Spheres and divisions of the economy. Spheres and divisions of the national economy. National economic complex of Russia

1. Introduction

2. Spheres and divisions of the economy

3. Structural restructuring of the economy

4. Conclusion.

5. Literature

Introduction

The economy of any country is single complex interconnected industries. Each state, depending on its national and historical traditions, geographical and geopolitical conditions and labor skills of the population, creates its own unique set of sectors of the national economy, the formation of which is increasingly influenced by international cooperation with other countries.

When analyzing national economy distinguish such concepts as spheres, industries, complexes, sectors of the economy.

The national economy is the result of economic and social development society, development of specialization and cooperation of labor, international cooperation with other countries.

The national economic complex has special sectoral, reproductive, regional and other structural characteristics.

1. Spheres and divisions of the economy

When analyzing the national economy in economic research Concepts such as sphere, industry, sector of the economy are usually used.

Spheres of the economy

From the point of view of participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, social production is divided into two large spheres: material production and non-production sphere.

Material production includes industry, agriculture and forestry, freight transport, communications (serving material production), construction, trade, catering, information and computing services, and other types of activities in the sphere material production. The non-productive sphere includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sector and the population), healthcare, physical education and social security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, activities of the administrative apparatus .

Sectors of the economy

Spheres of the economy are divided into specialized industries. Industry – a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions), characterized by special conditions production in the system of social division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a general (specific) function in the national economy.

For example, the sphere of material production includes industries in which the means of production and consumer goods necessary for the life and development of society are created.

The sectoral division of the economy is the result of a historical process, the development of the social division of labor.

Each of the specialized industries, in turn, is divided into complex industries and types of production. In the industry, for example, there are more than 15 large sectors such as electric power, fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, pulp and paper industry, industry building materials, light and food industries and other industries.

Specialized industries are characterized by varying degrees of differentiation of production. The development of society and the economy, the further deepening of the specialization of production leads to the formation of new industries and types of production. Along with specialization and differentiation, there are processes of cooperation and integration of production, leading to the development of stable production links between industries, to the creation of mixed production and inter-industry complexes.

Intersectoral complexes

An intersectoral complex is an integration structure that characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and distribution of the product.

Intersectoral complexes arise and develop both within a separate sector of the economy and between various industries. In industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building and other complexes. The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which unite different sectors of the national economy, have a more complex structure.

Intersectoral national economic complexes can be conditionally divided into targeted and functional. The basis for identifying target complexes is the reproductive principle and the criterion of participation in the creation of the final product. For example, you can highlight machine-building complex, fuel and energy and agro-industrial complex, forestry and mineral resources complex, transport complex, etc.

The basis for identifying functional complexes is the principle and criterion of specialization of a complex on a specific function. Here we can distinguish investment and infrastructure complexes, a scientific and technical complex, and, to a certain extent, an environmental complex.

Based on the division of labor, we can distinguish multi-industry and single-industry complexes, territorial-production complexes, and inter-industry scientific and technical complexes.

Economic sectors

The constituent elements of the national economic complex can be grouped according to various economic characteristics. In foreign studies based on the system of national accounts for generalizing characteristics economic processes identify large sectors of the economy.

A sector means a set of institutional units, having similar economic goals functions and behavior. These usually include: the enterprise sector, the household sector, the government agencies and the external sector. The enterprise sector is usually divided into the financial sector and the non-financial sector. financial enterprises.

The non-financial enterprise sector includes enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services for profit, and non-profit organizations that do not pursue profit. Depending on who controls their activities, they, in turn, are divided into state, national, private and foreign non-financial enterprises.

The financial enterprises sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation.

The sector of public institutions is a combination of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, funds social security and non-profit organizations controlled by them.

The household sector consists mainly of consuming units, i.e. households and enterprises formed by them.

The external sector, or the “rest of the world” sector, is a set of institutional units - non-residents of a given country (i.e. located outside the country) that have economic ties, as well as embassies, consulates, military bases, international organizations located in the territory of a given country.

According to the degree of connection with the market in the national economy, market and non-market sectors are often distinguished.

The market sector covers the production of goods and services intended for sale on the market at prices that have a significant impact on the demand for these goods or services, as well as the exchange of goods and services through barter, wages in in kind and stocks finished products.

