Essence foreign economic security lies in the conformity of the results of foreign economic activity with the national-state interests of Russia. A policy aimed at achieving foreign economic security should ensure the sustainable, independent development of the country as an integral economic structure, its natural economic growth based on rational and effective foreign economic relations, an innovative revolution in various fields human activity.

Foreign economic security achieved by increasing competitiveness, adaptability national economy to the conditions of the world market, ensuring its manageability and adaptive susceptibility to both protective measures and liberalization policies in order to ensure sustainable economic growth.

Let's single out the most important tasks in the field of foreign economic activity aimed at ensuring economic security:

Development regulation foreign trade subject to the economic interests of Russia;

Further development of export potential by expanding the production of machinery, equipment and other high-tech goods, pursuing an import substitution policy;

Supporting the interests of Russian exporters in foreign markets in order to restore and maintain their positions in the world commodity markets;

Pursuing a policy of reasonable protectionism in relation to Russian producers that are not monopolists in the domestic market;

Restructuring external debt to reduce the burden of servicing it;

Stabilization of the ruble exchange rate against freely convertible currencies.

Foreign economic policy can not only directly counter economic threats, but also play an independent role in changing the balance economic potentials participants in the international integration process.

Considering the importance of ensuring economic security in the foreign economic sector, let us consider main trends emerging in the modern foreign economic sector of Russia.

Foreign economic relations of modern Russia make a significant contribution to domestic economic growth and largely determine the state and prospects of the domestic economy.

On foreign markets the main part of the production is currently being sold basic industries industry (60-70% of liquid fuel, metal, chemical fertilizers, over a third of natural gas and timber), about 40% of the consumer and more than 20% of the investment domestic market is provided by imports. Real receipts from foreign non-economic activities form a significant part of the financial resources of enterprises, as well as about 60% of the revenue federal budget.

The model of Russia's participation in international trade that has developed over the years of reforms is characterized by the exchange of mainly fuel and raw materials for consumer and industrial manufacturing products . Such a model is characterized, as a rule, by a tendency to slow down economic growth and stagnation of exports, which are in a direct and close relationship. The main reason for the consolidation of this negative trend is the progressive lag of Russia in the scientific and technical sphere and the renewal of the production base, the absence of positive changes in the structure of the national economy and exports.

still the basis of Russian exports (80-85%) are energy carriers (primarily oil and natural gas) and different kinds raw materials and semi-finished products, the share of finished products does not exceed 15-18%, including engineering products - 10%. In terms of the share of machinery and equipment, Russian exports are 3.5 times inferior to industrialized countries.

Thus, the inclusion of Russia and the industrially advanced powers in world economy takes place at different levels of the global market. Russia absolutely does not fit into the qualitative changes that are taking place in international trade.

The emerging trends are turning into extremely negative consequences, both for foreign trade and for the entire economy of the country:

Strengthening the bias in the domestic industry in favor of the industries for the extraction and primary processing of raw materials to the detriment of the manufacturing industries;

Deteriorating terms of trade for Russia due to faster growth in world prices for finished goods than for raw materials, while imported goods are paid for by growing amounts of (mostly non-renewable) fuel and raw materials;

The growing lag behind the pace of Russia's foreign trade exchange from world indicators (Russia's share in international trade decreased over
1990s from 2.5 to 1.2%);

The growth of a real threat to the Russian economy as a result of its high vulnerability due to constant changes in the external economic situation and fluctuations in prices on the world oil market; in fact, the fate of Russian exports, the federal budget, and the country's economic growth rates have become significantly dependent on a single export resource.

Structure Russian imports also differs significantly from the structure of imports of developed and many developing countries. In terms of imports of food and agricultural raw materials, Russia exceeds the share in the imports of developed countries by almost 2 times. Due to food imports, Russia forms almost half of the resources of the retail trade turnover of food products.

Russia's imports, if evaluated by the share of engineering products, at first glance, are quite comparable with the average indicators of industrialized and developing countries. However, a significant part of the import of such products accounted for not for investment goods , i.e., for example, for equipment for re-equipment of production, and for consumer goods durable use (cars, household appliances, etc.).

Analysis Russian export and import structures shows that her trade with outside world comes down mainly to the exchange of raw materials and semi-finished products for finished products and food. Such exchange of goods is typical for those developing countries that have not yet completed industrialization stage . According to most experts, this type of international exchange does not give the country tangible impulses for economic growth and does not allow hope for the prospect of leaving the peripheral zone.

According to Rybchinsky's theorem, with world prices unchanged and if there are only two sectors in the country's economy, the growth of one (raw materials) will inevitably lead to a reduction in output in the other sector (manufacturing output). Consequently, the Russian economy may turn into a raw material appendage developed countries, giving the domestic market to foreign TNCs that sell not the most modern products and developments of scientific and technical progress.

The concentration of investments in export raw materials industries leads to the de-industrialization of the Russian economy and to the loss of competitiveness, both in foreign and domestic markets. Thus, the growth of exports hinders the development of other industries. However, in the short term, the costs of oil production will increase due to climatic conditions (they are already higher than similar costs in Saudi Arabia), which makes Russia's future in the international division of labor more difficult due to the almost absent development of manufacturing and the declining profitability of exports of raw materials.

It becomes obvious that, without state intervention, reaching the trajectory of real economic growth is unlikely.

Under the circumstances Special attention acquires monitoring of the main indicators characterizing the state of foreign economic activity:

Foreign trade turnover - the amount of exports and imports of goods, billion rubles;

The trade balance is the difference between exports and imports of goods. Positive balance - exports exceed imports, negative balance - imports exceed exports.

