Introduction…………………………………………..………………………….3

Chapter 1. Characteristics of Caesar LLC………………………..………………..5

1.1. History and prospects of Caesar LLC……………..……………….5

1.2. Organizational structure LLC "Caesar"………….……………..8

activities of LLC "Cesar"……………………………………...12

Chapter 2. Characteristics accounting at Caesar LLC…………16

2.1. Organization of accounting for LLC "Cesar"…...………....16

2.2. Accounting Money and monetary documents………………....20

2.3.Accounting for production costs and calculations

cost of production……………………………………………………………...23

2.4. Accounting for wages and contributions for social needs………...27

2.5. Accounting current liabilities and calculations………………………….....32

2. 6 Tax accounting under a simplified taxation system……….35

2.7. Accounting for financial results……………………………………...38

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….43

Literature………………………………………………………………………………..46

Applications………………………………………………………………………………47

Introduction

The relevance of the study of accounting specifically at Caesar LLC is determined by the rapid development of the tourism services market, characteristic features which today are dynamic changes tourist demand and suggestions. In the conditions of the modern tourism market, the role and place of accounting are continuously increasing.

Tourism is a beautiful type of business based on positive emotions from vacation. However, accountants of travel agencies do not notice this specificity; their attention is focused on the many subtleties that must be observed in proper accounting.

Everyone probably knows what tourism is. Tourism and travel are an integral part of the hospitality industry. Travel is the main part of tourism. Time, distance, location, purpose and length of stay are all distinctive elements of tourism. In general, tourism is a multi-purpose phenomenon that simultaneously combines elements of adventure, the romance of distant travels, some mystery, visiting exotic places and the earthly concerns of entrepreneurship, issues of health, personal safety and safety of property of citizens. That is why tourism is fully regulated by the norms of various branches of law: customs, insurance, administrative, environmental, consumer protection, etc., but a special place is given to civil law.

Job accounting department LLC "Cesar" is aimed at satisfying the requests of its owners, who need information about the results obtained, about the financial position of the organization, information that will allow them to quickly influence the production process and make effective management decisions. At the same time for tax services and other government bodies also require reliable accounting information that would allow the relevant taxes and deductions to be calculated most accurately.

During my internship, I had the following goals:

Systematization, consolidation and expansion of acquired theoretical knowledge, and application of this knowledge in solving certain problems in the field of organization, methodology and accounting techniques at Caesar LLC;

Familiarization with the organization of Caesar LLC, its structure, specifics and features of work, the main functions of its divisions, constituent documents, etc.;

Familiarization with the organization of accounting at an enterprise;

Skill Development independent work with accounting and analytical information;

Developing the ability to make informed conclusions and see prospects for improvement accounting work, skillfully develop the necessary recommendations and proposals.

Chapter 1. Characteristics of Caesar LLC

1.1. History and prospects of Caesar LLC

The travel company "Caesar" has been operating in the Astrakhan tourism services market since December 1992 and this year celebrates its fifteenth anniversary.

The company has established itself as a reliable and stable partner. Since 1997 he has been a member Russian Association Travel Agencies (RATA). Member of the Astrakhan Association of Tour Operators since its creation. In 2000 and 2001 she was awarded diplomas from the Administration Astrakhan region"For the best organization of children's and youth tourism in the region."

Based on the results of 2001, they were nominated as winners in the category “Best Travel Agency of the Year”. In 2002 and 2003, they received a winner’s diploma in the “Best Travel Agent” nomination, and in 2004 the company became the winner in the “Best Tourist Route of 2004” nomination.

Many travel companies have their own specialization, but not many can afford to work equally professionally in various areas or have specialized departments. There are four of them in Caesar:

Department of Foreign Tourism and VIP Services

Department of Russian tourism and health resort services

Department of Children and Youth Tourism

Reception and excursion service department

The company employs 10 employees with extensive experience and tourism education. Over 13 years of work in the tourism market, the company has developed a wide range of programs, which are currently the main activities of the company:

Tours to all countries of the world (individually and with a group)

Organization of VIP services (development of exclusive tours to order)

Sanatorium-resort treatment (Moscow region, Caucasian Mineral Waters, Crimea, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus)

Treatment at resorts in Israel, Italy, Czech Republic, France

Wellness bus tours to Sochi, Gagra, Gelendzhik

Bus excursion tours in Europe

Booking hotels, air, train tickets

Sea and river cruises.

In addition, the company is engaged in charitable activities. Regularly transfers funds to:

Restoration of the Church of St. Vladimir

To the Red Cross

Conducts free excursions for disabled children

Marches over an orphanage, etc.

Depending on its organizational and legal activities, the Caesar company is a Company with limited liability(LLC), hereinafter referred to as the company, was created by citizens of the Russian Federation N.N. Pimenova. and Averina N.A., hereinafter referred to as the founders in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies” dated January 28, 1998. The partnership was reorganized into a company, registered by decree of the administration of the city of Astrakhan, certificate of state registration number 1209 series LTD.

The Caesar company operates within the framework of the following legislative acts:

1. Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities of the Russian Federation”. Accepted by State Duma on October 4, 1996, approved by the Federation Council on November 14, 1996.

Real the federal law defines principles public policy, aimed at establishing the legal foundations of a single tourism market in the Russian Federation, and regulates relations arising in the implementation of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, and stateless persons to rest, freedom of movement and other rights when traveling, and also determines the procedure for the rational use of tourist reserves of the Russian Federation.

2. Law of the Astrakhan region “On tourism activities in the territory of the Astrakhan region”

This law establishes legal basis tourism activities on the territory of the Astrakhan region, determines the principles of regulating relations in the field of tourism, ensures the implementation of the rights of citizens recognized by the international community - to rest, satisfy spiritual needs, and become familiar with cultural and historical values.