The non-market sector is the production of products and services intended for use directly by producers or business owners, and also provided to other consumers free of charge or at prices that do not affect demand.

Sometimes mixed industries are additionally distinguished, which provide market and non-market services.

According to international statistics, the economy is usually divided into industries that produce goods and industries that provide services. The first group includes industry, Agriculture, construction and other sectors of material production (publishing, recycling of secondary raw materials, collecting wild mushrooms and berries, etc.). Industries providing services include education, transport, trade, healthcare, general public administration, defense, etc.

2. Structural restructuring of the economy

The national economic complex is a complex system of interacting macroeconomic elements. The existing relationships (proportions) between these elements are usually called economic structure. Typically, sectoral, reproductive, regional and other types of economic structures are distinguished.

The structure of the national economy is not constant: some sectors and types of production are characterized by rapid development, others, on the contrary, slow down their growth rates and stagnate.

Structural changes in the economy can be spontaneous, or they can be regulated by the state in the course of implementing structural policy, which is an integral part of macroeconomic policy. The main methods of state structural policy are state targeted programs, public investment, procurement and subsidies, various tax benefits individual enterprises, regions or groups of industries.

Implementation of structural restructuring of the economy ensures the balance of the national economy and is the basis for sustainable and efficient economic growth and development.

Features and directions of structural restructuring in Russia

In Russia, structural restructuring of the economy is carried out in conditions of transition from an administrative-command economic system to market economy. The transition itself means a radical transformation of the economic system, which is characterized by profound transformations in the system of socio-economic relations, changes in the forms and methods of management, property relations, including the formation of the private sector and the privatization of the predominant or significant part of the public sector of the economy. The need for structural restructuring is explained by a change in priorities in the formation of the national economic structure. The previous structure of the national economic complex turned out to be unviable and economically ineffective in the conditions of economic liberalization and the development of market economic methods. The existing structure was characterized by an extremely high degree of nationalization of all economic processes, super-monopolization of production, a distorted structure of the national economic complex with a significant development of extractive industries, a hypertrophied military-industrial complex with a significant lag behind industries working on the consumer market.

The national economy is structured according to reproduction and sectoral characteristics.

The reproductive structure involves dividing the social product according to the principle of their functional purpose.

Industry structure- This is the division of the economic system into main types of activity. The structure of social production presupposes the presence of national economic proportions. Let's look at them.

General economic proportions reflect quantitative relationships, for example, between accumulation and consumption, between the production of means of production and the production of consumer goods, etc. All of them relate to social reproduction at the macroeconomic level.

Intersectoral proportions are quantitative relationships between various sectors of social production, for example, between the mining and processing industries, between industry and agriculture, etc.

Intra-industry proportions are quantitative relationships between individual industries in an industry (for example, lumber procurement and furniture manufacturing).

Interstate proportions are quantitative relationships between national industries of different countries.

Economists of various schools offer their options for achieving proportionality in economic development. One of the first options was proposed by K. Marx in 1885 in the second volume of Capital in his famous reproduction schemes.

He proceeded from the fact that there are two divisions in production: the first (I), where the means of production are produced (mechanical engineering products), and the second (II), where consumer goods are created (life support). The need to distinguish these two divisions is due to the fact that means of production and consumer goods perform different functions: the former serve for the reproduction of the material elements of the productive forces (replacement of equipment), the latter - for the reproduction of the human factor.

Modern social reproduction is more complex and voluminous compared to the one studied by K. Marx. It covers not only material production (divisions I and II), but also intangible and war economy, which form the III and IV spheres.

The more ramified and complex connections that now exist between them no longer fit into Marx’s scheme.

In modern Western literature (A. Fisher, K. Clark) the theory of “three sectors” is used. This theory is based on the division of all sectors of the national economy into “primary”, “secondary” and “tertiary” sectors.

The “primary sector” includes industries related to the production, extraction and use of natural resources (agriculture, forestry, fisheries).

The "secondary sector" consists of manufacturing industries. The extractive industry is sometimes classified as the first, sometimes as the second sector.

“Tertiary” includes “service industries” - transport, utilities, construction, trade, finance, education, healthcare, government, army, etc.

