From the French "purse, bag". This was the name of the briefcase in which the Minister of the Treasury carried money and his reports. Over time, the word came to mean "report of the Minister of the Treasury to Parliament." Now in the word "budget" we put the following meaning: "estimate of income and expenses."
B. - an assessment of the ratio of future income and expenses over a certain period of time. Budgets are usually used in cases where necessary and desirable expenses must be assessed against estimated income. Budgets are used to assess the state of affairs of families, businesses, public finance; unified budget - the concept of the US budget since 1968. It covers financial resources both federal funds and trust funds. Federal funds are formed mainly through taxes and loans. At the same time, the formation of federal funds is not limited by law to the fulfillment of certain tasks. Trust funds, such as an unemployment fund, are raised from certain taxes and other revenues; spent on specific purposes or programs. Trust fund balances include transactions with the Treasury Department and investments in US securities. The main source of income for the budgets of capitalist countries is taxes. Their share in the gross domestic product in 1987 ranged from 30% in the USA to 52% in Denmark. The main burden of taxes falls on the population. If we take the entire amount of tax revenues as 100%, then the individual income tax was 36.2% in the USA, 24% in Japan, 26.6% in England, and 29% in Germany; corporate tax - respectively 8.1; 22.9; 10.6; 5.0%. Contributions to the fund social security in the USA - employees 11.1%, entrepreneurs 16.6%; Japan - respectively 10.2 and 14.8; England 8.3 and 9.4; Germany - 16.1 and 19.1%. In addition, indirect taxes amounted to 16.7; 12.9; 31.4; 25.4% respectively.
Budget (2)
Form of formation and spending of the fund Money intended for financial support tasks and functions of the state and local self-government.
Budget code Russian Federation dated July 31, 1998 No. 145 FZ.
Budget (3)
The form of education and expenditure of funds to ensure the functions of public authorities.
Law of the RSFSR of October 10, 1991 No. 1734 1 "On the fundamentals budget device And budget process in the RSFSR.
Budget- this is a list of state revenues and expenditures, which is approved by the legislative authorities in the form of a law.
Budget revenues express economic relations that arise in the process of formation of funds of funds that come at the disposal of public authorities and management.
The state budget Ukraine consists of a general and a special fund.
Income general fund formed in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 29 of the Budget Code of Ukraine.
The composition of the income of the special fund is determined by the law on the State Budget of Ukraine, taking into account the norms of the Budget Code.
Local budget revenues are divided into:
1) revenues that are assigned to local government budgets and are taken into account when determining the volume intergovernmental transfers;
2) revenues of local budgets, which are not taken into account when determining the volume of interbudgetary transfers (in turn, they are divided into revenues of the general and special fund).
Budget expenditures are economic relations that arise in connection with the distribution of a centralized fund of funds and its use according to intended purpose. A significant number of types of budget expenditures are due to a number of factors: the level of socio-economic development of the country, the administrative-territorial structure of the state and its functions, forms of provision budget funds and so on.
Socio-economic development of Ukraine has led to a fundamental change in the system, structure and classification of expenditures. With the command-administrative methods of management, the budget was overloaded with expenses associated with economic function states: 65-70% of budget funds were directed to the industry material production. The social function of the budget did not have its financial embodiment. With the transition of the Ukrainian economy to a market economy, new directions for spending the funds of the centralized fund appeared in the state budget: social protection of the population, provision of budget loans, foreign economic activity, service public debt, national space program, etc.
The ratio of expenditures between individual groups is determined by the direction of the budget policy. IN last years a large share of expenditures falls on social protection of the population. This is due to the crisis in the economy and the need social protection citizens with low incomes.
The distribution of budget expenditures is shown in fig. 5.7.
Rice. 5.7. Distribution of budget expenditures
Significant funds from the state budget are spent on the needs of education, culture, science, health care, physical culture, youth policy, social security, which are of national importance. The state budget is also supposed to finance activities related to defense, as well as the costs of creating state material and financial reserves, maintaining higher authorities power and control, etc.
The role of the budget in development national economy ambiguous at different periods of history. In this case, two stages are clearly distinguished.
In the era of classical capitalism, the state, as is known, did not actively intervene in economic activity. It is noteworthy that in the leading countries, from 9 to 18% of the national income was redistributed through the state budget.
In the second half of the twentieth century. the budget has become a powerful regulator of macroeconomics. From 1/3 to 1/2 of the GNP is now redistributed through the budget of the Western states. The level of taxes and spending allows the budget to play an important role in ensuring economic growth and employment of workers.
By changing the level of spending and taxation, governments can control the amount aggregate demand(value of consumer and investment expenses). In this regard, there are expansive (expansive) and restrictive (restrictive) budget policy The first of these is expressed in increased spending and reduced taxation, which makes it easier to overcome economic crises and accelerate the economic growth. The second means cutting spending and raising taxes, which helps to dampen inflation and normalize the economic environment.