The share of commodity resources received from imports in the total volume of commodity resources, including for the main groups of goods;

Ratio of total exports to GDP, %;

The ratio between the volume of exports and imports of products,%;

The ratio of the volume of the external debt of the state to GDP,%;

Share of imports in domestic consumption, % including food;

The share of exports in the total volume of production and production,%;

A special process of control, which consists of preparatory-organizational, technological and evaluation-final stages.

The preparatory and organizational stage includes: development of local internal regulatory documents for control, planning and programming of control, regulatory and reference and methodological support for control practice, technical support for control work.

The technological stage involves the use of methods, forms and tools of control, with the help of which the results of control will be interpreted and systematized.

In the evaluation and final stage of on-farm control, the results of control are summarized and formalized, followed by their transfer to the management of the economic entity for making effective management decisions, and then monitoring their implementation, etc.

Consequently, the process of on-farm control in the meat processing industry is a system that functions using material, labor and intellectual values. Therefore, this process must be rationally organized, i.e. all elements of the system must be ordered, brought into a single whole, function interconnectedly, is in functional dependence. Thus, we can talk about the scientific organization of the process internal control at meat processing plants.

Limiting the scientific organization of the process to the development and implementation individual elements NOT,

in our opinion, it is not justified, since it does not contribute to the introduction technical progress in the organization and methodology of internal control.

In today's conditions of economic activity and development of the organization management system, the scientific organization of the internal control process should include the organization, management and maintenance of this process.

Thus, the scientific organization of on-farm control, labor and its payment in control activities consists in creating methodological and organizational prerequisites for the effectiveness of on-farm control in order not only to establish accounting and reporting data for a controlled object, but also to actively influence control on the adoption of objective, scientifically based management decisions at meat processing enterprises to regulate the production process.

Literature

1. Logic and methodology of system research. Kyiv: Odessa: High school, 1977.

2. Ovsyannikov L.N. Audit and revision as methods financial control// Accountant's desktop auditor. 2000. No. 2.

3. Skobara V.V. Audit: Methodology and organizations., 1998.

4. Khorokhordin N.N. Methodology internal audit in the organization // Auditorskie Vedomosti. 2006. No. 6.

5. Khoruzhy L.I., Bobkova E.V. Audit of production costs in agriculture// Auditor's sheets. 2006. No. 9.

THE ROLE OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC SECURITY STRATEGY

A.A. YAKOVLEV, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

[email protected]

08.00.05 - economics and management of the national economy Reviewer Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Economist of the Russian Federation A.E. SUGLOBOV

Annotation. Provided comprehensive assessment systems externally economic ties states in the formation of a general concept of economic security (on the example of Russia). Considering that the formation modern system world economic relations takes place within the framework of the "neoliberal" world economic order, the gradual democratization of the foreign economic sphere allowed Western countries to rebuild their national economies and take leading positions in the system international relations. Comparison of macroeconomic indicators shows that Russia occupies a modest position

in the system of international exchange, which indicates the need to update individual elements of the economic security complex (foreign economic aspect).

Key words: system of foreign economic relations, concept of economic security, democratization of the foreign economic sphere, macroeconomic indicators, international exchange system.

ROLE OF EXTERNAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN FORMING OF STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF RUSSIA

Candidate of science (economics), assistant professor (Moscow university of Ministry of internal affairs, Russia)

Abstract. In this article complex valuation of system of external economic relations of state in forming of general conception of economic security (concerning Russia) is taken. Because of the emerging of nowadays system of international economic relations in the channel of neoliberal world economic order, staged democratization of external economic sphere allowed to western states to revise their national economies and to occupy leading positions in the system of international relations. A comparison of macroeconomic indicators shows that Russia occupies low positions in the system of international exchange. Above says mentioned about actualization of some elements of complex of economic security (external economic aspect).

Key words: system of external economic relations, conception of economic security, democratization of external economic sphere, macroeconomic indicators, system of international exchange.

The modern phased transition of Russia to market system management is accompanied by an automatic increase in the involvement of the country in the general world economy. These processes are taking place in the context of the liberalization of foreign economic activity and in conditions where the world is significantly increasing the interdependence of states in absolutely all aspects of social relations. The corresponding changes are called globalization. Globalization is a very contradictory and complex complex that opens up a number of specific opportunities for a particular state. On the one hand, globalization as a kind of progressive process ensures achievements in the field of the latest technologies which, if they are freely exchanged through industrial cooperation and trade and oriented towards the satisfaction of the needs of citizens, can contribute to the progressive development of all mankind. However, on the other hand, globalization also has a number of negative trends, which are manifested, among other things, in the displacement of market mechanisms by non-market activities, which in some cases leads to gaining advantages of strong states over weak ones.

So, within the framework of globalization, the structures of national production, as well as finance, become more interdependent as a result of an increase in the number of foreign economic transactions. This interweaving of relationships can also lead to the emergence of a new system of international division of labor, in which the progressive development of national economic mechanisms is more dependent on the activities economic entities other states. The current level of global integration is significantly different

ranked, both by country and region, and by individual markets. At the same time, industrialized countries have much more to offer as arguments. more possibilities to benefit from participation in this process. Countries that are not leaders, which include Russia and other post-Soviet states, cannot compete with the leading participants in global integration and are forced to adapt to the process of globalization on the rights of third parties.