The organizational and economic structure reflects the relationships that develop in the process of organizing the production of a social product. This structure is characterized by a system of proportions between the shares of the social product created by economic units, which are grouped according to the level of concentration or specialization of production.

From the point of view of concentration of production, it can be represented by the ratio of the shares of large, medium and small enterprises in sectoral production, GNP or GDP; from the point of view of specialization - the proportion between the shares of specialized or multi-industry industries, calculated both for the national economy as a whole and in a sectoral context. Considered in their unity, both types of organizational and economic structure quite fully characterize the level of technological monopolization of production that has developed in the national economy.

The socio-economic structure characterizes, on the one hand, the contribution of enterprises various forms ownership in the production of a social product, on the other - differentiation of incomes of different groups of the population.

Organizational, economic and social structures social product in Russian Federation undergo significant changes during the creation of a modern market system. In the pre-reform period, the organizational and economic structure of Russia, in comparison with countries with developed market economies, was distinguished by an extremely high concentration of production, and the socio-economic structure was characterized by almost undivided dominance state form property and a relatively even distribution of income between different groups of the population. The deployment of processes of privatization and demonopolization of production, the development of small business led to a decrease in the level of concentration of production, an increase in the share of the private sector of the economy and increased income differentiation.

As a system, the national economy has certain indicators that characterize its level of development. The identity of indicators, based on a common method of calculating them, simultaneously allows for international comparisons and the display of aggregate data for the global economy as a whole.

Economic potential reflects the volume, structure, quality and technical level of goods and services produced in it, as well as material and spiritual values accumulated in the country and abroad. To fully characterize it, a number of indicators are needed, but the main ones are gross domestic product, gross national product and national wealth. To finally determine the economic potential, it is necessary to compare it with similar indicators in other countries.

National wealth (NW) is the totality of the country's resources necessary for the production of goods, provision of services and ensuring the livelihoods of people. It includes: non-financial production and non-production assets, financial assets(liabilities), foreign direct investment, durable goods in households. When assessing the elements of national wealth, both natural and cost indicators are used. Data on national wealth allow us to estimate economic potential countries, the level of economic development and the level of well-being of the population.

National income (NI) is the part of the gross domestic product that remains after deducting the costs of its production. National income can be: a) produced, b) used for consumption and accumulation.

The most universal indicator for assessing the internal economic potential of any country is the volume of gross domestic product (GDP). By GDP indicators it is possible to determine the value of goods and services produced by the national economy and intended for final consumption, accumulation and export.

GDP is calculated in three ways: for production - as the sum of added value of all sectors of material production and the service sector; by distribution - as the sum of public and private consumption, public and private investment, increase or decrease in reserves; by income - as the amount wages employees, all types of profit, rental income, depreciation charges And indirect taxes. All three methods of calculating GDP should give the same result. Dynamism and sustainability economic development countries are determined by another indicator - the average annual growth rate of GDP. The calculation of GDP per capita completes the overall picture.

The national economy is a complex multi-level economic system, the definition of the essence of which depends on the objectives of the study. For analysis economic activity The concept of national economy is defined as follows.

National economy - This a single complex of interrelated industries (types of economic activity), formed as a result of the social division of labor, scientific and technological development, international cooperation, specific within a particular country.

In structural terms, the national economy can be considered from the point of view of legal, sectoral and spatial organization.

In legal terms, the national economy is a set of organizations that have the status legal entity(commercial and non-profit organizations).

In the sectoral plan, when analyzing the national economy, concepts such as sphere, sector, industry, and type of economic activity are used.

Division of the national economy into spheres carried out from the point of view of their participation in the formation of gross domestic product (GDP) and national income (NI). In addition, the division into spheres allows us to trace a single chain of economic activity. In accordance with this, the entire national economy is divided into two spheres: the sphere of material production and the non-production sphere.

Sphere of material production represents a set of industries and types of economic activity that create material goods or perform functions that are a continuation of the production process in the sphere of circulation. The result of activities in this area are products for industrial and technical purposes, goods and consumer goods ( consumer goods), transport, communication services, etc.

In world practice, the division of the sphere of material production into three elements is also used:

primary (part of the economy associated with the extraction of raw materials, crop production, livestock farming);
industrial (part of the economy related to the production of intermediate products - materials, components, machinery and equipment);
final product (the part of the economy where consumer goods are produced).

