 classifier, banking activity sounds like “financial services, except for insurance and pension services.”

After completing the registration procedures, you should generate information about the bank and its full name, and then send the information to Main Territorial Administration(each region has its own). Until this department gives the newly-minted entrepreneur a signed approval, there is no point in applying for a license.

This stage presupposes the presence of sufficient authorized capital for payment, since the Main Territorial Administration will definitely check this.

Also, upon receipt of approval, an inspection will be carried out financial history the organization as a whole and each of its founders individually. And if at least one of the founders decides to hide information about any of their financial transactions, then the possibility of opening will be ruined in the bud.

Now a little about the authorized capital. Must have 300 million rubles free funds at the time of obtaining the license. By the way, they increased the amount recently and quite significantly; previously, “only” 180 million was required for the authorized capital.

After the State Technical Institution completes its inspection, it is necessary to ensure the transfer of information about the newly opened institution to central bank , where each document provided will be checked no less carefully. The final inspection authority is Banking Supervision Committee. It is on the solution of this structure that a new one will open. commercial organization or not.

If the decision is positive, then information about the bank is transferred to the next control body - tax office, which is entrusted with the responsibility of entering it into the register credit institutions.

From this moment on, the institution has only 1 month to deposit the authorized capital into the account.

The initial standard mandatory package of documents for registration includes the following items:

• Statement.
• List of constituent documents.
• A carefully written business plan.
• A protocol indicating that the founders carried out general meeting.
• Document confirming government payment. duties.
• Copies of documents confirming that the founders have passed state registration.
• Profiles of candidates for leadership positions: director, Chief Accountant and their deputies.
• Audit report confirming the fact that financial statements is reliable.
• A package of documents necessary for a credit institution to obtain a conclusion that it complies with a number of established requirements when conducting cash transactions.
• A document issued by the FAS (Federal Antimonopoly Service) confirming a positive response to a petition for consent to create an institution.
• A complete list of founders on paper.

Possible range of services

The strategic goal of the bank and each of its services is to increase income, which can be achieved in several ways:

• Attracting clients.
• Expansion of the sales market for services.
• Increasing market share.

At the moment the level of competition is at banking market is quite high, therefore, to maintain balance in the organization, a kind of department store must be formed that can provide the client a full range of services.

Main types of banking services:

• Consultations. Bank employee must understand issues such as investments, securities, tax returns, be able to convey information to the client in an accessible form. If the client is a legal entity, then he may need to check the creditworthiness of a new counterparty or help in analyzing marketing opportunities in markets of various sizes - both national and global.
• Control financial flows : The bank collects payments, makes payments to firms and invests excess cash in the purchase of short-term securities until the client begins to need them.
• Providing brokerage services when carrying out transactions involving securities.
• Sales of investment services. For example, underwriting, which is the guaranteed placement or purchase of new securities from issuers. Moreover, the purpose of such an acquisition is their subsequent resale to another buyer and receipt of income.
• Insurance. For a long time, banks have been carrying out credit insurance life of the client, which guarantees repayment of the loan issued in the event that he dies or falls ill. Actions to provide insurance policy carried out through joint ventures or by signing, giving the right to the insurance company to open a kiosk selling policies on the territory of the credit institution.
• A range of financial services, which in turn consist of trust, leasing and factoring operations. The type of service directly depends on the type of client.

About suitable premises and necessary equipment

The bank cannot be called an ordinary office, although it appears to be one at first glance. It performs several important functions:

• Customer and visitor service.
• Cash transactions.
• Storage of significant cash and material reserves.

This leads to a number of specific features that must be taken into account during the construction, reconstruction or repair of bank premises.

So, when drawing up a project, you need to pay special attention to the external and interior decoration(the fundamental factor is corporate style), layout (a convenient client area and a functional back office are required) and technical strength in accordance with a number of regulatory requirements (protection equipment and an integrated system that ensures security).

The main feature of construction is the requirement for mandatory equipment with engineering and technical means, the main purpose of which is protection and safety. The following institutions have their own requirements for banking premises: the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the fire inspectorate and Rospotrebnadzor.

In general, design and construction can only be entrusted to experienced organizations with qualified specialists on staff.

The activities of the institution on a daily basis involve processing large sums cash, therefore, specialized equipment will be very useful. It allows you to count money, sort it depending on its denomination, and even check its authenticity. You can purchase several individual devices, or one multifunctional unit that can cope with each of the above tasks.

