A credit institution is a financial institution that redistributes cash flows. chief economic law, on which the whole economy rests, is considered the law monetary circulation. The turnover of funds is carried out under the influence of financial institutions, primarily credit organizations that form the basis for monetary circulation and are interconnected with all sectors and sectors of the economy.

Credit organizations guarantee funding for all areas of business, production and non-production areas, management areas and replenish the budgets of various levels with the necessary funds.

Also speaking about the fact that a credit organization places and uses its resources in certain directions, to generate income, the definition of the assets of a credit organization is mentioned.

The quality of the assets of a credit institution determines the sufficiency of funds and the degree of credit risks. In addition, the quality and composition of assets to a greater extent determine the solvency and liquidity of the bank, and hence its reliability. If the bank is considered reliable, then borrowers will apply to it, the bank will be trusted. Therefore, the more borrowers a bank has, the more profitable it will be for it. An increase in the volume of business negotiations indicates an increase in the bank's profit. Depends on the accurate and qualified work of banks economic condition the whole country. The main goal of banks is the formation of a rational structure of assets, depending on the quality of assets. A correctly performed analysis of asset quality makes it possible to detect the main trends in the existence of the bank and find operations that have increased or decreased profitability (loss ratio); assess the change in equity and immobilized assets; track the growth (reduction) of funds raised; identify the need to change (preserve) the organization of the bank's work.

The assets of a commercial bank are items balance sheet, which reflect the application, and in addition, the distribution of resources of a commercial bank.

As a rule, bank assets are formed in the end active operations- these are operations for the distribution of equity capital, as well as attracted funds, in order to make a profit, ensure the operation of the bank and maintain liquidity.

The bank receives the largest share of its income from active operations.

In the classification of the structure of assets by the leading types of activities of the bank, the following can be noted:

1. The first place in banking operations is occupied by credit operations;
2. In second place is investing in securities;
3. On the third - cash assets;
4. The share of other assets is determined by hallmarks accounting, thus it can cover a wide range of transactions, ranging from investments in fixed assets, up to various settlement banking operations.

The asset management process is formed directly from balanced cash management based on three key indicators:

1. profitability;
2. risk level;
3. liquidity.

In banking practice, there are three main ways to manage assets:

General fund method

Absolutely all available resources are combined in the OFS (general funds of funds), then distributed into various groups of assets, depending on the goals of the credit institution, as well as the principles of liquidity. The disadvantage of this method is that it does not consider the timing and sources of the receipt of money, hence the effective operation of the bank entirely depends on the qualifications of the authorities. This method is usually used by small banks in a stable market situation.

Method of conversion of funds or distribution of assets

Eliminates the disadvantages of the first method. Sources of funds, depending on the specified terms, come to certain divisions of the bank, then these divisions themselves distribute these sources to the corresponding assets. The advantages of this method: the formation of income, taking into account the strengthening of liquidity, can be used different bank in all market situations.

The disadvantages of the first two methods are that they focus on liquidity, as well as the admissibility of withdrawing deposits, leaving loan applications in the background.

scientific management method

Asset management through scientific methods and analysis of operations involves the use of the most complex models and the latest mathematical apparatus to study the correlation between different articles bank balance. This method can provide considerable assistance to the management of a commercial bank for making certain decisions.

In accordance with the results of a study carried out by RIA Rating specialists, from January to April 2017, 237 out of 579 credit institutions showed an increase in assets. In percentage terms, only 40.9% of banks showed positive dynamics of assets, despite this, a month earlier (according to the results of the 1st quarter) there were 1.6% more of them. In general, the dynamics of assets at the beginning of 2017 still looks negative, but the result is slightly better than in 2016, when only 39% of banks showed an increase in assets. Considering this, it can be noted that for the 2nd month in a row there has been an increase in the share of banks with positive asset dynamics. According to the opinion of RIA Rating specialists, the decrease in interest rates in the economy following the decrease key rate and the beginning of an increase in investments should be favorably reflected in the dynamics of banking assets. According to RIA Rating experts, in 2017 more than 65% of banks will be able to demonstrate an increase in assets.

the main objective management of the bank's assets consists in the most effective placement and use of the bank's own and borrowed funds to obtain the highest profit.

The main principles of banking management in asset management include the following:

• asset return management;
• maintaining a rational structure of assets;
• risk analysis and provisioning.

The assets of a commercial bank are divided as follows.

By appointment:

• working (current), bringing current income to the bank;
• cash, providing liquidity of the bank;
• investment, intended to generate income in the future and achieve other strategic goals;
• non-current, intended to provide economic activity jar;
• others.