Non-production sphere combines industries and activities to serve the population:

education;
health and social services;
activities for the provision of utility, social and personal services, etc.

To provide a general description of economic processes, the national economy is divided into sectors.

Sector national economy is called a set of institutional units that are homogeneous in terms of goals, functions they perform in the economic process, behavior and methods of financing production costs.

Thus, grouping by sector makes it possible to separate parts of the national economy that have common characteristics for theoretical and practical purposes (for statistical observations, government regulation etc.).

Depending on the form of ownership, sectors of the economy are distinguished: public and private.

Government sector represented by a set of enterprises, organizations, institutions that are state-owned or controlled and managed by state bodies.

Private sector represented by a set of enterprises, organizations and institutions not directly controlled by the state.

In accordance with accepted system National accounts (SNA) in the domestic economy have formed the following sectors:

non-financial enterprises;
financial institutions;
government agencies;
households;
non-profit organizations serving households.

The non-financial enterprise sector represents a collection of business units engaged in the production of goods and services for profit, and non-profit organizations engaged in non-market production.

At the same time, three subsectors are distinguished by forms of control:

state;
national private;
foreign.

The non-financial enterprises sector contributes greatest contribution in the production of gross domestic product, but does not participate in final consumption.

The financial institutions sector is represented by a set of commercial and non-profit organizations whose main activities are financial intermediation, insurance, auxiliary activities in the field of financial intermediation and insurance. The financial institutions sector includes: Bank of Russia; commercial banks, other financial intermediaries (investment and innovation funds, leasing organizations, charitable and sponsorship firms, etc.); financial support institutions ( stock exchanges), insurance corporations and pension funds. A distinction should be made between state, national, private and foreign institutions.

The government sector includes a combination of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them. The main functions of the government sector are: organizing the provision of goods and services to the public and financing such provision from taxes or other income; income redistribution and material assets by transfers; production of non-market services. The government sector has federal, regional and local levels.

The household sector is represented by a collection of households consisting of a small group of individuals. Within a household, they pool part or all of their income and assets and jointly consume certain types of goods and services. Some of the households carry out production activities in the form of unincorporated enterprises.

Depending on the type of income (the largest source of income), the following subsectors of the household sector can be distinguished: employers; employees; employees; recipients of property income and transfers. Households are also divided by occupation, sector of work, education and qualifications of the person recognized as its head. Finally, subsectors of the household sector can be formed according to the size of total income, number of members or location.

The sector of non-profit organizations serving households is represented by a set of non-profit organizations whose main function is to provide goods and services to households on a non-market basis. This sector is financed mainly by voluntary contributions, sponsorships, and property income. This sector also includes independent divisions of enterprises and organizations that provide socio-cultural services to their employees.

A single chain of economic activity that forms the modern economic process within the national economy can be represented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 1.1).

Sectors of the national economy, in turn, consist of homogeneous types of economic activity - industries, the list of which is determined according to the accepted classification.

Rice. 1.1.

Industry (type of economic activity) is a set of enterprises and organizations that are characterized by a common scope of activity, manufactured products, production technology, use of raw materials, fixed assets and professional skills of employees.

The division of the national economy into sectors is aimed at solving numerous problems, among which the main ones are:

identification of economic activities declared by economic entities during registration;
development of normative legal acts relating to state regulation individual species economic activity;
implementation of state statistical monitoring by type of activity over the development of economic processes;
ensuring the needs of public authorities and management for information on types of economic activities when solving employment problems, investment activities and etc.;
preparation of statistical information for comparison at the international level.

To solve the last of the listed tasks, the Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated November 6, 2001 No. 454-ST comes into force on January 1, 2003 All-Russian classifier types of economic activities (OKVED), built on the basis of the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Economic Community (NACE). It replaces the All-Union Classification of Sectors of the National Economy (OKONKH), parts I and IV (in relation to economic activity).

In table Table 1.1 provides an enlarged list of industries (types of economic activity) according to OKONKH and OKVED.

In terms of spatial organization over the years for purposes economic forecasting and programming, as well as indicative planning of the territorial development of the Russian Federation, a grid of economic zoning is used.