This law considers tourism as one of the highest priority sectors of the region's economy.

This law is intended to create conditions for the development and modernization of the tourism industry, expansion, encouragement and deepening of tourism ties, more complete realization of the rights of citizens, the development of international and domestic, including regional, tourism ties to deepen friendly relations, strengthen mutual understanding between peoples, development cooperation between tourism organizations.

3. In accordance with the decree of the administration of Astrakhan on registration No. 641 dated April 7, 1993, and the certificate of state registration of the organization No. 4080, AMC series dated March 13, 1998.

4. Based on the certificate of registration with the tax authority No. 4030 dated March 13, 1998, according to which the company was assigned TIN 3015043429 and KPP 301501001

5. In accordance with the Charter of the organization, registered on March 13, 1998. The Charter consists of sections:

General provisions

Subject and goals of activity

Authorized capital. Composition and shares of the founders of the Company. This section discusses the amount, shares of capital, as well as the number of founders. This section is divided into subsections: 1) Increase in the Authorized Capital of the Company, 2) Decrease in the Authorized Capital of the Company, 3) Transfer of the share (part of the share) of the founder of the company in the Authorized Capital of the company to other founders of the Company to third parties, 4) Foreclosure of the share (part share) of the founder in the Authorized Capital of the company

Rights and obligations of the founders of the Company

Property. The procedure for distribution of profits. Formation of funds and compensation of losses

Placement of bonds by the Company

Management and control bodies, their competence

Economic activity

Labor relations of the company's staff

Accounting and reporting

Procedure for reorganization and liquidation of the Company

6. The company operates on the basis of a constituent agreement, drawn up and registered on March 4, 1998 in Astrakhan.

1.2. Organizational structure of Cesar LLC

The organizational structure of the Caesar company can be represented as the following diagram:

Fig. 1 Diagram of the organizational structure of Caesar LLC

All activities of the company depend on the successful work of the departments of this company. In addition to the main departments, there are 2 more departments: visa and accounting.

1.Department of children and youth tourism:

A multifaceted range of offers around the world: inexpensive bus tours in Europe, educational programs abroad, children's and youth camps. But the main program remains: “Show the children Russia”, here are the main routes: “I love you Peter’s creation” (St. Petersburg), “Golden Ring of Russia”, “Pushkinogorye”, “Through Lermontov’s places of the Caucasus”, “Veliky Ustyug - for a visit” to Santa Claus", etc.

Much attention is paid to his native land - Astrakhan: Bogdinsko-Baskunchatsky Reserve, the village of Selitrennoye (the capital of Sarai-Batu), the Gazprom Museum, the Dobrodeya Folk Culture Center, the village of Evpraksino, excavations in Krasny Yar, as well as various excursions around the city: "Astrakhan historical", "Cathedrals and temples".

This year, new programs and routes are being developed: excursions around Novgorod, Pechory, Pskov, as well as holidays on the Azov and Black Seas, the Zolotoy Kolos sanatorium, Gelendzhik, etc.

The department is also involved in charitable activities, conducting charity excursions (the “Snail” shelter). At the beginning of each year, presentations are held for teachers, at which representatives of the company introduce them to the program of routes and excursions for the coming year.

1. Recruit a group for a specific tour (about 30 people)

2. Contracts are drawn up

3. Buses are rented (Gazprom, Lukoil, Tourist), or train tickets are purchased.

4. Guides are hired (if in Astrakhan, then from the Local History Museum)

2. Department of Russian tourism and health resort services

For ten years, the travel company "Caesar" has been organizing health tours by bus to the southern health resort - the city of Sochi, the sanatorium "Golden Ear", this inexpensive tour has appealed to many Astrakhan residents and is very popular, the Moscow region, sanatoriums and boarding houses of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody and central Russia, holidays near St. Petersburg, Crimea and the Baltic states, alpine skiing in Dombay.

The work of this department is carried out through intermediaries, which are large Moscow Companies, if these are tours or excursions to Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Baltic States, Dombay, and if the company provides recreation or treatment in sanatoriums and boarding houses, then it works directly, i.e. without intermediaries.

3.Department of foreign tourism and VIP -services

Offers and develops for each client a tour that is ideally suited to his lifestyle and financial capabilities.

The department works in several directions:

1. Bus tours for schoolchildren and students

2. General tours

3. Excursion tours

4. Holiday tours

5. VIP treatment

6. SHOP tours

The department travels to all European countries and several Asian ones (Thailand, Bali, China, United Arab Emirates, Egypt). If these are European countries, then the most popular ones are Spain, Italy, Germany, and France. In summer, the most popular resorts are the United Arab Emirates, Cyprus, Thailand; in winter: Finland and Sweden; and in the autumn and spring periods, Spain, the islands of Rhodes, Scandinavia, and Sicily are in greatest demand. In spring: Bali, Maldives (February-March). Due to the situation in Thailand and other Asian countries after the tsunami, resorts in Egypt, Turkey, etc. are very crowded. Hotel rooms are booked months in advance...

The department also deals with historical excursions to China, Italy and Shop tours to China, Poland, Turkey, etc.

Bus excursion tours are the most popular and cheapest, since in one trip you can get acquainted with several countries at once (there are more than a hundred such routes for every taste and different financial capabilities).

The department works with the largest Moscow companies, as they have charter flights, their own airlines, and therefore tours are cheaper. Hotel reservations are made via the Internet. Also, large Moscow companies conduct seminars for Astrakhan companies to study countries, as well as business seminars, exhibitions, and provide a catalog.