By degree of liquidity:

• highly liquid (cash, precious metals, funds in the Bank of Russia, funds in non-resident banks from developed countries, funds in banks for settlements on plastic cards and etc.);
• liquid (loans and payments in favor of the bank with a maturity of up to 30 days, marketable securities quoted on the stock exchange, other marketable values);
• long-term liquidity (loans issued and deposits placed, including in precious metals, with a remaining maturity of more than a year);
• low-liquid ( long term investment, capitalized assets, arrears, unlisted securities, bad debts).

According to the requirements of the Bank of Russia, the share of the first two groups of assets must be at least 20% of all assets minus required reserves. IN international practice share high liquid assets should be in the range of 12 to 15%.

By terms of placement:

• a) unlimited;
• b) placed for a period (on demand, up to 30 days, from 31 to 90 days, from 91 to 180 days, from 181 to 360 days, from 1 year to 3 years, over 3 years).

Currently, the structure of term assets of Russian banks is dominated by assets placed for a period of 91 to 180 days.

By risk level The assets of a commercial bank are divided into five groups, each of which has its own loss of value coefficient.

Depending on who uses the bank's assets, i.e. By subjects , the assets are divided as follows:

• a) in the use of the bank itself;
• b) provided for temporary use to other entities (the state, legal entities, individuals - non-residents).

It is important to note that the structure of assets by entities shows how diversified its investments are and in which sectors and sectors of the economy the bank directs its resources.

Asset quality consists in how much they contribute to the achievement of the main goal of the commercial bank - its profitable and stable work. The factors that determine the quality of a bank's assets are:

• return on assets;
• compliance of the structure of assets with the structure of liabilities by maturity;
• liquidity of assets;
• diversification of active operations;
• the volume and share of risky and defective assets.

By quality, the assets of a commercial bank are divided into:

• to complete ones;
• defective.

A defective asset is an asset that the bank cannot convert into cash for the current book value after the expiration of the maturity date.

Defective assets include: overdue loans; bills and others debentures not paid on time; illiquid and depreciated securities; accounts receivable over 30 days; unrealizable real estate, funds on correspondent accounts in bankrupt banks; and etc.

Currently, there are three main asset management method :

• method of general distribution of funds or general fund of funds;
• method of asset allocation or conversion of funds;
• scientific method of asset management.

Method of general distribution of funds (general fund of funds) consists in the fact that all attracted funds of the bank are considered as a single fund, i.e. aggregate amount banking resources. Funds from this fund are distributed in the following order:

• 1) replenishment of primary reserves (cash and correspondent account with the Bank of Russia);
• 2) secondary reserves are formed from among short-term highly liquid securities (with this approach secondary reserves are the main means of providing liquidity for the bank);
• 3) the funds of the fund are used to finance all valid applications for loans, and the loan portfolio is not considered a means of providing liquidity;
• 4) after all applications for loans are satisfied, the remaining funds are directed to the purchase of securities, primarily government securities, which are a source of income and, in addition, replenish secondary reserves as their maturity approaches.

The application of the method of general distribution of funds has a number of disadvantages. First, it focuses on maximizing highly liquid funds that do not provide the required level of profitability, which in the long term will negatively affect the financial stability of the bank. Secondly, the urgency of deposits is not taken into account different types: demand deposits are intended for settlements, while savings and term deposits are placed to generate income and have certain retention periods.

General method placement of funds is considered risky. It is mainly used big banks which have significant resources and financial stability and, on this basis, may not comply with the maturity of deposits.

Asset Allocation Method (Conversion of Funds) is based on the fact that the amount of liquid funds required by the bank depends on the sources of raising funds but on the timing. The application of this method uses the differentiation of sources of funds in coordination with the norms of required reserves and the speed of their circulation.

For example, demand deposits require a higher required reserve ratio than savings and term deposits. At the same time, their turnover rate is also higher. Therefore, funds on demand deposits should be placed mainly in primary and secondary reserves, less often in investments.

The asset allocation method will create several "liquidity-profitability centers" within the bank itself, which are used to place funds raised by the bank from various sources. Such centers in banking practice are called "banks within the bank." In a bank, as it were, there are "bank savings deposits", "bank of fixed capital", "bank of demand deposits". Having determined which funds, in terms of their profitability and liquidity, belong to the corresponding "banks", the management of this commercial bank establishes the procedure for their placement. It is important that the placement of funds from a certain " bank" occurs independently of the other "banks" (Fig. 16.1).

The advantages of this method include the fact that when it is used, there is coordination of terms between deposits and their investments in assets, and also increase

Rice. 16.1.

additional investments in loans and investments, which leads to higher profits. The method allows you to eliminate the excess of liquid assets that oppose savings and term deposits, as well as fixed capital.

Along with this, this method also has some disadvantages. First, there is no close relationship between individual groups of deposits and the total amount of deposits. Secondly, there is an independence of the sources of funds from the ways of their use, since the same clients invest and borrow from the bank, if banks are striving for this. In addition, when using this method, banks proceed from the average, and not from the marginal level of liquidity.