These two types of government measures cannot give the desired effect if they are not linked to the corresponding changes in the monetary sphere. If an expansionary policy is not accompanied by a reduction in the volume money issue and credit, it increases inflation. In turn, if a restrictive policy is combined with strict limits on the amount of money, this can lead to economic crisis.
The budgetary mechanism serves as an important instrument of long-term structural policy. It is used for the faster development of science-intensive industries, scientific and technological changes in the national economy, and the rise of economically lagging regions.
The increased regulatory role of the budget gave reason to consider it as a plan for the financial economy, which serves as a mechanism for achieving economic stability and performs the functions of a stabilizer. Such an appointment budget mechanism largely depends on the sources, the nature of the formation of its revenue and the direction of expenditure.
The vast majority of all budget revenues in Western states is generated by taxes (90% of revenues at the central and 70% at the local level). Through the tax mechanism, from 30% of GNP in the USA and Japan, up to 40-50% in Germany, France, and Sweden, is sent to the budget.
The revenue part of the budget is formed from the following main types of receipts: income tax, corporate tax, social security contributions, excises, taxes on consumer goods.
Among these receipts, the leading place is occupied by the individual income tax (from 1/4 to 1/2 of all receipts to the budget). At the same time, personal income of citizens is taxed regardless of the sources of receipt (salary, salary, business profit, interest, dividend, rent, etc.), which are reduced by the amount of legally permitted discounts and deductions. Income tax calculated on a progressive rate scale. Starting from the established tax-exempt amount, the increase in income is divided into parts, of which each subsequent one is taxed for more than high rate. The number of such steps varies from 2 as in the USA and Great Britain to 14 as it happens in France. Wherein minimum size tax rate is from 10 to 25%, and the maximum is from 28 to 70%.
Taxes on company profits constitute an important part of state budget revenues (up to 20%). In most Western countries, this share of income has been declining in recent years. Income tax is levied on the taxable profit of enterprises, which is equal to gross proceeds from sales minus production and selling costs (including wages, interest on bank loan, advertising costs). Expenses are also deducted, in accordance with current legislation fully or partially exempt from taxation: contributions to charitable foundations, taxes to local authorities, etc. Maximum bet income tax ranges from 30 to 50%. Most countries set reduced rates for small businesses to encourage them to operate.
Direct taxes on personal income of citizens and on the profits of companies have a high coefficient of elasticity, i.e., change. This determines their role as a lever of influence on the economy.
In recent years, the importance of social insurance contributions has increased. They are paid by employees and enterprises. The income from the companies usually exceeds the contributions of the workers. At the same time, the costs of firms for these purposes are included in production costs, as a result of which they are passed on to buyers through the price mechanism.
A significant fiscal role is played by indirect taxes, which are included in the price of goods and are fully paid by buyers. TO indirect taxes also includes excise taxes. They are mainly levied on alcoholic beverages, tobacco products and gasoline. a special variety indirect taxes are customs duties, the share of revenues from which in most countries is insignificant.
A distinctive feature of indirect taxes is regressivity, an increase in their level in total amount income as income decreases. For the poor, these taxes make up a larger share of income than for wealthy citizens.
IN modern conditions a number of traditional taxes continue to operate: a) inheritance taxes and b) property taxes levied on appraised value land, buildings, individual households, structures. Such specific taxes do not make a significant fiscal contribution.
The second component of the budget are expenses. This part provides the government's needs for financial resources. The growing role of the state in the regulation of macroeconomics was reflected in the appearance in the second half of the twentieth century. new trends in the development of the functions of the state budget. One of them is ensuring sustainable economic growth.
In highly developed countries, from 1/3 to 1/2 of all investments in fixed assets are financed through the budget. Significant sums are spent on loans, cash benefits and grants to entrepreneurs who participate in the implementation of government programs economic recovery, so shows economic policy on this moment. The volume of investments in education, advanced training and retraining of the workforce has increased significantly.
The most important function of the budget is to increase the volume of aggregate demand through public procurement, including for military purposes.
The budget also acts as a tool social policy states. With its help, a large-scale redistribution of income is carried out in order to achieve greater social justice. As you know, the population of Western countries pays relatively high taxes. However, a significant part of them is returned in the form of transfer payments for social needs.