The technology of the department consists of the following stages:

2. Conclusion of an agreement

3. Collection of documents

4. Prepayment of 30%

5. Visas are issued (if the country is visa-free).

4.Visa department

It is a subdepartment of the foreign tourism department if the tour is carried out to a visa country, and the visa department can also work independently if the client goes on a trip without using the services of this company, or he travels by invitation. In both cases, a package of documents is collected and sent to accredited cities (cities where there are embassies of the country for which visas are issued), the consul considers the possibility of departure and gives either a positive or negative answer, this answer is sent to the tour company.

There are 2 types of visas: fixed and non-fixed. If fixed visas are issued, then the period of stay in the country is established, expressed in specific numbers, and if a non-fixed visa is issued, then a corridor (month) is determined during which a person can visit this country. Such visas are established by the country in which they are issued.

Depending on the purpose of visiting the country, there are visas: guest (by invitation), tourist and business visas (for competitions, exhibitions, festivals, etc.)

5. Excursion service reception department

This section contains everything that the Astrakhan region has to offer: recreation on bases and floating hotels, fishing and hunting, reception in Astrakhan and dozens of excursion routes around the region. Among them: a two-day tour to the city of Bogdo and Lake Baskunchak, a visit to a unique cactus plantation, lotus fields, the pilgrimage cycle “Spiritual Palette” and much more

6. Accounting department

There is only one department in the company, which performs the functions of 3 departments: financial, economic, accounting. Here all cash transactions are carried out, reporting documents are filled out, and income and expenses are recorded. It also keeps records of labor and wages, determines the types of taxes, their rates and the tax base deducted by the company, and calculates taxes and other payments.

7. Top management

Senior management consists of commercial and general directors.

Their responsibilities include:

Manage the company's tourism activities

Monitor the correct implementation of regulations, economic laws RF

Consideration of new types of services and directions

Compliance with labor discipline and operating hours of the company.

The department also performs the following functions:

Organization and control of the company's activities

Development of international and domestic tourism

1.3. Analysis of main financial and economic indicators

activities of LLC "Cesar"

In this question, I would like to consider such indicators as profit, profitability, availability of fixed assets, revenue, etc.

Profit– form of cash savings, economic category characterizing the result economic activity enterprises.

The profit of an enterprise is the most important economic category and the main goal of entrepreneurial activity. An enterprise can make a profit only if it produces products or services that are sold, i.e. satisfy social needs. The enterprise needs to produce a product that will satisfy needs and, moreover, at a price that would correspond to solvent needs. Acceptable price is possible only when the enterprise maintains a certain level of costs, when the resources consumed and their costs are less than the revenue received, i.e. when it operates profitably. Thus, profit, being the immediate goal of production, simultaneously characterizes the result of its activities. If an enterprise does not make a profit, it is forced to leave the sphere of production and declare itself bankrupt.

Firstly, profit characterizes the economic effect obtained as a result of the enterprise’s activities. Making a profit means that all expenses are covered in excess of income.

Secondly, profit has a stimulating function. This is due to the fact that profit is not only a financial result, but also the main element financial resources enterprises. The company is interested in obtaining maximum profit, as this is the basis for expansion production activities, scientific, technical and social development enterprises, material incentives for employees.

Thirdly, profit is one of the most important sources for the formation of budgets at various levels.

In the travel company “Caesar”, profit is the basis of work and prosperity. Never in the entire long history of the company has there been an overrun, i.e. excess of expenses over income, thereby lack of profit. This is characterized by the fact that the company acts only in the form of intermediaries, i.e. The client pays all the company's expenses himself. All costs and expenses that arise while working with a client are included in the payment for the tour, and a certain percentage of the cost of the tour goes in the form of profit for the company.

All the company's net profit goes to its further development. For example: the tour company "Caesar" moved from its old office to a new, more comfortable, more technically equipped one at the expense of its profits. Computer programs are also constantly updated, periodic repairs are done, the main part of the company’s marketing activities - advertising - is also supported by profits.

The expansion of production and the prosperity of the national economy requires maximizing profits and its sustainable growth. This is the only way an enterprise can exist in a competitive market environment. Expansion of production can manifest itself in an increase in the scale of the enterprise itself, strengthening its position in the market, but it can also be expressed in the absorption of other enterprises, in attracting new markets, and finally, it can be the result of a simple merger with other enterprises.

Profit and increasing the scale of activity, accompanied by renewal and improvement of the enterprise, are the most common goal of entrepreneurship.

Net profit from sales of services is determined in in this case as revenue from the sale of services minus the single income tax minus expenses. After this formula, we can talk about the profitability of the enterprise.

Enterprise profitability – This relative indicator production efficiency, characterizing the level of return on costs and the degree of use of resources. The construction of profitability ratios is based on the ratio of profit (most often, net profit is included in the calculation of profitability) either to the funds spent, or to sales proceeds, or to the assets of the enterprise. Thus, profitability ratios show the degree of efficiency of the company.

Based on these indicators, it can be judged that the Caesar company is absolutely profitable, i.e. it is completely self-sustaining, and not once in the 13 years of its existence has it been necessary to resort to credits, loans, etc.

The next economic indicator that I would like to draw attention to is availability of funds .

The travel company "Caesar" does not have any fixed assets. Even payment for labor at the enterprise is made from money not in a current account. The company does not need to maintain funds, since the current account always has funds to pay for all the needs of the company, including paying wages to employees.