In banking practice, it is also used scientific method of asset management , which is based on the use of the so-called objective function. The Bank calculates the investment of its resources using the following formula:

Where R - profit; x - xb - investment amounts on government short-term bonds, government long-term bonds, commercial loans, term loans, consumer credit, mortgage loan; 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 - percentages corresponding to these types of investments.

The use of this method is focused on maximizing profits. The scientific method proceeds from the assumption that at any level of risk that is not associated with investment, the bank invests based on the maximum interest rates in a certain period (in this case these are 8 and 9%). However, the bank must comply with the regulations of the central bank, take into account the requirements of risk management and the requests of other clients.

In this regard, the bank does not invest all its funds in assets where the highest income (interest) is potentially possible, but distributes them in several directions. But he will place a significant part of his resources in places where there is an opportunity to obtain higher incomes. Such actions should provide him with sufficient profit while maintaining liquidity at the required level.

Currently, all three methods of asset management are used in the world banking practice. The application of each method is determined by the economic situation and the position of the bank in the market. At the same time, we note that the most effective method of asset management is based on the objective function.

Bank liability management. Management of liabilities (passive operations) is the most important area of ​​banking management. It is focused on managing the mobilization of credit resources, managing the issuing activity of the bank, and maintaining the liquidity of the bank. It should be noted that passive operations are primary in relation to active ones, since before placing resources, you first need to form them.

The resources of a commercial bank are divided into two groups:

• A) equity(own funds);
• b) attracted funds.

Equity capital represents funds owned directly by a commercial bank. At the expense of their own capital, banks form 12-20% of the total need for resources to ensure their activities.

Bank capital management involves maintaining its sufficiency, choosing the most effective way its increase. Sources of capital growth of a commercial bank are divided into internal and external.

TO internal sources relate retained earnings bank and revaluation of its funds. External sources include: issue of shares; issue of subordinated obligations; attracting funds from shareholders of the bike.

Low profit share joint-stock bank, directed to increase equity, leads, respectively, to a slow growth of the bank's own capital, holding back the growth of assets and income, while a high share leads to a decrease in dividends paid. At the same time, high and stable dividends lead to an increase in the market value of the bank's shares, which makes it easier to raise capital from external sources. When pursuing a dividend policy and choosing a source of capital increase, the bank's management must comprehensively take into account the trends in the general economic and banking environment, a combination of various factors and trends.

The main volume of bank resources is formed at the expense of borrowed funds, which the bank accumulates in the process of conducting deposit and non-deposit operations.

Deposit operations provide the bulk of attracted resources of commercial banks. The implementation of deposit operations involves the development by each credit institution of its own deposit policy. It should be understood as a set of measures aimed at determining the forms, tasks, content of activities for the formation of banking resources, their planning and regulation.

In the management of bank liabilities, there are concepts of deposit expansion and reduction of deposits. The volume of deposits in commercial banks depends mainly on the amount of loans provided by banks and investments.

Non-deposit operations are associated with obtaining loans from the Bank of Russia from correspondent banks, i.e. interbank loans, which are usually provided for a short period. Large Russian banks Eurocurrency loans are also attracted - loans received in Eurodollars. Non-deposit passive operations also include the attraction of funds by commercial banks through the issuance of securities - bonds and bills.

The conclusion is as follows: the defining goal of managing the liabilities of a commercial bank is to form and increase the volume of its resources, while minimizing the bank's expenses and maintaining the required level of liquidity, taking into account all types of risks.

Bank personnel management. Bank personnel management (personnel management) includes the development and implementation of personnel policy, management of remuneration and labor incentives, management of relationships in the bank's team.

There are three main groups of personnel management methods:

• 1) economic methods, including the development of systems of remuneration and material incentives, planning and personnel management;
• 2) administrative or organizational and administrative methods;
• 3) socio-psychological methods - moral stimulation of labor, methods social protection bank employees, the system of relationships in the team, the socio-psychological climate, etc.

The most important tasks of bike personnel management (personnel policy) are:

• regulatory and legal support of the personnel management system;
• selection and distribution of personnel;
• terms of employment and dismissal;
• training and professional development;
• assessment of personnel and their activities.

Legal support of personnel management

includes:

• legislative acts and others regulations on labor and personnel ( Labor Code Russian Federation, Civil Code of the Russian Federation, regulations, instructions, guidelines and rules of ministries, departments, other government agencies);
• orders, regulations, rules and other documents issued by the bank's management on labor issues, number of personnel, remuneration, composition of divisions, etc. (for example, internal labor regulations, regulations on the bank's division, staffing, job descriptions).

The main stages of recruitment and distribution of personnel are:

• determination of the need for personnel;
• recruitment;
• selection and placement of personnel.