List of public expenditures and revenues for a certain period
First letter "b"
Second letter "u"
Third letter "d"
The last beech is the letter "t"
Answer for the clue "List of public expenditures and revenues for a certain period", 6 letters:
budget
Alternative questions in crossword puzzles for the word budget
City treasury in rhyme with a gorget
Income and expenses
The total of cash income and expenses for a certain period
This word was born in England and literally meant "leather bag", the Chancellor of the Exchequer brought a bag of money to Parliament every year and made a speech about the state of finances, and what we call this "leather bag" today
Treasury that rhymes with gorget
Estimate of income and expenses
m. french estimate, accounting, calculation, painting, expense and income account, for the past and for the future; state estimate. budget spending, estimated, included in the painting
Word definitions for budget in dictionaries
Economic dictionary terms
The meaning of the word in the dictionary Economic dictionary of terms
having official force, recognized or accepted signature, table, statement of income and expenses economic entity over a specified period of time, usually a year. Most often, the budget is prepared to take into account the amount of cash available and spent ...
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
The meaning of the word in the dictionary Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
budget, m. (English budget). State list of income and expenses for a certain period of time. The total of personal income and expenses for a certain period of time. My budget does not allow me this expense.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The meaning of the word in the dictionary Great Soviet Encyclopedia
(English budget, literally ≈ a bag), a list of cash income and expenditures of the state, drawn up for a certain period. See the state budget. budget system. Any plan of income and expenses of an enterprise, institution, organization or individual ...
Examples of the use of the word budget in the literature.
The Supreme Council, manipulated by the highest party nomenklatura, adopted laws on budget, which contained only aggregated indicators: total revenues and expenditures for the main industries, i.e.
The Treasury was about to reduce budget last year, with an excess of income over expenses in the amount of seventy-three thousand livres, sixty thousand of which brought the Treaty of Aquitaine.
Already -- -- -- -- -- 151 then it was clear that the anti-alcohol campaign would have a detrimental effect on budget and immediately, immediately.
It seemed to others that the liquidation of the February rebellion in Tokyo was a victory for the anti-militarist forces, but a month later, Prime Minister Hirota banned the May Day demonstration in Japan, and the new finance minister, president of the national industrial bank, Baba sensei, prepared and approved the state budget unheard of tension.
Comic opera or a bloodletting of one hundred thousand francs from an apoplectic one and a half billion budget.
The answer to the question List of state revenues and expenditures for a certain period., in a word of 6 letters:
Budget
Word definitions for budget in dictionaries
BudgetBudget Budget (from the old Norman "bougette" means purse, bag, bag of money) - an estimate of income and expenses of a certain subject (family, business, organization, state, etc.).
Wikipedia
Examples of 'budget' in a sentence
The income elements common for budgets are: 1) federal budget; 2) budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation; 3) budgets of municipal districts; 4) budgets of city districts; 5) budgets of intracity municipalities the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg; 6) budgets of city and rural settlements; 7) budget pension fund RF; 8) Fund budget social insurance RF; 9) budget Federal Fund mandatory health insurance; 10) budgets of territorial funds of obligatory medical insurance.
BC RF in the composition budget system RF includes: the federal budget and state budgets off-budget funds; budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation and budgets of territorial state off-budget funds; local budgets, including the budgets of municipal districts and urban districts, the budgets of intra-city municipalities of the federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg; budgets of urban and rural settlements.
The share of military spending in the national budget was a noticeably larger share than in other European states, but in absolute terms, the Polish military budget could not be compared with the military budget of Germany or the Soviet Union.
The process of further expansion of the rights of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in financial activities should not violate the basic constitutional provisions that enshrine the powers of the Russian Federation - the center in financial management. The principle of planning in the implementation of financial activities means that all financial activities of the state is based on the basis of a whole system of financial and planning acts, the structure of which, the procedure for drawing up, approval, and execution are fixed in the relevant regulations. Social Insurance Fund, State Employment Fund, Federal and regional funds compulsory medical insurance. Financial and planning act budget organization is the cost estimate. The state's financial activities are carried out by various methods.
In other words, the cash flow budget plans and records all cash flows in the enterprise. One of the main budgets used in budgeting is the wage budget.
The functions of the Treasury are the drafting of the state budget, control over its execution, issue of state valuable papers, control over the spending of budgetary funds, control over the receipt of taxes in the budget, etc.
The RF BC, the federal budget and the budgets of state off-budget funds are developed and approved in the form federal laws, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the budgets of territorial state non-budgetary funds are developed and approved in the form of laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets are developed and approved in the form of legal acts of representative bodies of local self-government or in the manner established by the charters of municipalities.
Centralized financial resources are formed and used mainly in the form of cash funds, which include, for example, the budget, the social insurance fund, the road fund, the fund for the reproduction of the mineral resource base and other extra-budgetary and special funds consolidated in the budget.
The same leader of the list, according to Chinese observers, Harvard University, has a budget of 2.8 billion dollars, which is more, for example, than the total budget of all universities in Austria (for comparison: the budget of Moscow State University for 2007 was a little more than 5.5 billion rubles) .