Such an indicator as revenue We have already touched on the issue of profit. But since receiving revenue does not mean making a profit, it needs to be considered separately, but for the Caesar company, revenue is an indicator of income, i.e. receipt of revenue from the sale of services is subject to a single tax. Revenue as such is no longer of any interest to the enterprise, since profit and income are mainly considered.

Since the company does not have any property and does not have fixed assets, such an economic indicator as depreciation It doesn't count towards anything.

The company has one non-operating income- This is interest at the bank on the balance of the current account. They are small and amount to 1% per annum.

Basic financial – economic indicators The activities of Tsesar LLC are shown in Table 1.

Analysis of the main financial and economic indicators of the activities of Tsesar LLC

Table 1

Name indicator	measurements	For 2005	For 2006	Absolute deviation	Relative deviation,
Volume of tourist services provided	thousand roubles.	7545,6	16229,8	8684,2	115
Number of tourists served	people	4762	7855	3093	65
Revenue from the provision of tourism services	thousand roubles.	7545,6	16229,8	8684,2	115
Average number of employees	people	10	11	1	10
Annual wage fund	thousand roubles.	298,1	444,0	145,9	49
Average monthly salary of employees	thousand roubles.	2,5	3,4	0,9	36

Analyzing the table, we can conclude that Cesar LLC is increasing its financial and economic indicators every year. This occurs due to an increase in the quality, and as a consequence, the quantity of tourist services provided. And therefore, the company’s management also allowed itself to increase the wages of its employees.

Chapter 2. Characteristics of accounting at Caesar LLC

2.1. Organization of accounting at Cesar LLC

In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 28, 1994 No. 100, from January 1, 1995, each organization must have a selected accounting policy. The company’s charter contains a clause “Accounting and reporting”, which discusses the basic conditions for accounting and reporting.

Ch. accountant of Cesar LLC Khomenko E.A. maintains accounting and statistical reporting, in the manner prescribed current legislation, officials of the company bear material, administrative and criminal liability for their distortion. LLC "Caesar" provides government authorities with information necessary for taxation and maintaining a nationwide system of collection and processing economic information.

Tax and other government bodies, which are entrusted by law with inspecting the activities of enterprises, carry out this as the need arises and within the limits of their competence. The Company has the right not to comply with the requirements of these bodies on issues not within their competence and not to familiarize them with materials not related to the subject of control.

The Charter also addresses issues of public reporting of the company, as well as storage of company documents.

The regulation on the accounting policy of Tsezar LLC for 2007 was approved on December 31, 2006. (Annex 1)

An accounting policy is a document that defines a set of methods for maintaining accounting and tax records of an organization, which are regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation and internal documents of the organization.

The main regulatory documents when developing accounting policies are:

Civil Code Russian Federation;

Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n (as amended and supplemented);

Accounting Regulations " Accounting policy organizations" PBU 1/98, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 9, 1998 No. 60n (with amendments and additions);

Other Accounting Regulations;

tax code Russian Federation.

The main accounting tasks at Caesar LLC are:

Formation of complete and reliable information about the activities of Caesar LLC and its property status;

Ensuring control over the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms, standards and estimates;

Timely prevention of negative phenomena in economic financial activities, identification and mobilization of on-farm reserves.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ, the following are responsible:

For the organization of accounting and compliance with legislation when carrying out business operations - General Director of Cesar LLC N.N. Pimenova;

For the formation of accounting policies, maintenance of accounting records, timely provision of complete and reliable financial statements -

Accounting is carried out using automated form accounting, program "1C Enterprise 7.7." This software is intended for accounting by organizations in the conditions of applying a simplified taxation system in accordance with the norms of Chapter 26.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Small businesses have a simpler management scheme, and therefore a simpler document flow scheme. Document flow is a regulated scheme for the movement of documents through processing points to perform the necessary creative, formal-logical and technical operations with documents.

Document flow requirements:

Straightforward movement (either from top to bottom - descending, or from bottom to top - ascending, without creating loops)

Selectivity in the distribution of documents in accordance with functional responsibilities

Necessity and sufficiency of the route

Route uniformity

Document flow in the company consists of the following document flows:

1. Input, consisting of documents of higher organizations, authorities and management, subordinate organizations, non-subordinate organizations (organizations existing in the external environment in parallel), controlled organizations, citizens.

2. Output, consisting of information sent from the organization to the external environment (see paragraph 1, but in the opposite direction).

3. Internal, consisting of documents circulating between departments and individual performers within the organization.

The unity of the rules for documenting management activities ensures the use of the state document management system, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on June 24, 1992 No. 118-r and GOST 638-90 and called “System of organizational and administrative documents. Requirements for registration."

A primary document is an accounting document drawn up at the time of business transactions and which is the first evidence of their completion. Primary documents are divided into: external, prepared outside the organization: supplier invoices (Appendix 2), etc.; and internal, prepared in the organization itself: acts (Appendix 3), requirements, etc.

Document form - a set of details of an official written document, arranged in a certain sequence.

Mandatory details - details that ensure accounting documents legal force:

Title of the document;

Date of document preparation;

Name of the organization on whose behalf the document was drawn up;

Measuring business operations in physical and monetary terms;

Names and signatures officials responsible for the execution of a business transaction and the correctness of its execution.

Primary accounting documents are compiled according to the form contained in the albums of unified forms primary documentation. Forms of primary accounting documents for business transactions for which standard forms are not approved (vouchers, reservation sheets, questionnaires, documents for passport, visa and other formalities) are given in Appendix No. 2 to the order on accounting policy.

When making payments to the population, the organization uses forms strict reporting, approved by the Ministry of Finance of Russia:

Tourist vouchers (Appendix 4);

Flights.