Economic region considered to be a part of the country's territory characterized by approximate unity natural conditions, demographic characteristics, settlement, economic specialization and social sphere, which determines its place in the country’s economy, and is limited by the administrative boundaries of its constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Created in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 of May 13, 2000 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in federal district» seven federal districts - Central (district center -

Moscow); North-West (district center - St. Petersburg); Southern (district center - Rostov-on-Don); Privolzhsky (district center - Nizhny Novgorod); Uralsky (district center - Yekaterinburg); Sibirsky (district center - Novosibirsk); Far Eastern (the center of the district is Khabarovsk) do not coincide with the economic zoning grid.

List of industries (types of economic activity) according to OKONH And OKVED

Table 1.1

OKONH

OKVED

Industry Agriculture Construction Transport Communications

Trade and public catering Logistics and technical supply and sales Preparations

Housing Utilities Non-production types of consumer services for the population Health care, physical education and social security Education Culture and art Science and scientific services

Agriculture, hunting and forestry

Fishing, fish farming Mining Mining Manufacturing Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water Construction

Wholesale and retail; repair vehicles, motorcycles, household products and personal items Hotels and restaurants Transport and communications Financial activities Operations with real estate, rental and provision of services Public administration and military security; compulsory social security Education

Health care and provision of social services Provision of other communal, social and personal services Provision of housekeeping services Activities of extraterritorial organizations

Spheres of the economy

The non-productive sphere includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sector and the population), healthcare, physical education and social security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, activities of the administrative apparatus .

Sectors of the economy

Spheres of the economy are divided into specialized industries. Industry is a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions), characterized by special production conditions in the system of social division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a common (specific) function in the national economy.

The sectoral division of the economy is the result of a historical process, the development of the social division of labor.

Each of the specialized industries, in turn, is divided into complex industries and types of production. The industry, for example, includes more than 15 large industries such as electric power, fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, pulp and paper industry, construction materials industry, light and food industries and others industry.

Intersectoral ecomplexes

Intersectoral complex- an integration structure that characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and distribution of the product.

Intersectoral complexes arise and develop both within a separate sector of the economy and between different sectors. In industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building and other complexes. The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which unite different sectors of the national economy, have a more complex structure.

Intersectoral national economic complexes can be conditionally divided into targeted and functional. The basis for identifying target complexes is the reproductive principle and the criterion of participation in the creation of the final product. For example, we can distinguish the machine-building complex, the fuel and energy and agro-industrial complex, the forestry and mineral resources complex, the transport complex, etc.

Based on the division of labor, we can distinguish multi-industry and single-industry complexes, territorial-production complexes, and inter-industry scientific and technical complexes.

Economic sectors

Under sector is understood as a set of institutional units that have similar economic goals, functions and behavior. These usually include: the enterprise sector, the household sector, the government sector and the external sector. The enterprise sector is usually divided into the financial enterprise sector and the non-financial enterprise sector.

Non-financial enterprise sector unites enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services for profit, and non-profit organizations that do not pursue profit. Depending on who controls their activities, they, in turn, are divided into state, national, private and foreign non-financial enterprises.

Financial Enterprises Sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation.

The government sector is a combination of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them.

The household sector consists mainly of consuming units, i.e. households and enterprises formed by them.

The external sector, or the “rest of the world” sector, is a set of institutional units - non-residents of a given country (i.e. located outside the country) with economic ties, as well as embassies, consulates, military bases, international organizations located on the territory of a given countries.

According to the degree of connection with the market in the national economy, market and non-market sectors are often distinguished.

The market sector includes the production of goods and services intended to be sold on the market at prices that have a significant impact on the demand for those goods or services, as well as the exchange of goods and services through barter, wages in kind, and inventories of finished goods.

conclusions

1. The national economic complex reflects the economic and social development of society, the deepening division of labor, and the integration processes taking place in the world.

2. The economy is divided into various areas and divisions: material production and non-production sphere, non-financial and financial corporations, the government and household sector, the science sector and the “rest of the world”.

3. The sectoral structure reflects the main types of production and economic activities: market and non-market production, industries producing goods or providing services, mixed industries.

4. The enterprise must be considered in the system of the national economy. The processes occurring in the national economic complex affect all aspects of the enterprise’s activities and determine the directions of its further development.