Determining the need for personnel is one of the priority tasks of personnel management, which makes it possible to establish the quantitative and qualitative composition of personnel for a certain period.

In quantitative terms, the number of employees of a commercial bank is determined primarily by the volume of banking operations performed and the productivity of employees, organizational structure bank and other factors.

Qualitative characteristics of personnel include: level of education, qualifications, practical professional skills, motivation (professional and personal interests, etc.); personal characteristics (hard work, sociability).

Determining the need for personnel involves:

• 1) assessment of the available personnel for a given period (taking into account the outflow of personnel for various reasons);
• 2) determination of the future need for personnel in accordance with the current and future tasks of the bank;
• 3) drawing up a program for fulfilling the bank's needs for personnel, which takes into account directions for achieving quantitative and qualitative correspondence between the future need for personnel and its current availability.

Internal sources of covering the need for personnel - the release, retraining and transfer of personnel within the bank. External sources: admission of graduates of relevant educational institutions, specialists from other banks.

The selection and placement of personnel are carried out on the basis of certain principles, which provide for the development of specific requirements for the bank's personnel, taking into account the volume of its activities, the level of competitiveness, as well as the existing plan for the effective placement of personnel between structural divisions bank (offices, departments, departments and branches).

Persons nominated for the positions of the head and chief accountant of the bank must meet the requirements established by law O banking. Candidates for the position of heads of main functional units must have a higher legal or economic education and, as a rule, at least one year of experience in managing a department or other unit of a credit institution related to banking operations.

In addition to assessing candidates for vacant positions in the bank, a current and periodic assessment of all employees must be carried out - certification, which involves determining the qualifications, level of knowledge of the employee, as well as forming an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bhis business and other qualities. The main purpose of certification is to establish the professional suitability of each bank employee for the position. Based on the results of the certification, certain decisions are made - changing wages, transferring an employee to another position (demotion or promotion), dismissal, etc.

An obligatory task of personnel management is the development of the bank's personnel.

The main goals of personnel development are as follows:

• increase in labor efficiency;
• staff development;
• training the necessary leadership;
• reduction in staff turnover;
• education of young promising employees;
• improvement of the psychological climate in the team.

The main factors in the development of personnel include, first of all:

• motivation (high level of wages, prestige of work, compliance of wages with its results, the presence of a social package);
• professional growth (compulsory special education, openness of information about the prospects for professional growth, providing opportunities for growth);
• leadership style (fairness of requirements and a friendly microclimate in the team).

Training and advanced training is focused on continuous training of bank personnel at all levels, either within the bank itself or in special training centers at higher educational institutions(universities, institutes, colleges). The need for training in order to improve qualifications is primarily due to the requirements and market conditions

banking market, growing competition and a high level scientific and technological progress in the field of banking technologies.

In the personnel management of the bike, it is important to ensure the motivation of the bank staff, based on material and moral incentives.

Financial incentives include:

• material remuneration for work (wages, bonuses, benefits);
• working conditions.

Salary in a commercial bank is usually determined by the staffing table. In commercial banks, bonuses are usually set to the basic salary (personal, for length of service, academic degree, knowledge of a foreign language, etc.). The official salary of an employee according to the staffing table is a constant part of the remuneration. The second part of the wage fund - variable - is directly dependent on financial results activities of the bank as a whole or its divisions.

The remuneration system involves the payment of monthly, quarterly and annual bonuses. The premium is paid for efficient work, suggestions for improving customer service, mastering new banking technologies, etc. At the same time, the bonus should have not only material, but also moral significance for the bank's staff. In Western countries, a number of banks practice as an incentive system the issuance of their shares to staff, which is considered the highest level in wages.

In the system of remuneration, a special place is occupied by benefits, the so-called social package provided to bank staff, increasing its overall income. Such benefits may include: payment for travel and food at work, medical treatment, maintenance in child care facilities, education and recreation for children; the possibility of obtaining loans at preferential interest rates; pay lump sums to pay for treatment and rest; life insurance at the expense of the bank, etc. Benefits provided to employees depending on the specific results of work are an important means of increasing the productivity of bank personnel.

Asset management is the rationalization of the ways and procedure for the placement of funds attracted by the bank. The obvious solution to the problem of efficient use of funds is to "buy" the kind of assets (loans and investments) that can bring the highest return at the level of risk that bank management is willing to take. At the same time, the management of funds in commercial banks is complicated by a number of factors. First of all, banks must carry out the placement of funds in strict accordance with the laws and regulations of the regulatory authorities, this may be, for example, a regulation obliging banks to keep a certain percentage of deposits in the form of cash or a prohibition to invest funds in ordinary shares industrial corporations. Further, the relationship between banks and their customers for loans and deposits is built on the basis of trust and assistance. Finally, the shareholders of a commercial bank, like all other investors, expect a rate of return corresponding to investment risk, and comparable in size to the profit from similar investments.