Accounting for forms of tourist vouchers and air tickets is carried out in accordance with Methodical instructions“On the procedure for recording, storing and destroying strict reporting forms by public service organizations and their divisions, as well as individuals engaged in business activities,” approved by order of Rosbytsoyuz JSC dated August 15, 1997 No. 9. Analytical accounting is maintained for each type strict reporting forms and places of their storage.

On January 1, 2004, the Caesar company switched to unified system taxation, thereby freeing yourself from preparing financial statements and maintaining a balance sheet. The only thing that a company needs to keep is an income journal (Appendix 5), since it is the company’s income that is subject to a 6 percent single tax. The company maintains the rest of its reporting solely in its own interests.

Tax accounting is carried out by the chief accountant. The object of taxation is income. When determining the object of taxation, income provided for in Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation is not taken into account. Among them, it should be noted the funds received by the commission agent, agent and (or) other attorney in connection with the fulfillment of obligations under a commission agreement, agency agreement or other similar agreement (Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). To account for income, the cash method is used (clause 1 of Article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Expenses of the taxpayer are recognized as expenses after their actual payment (clause 2 of Article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Tax accounting is maintained in accordance with Article 346.24 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation using the “1C Enterprise 7.7.” program.

The book of income and expenses is kept in electronic form.

Payment of benefits for temporary disability is made from two sources, with 1 minimum wage paid at the expense of the Social Insurance Fund, the rest at the expense of the organization (Article 2 of the Federal Law No. 190-FZ of December 31, 2002).

2.2. Accounting for cash and monetary documents

The conduct of cash transactions at enterprises is subject to strict control, both from the Bank of Russia and from the tax authorities. Therefore, increased requirements are placed on the preparation of cash documents.

Main regulations regulating the procedure for conducting cash transactions in the Russian Federation are:

Accounting Law;

Regulations on accounting;

The procedure for conducting cash transactions in the Russian Federation, approved by decision of the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia dated September 22, 1993 No. 40.

In accordance with these documents, as well as Resolution No. 835, cash transactions must be formalized using standard interdepartmental forms of primary accounting documentation approved by the State Statistics Committee of Russia.

Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated August 18, 1998 N 88 “On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for recording cash transactions and recording inventory results” introduced the following forms for documenting cash transactions:

N KO-1 "Cash receipt order" (Appendix 6);

N KO-2 "Expense cash order" (Appendix 7);

N KO-3 "Journal of registration of incoming and outgoing cash documents";

N KO-4 "Cash Book";

N KO-5 "Book of accounting of funds accepted and issued by the cashier."

When drawing up primary accounting documents for accounting cash transactions, it is necessary to pay attention to some features associated with the requirements for their registration. Thus, in accordance with Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated March 24, 1999 N 20 “On approval of the procedure for using unified forms of primary accounting documentation,” enterprises are not allowed to enter additional details into unified forms for primary accounting of cash transactions. An important point when drawing up cash receipts and expenditure documents, it is also prohibited to make any corrections, erasures, or blots when filling them out. Incoming or outgoing cash document containing erasures, blots, corrections, is considered invalid and will not be accepted for further accounting.

The timeliness of cash payments and carefully established accounting of credit and settlement transactions are important for the economic and financial activities of the company.

In the course of business activities, Tsezar LLC constantly makes payments to suppliers for goods and materials purchased from them and services rendered, with customers for work performed and services rendered, with tourists for the provision of their services, with credit institutions for loans and other financial transactions. , with a budget for various types of payments, with other legal entities and individuals for various business transactions.

Cash payments are made by non-cash payments and in cash. Non-cash payments in a developed market economy are carried out using payment orders and other payment documents, through transfers to settlement and current accounts in banks. By non-cash payments the company pays off with other organizations, the budget, as well as with some individuals who pay fees for services bank transfers. The use of non-cash payments reduces the need for cash, reduces expenses for money turnover, contributes to the concentration of free funds of organizations in banks, ensuring their more reliable safety.

Cash mainly comes to the company's cash desk from clients, as payment for tourist packages.

The organization's funds are in the cash register in the form of cash and monetary documents in a bank account. The most important task of an accountant is their increase, proper use, and control over their safety. Performs the duties of a cashier at the enterprise Chief Accountant, a fireproof safe with two keys is used to store cash.

To the organization's cash desk banknotes come from a bank account, as well as as a result of cash payments for inventory and services, when returning previously issued amounts, etc.

To receive money from your bank account, an organization is issued checkbook. The check indicates the purpose of the required amount. The tear-off part of the check remains in the bank, and the organization has the counterfoil of the check indicating the amount received.

Cash receipts are documented with cash receipt orders signed by the chief accountant. Cash is issued from the cash register according to expenses cash orders and properly executed pay slips and applications with a special stamp of the enterprise affixed to them. An accountant writes out documents for issuing money. They must be signed by the manager and chief accountant.

In cases where the documents or applications attached to the cash receipts orders contain the authorization inscription of the head of the organization, the manager’s signature on the cash receipts receipts is not required.

Salaries are issued by the cashier according to the payroll. The payroll must contain an authorization from the head of the organization regarding the disbursement of funds, indicating the amount in words.

At the same time, the data is entered into a computer program for further processing.

Accounting for the movement of money in the cash register is kept by an accountant in the cash book using a computer program (Appendix 8). At the end of the working day, the cashier calculates the results of transactions for the receipt and expenditure of money at the cash register, and displays the cash balance for the next date.

At the end of the month, by comparing the totals of turnover in the debit and credit of account 50 “Cash”, the cash balance at the beginning of the next month is displayed. It is compared with the balance in the cash book. Within the time frame determined by the management of the organization, once a month, an inventory of cash is carried out at the cash desk, the results of which are documented in an act.