The formation of the modern system of world economic relations takes place within the framework of the so-called neoliberal world economic order. At the same time, Russia and other CIS countries are being targeted by the world economic centers (North America, Western Europe, Southeast and East Asia) and international economic organizations: IMF, International Bank reconstruction and development (IBRD), WTO, etc. The neoliberal model of globalization is built on a rigid monetarist foundation. The spontaneous market mechanism is proclaimed as the main regulator of development, and national economic sovereignty and a significant part of the state's functions of regulating the economy are considered its founders - dying categories1.

A phased well-coordinated system of liberalization of the foreign economic sphere has allowed a number of Western countries to competently rebuild their national economic complexes and take leading positions in the system of world economic relations. In other countries, including Russia and other CIS countries currently experiencing transition period, liberalization is actually promoted and implanted by the West at an accelerated pace (without taking into account the national

ny features). As a result, the inclusion of these countries in the world economy is complex and contradictory and is usually accompanied by an intra-economic crisis.

Comparison of the main macroeconomic indicators gives convincing grounds to state that Russia (and other post-Soviet states) occupy insignificant positions in the modern world economy and are not the main participants in the international exchange system. Thus, the total share of the CIS countries in world exports of goods is about 2% (including Russia accounts for up to 1.5%). The share of Russia in world imports of goods is less than 1%. In world trade in services, these states occupy even more unstable positions. Russia is primarily involved in the cross-border movement of capital from the CIS countries, although its role in this area is also insignificant. These indicators testify to the extremely weak contribution of the CIS countries to the formation of the modern world economy. Without further discussion, it becomes clear why, with a population of about 300 million people, these states remain in the last positions in the hierarchy of the world economic system.

The modern globalization of the world economy has feature- comparatively dynamic development international trade. The approximate value of world exports now exceeds $7 trillion. USD. In the world market, the system of exchange occurs mainly in three groups of goods: finished products, minerals and agricultural products. The position of each country in world economic relations is characterized, among other things, by the share of its commodity exports. Taking into account the fact that Russia and the CIS countries are in different socio-economic conditions compared to the leaders of the world economy complex, an urgent and strategically significant task for them in the transition to a stable market system of economic development is the adaptation of existing national economic complexes to common process globalization of the world economy. Adaptation to this case means, first of all, the need for an objective increase in national competitiveness (so that Russia and other CIS countries can take an adequate place in the world community). At present, “to be competitive in the global community” for each country mainly means ensuring consumer and price characteristics of a product or service comparable to the world level, regardless of whether they are intended for a market: internal or external. Such adaptation contributes to the economic security of countries former USSR, including Russia, strengthening their positions in the global economic system.

Foreign economic relations of modern Russia make a significant contribution to the domestic economy.

economic growth and largely determine the state and prospects of the domestic economy. Today, the main part of the products of the basic industries (liquid fuel, metal, chemical fertilizers, natural gas and timber) is sold on foreign markets, up to half of the consumer and more than a fifth of the investment domestic market is provided through imports.

With the current structure of domestic exports, Russia is unable to keep pace with the advanced world in the dynamics of commodity exchange. Even in the products of the chemical industry, Russia does not have a wide range, exporting mainly fertilizers. All this turns into a number of negative consequences for both foreign trade and the entire economy of the country:

F the bias in the domestic industry in favor of the industries for the extraction and primary processing of raw materials is increasing to the detriment of the manufacturing industries;

The terms of trade for Russia are deteriorating due to faster growth in world prices for finished goods than for raw materials, while imported goods are paid for by a growing amount of (mostly non-renewable) fuel and raw materials;

Ф the rate of Russia's foreign trade exchange lags behind world indicators (the share of Russia in international trade decreased over the 1990s from 2.5 to 1.2%);

F grows real threat the Russian economy as a result of its high vulnerability due to constant changes in the external economic environment and fluctuations in prices on the world oil market; in fact, the fate of Russian exports, the federal budget, and the country's economic growth rates have become significantly dependent on a single export resource2.

The general structure of Russian imports also differs significantly from the structure of imports of a number of developed and developing countries. In terms of imports of food and agricultural raw materials, Russia exceeds the share in imports major countries about 2 times. At the same time, due to food imports, Russia forms about half of the resources of the retail trade turnover of the food products sector. It can be noted that Russia's imports, if evaluated by the share of engineering products, are quite comparable with the estimated indicators of industrialized and developing countries. However, before the 1998 crisis, a significant part of the import of such products was not investment goods, but consumer durables (cars, household appliances, etc.). Thus, Russia and other countries of the former USSR will have to decide to what extent the state, focusing on the overall openness of the economy, can (and perhaps should) use a set of tools

protectionism, protecting the domestic producer of both goods and services.

The current situation around Russia's foreign economic activity is characterized by the intensification of a number of new negative trends. The emphasis in the strategy of Western countries towards Russia is gradually shifting from the sphere of military-political confrontation to the economy. In cooperation with our country, one can clearly see the desire of Western partners to achieve unilateral advantages, curb Russia's economic development, covertly penetrate industries that are strategically important for ensuring the country's security, and eliminate competitive Russian producers from world markets3.

So, in the context of the globalization of the world economy, when global (global) markets (currency, material and raw materials, work force, food), the national economies of both Russia and other CIS countries have still not been able to develop a competent set of measures to protect national state interests (adequate to the current situation). Hence the many failures of these countries involved in the global market mechanism. Understanding the potential dangers associated with globalization and the need to adapt to the new conditions of internationalization of the economic sphere sets the task for Russia and other countries of the former USSR to develop a joint well-coordinated foreign economic strategy. Its implementation within the framework of the CIS can be the best response to the conditions of globalization, it will allow revealing and using the advantages of multilateral integration ties in order to adapt to the conditions of the global market mechanism with minimal losses.

