The final stage of SI involves processing, analyzing and interpreting data, obtaining empirically based generalizations, conclusions and recommendations.

Data processing includes:

1) editing information, the main purpose of this step is to unify and formalize the information that was obtained during the research.

2) Creation of variables, information collected on the basis of questionnaires in some cases directly answers the questions that need to be addressed in the study. In the same step, it is necessary to carry out the reverse procedure, i.e. translate data into a form that answers research questions.

3) Statistical Analysis – This step is key in the analysis process. The main direction in processing primary information is its generalization; the simplest form is grouping (combining according to essential characteristics into units of the object under study into homogeneous populations)

71. Processing, analysis and presentation of data.

The results of the study are reflected in the final document, which most often takes the form of a report:

Title page, list of performers, abstract, content, list of symbols and symbols, introduction, main part, conclusion, bibliography, appendices.

The report abstract should contain information about the volume of the document, the number of abstracts, the number of illustrations, tables, figures, graphs, a list of keywords, a brief description of the essence of the research, its novelty and scientific reserves.

The introduction of the report should contain a justification for the relevance and novelty of the purpose and objectives of the study.

The main part contains the results of the study. Section 1 describes the principles of the methodological approach to research, methods of collecting, processing and analyzing information. The validity and representativeness of the sample is proven.

Section II. The characteristics of the research object are given according to socio-demographic characteristics.

Subsequent sections should contain answers to the hypotheses put forward in the program.

The appendices to the report contain all the methodological and methodological documents of the study: program, plan, tools, instructions, etc.

The appendix also includes tables, figures, and graphs that are not included in the text of the report.

72. The problem of representativeness of the obtained data.

Representativeness– the main property of a sample population, consisting in the similarity of their characteristics and composition, average values, etc.

Sample- a set of methods for selecting elements. The property of a sample to be able to adequately represent states of affairs in a population. In quantitative research, a distinction is made between statistical and non-static justification for representativeness. The statistical justification of representativeness is applied to random probabilistic, statistical samples - simple, stratified, multi-stage. It is ensured by estimating the random sampling error for the variables that are most important from the point of view of the purposes of the study. The non-statistical justification for representativeness is applied to targeted samples. The representativeness of a quota sample is usually justified by the correspondence of the sample distribution to the distribution of the general population according to the most important socio-demographic indicators, such as age, education, etc., as well as the use of fundomizing procedures in selecting respondents, such as the use of sampling elements, the ban on interviewing relatives and acquaintances, etc.

The goal of such work is to derive more general patterns than those described in the literature to date. Often this is done either by introducing new concepts or by redefining existing ones, for example, by expanding the meaning of some terms, giving them the status of terms that are more high level generality, expansion of the scope of definition of the concept. Sometimes, for these purposes, general scientific concepts are used, which the author fills with psychological content, specifying them for psychology in general or for any area of psychology.

Of course, a scientist should always strive for generalizations - this is the spirit of science, its meaning. Therefore, generalization is a necessary component research work. Often this goal of work seems simple to students and listeners, but this simplicity is apparent; making generalization the main and only goal is risky if you are writing a qualifying thesis (thesis, graduation), which must be submitted by a certain deadline and meet a number of requirements. In such a study, it is more difficult to plan to obtain a result that has sufficient scientific novelty.

Psychology is one of those sciences in which the rich erudition of the scientist is especially necessary for a generalization that is of interest not only to the author himself, but also to the scientific community. And this ability accumulates slowly, over many years.

Much of the volume of this book is devoted to a discussion of the various principles and rules of design and conduct of psychological research with the collection of empirical data. IN general case, qualifying work (thesis, dissertation) does not necessarily imply the collection of empirical data, carried out by the graduate or dissertation student alone or with his active participation. The work can generalize the available data, descriptions, and views of researchers. The purpose of the study may be to construct a new classification.

We must not forget about why the qualifying work is being written. The qualifications of the author can be assessed by the certification commission, first of all, by the depth of scientific conclusions. It is in this most important part of the work that the greatest difficulties arise. Many of those who chose generalization as their goal, instead of drawing conclusions, ended their work with a description of what had been done. Neither a long list of references, nor interesting comparisons of the authors’ points of view, nor a description of facts unknown to most readers (and possibly members of the commission) can replace generalizing conclusions justified by the system of evidence in the text of the work.