2.3.Accounting for production costs and calculating production costs

In the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated April 29, 2002 No. 16-00-13/03 “On the application regulatory documents regulating the issues of accounting for production costs and calculating the cost of production (work, services)”, it is explained that until the completion of work on the development and approval by ministries and departments of relevant industry regulations on the organization of accounting for production costs, calculating the cost of products (work, services) In accordance with changes in tax and accounting legislation, organizations should be guided by currently applicable industry instructions and guidelines.

Thus, tourism organizations continue to be guided by the Methodological Recommendations for planning, accounting and calculating the cost of the tourism product and the formation financial results for organizations engaged in tourism activities approved by the Order of the State Committee for the Federal Trade of Russia dated December 4, 1998 No. 402 “On approval Methodological recommendations on planning, accounting and calculating the cost of a tourism product and the formation of financial results for organizations engaged in tourism activities,” as well as the Order of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports dated June 8, 1998 No. 210 “On approval of the specifics of the composition of costs included in the cost of tourism product of organizations engaged in tourism activities" (agreed with the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation) to the extent that does not contradict current legislation.

The cost of a tourism product is a valuation of the material and other resources used in the production and sale of a tourism product, as well as other costs of its production and sale.

All expenses included in the cost of products (works, services) of tourism organizations are divided into:

In relation to the production process:

a) production (costs associated with the production of a tourism product);

b) commercial (costs associated with the promotion and sale of a tourism product);

Depending on the method of inclusion in the cost:

a) direct (costs associated with the production of a tourism product, which can be directly and directly included in the cost of the corresponding costing object);

b) indirect (overhead) (costs associated with the organization and management of the production of a tourism product, related to the activities of the tourism organization as a whole, which are included in the cost of the corresponding calculation object using special methods.

Accounting for production costs is organized using the custom method, in which the object of cost accounting is a separate order for the production of a specific tourism product or a group of standard tourism products, or a set of orders for the production of tourism products that can be combined according to a certain qualitative characteristic (geographical direction, seasonality, supplier a set of rights to the services of third-party organizations - reception tour operators and the like).

Direct expenses include, among other things, the costs of acquiring, for the purpose of producing a tourism product, rights to the following services to tourists (clause 1 of the Order of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports dated June 8, 1998 No. 210 “On approval of the specifics of the composition of costs included in cost price of a tourist product by organizations engaged in tourism activities"):

For accommodation and accommodation;

For transport services (transportation);

On nutrition;

For excursion services;

By medical care, treatment and prevention of diseases;

For visa services and other costs associated with registration of a tourist trip;

By voluntary insurance from accidents, illnesses and health insurance during a tourist trip;

Service by guides, translators and accompanying persons.

It should be noted that according to the Chart of Accounts on account 43 “ Finished products" is not reflected, the cost of work performed and services provided, and the actual costs for them as they are sold are written off from the production cost accounts to account 90 “Sales”. Analytical accounting of costs for the production of a tourism product is carried out in the context of individual orders for the production of a tourism product or sets of such orders that are objects of cost accounting.

If the organization has separate divisions, performing individual works, services that are used in the production of a tourism product (hotels, holiday homes, special tourist transport, and so on), their costs are recorded in account 23 “Auxiliary production”.

Indirect (overhead) costs are reflected in account 26 “General household expenses"for the entire organization as a whole.

Accounted indirect costs are distributed among the costs associated with the functioning of sales points (travel agencies) and are reflected by posting:

Debit 44 “Sales expenses”

Credit 26 " General running costs»,

and between cost accounting objects (calculation objects)

Debit account 20 “Main production”

The distribution of overhead costs between individual cost accounting objects is carried out on the basis of one of the special methods (calculations) fixed in the accounting policies of the organization used for accounting purposes:

Proportional to direct costs allocated to the corresponding accounting object;

Proportional to the amount of remuneration of employees, directly included in the costs of the accounting object;

Proportional to the planned cost of accounting objects.

The accounting policy of Cesar LLC provides for a provision according to which the recorded overhead costs can be written off in full on a monthly basis directly to the sales accounts:

Credit 26 “General business expenses”.

Work-in-progress of a tourism product includes the amount of costs for the production of a tourism product that was not sold in a given reporting period. The balances of accounts 20 “Main production” and 23 “Auxiliary production” at the end of the reporting period show the value of work in progress.

Work in progress of a tourism product is assessed for all costing items or for direct production costs.

In case if accounting policy The organization has a procedure according to which the costs recorded on account 26 “General business expenses” are written off in full every month directly to the debit of account 46 “Sales of products (works, services)”, work in progress of a tourist product is assessed only by the direct costs of its production.

Commercial expenses are reflected in account 44 “Sales expenses” and are charged monthly to the cost of tourism products sold:

Debit 90 “Sales” subaccount “Cost of sales”

Credit 44 “Sales expenses”.

TO commercial expenses include expenses associated with the activities of specialized points selling vouchers (travel agencies);

Commission;

Agency and other remunerations for travel agents;

Remuneration of workers directly involved in promoting the tourism product;

Expenses for organizing or participating in exhibitions.

With the promotion and sale of a tourist product of its own production, Caesar LLC promotes and sells the tourist product of other tourist organizations and provides other commercial services (including agency services for the sale of airline tickets), and acts as an organization engaged in trade, sales or other mediation activities. Expenses associated with the provision of intermediary services are reflected in account 44 “Sales expenses”.