The world economic positions of any country, including Russia, are determined to a decisive extent by the international competitiveness of the national economy. In order to be considered competitive in foreign trade, it is necessary to ensure the optimal level of the system for protecting the interests of national producers, i.e. seek to create a complex of national economic security in the foreign trade sphere. Modern Russia has significant industrial potential. However, most of its industries (mainly manufacturing) are not competitive enough. As a result, in the coming years it will also act in international trade as a supplier of raw materials and a consumer of finished products. The existing economic and foreign trade structures of Russia will not allow to ensure sustainable economic development and significantly strengthen it. economic security, including in foreign economic sphere.

The current model of Russia's participation in international trade, unfortunately, does not contribute to a radical restructuring of the entire structure of the country's foreign trade turnover, primarily the export direction, in the direction of increasing the share of engineering products and goods with a deeper degree of processing. Opportunities for stable economic growth and changes in Russia's current position in world markets largely depend on how the competitiveness of the entire domestic industry will increase. And this can be achieved only if the country unambiguously turns to an innovative development model through the intensive use of scientific and technical potential, full-scale development high technology and, accordingly, a significant restructuring of the structure of production and foreign economic relations.

Further following in the wake of inertial processes for Russia is fraught with a slowdown in economic growth, a constant lag behind other countries in the field of scientific and technological progress, a decrease in both the efficiency and the level of competitiveness of domestic production, and, consequently, the well-being of the entire population, which can ultimately lead to to the complete loss of the country's ability for independent development, its consolidation in the position of a raw materials appendage of other advanced countries. In order to ensure Russia's economic security in the global world, it will inevitably have to carry out a restructuring of the economic mechanism and give up the role of a source of resources in the complex of international economic relations. But this will require the development of a new foreign economic strategy focused on the consistent implementation of international markets both existing and potential competitive opportunities.

1 Economic security of Russia: General course: Textbook / Ed. VC. Senchagov. 2nd ed. M.: Delo, 2005. S. 468.

2 Ibid. pp. 472-473.

3 Ibid. S. 474.

Literature

1. Bogomolov V.A. etc. Economic security: textbook. manual for students of universities studying in the specialties of economics and management / Ed. V.A. Bogomolov. 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: UNITY-DANA, 2010.

2. Legal basis national security Russian Federation: Monograph / Yu.I. Avdeev, S.V. Alenkin, V.V. Aleshin and others]; Ed. prof. A.V. Opa left. M.: UNITI-DANA, 2004.

3. Economic security of Russia: General course: Textbook / Ed. VC. Senchagov. 2nd ed. M., 2005.

4. Economic and National Security: Textbook / Ed. L.P. Goncharenko. M., 2007.

problems of ensuring the economic security of the state in the field of foreign economic activity

N. in. beketov,

doctor of economic sciences, professor

m. e. tarasov,

Doctor of Economics, Professor Yakutsk State University named after V.I. M. K. Ammosova

Economic security is the basis of national security and determines the prospects for the socio-economic, political and cultural development of Russia. IN modern conditions its provision is of paramount importance, since economic globalization means a qualitatively new stage in the development of international economic relations and the formation of a single economic space. This "push" countries with economies in transition to scientific development and practical implementation of a new paradigm of economic security, taking into account the peculiarities of the interaction of subjects of foreign economic activity (FEA) in the context of globalization, including the criminalization of this area.

The criminalization of economic activity has always been seen as a serious threat to the economic security of the Russian Federation. With different approaches to defining threats to economic security, the vast majority of scientists agree that the criminalization of economic relations is one of the most serious threats.

In the field of foreign economic activity, criminalization has taken on a wide scope due to a number of socio-economic, political, state-legal and cultural factors. In particular, these include ill-conceived market reforms, forced liberalization of the

FEA, unfavorable investment climate, insufficient protection of capital, high inflation rates, imperfection of the regulatory framework (primarily, legislation on state regulation FEA, customs, tax, currency legislation), low efficiency state control behind foreign economic operations, the results of intellectual activity, shortcomings in law enforcement, devaluation of generally significant values ​​and a decrease in the level of legal awareness.

Over the past two decades, the policy of the Russian state in the field of foreign economic activity has undergone fundamental changes. The publication of Decree of the President of Russia dated November 15, 1991 No. 213 “On the liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of the RSFSR” can be considered the initial stage of these transformations, which destroyed the monopoly state structures for foreign trade contacts. Then, the regulatory and legal framework gradually begins to be updated, the system of state (primarily executive) power is being restructured, and powers are being redistributed. government agencies participating in the regulation of foreign economic activity. The process of restructuring and upgrading the system government controlled and control continues to this day. However, to claim that it has already been created state machinery, absolutely adequate to the new co-

Threats and security

socio-economic, legal and cultural conditions, prematurely.

After the demonopolization of the foreign trade sphere, a large number of legal entities and individuals were involved in it. Currently, enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, organizational and legal form, size authorized capital and assets, areas of activity, places of establishment, have the opportunity to participate in international economic exchange. Individual entrepreneurs also actively use this opportunity.

At the same time, the massive devaluation of the ruble, the change in the scale of domestic prices at the start economic reforms, the elimination of a number of administrative barriers created favorable conditions for obtaining super profits, the rapid accumulation and export of capital, and the legalization of criminal proceeds. As a result, many firms with a dubious reputation turned out to be in the field of foreign economic activity, including those created for one-time speculative operations that also have a criminal nature. The sphere of foreign economic relations has become one of the most criminogenic.