The vast majority of funds attracted by the bank is payable on demand or with a very short notice period. Demand deposits are paid out at the first request of the depositor. Advance notice is required for withdrawal of term and savings deposits, but in general, savings deposits should be treated as payable on demand. Therefore, the primary condition is to ensure the ability of the bank to meet the requirements of depositors (in other words, to ensure liquidity).

The second condition is the availability of funds sufficient to meet the credit needs of bank customers. Providing a loan - the main type commercial activities jar. The inability of the bank to meet the needs of customers in loans will lead to the loss of profitable transactions, a decrease in profits. The conflict between liquidity and profitability of the bank can be considered the central problem that it solves when placing funds. On the one hand, the bank is feeling pressure from equity holders interested in the higher returns that can be generated by lending to questionable borrowers and reducing unused balances. But on the other hand, the bank management is well aware that such actions reduce the bank's liquidity, which is necessary for the withdrawal of deposits and to meet the demand for credit from long-term customers. In practice, various methods are used to determine the trade-off between liquidity and profitability requirements. The assets of a commercial bank can be divided into four main categories: cash on hand and cash equivalents; investments in securities; loans; buildings and equipment. In Russia, asset management consists mainly in the placement of funds within the first three categories. Investing in buildings and equipment doesn't have to be dealt with every day. But when similar expenses are planned, it should, of course, provide for the availability of sufficient funds in the relevant periods.

The first component of banking assets is “Cash and cash equivalents”. Regulatory authorities require commercial banks to hold part of the funds in cash or in the form of demand deposits in accounts with other banks. In addition, cash on hand is needed to change money, repay deposits, meet demand for loans, and cover various operating expenses, including wages personnel, payment for various materials and services. The article "Cash and cash equivalents" includes funds on accounts in central bank and in other commercial banks, banknotes and coins, as well as payment documents in the process of collection.

An important reserve is, of course, cash in bank vaults. But the bank's management, of course, seeks to reduce their value to a minimum, determined by security considerations. In addition, in Russia the costs of protecting and insuring cash are very significant, and cash does not bring income. Funds on accounts in correspondent banks also practically do not generate income. Therefore, the item "Cash and cash equivalents" is the most liquid for the bank, but the least profitable.

With regard to the article "Securities", it must be stated that today most of all investments in securities fall on government securities. Investments in short-term government papers usually generate lower returns, but are highly liquid assets with zero default risk and negligible market rate risk. Long-term securities usually generate higher returns over a long period. Banks usually invest in bonds to increase their income. public institutions and, to a limited extent, into premium corporate bonds.

The main activity of commercial banks, in terms of generating income, is the provision of loans. By placing funds in various types of lending operations, the bank's management considers it a priority to obtain a high income while meeting the needs of customers in a loan. The degree of liquidity of a particular credit transaction is not of paramount importance. Practice has shown that there are three different approaches to asset management (the method of the general fund of funds, the method of asset allocation and the method of scientific management), differing in what is emphasized in the process of working with assets and the extent to which quantification data is used in evaluating possible alternatives. None of the methods can be considered ideal, since each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Whichever single method or combination of methods a bank adopts as a model for investing funds in various assets, the main thing is to maintain a rational balance of risk and profitability between separate categories active operations and between certain types loans and investments within each category. A useful tool in achieving the goal of maximizing profit is a careful comparison of the marginal costs of raising funds with the marginal possible income from active operations. So, let's start a detailed review of these methods.

The general method of distributing funds is that from the funds collected through passive operations, the bank forms a general fund, which is placed without regard to the term of deposits of passive operations.

The general fund of funds consists of share capital, demand deposits, savings deposits, term deposits. The funds of the general fund, or pool, are subsequently placed in the active operations of the bank. The placement of funds is carried out under the following items:

Primary reserves, which consist of cash, checks and other means of payment in the process of collection, sets in the central bank, funds in correspondent accounts with other commercial banks;

Secondary reserves, which include government securities and sometimes funds in loan accounts;

Securities of private companies;

Buildings and constructions.

This method gives the most general priorities for the allocation of funds, as can be seen from the diagram shown in Fig. 3

Figure 3. General method of allocating funds from a commercial bank

The general method of depositing funds is considered to be quite risky as it could undermine the bank's liquidity. It is mainly used by large banks, which have significant financial resources and therefore may not comply with the terms of deposits. Medium and small banks cannot afford such a proportional distribution of funds, as this is fraught with serious complications.