This section examines the economic complex of Russia, in which the main role is played by FIRM as an independent economic entity that ensures economic growth and the rise of the national economy as a whole, is given general characteristics the company, as well as its goals, objectives, functions, structure. The model of the functioning of the company in the market environment is shown, the influence of the changing external environment on her economic activity. Considered organizational structure firms and forms of business organization in the market space.

By company called the enterprise (organization) that carries out commercial activities in order to make a profit, is endowed with the rights of a legal entity, has its own name and has passed the registration procedure required by law with authorized government agencies. In this sense, the concept of a company does not depend on the form of ownership (federal, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipal or private).

Company is a separate economic entity that uses material and information resources to produce in-demand products, perform work and provide services. It independently carries out its activities, manages its products and profits, which remain after paying taxes and other mandatory payments. That is, the enterprise is an independent commodity producer. IN modern conditions every enterprise, in order to survive, must engage in entrepreneurial activities: production, commercial, and financial entrepreneurship, enterprises are vested with the right of a legal entity, have their own name and are registered with authorized state bodies. Entrepreneurship as a type of human activity arises and exists only within the framework of commodity production and market commodity exchange, which is typical for the existing Russian reality.

1.1. Spheres and divisions of the national economy

Economic complex of Russia

The economy of any country is a single complex of interconnected industries that distinguish social reproduction within national borders.

The national economy is the result of the economic and social development of society, the development of specialization and cooperation of labor, and international cooperation with other countries.

The economic complex has special sectoral, reproductive, regional and other structural characteristics.

Spheres and divisions of the economy

When analyzing the economy of countries in economic research, concepts such as sphere, industry, economic sector.

Spheres of the economy

The non-productive sphere includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sector and the population), healthcare, physical education and social security, education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, and the activities of the administrative apparatus.

Sectors of the economy

Spheres of the economy are divided into specialized industries. An industry is a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions), characterized by special production conditions in the system of social division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a common (specific) function in the national economy.

For example, the sphere of material production includes industries in which the means of production and consumer goods necessary for the life and development of society are created.

The sectoral division of the economy is the result of a historical process, the development of the social division of labor.

Intersectoral complexes

Intersectoral complex– an integration structure that characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and distribution of the product. Intersectoral complexes arise and develop both within a separate sector of the economy and between different sectors. In industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building and other complexes. The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which unite different sectors of the national economy, have a more complex structure.

Intersectoral economic complexes can be divided into target and functional ones. The basis for identifying target complexes is the reproductive principle and the criterion of participation in the creation of the final product. For example, we can distinguish the machine-building complex, the fuel and energy and agro-industrial complexes, the forestry and mineral resources complexes, the transport complex, etc.

Based on the division of labor, we can distinguish multi-industry and single-industry complexes, territorial-production complexes, and inter-industry scientific and technical complexes.

Economic sectors

The constituent elements of the economic complex can be grouped according to various economic characteristics. In foreign studies, based on the system of national accounts, large sectors of the economy are identified to generalize the characteristics of economic processes.

A sector is understood as a collection of institutional units that have similar economic goals, functions and behavior. These usually include: the enterprise sector, the household sector, the government sector and the external sector.

The enterprise sector is usually divided into the financial enterprise sector and the non-financial enterprise sector.

Non-financial enterprise sector unites enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services for profit, and non-profit organizations that do not pursue profit. Depending on who controls their activities, they, in turn, are divided into state, national, private and foreign non-financial enterprises.

Financial Enterprises Sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation.

The government sector is a combination of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them.

The household sector consists mainly of consuming units, i.e. households and the enterprises formed by them.

According to the degree of connection with the market in the national economy, market and non-market sectors are often distinguished.

Market sector covers the production of goods and services intended to be sold on the market at prices that have a significant effect on the demand for those goods or services, as well as the exchange of goods and services through barter, wages in kind, and inventories of finished goods.

Non-market sector- the production of products and services intended for use directly by producers or business owners, as well as provided to other consumers free of charge or at prices that do not affect demand.

Sometimes mixed industries are additionally distinguished, which provide market and non-market services.