The criminalization of foreign economic activity can be considered, on the one hand, as a process characterized by the gradual displacement of legitimate economic relations by their criminal varieties, and on the other hand, as a special social phenomenon due to the growth in the scale of foreign economic activity and its accompanying crime, the spread of delinquent behavior in this area.

The criminalization of foreign economic activity affects the entire system social connections, norms and relationships. The increased social danger of economic crime in general and crimes in the field of customs in particular lies in the negative impact on the institutions of society, in violation of the established procedure for the functioning of the economy and the activities of the state in the field of customs tariff and non-tariff regulation.

The extensive development of crime, which took place in the first years after the liberalization of foreign economic activity, is gradually giving way to intensive. Experts state a noticeable increase in its "professionalism", expressed in the modernization of the methods of preparing, committing and concealing foreign economic and related crimes, careful planning of criminal activities and effective opposition to criminal justice authorities. Offenses often acquire a multi-episode

nature, which allows us to speak about the stable criminal orientation of individual subjects of foreign economic activity and really consider illegal activities in this area as professional and as an integral part shadow economy.

Scientific and technical progress and, above all, the widespread introduction of modern information technologies, the improvement of computer technology and means of communication contributes to the development of not only the legal, but also the shadow economy. The number of criminal-legal torts committed with the use of high technologies is increasing. Thus, the automation of the customs clearance process, the transition to electronic declaration of goods caused the emergence of crimes related to unauthorized access to computer networks and databases. customs authorities. In connection with the continued introduction of electronic declaration in customs practice, an increase in the number of high-tech crimes, including those related to illegal access to and changes in the databases of customs authorities, is possible. Often, criminal business relations develop at a faster pace than legal ones.

A fairly complex mechanism for committing a crime is typical for such criminal law torts that fall within the competence of the customs authorities, such as evasion from paying customs duties, failure to return funds from abroad in foreign currency, illegal export or transfer of raw materials, materials, equipment, technologies, scientific and technical information, illegal performance of work (provision of services) that can be used in the creation of weapons of mass destruction, weapons and military equipment. Separate types smuggling is also distinguished by the most complex schemes for the implementation of criminal goals.

In some areas of criminal foreign economic business, the volume of illegal turnover continues to increase. Yes, throughout recent years the volumes of smuggling of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as the accompanying potent, toxic substances and precursors, are increasing at an alarming pace. The escalation of illegal drug trafficking in most regions of the Russian Federation is obvious today. The results of criminal law, criminological and forensic studies show that for the modern international drug business, along with the trend

an increase in the number of psychoactive substances moved across the customs border is also characterized by a tendency to improve criminal activity.

The size of the volumes of smuggled weapons being moved is also increasing. There is also a growing number of international transactions infringing intellectual property rights.

“Traditionally” a high level of corruption in foreign economic relations remains. Almost all major illegal foreign economic transactions are associated with bribery of officials of state bodies involved in the regulation of foreign economic activity, primarily customs. The participation of customs officers in crimes greatly complicates their disclosure. In addition, even identified crimes committed by customs officers are not always properly punished.

Corruption is essentially a way of redistributing property, capital, tangible and intangible goods or rights to them, a way of suppressing freedom, which multiplies relations of economic and social inequality and injustice. And as a social, or rather, anti-social phenomenon, it poses a particular danger to society and the state, especially since it acquires a systemic, organized character.

A noticeable increase in the organization of criminal structures specializing in the field of foreign economic activity should be regarded as the most dangerous trend. Many organized criminal groups and criminal communities are complex systemic formations with a clear hierarchy and distribution of roles, high level manageability, extensive internal and external communications. This makes it possible to monopolize certain areas of both legal and illegal business.

Criminal metamorphoses of foreign economic activity in the context of globalization are catalyzed by integration processes, the creation of free economic zones, customs unions, intensification of cross-border financial, commodity, passenger and information flows, an increase in the number of foreign economic transactions. Globalization, unfortunately, also has a dark side. Criminal activity in the foreign economic sphere has also acquired a global character. The criminal network has significantly expanded, international criminal ties have strengthened, and the mechanism for exchanging information between criminal structures is being improved. different countries, the desire for the formation of transnational criminal

communities whose goal is to maximize profits from illegal foreign economic operations. In the shadow economy, criminal foreign economic activity occupies a leading position in terms of scale financial transactions and the amount of profit. This explains the desire of many criminals to enter the foreign market and gain a foothold in it. Criminal relations that arise between the subjects of foreign economic activity significantly affect the criminalization of individual countries and entire regions of the world economy. The subjects of crimes in most cases are citizens of different states; actively participate in the international exchange of goods, information, works, services, results of intellectual activity. The structure and dynamics of foreign economic offenses, criminal logistics are determined by the situation in the exporting country, in the importing country, and in the transit country. Criminal foreign trade transactions are made under the influence of supply and demand in the world market. The emergence of stable and growing trends towards the globalization of criminal activity requires government agencies to implement a set of measures to counteract it, especially in the foreign economic sphere.

The gigantic profits resulting from this criminal activity, according to many experts, are one of the financial fundamentals shadow economy. Crimes leading to an increase in foreign economic criminal activity cause enormous damage to the country's economy and make mandatory A complex approach to the study of these destructive processes, the assessment of the cumulative economic damage, an effective system of measures of state and interstate control over multifactorial crime, which captures a number of countries.