When selling tickets for a charter flight, both as part of a tourism product and in free sale, when directly forming the cost of a trip, a travel company should, from the total amount of expenses for paying for charter flights, allocate the cost of seats (air tickets) sold as separate services separately from the tourism product . This distribution can be carried out, for example, by proportionally dividing the cost of the charter by the number of seats (air tickets).

The cost of tickets sold to third parties is not included in the cost of the trip, but is the cost individual services travel agency.

2.4. Accounting for wages and social contributions.

To record personnel, Cesar LLC uses the following forms of primary accounting documents:

Hiring order - drawn up for each member of the workforce by the person responsible for hiring

Personal card - filled out in one copy for each employee of the organization. It contains general information about the employee.

Order for granting leave - used for registration annual leave and other types of vacations. Contains the necessary information for calculating vacation amounts and deductions.

Personal account – opened for each employee in the accounting department: the front side contains information about the employee for calculating accruals and deductions. On back side– all types of charges and deductions for each month.

An order to terminate an employment contract is drawn up in two copies and signed by the head of the department and organization. The order indicates the reason and basis for dismissal, the number and date of the decision. The form contains a calculation of accrued and withheld amounts, and provides data on undelivered property assets.

Cesar LLC uses simple time-based wages. Each employee has a monthly salary according to the staffing table.

Accounting for labor costs is carried out in accordance with current legislation and the forms and systems of remuneration accepted by the company.

Expenses for remuneration of employees are reflected separately in accounting according to standards and deviations from approved standards.

Deviations from the norms are considered to be payment for additional operations not provided for by the established work process. Registration of work orders for carrying out these additional operations is issued with slips for additional payment. These documents indicate the reasons why additional payments and additional work were made, as well as the persons responsible for performing this work.

If it is impossible to attribute certain types of allowances, additional payments, incentive and compensatory payments on a direct basis, their distribution among objects is made in proportion to the amounts of payment without allowances, additional payments, incentive and compensatory payments or other methods accepted in the given organization. When a company reserves funds to pay for employee vacations and bonuses, they also apply to this article.

The following are withheld from wages: amounts for material damage caused to the enterprise, on the basis of a court writ of execution, amounts of unreturned accountable funds.

Holds: insurance premiums, tax (personal income tax) at a rate of 13%, unreturned amounts of accountable funds.

The maximum amount of deduction is 50% of the monthly salary; if this amount of deduction is very large, then the deduction occurs over several months.

To document payroll, pay slips (Appendix 9) and pay slips are used. IN payslip contains all calculations to determine the amount of wages to be paid to employees. The payroll is used only for the payment of wages; it indicates the surnames and initials of employees, their personnel numbers, amounts to be paid and a receipt for the payment of wages. Payroll and payslips are used for settlements with employees for the whole month.

An advance for the first half of the month is usually issued according to pay slips. The advance amount is usually determined at the rate of 40% of earnings, taking into account the days worked by employees.

Salaries are issued from the cash register within 3 days. After this period, the accountant makes a note “deposited” against the names of employees who have not received wages, draws up a register of unpaid wages, and on the title page of the statement indicates the wages actually paid and not received by the employees. Amounts of wages not paid on time after 3 days are transferred to the bank's current account.

Payments that do not coincide with the time of the general payment of wages (unscheduled advances, vacation amounts etc.) are made using cash receipts, on which the note “One-time payroll calculation” is made.

The accountant records all payroll settlements with the employee in paybooks, which are kept by the employees and are submitted to the accounting department only for the time of recording.

At Caesar LLC, personal accounts are opened for each employee, in which the necessary information about the employee is recorded (marital status, salary, length of service, time of entry to work, etc.), all types of accruals and deductions from wages for each month. From these data it is easy to calculate average earnings for any period of time.

To receive an advance for the first half of the month, provide the following documents to the bank: a check, payment orders for the transfer of funds to the budget for withheld taxes, for the transfer of amounts withheld for executive documents and personal circumstances, as well as for the transfer of payments for social needs.

In accordance with current legislation, all employees (full-time, non-staff, seasonal, temporary, part-time workers, working under labor agreements) are subject to mandatory state social insurance, regardless of the nature and duration of the work performed.

At the expense of this fund, members of the labor collective are paid (debit to subaccount 69-1) temporary disability benefits (credit to account 70), maternity benefits (credit to account 70), and a one-time benefit to women registered with medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy, one-time benefits at the birth of a child (credit accounts 50, 51), for burial (credit accounts 50, 51), monthly allowance for the period of parental leave until the child reaches one and a half years old, and also pays for expenses associated with sanatorium and resort services for employees and members of their families and a number of social protection needs for employees.

The amount of temporary disability benefits for general illness depends on the employee’s continuous work experience: up to 5 years - 60% of earnings; from 5 to 8 years - 80% of earnings; from 8 years - 100% of earnings.

Maternity benefits are paid for the period of 70 calendar days before childbirth (in the case of multiple pregnancy - 84 days) and 70 calendar days after childbirth (in the case of complicated births - 86, for the birth of 2 or more children - 110 days) in the amount of 100% earnings calculated according to the rules established for calculating temporary disability benefits.

A one-time benefit for women registered in medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy. Women registered with a pregnancy of up to 12 weeks have the right to this benefit. Its value is minimum size wages stipulated by law on the day of maternity leave.

Monthly benefit for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years. Mothers or fathers (other relatives, adoptive parents, guardians or trustees actually caring for the child) who are subject to state social insurance have the right to this benefit. The benefit is paid in the amount of 70% of the minimum monthly payment labor and increases: by 100 % - for children of single mothers: 50% - for children whose parents evade paying child support, or in other cases, provided for by law Russian Federation, as well as for children of military personnel undergoing military service upon conscription and as sergeants, foremen, soldiers, sailors and military cadets educational institutions vocational education before concluding a contract for the passage military service. Payment of benefits is reflected in the debit of subaccount 69-1 and the credit of accounts 50, 51.