A student who has set such a goal often believes that the supervisor will help; if difficulties arise with the conclusions, the two of us will write the conclusions. Generalizations arise as a consequence of the formed new logic, a new style of thinking. This is not easily transferred from head to head. Therefore, there can be no confidence that two heads will “overcome the conclusions.”

It is worth looking at this issue from the other side. Psychologist with higher education In his subsequent work, he must certainly read specialized literature to maintain his qualifications. Since psychology has long been an experimental science, the new facts described in the literature and the generalizations presented are in one way or another based on a certain empirical basis. For a deep understanding of the technology of psychological empirical research, any specialist needs to conduct it independently at least once, from beginning to end. This will allow him to be more vigilant in assessing the reliability of the results and the reliability of the conclusions contained in the huge stream of publications on psychological topics - very heterogeneous in approach and depth.

Definition 1

Information in the system accounting - a source of data about the activities of the enterprise as a whole, it characterizes its current financial position and development prospects. To make management decisions, managers need numbers, and employees can provide these numbers in the form financial reports. The information passing through the accounting department is too large for detailed processing, so there is a generalization of information in accounting.

One way to summarize information in accounting is to maintain and complete documents such as accounting statements. In them, data from analytical and synthetic accounts is summarized at the end of the reporting period in order to be able to analyze summary information both about individual accounting objects and their entirety. Accountants use two main statements in their work every day: checkerboard and reverse. Rather, accountants use these reports to analyze and reconcile transactions, and these days “compile” such statements using automated accounting programs.

Finished works on a similar topic

Coursework 430 rub.
Essay Summarizing information in accounting 250 rub.
Test Summarizing information in accounting 240 rub.

Chess sheet

Chess sheet, form N B-9, being an element synthetic accounting, is intended to summarize current accounting data and mutual verification of the correctness of the entries made in the accounting accounts. It records the debits and credits of each account and opens it for each month. calendar year. The chess sheet includes transactions on the credit of the synthetic account in correspondence with the debit of all other accounts and calculates the turnover on the debit of the accounts. The coincidence of debit and credit turnovers indicates the correctness of the reflection of transactions in the accounting statements.

A sample of this statement is shown in the figure.

Turnover sheet

The following document summarizes information in accounting - turnover sheet, which is built on the basis of the previously analyzed chess sheet. The turnover sheet summarizes accounting data, in other words, includes a complex of turnover, balance at the beginning and end of the period. It can be compiled for both analytical and synthetic accounts. A sample is shown below.

In practice, such a concept as working balance, which is called the balance sheet for synthetic accounts. Since it contains almost all balance sheet indicators, reflecting account balances and turnover, and also shows the status and changes in the composition and value of assets and the sources of their formation.

Balance sheet

Perhaps the most important generalization of information in accounting is manifested in the preparation of Form No. 1 financial statements – balance sheet. In accounting and financial and economic analysis of an enterprise's activities, a balance sheet generalization of information is used to substantiate and make appropriate management decisions. This generalization is distinguished by the dual nature of the reflection of any fact of economic activity in accounting, it is also the principle double entry– fundamental in accounting.

Note 1

The dual nature is explained by the fact that objects are reflected in the balance sheet twice, implying the presence of an operation in an asset and a liability. Balance generalization is confirmed by the equality of two departments to each other balance sheet assets and liabilities.

Well, and, of course, one cannot help but note automated systems accounting, which most accountants have been using for the last 20-30 years. Combining analytical and synthetic accounting, the programs provide timely, correct, generalized data on all facts economic activity enterprises.

The next stage of scientific research is the interpretation of information. This is a research activity related to the interpretation of the content of a scientific work at its various structural levels through a relationship with a higher-order whole. The content of the scientific phenomenon being studied is interpreted through the appropriate context against the background of higher-order aggregates.