Today, when the globalization of economic relations takes place, the criminalization of foreign economic activity is becoming the most serious threat to the development of Russia, complicating the tasks of ensuring the economic security of the country. In the current criminal and criminogenic conditions, the lack of effective state and general social measures to counter the criminalization of foreign economic activity can lead to the fact that the large-scale spread of criminal foreign economic operations and related offenses, in particular corruption transactions, will create a threat of destructive changes not only in the economy, but also a threat in general for the national security of Russia.

The exit, distribution and increase in commercial and logistics procedures, operations, activities in national and international markets increases the relative degree of dangers, threats and risks of this foreign economic activity, due to the presence of unusually fierce competition, the presence of various scammers, as well as a significant difference in the historical, way of life, cultural and religious traditions, economic, social and political situations in states that are potential partners, quotes of their currencies, etc.

Consequently, when entering the international market for commercial products, services and investments, entrepreneurs should find out, identify and use the main elements of foreign economic activity, as well as what economic interests are, what possible commercial risks lie in wait for them, and, accordingly, what methods, methods of protection, conditions entrepreneurial activity should be foreseen in advance and widely used when working with foreign partners.

include in accordance with Fig. 1 the following:

Rice. 1.

Economic interests and the main reasons why they need to be protected;

Economic risks, their essence, assessment of the possibility of occurrence and classification;

The main legal documents governing the protection of the economic interests of participants in the implementation of foreign economic activity; - the main methods for determining the reliability of a foreign partner in foreign trade activities;

The main ways to protect the interests of the buyer of goods and services when drawing up a foreign trade contract;

The main ways to protect the interests of the seller of goods and services when drawing up a foreign trade contract;

Methods for protecting the interests of the parties from violation of payment obligations under a foreign trade contract;

Typical mistakes made when drawing up a foreign trade contract of sale.

Economic interests are defined as incentives for economic, commercial activities people and organizations, individuals and legal entities conditioned by their place in the system of property relations and the social division of labor. In the practice of international trade in goods, services and investments, these interests are manifested in making a profit in the implementation of a foreign trade transaction, therefore they are sometimes called commercial interests.

Commercial, entrepreneurial, economic, trade, marketing, logistics, transport, innovation, intellectual, investment, etc. activity in the foreign market is inevitably associated with certain dangers, threats that threaten various property interests of a participant in foreign economic activity. Therefore, the implementation of foreign economic activity is always associated with various risks.

Risks these are any possible adverse events that can potentially occur and as a result of which there may be a loss of part of the agreed profit, even losses, property damage, partial or complete loss of property of a foreign trade participant. Therefore, risk means uncertainty in obtaining the necessary, expected result of a transaction, contract or other market transaction.

This is quite natural, since in commercial activities there is always a probable danger of certain monetary and property losses arising from the characteristic specifics of certain business transactions.

That's why degree of risk can be called the level of probability of loss by an entrepreneurial organization or a private owner (legal or individual) part of their projected income as a result of economic activity.

Since existing, possible dangerous risks and threats in economic activity, including international ones, are very diverse and multifaceted, they should be considered and classified depending on various factors.

Therefore, let us consider the classification of economic risks with the participation of business entrepreneurs in foreign economic activity with respect to a number of characteristic, specific factors, in accordance with the scheme shown in Fig. 2.44.

1. With regard to the management of the activities of an entrepreneurial organization (firm, company, individuals and legal entities), there are a number of some characteristic risks, for example, the following.

1.1. Depending on the specialized functions of marketing management, economic risks are divided into risks: forecasting; strategic and operational business planning; organizational; performing; accounting and control.

1.2. Depending on the zones of manifestation of randomness in the market space (national and international), the following risks are distinguished: liquidity; management decision insurance; product portfolio management; choosing a market segment and its niche; competitive position in the market.

Rice. 2.

1.3. Depending on the stages and stages of manifestation in the field of marketing, risks are divided into: pre-project and project management decisions; innovative; credit; investment; failure to fulfill contractual obligations; reconstruction (transformation) of the organizational system and management system.

1.4. With various kinds and types of fluctuations in national and international markets, there are risks: banking or interest (fluctuations in market rates); stock (fluctuations valuable papers, stocks, bonds, treasury notes, etc.); price (fluctuations in prices for fuel, food, metals, etc.); currency (fluctuations in exchange rates).

1.5. Depending on the level of assessment and occurrence, the following types of risk are distinguished at the level: individual company; interaction of several business organizations (two or more); industry development; region; municipality; states; continent, interstate; world economy.

1.6. Depending on the actions, activity, rigidity and aggressiveness of competitors, the risks are divided into: wars with dumping prices for commodity products and services; industrial and commercial espionage (disclosure of commercial, technical, technological secrets of an entrepreneurial organization); strengthening the level of competition with similar commercial products of higher consumer quality.

2. With regard to the management of an entrepreneurial organization in the market, there are three main types of risks.

2.1. Entrepreneurial risk. This risk arises when, for example, a trading company enters the market with its services and product specialization, and the probabilistic processes taking place on the market create a situation of instability, variability, unexpectedness of consumer demand, in the field of evaluation of a commercial product by buyers, including logistics services or pricing policy the company, or the content of its assortment profile, or the method of informational communication about the product (advertising activity), or the selected forms and channels for promoting marketable products on the market, or packaging design, etc.

Entrepreneurial risk is the risk associated with a specific business, industry in a particular market niche of the company.

Volatility in demand for finished products, fluctuations in their prices, as well as instability in raw materials, components and energy carriers, unfortunately, not always feasible desire to ensure that the cost does not exceed the selling price, and the lack of a real opportunity to ensure normal mass, norms and dynamics of profit. All this determines mainly the degree of entrepreneurial risk, and, consequently, the level of organization of professional maneuverability of behavior. trading company On the market.