According to international statistics, the economy is usually divided into industries that produce goods and industries that provide services. The first group includes industry, agriculture, construction and other sectors of material production (publishing, recycling of secondary raw materials, collecting wild mushrooms and berries, etc.). Industries providing services include education, transport, trade, healthcare, general government, defense, etc.

1.2. Structural restructuring of the economy

The economic complex is a complex system of interacting macroeconomic elements. The existing relationships (proportions) between these elements are usually called economic structure. Typically, sectoral, reproductive, regional and other types of economic structures are distinguished.

The structure of the economy is not constant: some sectors and types of production are characterized by rapid development, others, on the contrary, slow down their growth rates and stagnate.

Structural changes in the economy can be spontaneous, or they can be regulated by the state in the course of implementing structural policy, which is an integral part of macroeconomic policy. The main methods of state structural policy are state target programs, state investments, purchases and subsidies, various tax incentives for individual enterprises, regions or groups of industries.

The implementation of structural restructuring of the economy ensures the balance of the national economy and is the basis for sustainable and effective economic growth and development.

Features and directions of structural restructuring in Russia

In Russia, structural restructuring of the economy is carried out under conditions of transition from an administrative-command economic system to a market economy. The transition itself means a radical transformation of the economic system, which is characterized by profound transformations in the system of socio-economic relations, changes in the forms and methods of management, property relations, including the formation of the private sector and the privatization of the predominant or significant part of the public sector of the economy.

The need for structural restructuring is explained by a change in priorities in the formation of the economic structure. The previous structure of the economic complex turned out to be unviable and economically ineffective in the conditions of economic liberalization and the development of market economic methods. The existing structure was characterized by an extremely high degree of nationalization of all economic processes, super-monopolization of production, a distorted structure of the economic complex with a significant development of extractive industries, a hypertrophied military-industrial complex with a significant lag behind industries working on the consumer market.

The specificity of structural restructuring in Russia is that it is carried out in conditions of transformational decline that accompanies any transition from one economic system to another, which in the conditions of our country was superimposed on the structural crisis that began back in the 80s. Structural restructuring is carried out in the context of changes in the forms and methods of government influence on the economy, a significant reduction in government spending and centralized lending.

The main directions of structural restructuring are the winding down and repurposing of objectively unnecessary and incapacitated enterprises, slowing the decline and stabilizing the output of products that are in demand in the domestic and foreign markets; creating conditions for the revitalization and development of promising activities that form the real economic potential of the country.

Industry Development Trends

Russia is a country with developed industry. It accounts for 3/5 of the total gross social product, more than 2/5 of the national income, about 1/2 of production fixed assets and, together with construction, approximately 2/5 of those employed in social production population. Industry primarily determines production, scientific and technical potential, the degree and efficiency of use of natural, material and labor resources. It serves as the basis for the formation of territorial production complexes.

Within industry, the intensity of development of individual sectors is different, which is explained by the peculiarities of their formation in the past, the need to comply with certain inter-industry proportions, the requirements of scientific and technological progress and other reasons. At the same time, the stability of the following trends attracts attention: priority growth of industries providing scientific and technical progress; significant expansion of the production of consumer goods in all industries.

Transformations carried out during economic reform, have already led to the fact that structural changes in the economy are increasingly influenced by market mechanisms. They will mainly determine the prospects for the development of individual industries.

The necessary changes in the directions and proportions of industrial production development are also quite obvious: increasing its intensification, increasing the technical level and competitiveness, rationalizing the production structure, paying closer attention to the problems of resource conservation and environmental protection.

Today, the share of extractive industries in the total volume of industrial production tends to grow, which contradicts the global trend recent years, consisting in accelerated growth of the manufacturing industry. Moreover, the development of extractive industries is largely oriented towards demand generated in the foreign market, outside the national economy. Russia is increasingly drawn into international division labor as a supplier of fuel and raw materials and a consumer of finished industrial products.

Happened structural changes in the manufacturing industry itself. For example, the share of materials, semi-finished products and components in the total volume of manufacturing products has increased.

A significant reduction occurred in the production of machinery and equipment, their share in the total volume of manufacturing output decreased from 25.6% in 1991 to 17.7% in 1998.