The subject of interpretation may be:

Any elements of a scientific work (fragments, motifs, allegories, symbols, and even individual sentences and words) are correlated with the corresponding context of the work or a post-textual situation;

A scientific work as a whole, when in the work and outside of it they look for that veiled, hidden thing that connects all the components into one whole and makes the work unique;

Scientific integrity of a higher order than a scientific work, for example, the work of a scientist, a scientific school, scientific direction, scientific period.

The interpretation procedure must meet certain requirements:

The nature of the assessment and interpretation should be determined in general outline already at the stage of developing the research program and concept, where the fundamental characteristics of the object under study are determined;

The object and corresponding subject of scientific research should be defined as completely as possible;

We must remember the ambiguity of the information received and the need to interpret it from different positions.

Interpretation procedure- This is, first of all, the transformation of certain data into a logical form in the process of proving hypotheses; they are determined at the stage of developing a research program, and are included in the work of the researcher only at the stage of interpretation.

The behavior of hypotheses depends on the type of study.

Let us note that no matter what statistical and mathematical methods of analyzing the received information a scientist resorts to, the decisive role in the interpretation of empirical data belongs to the concept of scientific research, the scientific erudition of the researcher, that is, it depends on how correctly, deeply and comprehensively he can interpret the result obtained.

Summarizing scientific information

The results of the analysis and interpretation of information sources should be summarized by the researcher.

Scientists from various branches of science have been studying the generalization of scientific information: philosophers, teachers, psychologists, mathematicians, economists. Let us consider and compare their interpretation of the concept of “generalization of information” (Table 12.8).

Table 12.8

Definitions of “summarizing information”

Scientist(s)	Definition (explanation)	source
N. A. Maslov	From the point of view of logic, information generalization is a transition from a concept with less volume and more content to a concept with more volume and less content.	Maslov N.A. Logic: textbook / N.A. Maslov. - Rostov n / D.: Phoenix, 2007.-413 p.
D. P. Gorsky, A.A. Ivin, A.L. Nikiforov	Generalization of information is a mental operation: the transition from thoughts about the individual to the thought about the general, from the thought about the general to thoughts about the more general, as well as the transition from individual facts, objects and phenomena to identifying them in thoughts and formations general concepts and judgments about them	Gorsky D.P. A short dictionary of logic / D.P. Gorsky, A.A. Ivin, A.L. Nikiforov; ped ed. D.P. Gorsky. - M.: Education, 1991. - 208 p.
V. A. Mizherikov, P. 1. Pidkasisty	Generalization of information is understood as a “mental transition: 1. From individual facts, events to their identification in thoughts (Subject - “Thought”). 2. From one thought to another (Thought - “Thought)”	Mizherikov V. A. Dictionary-reference book on pedagogy / author. - Comp. V. A. Mizherikov; under general ed. P.I. Pidka system. - M.: TC Sfera, 2004.-448 p.
S. L. Rubinstein	Generalization of information can be understood as the main way of concept formation. In the process of generalizing information, on the one hand, there is a search and designation by a word of some invariant in the variety of objects, on the other hand, the identification of objects of a given variety	Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of general psychology / S.L. Rubinstein. - St. Petersburg: Peter Kom, 1998. - 688 p.
S. V. Goncharenko, S. Yu. Golovin	Generalization of information is a logical process of transition from individual to general or from less general to more general knowledge, as well as a product of mental activity, a form of reflection of general features and qualities of phenomena of reality... generalization of information is used in the formation of concepts, judgments, theories	Goncharenko S.U. Ukrainian pedagogical dictionary / S.U. Goncharenko. - M.: Education, 1997. - 376 p. Golovin S. Yu. Dictionary of a practical psychologist / S. Yu. Golovin; comp. S.Yu. Golovin. - Minsk: Harvest; 1998. - 619 p.
L. S. Vygotsky	Generalization of information is a special way of reflecting reality in the consciousness of the individual	Vygotsky L. S. Selected pedagogical studies / L. S. Vygotsky. - M.: Publishing house of the APNRSFSR 1956 - 519 p.

Thus, generalization of scientific information makes it possible to navigate the diversity of objects, identify a specific object in their diversity, structure and group objects and be a solution to certain problems.