2.2. Financial risk is caused, first of all, by the fact that each entrepreneurial organization is faced not only with the organizational and technological process of production, promotion and sale of commercial products, but also with monitoring processes and procedures financial support trade transactions.

This basically predetermines the occurrence of financial risk, which gives rise to the instability of the financial conditions of lending, the uncertainty in the return of their own financial resources, the uncertainty of the owners ordinary shares in obtaining decent compensation in the event of a possible liquidation of a joint-stock company with a large volume borrowed money, uncertainty about the stability of customs legislation, etc.

It should be especially noted that entrepreneurial and financial risks are closely and inextricably linked in economic process entrepreneurial organization are interdependent and often financial risk is an integral part of entrepreneurial risk.

2.3. Management risk is due to inconsistent or improper understanding of the importance of the interaction between lawmaking, insurance and commerce, including logistics activities in national and international markets. In particular, for example, in modern conditions, the active work of joint-stock business organizations on financial markets significantly increased the level of possible risk in this area of ​​activity, trends leading to the financial crisis.

In the foreign trade business, the greatest managerial risk or uncertainty of the results of managerial decisions are associated primarily with socio-economic, organizational, technical, production and technological aspects, which in reality reflect the characteristics of economic, social, cultural, political, national, legal and other forms of public relations .

Here we should also note the specific mentality of Russian managers, who to some extent still use the experience, principles and methods of the administrative (command) economy, using them distortedly in market conditions.

Finally, in the foreign trade itself of each state, especially during export-import transactions, their conclusion and execution, the following risks arise:

1) the risk of non-fulfillment of the terms of an international contract (delivery time, discrepancy between quantity, quality, etc.);

2) the risk of default on mutual payments or the so-called credit risk;

3) currency risk arising from constant fluctuations in exchange rates;

4) marketing risk is associated with fluctuations in demand for export and import goods in the country or in a separate segment of the foreign market;

5) price risk arises from constantly changing world prices for the main range of marketable products;

6) commercial risk manifests itself in the dishonesty or insolvency of the population of the importing state and the shortfall in profits;

7) production and technical risk is associated with the impossibility of using the results of intellectual activity purchased on the world market (licenses, patents, know-how or the impossibility of properly adjusting the purchased equipment) in production.

Risks can also be classified by consequences, the main of which are as follows:

· acceptable risk- this is the risk of a management decision, as a result of which the entrepreneurial organization is threatened with a loss of profit, within this zone, entrepreneurial activity retains its economic feasibility, i.e. losses take place, but they do not exceed the size of the expected profit;

· critical risk- this is the risk at which the company is threatened with loss of revenue, in other words, the critical risk zone is characterized by the danger of possible losses that obviously exceed the amount of expected profit and, in last resort, can lead to the loss of all funds invested by the entrepreneurial organization in the project;

· catastrophic risk- this is the risk at which the insolvency of the enterprise occurs, since the losses can reach a value equal to the property status of the entrepreneurial organization. This group also includes any risk associated with a direct danger to human life or the occurrence of environmental disasters.

The analysis of the above classification of types and forms of risks makes it possible to determine the range of methods and methods that allow these risks to be eliminated completely or partially reduced, thereby increasing the economic security of an entrepreneurial organization that actually operates in the market of commercial products and services.

economic security business organization is:

This is a reliable state of economic, legal, insurance, organizational ties and relations, material and intangible assets, economic resources, including financial, intellectual, top and operational management of the enterprise, its staff of professional personnel, which guarantees the relative stability of its functioning, financial and commercial success, progressive scientific and technical and social development company, corporate culture of its owners (shareholders) and employees;

It is the legislative system of states, complex, integrated legal documents, acts, instructions, regulations, principles, rules, conditions governing foreign economic activity between countries, in international markets, including marketing and logistics, as well as the professional use of a set of methodological approaches to drawing up foreign trade contracts.

On present stage development of the world economy and international economic relations and relations, the number and variety of potential threats to the commercial security of business organizations that are participants in foreign economic activity are increasing. There is a regrouping, transformation and formation of new economic centers in the system of the world economy.

Sharp competition for the redistribution of the world market and spheres of influence on logistics flows, national markets takes place both at the level of continents, regions, states, and at the level of their economic entities. Such a competitive struggle, reaching its highest intensity, often turns into economic, commercial and financial wars.

The governments of different states are actively involved in economic and financial wars, commodity blockades, embargoes, boycotts, providing all kinds of support and advantages to their national producers and exporters, publicly and privately subsidizing scientific, innovative developments and technologies with special grants, providing concessional lending promising industries and protecting national markets with customs barriers from the import of undesirable types of commercial products and services.

To combat potential risks, i.e. in order to reduce the resulting damage from possible losses, almost all large foreign companies have special, solid, functional divisions (analytical, expert departments, forecasting and security services) that develop comprehensive programs, systems of protective measures aimed at minimizing possible damage.

The goal of any entrepreneurial activity is to maximize profits, i.e. getting the most possible income with minimal capital and working capital in conditions market competition, which necessarily implies a comparison of the available capital or possibly available capital with financial and resource costs and taking into account the possible unfavorable combination of internal and external circumstances, which requires the protection of one's economic interests.

At present, there are several characteristic main ways to protect economic interests in foreign economic activity in accordance with the methods given in Fig. 3.