Of course, you can’t do without an ATM. By the way, it is desirable that he is not alone and is located in a passable place or in a compartment.

Staff

Working in a bank is a very responsible occupation that requires compliance with criteria such as focus and quality. Therefore, personnel selection requires close attention, especially when it comes to management positions. Only a qualified leader can provide effective work companies.

The organizational structure of the institution is determined by the charter, which should set out information about the management bodies, the powers granted to them, the assigned responsibilities and the relationship in conducting financial transactions.

The highest level of management is General Meeting of Shareholders. It must be convened at least once a year, and extraordinary meeting can be held at any time if required by the founders, board of directors, audit commission or shareholder. The main tasks of the board include: operational management of banking activities, approval of regulations on a structural unit, representative office or branch of an institution, as well as resolving issues regarding the selection and placement of personnel.

Included organizational structure There should be a number of divisions that fulfill their functional purpose:

• credit and audit departments, each of which is involved in solving general issues: first - development credit policy, the second – by conducting an external review and assessment of the organization’s activities;
• planning department, whose main objectives are: organization commercial activities, control of such important indicators like liquidity and profitability, economic analysis and studying the client's solvency, as well as marketing and public relations;
• deposit management: acceptance and issuance of deposits, issue and placement of securities;
• control credit operations : carrying out short-term and long-term lending, conducting non-traditional banking operations, for example, leasing, etc.;
• control international operations : foreign currency deposits, provision of foreign currency loans, etc.;
• accounting and operational management, consisting of an operational, settlement department and a department dealing with cash transactions.

Staff functions should be performed by the administrative, legal, human resources and accounting departments.

Necessary costs and possible sources

Experts believed that the discovery own bank will require at least 300 million rubles. In addition, almost 200 million will be spent on organizing offices, a security system and hiring the necessary personnel.

The institution's own funds allow it to maintain its sustainability. During opening, they are necessary to cover priority expenses: land, premises, equipment, wage. Subsequently, due to own funds investments are made in long-term assets.

The organization's own funds consist of:

• from the authorized capital;
• from the reserve and special fund;
• from insurance reserves;
• from additional capital;
• from profits undistributed during the year.

Cash, which forms the basis of the bank's resources, is contributed by legal entities and individuals - participants (shareholders or shareholders).

Payback period

The profitability and payback of the institution is greatly influenced by the financial situation in the city, but any carefully organized bank pays off in 5-10 years.

The level of competition in this area is very high, but even the presence of a large number large organizations does not interfere with the development of small ones. Due to the fact that they provide completely different services, the population feels the need for both.

In addition, opening your own establishment is often necessary, for example when it acts as a subsidiary helping to service main company. In general, this is a profitable investment, because with such a large-scale project, 5 years is good indicator payback.

Retail banking business is one of the most important areas in the functioning of the dominant number of credit institutions, which can act as a significant source of attracting resources, as well as a promising option for banks to place funds in order to obtain high financial result. Currently, retail business is one of the main growth factors in the banking sector and a key segment of the activities of most banks. Share of retail direction in banking sector will grow as the wealth of Russian citizens increases and, on this basis, they have a greater need for credit, settlement, investment and other financial services. 1

In order to determine the essence of banking retail business and understand its concept, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the place of the retail business in the structure universal bank and study existing interpretations of this concept.

In the Russian banking market, several types can be distinguished among commercial banks. As a rule, banks are divided into universal and specialized. Universal banks are focused on providing all types of credit and financial services, while specialized banks are focused on providing specific services or servicing a certain category of clients.

Historically, the first direction of universalization of banking activities was the expansion of the scope of activity of a classic deposit and credit bank by including investment banking business. Universal banks of this type first appeared in Belgium, France, Germany and Russia in the 19th century. It was then that the historically first type of universal bank arose. One of the strategic priority areas The universalization of Russian banks is the development of retail business.

Foreign Internet resources give the following definitions of a universal bank. Universal banking is a banking system where banks have the right to provide various services to their clients. A universal bank (full service bank) is financial institution, which accepts deposits, issues loans and provides other services to the population.

As a rule, each universal bank carries out retail Bank operations. Moreover, the retail segment currently forms an important component in the activities of any bank that claims to be a universal bank. On the other hand, there are banks that specialize exclusively in retail banking business. In order to determine the role of the retail direction in the banking business, we will designate the place of this direction in the activities of a universal bank. For this purpose, we will consider the existing definitions of a retail bank.