Method of asset allocation, or conversion of funds. Most banks use the method of asset allocation, or conversion of funds, which is based on the fact that the amount of liquid funds required by the bank depends on the sources of raising funds by maturity. Using this method, an attempt is made to distinguish between sources of funds in accordance with the norms of required reserves and the speed of their circulation (turnover). For example, demand deposits require higher reserve requirements than savings and term deposits. At the same time, their turnover rate is also higher than that of other types of deposits. Therefore, money on demand deposits should be placed mainly in primary and secondary reserves and less - in investments, that is, private securities.

Thus, the asset allocation method creates several "liquidity-profitability centers" within the bank itself, which are used to place funds raised by the bank from various sources. Such centers in the world banking practice are referred to as "banks within the bank", since the placement of funds from each center is carried out independently of the placement of funds from other centers, that is, there are deposits on demand, a bank of savings deposits, a bank of fixed deposits, a bank of fixed capital. .

The main advantages of this method is that, firstly. There is a coordination of terms between deposits and their investments in assets, and secondly, liquid assets decrease and increase in loans and investments (private securities), which leads to an increase in the rate of return. The method allows you to eliminate the excess of liquid assets that oppose savings and term deposits, as well as fixed capital.

Since the method of distribution of deposits is based on the speed of their circulation, it allows for coordination between the terms of deposits and investments in active operations, which is reflected in Fig. 4

However, this method, as recognized by world banking practice, has a number of disadvantages. First, there is no close relationship between individual groups of contributions and the total amount deposits. Secondly. There is an independence of the sources of funds from the ways of their use, since the same customers invest and borrow from the bank, if the banks are striving for this.

Figure 4. Asset allocation method

When using this method, banks rely on the average, and not on the marginal level of liquidity. There are also common shortcomings of the other methods considered: both methods tend to focus on the liquidity of required reserves and the possible withdrawal of deposits, paying less attention to the need to satisfy customers' loan applications. But in the context of the economic recovery, both deposits and loans are growing. And so the bank needs some liquidity. In addition, the demand for credit may outstrip the growth of deposits. In a recession, the growth of deposits is higher. Another disadvantage is. The fact that both methods are based on the average, and not on the marginal level of liquidity.

The scientific method of asset management in the world banking practice also uses the scientific method of asset management, which is based on the study of the objective function.

So, the bank calculates its investments according to the following formula:

P(n)=0.04x1+0.05x2+0.06x3+0.07x4+0.12x5+0.13x6

Where P - profit

X1-6 - investment amounts

4,5,6,7,12,13 - interest on government short-term bonds, government long-term bonds, first-class commercial loans, consumer loans, mortgage loans, respectively.

The purpose of this method is profit maximization. The scientific method proceeds from the fact that at any level of risk that is not associated with a liquidity requirement and does not have any restrictions on investment, the bank makes investments based on their highest interest rates (in this case, 12 and 13%). However, the bank has other customers, and must comply with central bank regulations and be cautious, as the market can bring any surprises.

In this regard, the bank will not invest all its funds in the area with the highest percentage, but will make investments fairly evenly, placing a significant part of its resources in those areas where there are more high interest. Thus. He will get enough profit and keep the liquidity at the right level.

All three methods of asset management are currently widely used in world banking practice and depending on the circumstances and position of a particular bank in the market. The method of asset management based on the objective function can be considered the most effective.

Thus, after studying theoretical aspects asset management and assets, in general, we came to the conclusion that different authors have a different view of assets and their management. There is no universal method for managing bank assets, each bank has its own, and it comes from the bank's strategy, management and geographical location.

One of the important aspects of banking management is the asset management of a commercial bank. Currently, the world banking practice distinguishes three main methods of asset management:

The general method of distribution of funds, or the general fund of funds;

Method of asset allocation, or conversion of funds;

The scientific method of asset management.

General method of distribution of funds

The essence of the first method is that from the funds collected through passive operations, the bank forms a general fund, which is placed without taking into account the term of deposits of passive operations.

The general fund of funds consists of share capital, demand deposits, savings deposits, time deposits. The funds of the general fund, or pool, are subsequently placed in the active operations of the bank. The placement of funds is carried out under the following items:

Primary reserves, which consist of cash, checks, other means of payment in the process of collection, accounts with the central bank, funds in correspondent accounts with other commercial banks;

Secondary reserves, which include government securities and sometimes funds in loan accounts;

Securities of private companies;

Buildings and constructions.

This method gives the most general priorities for the allocation of funds, as can be seen from the diagram presented in Figure 1.

The general method of depositing funds is considered to be quite risky as it could undermine the bank's liquidity. It is mainly used by large banks, which have significant financial resources and therefore may not comply with the terms of deposits. Medium and small banks cannot afford such a proportional distribution of funds, as this is fraught with serious complications.

Source of placement of funds Directions of placement of funds

Own funds.

Primary reserves

Secondary reserves

Involved funds.