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The main ways to protect economic interests are in the following areas:

- Firstly, this is the regulatory framework for foreign economic transactions (international acts of the Vienna and Hague conventions, the State Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation on the protection of economic interests, regulations, rules, regulations, conditions, etc.);

- Secondly, to ensure its commercial security in the implementation of foreign economic activity, any business organization must really be convinced of the complete reliability of its foreign partner;

- Thirdly, it is necessary to protect your business organization as fully as possible when drawing up the provisions of a foreign trade contract.

The regulatory framework for foreign economic activity includes international and state regulations, documents, regulations governing foreign trade transactions and the protection of economic interests in their implementation.

The Federal Law of the Russian Federation of April 14, 1998 "On measures to protect the economic interests of the Russian Federation in the implementation of foreign trade in goods" regulates the implementation of foreign trade processes, procedures, operations and activities on the international market.

The essence of this law is briefly formulated in its preamble: "This Federal Law establishes measures to protect the economic interests of the Russian Federation in the implementation of foreign trade in goods, the procedure, procedure for the introduction and application of such measures." Which literally means the following: the law was adopted to protect the interests of Russian entrepreneurs, companies, sectors of the Russian economy as a whole from the adverse impact caused by economic activity some foreign companies and states.

Among the main goals of this federal law, five main ones can be distinguished, presented in Fig. 4.

Rice. 4.

The main objectives of the federal law of the Russian Federation:

1) protection of entire sectors of the Russian economy and individual Russian companies from the adverse effects of foreign competition;

2) providing conditions for effective integration of the Russian Federation into the world economy and foreign trade processes;

3) maintaining the relative balance of the balance of payments of the Russian Federation;

4) meeting the needs of the domestic market (individuals and legal entities, end consumers) in the event of a critical shortage of certain types of marketable products, for example, energy, food, agricultural and other goods on it;

5) promotion of Russian goods on the world market and national markets of foreign countries.

The main body, which simultaneously bears the main burden of both enforcement and control over compliance with the law, is the Government of the Russian Federation. However, before the Government of the Russian Federation takes special protective measures, protectionist and other measures, it is necessary to conduct a thorough special, analytical, expert study and professionally substantiate the results obtained.

It should be noted that if, as a result of a special study or investigation, it is established that the import of any commodity product is carried out into Russia in such an increased amount and on such conditions that it causes significant damage to the sector of the Russian economy or potentially threatens to cause it. Then the Government of the Russian Federation in this case may apply special protective measures in relation to such a commodity product by introducing import quotas or special duties on a non-discriminatory basis, regardless of the state of origin of the commodity product.

Special protective measures- these are temporary measures to restrict the import of goods into the customs territory of Russia for free circulation in the domestic market, which are applied by the Government of the Russian Federation by introducing an import quota or a special duty, including a temporary special customs or anti-dumping duty or quota and other protective measures in accordance from fig. 5.

Rice. 5.

Import quota- this is a government restriction on the import of commercial products in relation to its quantity (total weight, volume, number of units) and (or) total imported value.

special duty is one of the special protective measures of the national economy and is charged in excess of the customs duty rate. It can be applied by the Government of the Russian Federation. It may be temporary, for example, for the period of a special expert investigation, but act according to the law for no more than 200 days.

If, as a result of the investigation, it is determined that any sector of the Russian economy is causing damage or potentially threatening to cause significant damage dumping import of a commercial product, the Government of the Russian Federation may apply anti-dumping measures. The dumping import of a commodity product is understood as the import of a commodity at an export price below its normal value (Article 2 federal law RF).

As an anti-dumping measure, anti-dumping duty, which is applied when anti-dumping measures are introduced in excess of the base rate of customs duty. The law provides that the anti-dumping duty rate should not exceed dumping margin(the ratio of the normal value of a marketable product minus the export price of such a marketable product to its export price).

Export price marketable products is the price at which marketable products are imported into the customs territory of Russia. The Government of the Russian Federation also applies compensatory measures to limit the import of goods subsidized for export by the governments of foreign states or an alliance of foreign states through the introduction of a countervailing duty, including a temporary one.

Countervailing duty applied in excess of the base rate of customs duty to maintain a relative balance of the balance of payments of the Russian Federation by the Government of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Central Bank of Russia or on the proposal of the federal executive authorities agreed with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which can apply the decision on the temporary restriction of imports of marketable products, which is carried out by introducing an import quota and other restrictive measures (Article 15 of the Law of the Russian Federation).

Import restriction marketable products can be adopted and to fulfill a number of target federal programs development, in connection with the release of new types of commercial products, in order to protect the sectors of the Russian economy undergoing internal restructuring and in carrying out measures to expand the domestic production of agricultural goods in the agro-industrial complex.

The law also provides for special measures to protect Russia's economic interests in exports ( export restriction) commercial products. This mainly concerns food products in case of their critical shortage (deficit) in the domestic market.

A temporary ban or restriction on exports may be applied by the Government of Russia on the proposal of an interested federal body executive authority or executive authority of the subject of the Russian Federation and should not exceed three years.

Further, based on the logic of this work, it is necessary to consider the features of protecting economic interests legislative acts State Constitution of the Russian Federation (CC RF) and the Vienna Convention of 1980 in accordance with the scheme in Fig. 6.

Rice. 6.

Contracts for the international sale of commercial products must be drawn up and executed by Russian entrepreneurs in writing. Failure to comply with the form of such transactions entails their invalidity in accordance with the law (Article 162 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

From this provision follows the main rule, according to which written evidence in the form of business correspondence, fax negotiations, invoices, etc. in confirmation of the conclusion of a foreign trade transaction in the Russian Federation are not allowed.

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