An expected new stage in the development of the retail banking services market is the increasing role of specialization in the activities of retail banks in relation to their interaction both with households and among themselves. Retail banks face a stage of specialization in the market of retail banking services as a system, in intra-system and inter-system relationships, i.e. systemic specialization of activities. Thus, systemic specialization of the activities of retail banks is a form of organizing the activities of retail banks in the retail banking market as a system, based on the simultaneous concentration of their activities on servicing certain groups of households and production, selling retail banking services or making household payments for goods and services.

There are a large number of definitions of “retail bank” in the domestic economic literature and scientific and practical manuals. At the same time, it is obvious that retail bank is a credit organization focused on working with private clients.

Distinguishing the concepts of a universal and retail bank, Krestovsky I.A. for the first time gives an expanded definition of the latter, according to which a retail bank is a bank not only specializing in servicing individuals, but also carrying out a set of activities to offer and promote services for private clients. In fact, a retail bank cannot do without servicing corporate clients. In practice, the implementation of, for example, a service such as a “salary project” may be hindered by the inability of the enterprise to open its own bank account. True, nothing will prevent the organization from transferring money within salary project to cards of employees from other credit institutions, however, for convenience in payments, the client may want to open another current account at the bank. Also, when developing a card business, a retail bank can develop an acquiring service, in which the organization may also need to open a current account with a bank that will carry out acquiring.

In his study, Naumenko A.A. proposes to distinguish universal, specialized retail and absolutely retail banks. Retail bank is commercial Bank, 100% of the volume of services of which are services for retail clients, while, depending on the breadth of the range of services for retail clients, and also, depending on the mass nature of their provision, a specialized retail bank, as well as an absolutely retail bank, should be distinguished.

Various online financial resources also provide definitions of a retail bank. The information and analytical resource Finam offers the following definition: a retail bank is a commercial bank that serves any clientele, carries out many small transactions and needs a network of branches.

None of the existing definitions imply that a retail bank is a bank that serves exclusively individuals. After all, every commercial bank that positions itself as a retail bank carries out settlement and cash services both physical and legal entities, but in significantly smaller volumes.

A modern retail bank is a financial guide that provides technologically advanced, and at the same time simple and understandable financial solutions, is constantly developing, offering new and convenient services.

It is obvious that the basis of the activity of a retail bank is the retail banking business, the interpretation of the definition of which also has a multiplicity character.

Retail banking business is an area of ​​open competition, where there is a fierce struggle for the client.

Retail banking business is a set of relationships that arise between manufacturers (sellers) and private consumers (buyers) for a set of retail banking products and services, providing for a wide, service-oriented, modern and mobile product range, characterized by the presence of their own infrastructure and providing for the possibility of making transactions and provision of services at each point of the retail sales channel.

Retail banking - banking services individuals and small businesses.

Foreign sources give the following definitions of retail banking. Retail banking is a banking activity in which banking institutions transact directly with consumers rather than with corporations or other banks. Services offered include attracting deposits, cash transactions, mortgage loans, consumer loans, debit cards and credit cards.

The variety of definitions of the retail banking business indicates a variety of approaches to its study, as well as the pursued goals of research. Each bank individually determines for itself a strategy for behavior in the retail banking market, a development strategy in this market, the range of clients it will serve, the range of products and services that the bank will sell and promote on the market. Therefore, it is fair to note that the definition of retail banking business for each bank is unique, depending solely on its characteristics and goals of activity in this market, but the basis will always be serving the population. Owner structures business process, vested with these powers, will also be individual for each bank.

Analysis of scientific literature showed that there is no single approach to determining what is used in banking sector concept of “retail banking business”.

Using the process approach, we can give the following interpretation of the definition of retail banking business. Retail banking business - this is a sustainable and targeted business process that is unique to each bank, having value for the consumer, for the provision of products and services to the bank’s retail clients, with the identification of the owners of the business process, inputs (resources), outputs (results), models (description of the business process) and business process resources, depending on the specifics of the bank’s activities, its strategy and focus on the client, who, using the designated technology, transforms inputs into outputs.

As a rule, the owner of a business process is executive a credit organization that has at its disposal human, technological, information and other resources and is responsible for the planning, management and efficiency of the implementation of the business process. By retail bank client we mean an individual.

• Bochkarev S.V., Pochikovskaya E.A. Universal bank and universalization of banking activities (on the issue of concepts). // Problems modern economy. - 2009. - № 2 (30).