Securities of private companies

Buildings and constructions

Figure 1 General allocation method

Method of asset allocation, or conversion of funds

Most banks use the method of asset allocation, or the conversion of funds, which is based on the fact that the amount of liquid funds required by the bank depends on the sources of raising funds by maturity. With the help of this method, an attempt is made to distinguish between sources of funds in accordance with the norms of required reserves and the speed of their circulation. (turnover). For example, demand deposits require a higher reserve requirement than savings and term deposits. At the same time, their turnover rate is also higher than that of other types of deposits. Therefore, money on demand deposits should be placed mainly in primary and secondary reserves and less - in investments, i.e. private securities.

Thus, the asset allocation method creates several "liquidity-profitability centers" within the bank itself, which are used to place funds raised by the bank from various sources. Such centers in world banking practice are referred to as “banks within a bank”, since the placement of funds from each center is carried out independently of the placement of funds from other centers, i.e. as if there are a demand deposit bank, a savings deposit bank, a term deposit bank, a fixed capital bank.

The main advantages of this method are that, firstly, there is coordination of terms between deposits and their investments in assets, and secondly, liquid assets decrease and additional investments in loans and investments (private securities) increase, which leads to an increase in the rate of profit. The method allows you to eliminate the excess of liquid assets that oppose savings and term deposits, as well as fixed capital.

Since the method of distribution of deposits is based on the velocity of their circulation, it allows for coordination between the terms of deposits and investments in active operations, which is reflected in Figure 2.

However, this method, as recognized by world banking practice, has a number of disadvantages. First, there is no close relationship between individual groups of deposits and the total amount of deposits. Secondly, there is an independence of the sources of funds from the ways of their use, since the same clients invest and borrow from the bank, if banks are striving for this.

When using this method, banks rely on the average, and not on the marginal level of liquidity. There are also common shortcomings of the two methods discussed: both methods tend to focus on the liquidity of required reserves and the possible withdrawal of deposits, paying less attention to the need to satisfy customers' loan applications. But in an economic recovery, both deposits and loans are growing, and therefore the bank needs some liquidity. In addition, the demand for credit may outstrip the growth of deposits. In a recession, the growth of deposits is higher. Another disadvantage is that both methods are based on an average. rather than a liquidity ceiling.

Sources of funds Placement of funds

Demand deposits.

primary reserves.

Savings deposits.

secondary reserves.

Term deposits.

Securities.

Buildings and equipment.

Authorized capital. Reserves.

Figure 2 Fund Conversion Method

The scientific method of asset management

In world banking practice, the scientific method of asset management is also used, the basis of which is the study of the objective function.

So, the bank calculates its investments according to the following formula:

P (n) \u003d 0.04x1 + 0.05x 2 + 0.06x 3 + 0.07x 4 + 0.12x 5 + 0.13x 6,

R profit;

X 1-6, -e investment amount;

4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13 - interest on government short-term bonds, government long-term bonds, first-class commercial loans, term loans, consumer loans, mortgage loans, respectively.

The purpose of this method is profit maximization. The scientific method proceeds from the fact that at any level of risk that is not associated with a liquidity requirement and does not have any restrictions on investment, the bank makes investments based on the highest interest rates (in this case, these are 12 and 13%).

However, the bank has other customers, and must comply with central bank regulations and be cautious, as the market can bring any surprises.

In this regard, the bank will not invest all its funds in the area where the interest rate is the highest, but will make investments fairly evenly, placing a significant part of its resources in those areas where there are higher interest rates. Thus, he will receive sufficient profit and maintain liquidity at the proper level.

All three methods of asset management are currently widely used in world banking practice, depending on the circumstances and the position of a particular bank in the market. The method of asset management based on the objective function can be considered the most effective.

The bank's assets are operations for the placement of the bank's own and borrowed funds for profit. Liquidity, profitability, and, consequently, financial security and the stability of the bank as a whole. The main sources of funds for the formation of assets are: the bank's own capital and funds of depositors, interbank loans, the issue of bank bonds. The increase in the bank's assets occurs due to active operations: lending, investment operations, other operations of the bank to place its own and borrowed funds. An important quality of a bank's assets is making a profit.

There are different points of view on the composition of the assets of a commercial bank. Conventionally, all assets of a commercial bank can be divided into 4 main groups (Figure 2.1).

Rice. 2.1 Assets of commercial banks

Cash on hand represents cash balances in the bank and balances on correspondent accounts with the Central Bank, as well as other commercial banks. Maintaining a sufficient level of cash balance in the form of banknotes and coins is necessary to ensure that the bank fulfills current liabilities and payments in cash, mainly for settlements with individuals(exchange of money, return of deposits, issuance of loans in cash). It is formed by collection of proceeds trading operations accepted by the bank in cash. As a rule, banks set strict limits on the size of the cash balance and strive for its reasonable minimization, since the cash balance not only does not generate income, but also requires significant expenses (storage, recalculation, and security measures). The surplus cash balance is reduced by transferring part of the cash to the Central Bank for subsequent crediting of the transferred amount to the correspondent account of a commercial bank. When there is a shortage of cash commercial Bank can get the required amount from the Central Bank.