Generalization of scientific information has several types, and in order to determine which type of generalization will be used to solve certain problems, we will consider the existing classifications of types of generalization.

In scientific research in the field of accounting can be used different kinds generalization of the received scientific information (Fig. 12.11):

Rice. 12.11. Classification of types of generalization of scientific information in accounting scientific research

In addition, a distinction is made between empirical and theoretical generalizations of scientific information.

At the core empirical generalization scientific information lies in the operation of comparison. By comparing one group of objects, one can identify their external, identical general properties, which can be denoted by some word, and as a result can become a concept about this group of objects.

Theoretical generalization scientific information is carried out by analyzing data about any one subject in order to highlight significant internal connections that define this subject as an integral system.

If the empirical generalization of scientific information is characterized by a long comparison of many initial facts for their gradual generalization, then this is not required for the theoretical one. Theoretical generalization of scientific information is based on reflection, which consists of students considering the reasons for their own actions and their compliance with the conditions of the task, and on analyzing the content of the task in order to highlight the principle or general method her decisions.

Summarizing information

Generalization of information is the transformation of information about simple private events into information about the presence of some event of a higher level, manifested in private events.

In English: Information generalization

Finam Financial Dictionary.

See what “Generalization of information” is in other dictionaries:

summarizing information- Transformation of information about the presence of many simple private events into information about the presence of a certain event of a higher level, into which these private events are included as its individual elements.… …

INFORMATION GENERALISATION- transformation of information about the presence of many simple private events into information about the presence of a certain event of a higher level, into which these private events are included as its individual elements... Explanatory dictionary by information society and the new economy

data synthesis- Technological operation, as a result of which new data of reduced volume are obtained from the original data. [GOST R 51170 98] Topics quality of official information ... Technical Translator's Guide

generalization- 3.34 generalization: A particular concept modified for greater generality, use or purpose, or the act of eliminating or changing details within a particular concept to obtain its generalization. Note Generalization... ...

data synthesis- 3.1.8 data generalization: A technological operation, as a result of which new data of a reduced volume are obtained from the original data Source: GOST R 51170 98: Quality of service information. Terms and definitions original document... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

DATA SUMMARY- according to GOST R 51170–98 “Quality of official information. Terms and definitions” is a technological operation, as a result of which new data of a reduced volume are obtained from the original data... Records management and archiving in terms and definitions

GOST R 51170-98: Quality of service information. Terms and Definitions- Terminology GOST R 51170 98: Quality of service information. Terms and definitions original document: 3.2.1 error-free data: The property of data not to have hidden random errors (a component of the property of reliability) Definitions of the term from ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

data processing (data control; data summarization)- Technological operations elementary acts technological process data processing allocated in TPPD models to solve problems of ensuring the quality of service information. Types listed technological operations data processing... ... Technical Translator's Guide

A theory that studies the laws and methods of measuring, transforming, transmitting, using and storing information. In T. and. and her technical In applications, the concepts of quantity of information and its measures are central. These concepts are to a certain extent... Philosophical Encyclopedia

GOST 7.0-99: System of standards for information, library and publishing. Information and library activities, bibliography. Terms and Definitions- Terminology GOST 7.0 99: System of standards for information, library and publishing. Information library activities, bibliography. Terms and definitions original document: 3.2.2.23. library subscriber: Physical or... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Books

Bell-foundry in Russia in the second half of the 17th - early 20th centuries. Encyclopedia of foundry workers, A. A. Glushetsky. The publication offered to your attention represents the most complete summary of information about persons associated with the bell business in Russian Empire in the second half of the 18th - early 20th centuries.…
Bell-foundry in Russia in the second half of the 17th - early 20th centuries, A. Glushetsky. The publication brought to your attention represents the most complete synthesis of information about persons associated with bell making in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 18th - early 20th centuries.…
Technogenetics. New doctrine of matter and life. Fundamental generalization of cybernetics by Norbert Wiener and Gabriel Krohn to the knowledge of humanity as a whole, Dmitry Motovilov. On the basis of an anthropocentric understanding of knowledge, the key problem of science of the 21st century has been solved for the first time - the unification of the teachings of information and energy. Living structures in non-biological nature have been discovered...