The banking business, like any other, consists of technological chains. Traditional approaches ( technological processes) in modern commercial banks are based on the hierarchical structure of the organization, or executive structure. That is, the elements contained in the bank’s organizational structure are, as a rule, divided in a hierarchical order into functional areas that are focused on performing certain tasks

At the same time, the bank’s client does not fit into the organizational structure of the bank, excluding a limited traditional range of banking services. If we trace the path of satisfying the client’s usual needs, which does not cause additional problems and does not require resolution of the existing hierarchy, then a technological chain arises of individual links at the executive level, which closes on the satisfaction of the client’s traditional needs. Such a structural organization can completely do without a client, the main thing is that there is a source of financing to cover costs, since a traditional organization is built in accordance with the nature of the banking services provided and is based on the priority of services over their implementation, i.e. The bank strives to sell those banking products and services that it is able to produce. The advantage of this organizational structure of the bank is high level within banking specialization with high quality of execution of operations, and the disadvantage is also narrow specialization, which makes it difficult to coordinate activities structural divisions bank and solving complex client problems. This is due to the fact that isolated divisions of the bank, due to the narrow scope of their responsibility, are not able to understand the client’s problems in their entirety or recommend more suitable services to other divisions of the bank due to their own narrow specialization.

It is important for the bank to determine for itself not an ideal structure, but an optimal one, i.e. the one that gives the best results. From the position of financial management of the client, it is necessary to build a technological structure of the bank that would correspond to the content of the “client - banking product” link. The construction of such a link based on the client’s financial management technology does not require a reorganization of the bank’s structure, but only the introduction of a parallel technology in relation to the existing banking technological structure (banking management), but with a focus on the client and for the purpose of constant technological innovations (innovations) in the bank. A system of parallel technologies is necessary for the gradual displacement by more progressive, promising technologies of the current technological structure, which is losing its competitiveness, without radically disrupting it. The gradual movement of parallel technologies, which over time fill with themselves, gradually increasing their specific gravity, the entire technological structure bank without disrupting its activities

Scientific publications (articles and monographs) with keyword banking business , published by the Creative Economy Publishing House (found: 58 for the period from 2001 to 2014).

6. Sukhodoeva L.F., Mudrak A.A.
// Creative economy. (No. 3 / 2011).
The authors analyze the concepts of banking and credit products. Attention is focused on their internal content, that is, on the set of operations to satisfy customers. It is noted that banks should strive to increase reliability through a reasonable limitation of interest income and credit risk. Diversification loan portfolio through the development and promotion of new loan products, it increases the bank’s market influence by increasing its stability and “client focus.”

Sukhodoeva L.F., Mudrak A.A. Banking and credit product as an innovative term that focuses a client-oriented approach to its economic content // Creative Economy. – 2011. – Volume 5. – No. 3. – p. 133-138. – url: .

15.
// Russian entrepreneurship. (No. 12 / 2008).
The banking system, as Tavasiev A.M. notes, is included in economic system countries are a single and integral (interacting) set of credit institutions. Each of them performs a special function(s) and carries out its own list monetary transactions and transactions. As a result, the entire volume of society's needs for banking products(services) is satisfied fully and with the highest possible degree of efficiency.

Artemyev A.A., Poroshkov I.V. Influence modern conditions on the principles of formation and functioning of the national banking system // Russian Entrepreneurship. – 2008. – Volume 9. – No. 12. – p. 52-55. – url: .

18. Zhulikov P.P., Zhulikova O.V.

Modern world economy takes on new shape, new terms and new economic technologies come into use, which radically change the infrastructure of state entities. These technologies are being introduced into national economies through various economic economic institutions. Among them, a special place is occupied by transnational corporations, which currently produce, according to various estimates, from a quarter to a third of global GDP.

Zhulikov P.P., Zhulikova O.V. Marketing management in the banking sector and corporate construction // Russian Entrepreneurship. – 2008. – Volume 9. – No. 11. – p. 63-66. – url: .

20. Artemyev A.A., Poroshkov I.V.
// Russian entrepreneurship. (No. 11/2008).
As foreign and Russian experience, if a bank wants to develop today, it must actively work in the retail segment. Indeed, everything corporate clients have already been “divided”, and only private individuals remained on the market, both having certain savings and those in need of funds, as well as small and medium business. Therefore, the development of the retail services sector for individuals can be considered a strategic direction for Russian banks.

Artemyev A.A., Poroshkov I.V. The need to highlight and develop the principle of formation financial literacy population in the banking sector // Russian Entrepreneurship. – 2008. – Volume 9. – No. 11. – p. 16-20. – url: .

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