Taking into account the needs of structural restructuring of the economy and the emerging negative trends in the development of industrial production, the Government of the Russian Federation developed a concept industrial policy states until 2010

The planned structural changes in industry do not mean a return to the structure of 1990. They assume a decrease in the share of extractive industries (from 16% in 1995 to 10% in 2010) and an increase in the share of processing industries (from 84% in 1995 to 90 % in 2010). Over the next 2-3 years, the priority industries will be: oil production, gas, oil refining, wood processing, diamond mining and processing, engineering production.

The government is planning a whole system of measures to support and stimulate the development of these industries: the formation of institutional and legislative conditions, reform tax system, foreign economic support, stimulation of public, private and foreign investment. Industrial policy involves different development strategies for different industries and production groups. Thus, for industries with great scientific and technical potential, capable of quickly creating competitive products for the global and domestic markets (aircraft manufacturing, rocket and space production, nuclear industry, weapons and military equipment, electrical engineering, heavy machine tool building, biotechnology, etc.), government investments, purchases and subsidies, and export credits are planned.

Export-capable sectors of the extractive industry (oil, gas, diamond, forestry) have real opportunities for development on their own financial base. Therefore, the policy towards these industries will be focused on their independent financing. To achieve this, it is planned to differentiate fees for the use of subsoil, excise taxes, taking into account the quality and location of the deposits, as well as the degree of their development for the oil industry, gas prices based on the cost of transportation and distribution in gas industry.

In the oil industry, the main direction of further institutional reforms will be the continuation of the process of forming vertically integrated companies carrying out a range of works on the extraction and processing of petroleum raw materials.

During oil refining, measures will be taken to improve environmental situation in areas where oil refineries are located. High domestic and external demand for gas industry products will maintain its attractiveness for investors and creditors.

The main methods of industrial policy for industries that are not able to quickly adapt due to the technical backwardness of production (automotive industry, transport, road, agricultural engineering, light and food industries) are to gradually reduce protective import tariffs to levels allowed by international standards, as well as methods non-tariff regulation. Direct government support is not expected in these industries.

In certain industries, the following main directions of development will be given priority.

In ferrous metallurgy and, in particular, in rolling production, the main direction of improving the structure will be to expand the range and improve the quality of metal products.

Profitability in ferrous metallurgy amounted to 8.2% in 1999, i.e. there was a decrease of 3.1 times over the year. The way out of this situation is the technical re-equipment of metallurgical enterprises by increasing the methods of using effective technologies and equipment. Technical re-equipment of the labor process is promising. In addition, the projected increase in world prices for almost all metals can increase the attractiveness of this industry for investors and contribute to the influx financial resources and increased liquidity of shares of metallurgical enterprises.

In the cement industry, the improvement of the structure will be carried out mainly by increasing the production of cement produced by the energy-saving “dry” method and organizing the production of multi-component cements, ensuring the production of strong and durable concrete and reinforced concrete products.

In the chemical industry promising directions, arising from the expected structure of demand, are the expansion of the range and increase in the production of progressive types of synthetic fibers and threads; increasing the production of tires for light-duty vehicles, which are in steady demand, and organizing the production of large-sized and extra-large-sized tires. The survival of the pharmaceutical industry is associated with the production of medicines that are not inferior in quality to foreign analogues.

In the pulp and paper industry, the implementation of the planned measures will create conditions for increasing the efficiency of use of wood raw materials, the quality and competitiveness of forest and paper products and, on this basis, increasing the export potential of the forestry complex. In mechanical engineering and metalworking, it is advisable, in particular, to increase the production of equipment to intensify oil and gas production, increase the depth of oil refining, increase the level of mechanization and the degree of safety of work in coal mines and open pits.

In light industry, it is possible to expand the range of products and increase the supply of wide-sized cotton fabrics, new types of suiting, blanket and furniture fabrics, children's clothing and knitwear, and shoes with genuine leather uppers. Improving the infrastructure of the goods market will be carried out by implementing measures to accelerate the promotion of goods through the development of interregional and regional wholesale markets, small wholesale bases, exhibition complexes, fairs.

Control questions

1. Define the economic complex of Russia.

2. What is included in the country’s economic complex?

3. What is called the sphere of the economy, branch of the economy, sector of the economy?

4. Name the main sectors of the economy of modern Russia.

5. What is the essence of a specific structural restructuring of the economy?

6. Name the main trends in the development of modern Russia.