Balances on correspondent accounts with the Central Bank and commercial banks are formed by receipts from the bank's counterparties and also serve to make current payments. Like the cash balance, the balance on the correspondent account is subject to reasonable minimization as not generating income or bringing minimal income if interest is paid on the balance on it.

At the same time, these funds form the so-called primary reserves, which at any time, without any restrictions and additional costs, can be used to fulfill the obligations of the bank.

Investment securities. This includes bonds, bills, shares and other securities held by the bank, primarily with the expectation of income, the amount of which will depend on its rate. They are often divided into taxable and non-taxable securities. The latter provide interest income exempt from income tax. Investments in investment securities may be reflected in financial statements bank by their original cost, market value or at a cost below par or market value. Almost all banks record purchased securities and other assets and liabilities with their original value, unless otherwise specified by regulators. mandatory order their revaluation. Naturally, in the case when interest rates after the purchase of securities increase, their market value will be lower than the original (book) value. Therefore, banks that enter securities at their original cost on the balance sheet often indicate their current market value. IN Russian practice Government bonds are classified as investment securities. federal loan with a variable coupon and permanent income(OFZ-PK and OFZ-PD), bonds of the internal state foreign currency loan (OVGVZ), bills issued by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, municipal and regional securities, bills of banks and corporate issuers, as well as shares of joint-stock companies.

Credits. The main type of bank assets are loans, which usually account for between half and three-quarters of the total value of all assets. Gross loans include all originated loans (consumer, real estate, commercial and other) plus all extended loans to securities dealers and other financial institutions. To determine the value of net loans, current and expected losses on loans should be deducted from gross loans.

fixed assets and intangible assets. TO banking assets also include the residual value (adjusted for depreciation) of buildings and equipment, investments in subsidiaries and other relatively minor items. Price material resources also called fixed assets. Associated with them are fixed transaction costs in the form depreciation charges, property taxes. These costs serve as leverage for the bank to increase its operating income, but only if it can increase its sales to a sufficient high level and earn more on the use of fixed assets than they are worth.

The activity of a commercial bank occurs through the implementation of active and passive operations. Passive Operations are carried out in order to form the resources of a commercial bank for the implementation of its activities. Active operations include operations to place the resources available to banks for profit and liquidity. Profit and liquidity - two fundamental principles, which reflect the essence of active operations inherent in the bank as a commercial enterprise, using mainly borrowed resources.

There are different points of view on the classification of active operations, as well as on the structure of assets. According to Bukato V.I., Lvov Yu.I. The main active operations are:

lending operations that result in loan portfolio jar;

investment operations that form the basis for the formation of an investment portfolio;

cash and settlement operations, which are one of the main types of services provided by the bank to its customers;

other active operations related to the creation of an appropriate infrastructure that ensures the successful completion of all banking operations.

Lavrushin believes that the most common active operations of banks are:

lending operations, as a rule, bring banks the bulk of their income. On a macroeconomic scale, the significance of these operations lies in the fact that through them banks turn temporarily inactive cash funds into the existing ones, stimulating the processes of production, circulation and consumption;

investment transactions, in the process of their completion, the bank acts as an investor, investing resources in securities or acquiring rights for joint economic activities;

deposit operations, the purpose of active deposit operations of banks is to create current and long-term reserves of means of payment in accounts with the Central Bank (correspondent account and reserve account) and other commercial banks;

other active operations, various in form, bring significant income to banks abroad. Other active transactions include: foreign exchange And precious metals, trust, agency, commodity, etc.

Antonov P.G., Pessel M. distinguishes the same operations as Bukato V.I. and Lvov Yu.I., i.e.: cash, credit, investment and other operations.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the main active operations of commercial banks are:

credit operations;

investment operations;

settlement and cash operations;

other active operations.

The need to manage the asset structure of a commercial bank is due to the fact that the bank must ensure such a rational structure of its assets that would allow it to meet its obligations on a daily basis. To do this, the bank must effectively manage the composition and structure of its assets, i.e. make decisions on the most appropriate directions and ways of investing own and borrowed funds.

Active operations provide profitability and liquidity of the bank, i.e. allow to solve two main objectives of the activities of commercial banks. Active operations are also of great national economic importance. It is with their help that banks can direct the funds released in the course of economic activity to those participants in the economic turnover who need capital, ensuring the flow of capital into the most promising sectors of the economy, facilitating the growth of industrial investment, introducing innovations, restructuring and stable growth of industrial production, expanding housing construction. Bank loans to the population are of great social importance.