One-time benefit for the birth of a child. One of the parents or a person replacing him has the right to this benefit. The benefit is issued (debit to subaccount 69-1, credit to account 50) in the amount of 15 times the minimum wage provided for by law, on the child’s birthday, and not on the day the benefit is applied for.

Withholding alimony from employees' salaries. The basis for withholding alimony is writs of execution, and in case of their loss - duplicates; written statements from citizens about voluntary payment of alimony; marks (records) of internal affairs bodies in the passports of persons stating that, in accordance with the decision of the courts, these persons are obliged to pay alimony.

Retention of interest-free loans. According to established practice, an interest-free loan is issued to an employee who has worked in this organization for at least 2 years: for construction, major renovation, expansion of a residential building, etc. The employee issues an obligation to the organization to repay the loan received. Loan repayment begins in the month following the month of issue, in the amount of 1/12 of the annual payment. The obligation states that in the event of dismissal of one’s own free will without good reason, for violation of labor discipline or intended use The loan funds received are subject to repayment to the organization ahead of schedule.

The accountant maintains synthetic accounting of wage settlements on account 70 “Payroll settlements with personnel” (Appendix 10).

According to CT, accounts 70 reflect the amounts of accrued salary due to members of the labor collective and persons working under an employment contract. for hours worked and bonuses (Dt accounts 08, 10, 12, 15, 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 43, 47, 80\3, 81\2, 88, 89, 96). Amounts of temporary disability benefits and other payments (Dt account 69) at the expense of extra-budgetary social funds. funds. According to Dt. 70 salary payments are taken into account. from the cash register (Kt. 50), the amount of withheld monies (Kt. 68), amounts not returned by accountable persons in a timely manner (Kt. 71), the amount for material damage caused (Kt. 73/3), for defects (Kt. 71). 28) in repayment of debt on issued loans (73/2 Kt subaccount), according to executive documents in favor of various legal and individuals(Kt. 76/1).

2.5. Accounting for current obligations and payments.

The timeliness of cash payments and careful accounting of credit and settlement transactions are important for the well-being of the company.

The purpose of accounting for current transactions and settlements is to monitor compliance with cash and settlement discipline, the correctness and efficiency of the use of funds and loans, and ensure the safety of cash and documents at the cash desk.

To summarize information for all types of settlements of Cesar LLC with different legal entities and individuals, accounting accounts are used:

60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”;

62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”;

66 “Calculations according to short-term loans and loans";

68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”;

69 “Calculations for social insurance and security”;

70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”;

71 “Settlements with accountable persons”;

76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors.”

A company's debt can be receivable and payable. Receivables are understood as the debt of other organizations, employees and individuals of this organization (debt of clients for services performed, accountable persons for amounts issued to them on account, etc.). Accounts payable refers to the debt of a given organization to other organizations, employees and persons who are called creditors.

In accounting, receivables and payables are reflected by their types. Accounts receivable are reflected mainly in accounts 62, 76, and accounts payable - in accounts 60, 76.

Upon expiration limitation period accounts receivable and accounts payable are subject to write-off. The general limitation period is set at 3 years. For certain types of claims, the law may establish special limitation periods, shorter or longer than total term. The limitation period begins to be calculated at the end of the period for fulfillment of obligations, if defined, or from the moment when the creditor has the right to make a claim for the fulfillment of the obligation.

Accounts receivable after the expiration of the limitation period are written off as a decrease in profit and are recorded as follows accounting entry: Dt 91, Kt 62, 76. Written off receivables are not considered cancelled. It must be reflected in off-balance sheet account 007 for 5 years from the date of write-off to monitor the possibility of its recovery in the event of a change in the debtor’s property status.

After the expiration of the limitation period, accounts payable are written off to financial results and recorded in the following accounting entries: Dt 60, 76, Kt 91.

When services are provided, receivables arise, which are reflected at the sale price of the tourist voucher on account 62; The following accounting entry is made: Dt 62, Kt 90. When clients repay their debt, the accountant writes it off from the credit of account 62 to the debit of cash accounts. Account 62 also reflects the amounts of advances received and prepayments.

Suppliers and contractors include organizations that supply various inventory items, as well as provide different kinds services (supply of electricity, etc.) and performing various works(capital and Maintenance). Organizations have the right to choose the form of payment for products provided or services provided. For suppliers' invoices presented for payment, account 60 is credited and the corresponding ones are debited. material accounts or accounts to record relevant expenses. If shortages are detected in incoming inventory, discrepancies in prices stipulated by the contract, and arithmetic errors, account 60 is credited for the corresponding amount in correspondence with account 76/2.

At the Caesar company, the accountant gives employees accountable amounts every day, that is, amounts that are used for small business expenses and travel expenses. The procedure for issuing money on account, the amount of advances and the terms for which they can be issued are established by the rules for conducting cash transactions. The amount of daily allowance is determined by the organization independently, maximum size per diem is not limited. Daily allowance is paid for each day of a business trip, including weekends and travel time. The amount of daily allowance is within the norm established by the organization, not subject to personal income tax and unified social tax. If the amount of daily allowance exceeds the standard established by the organization itself, then tax is paid on the excess amount in the generally established manner.

Accountable amounts are recorded on active account 71. The issuance of cash advances to accountable persons is reflected in the debit of account 71 and the credit of account 50. Amounts of advances not returned by accountable persons are written off from account 71 to the debit of account 94. From account 94, advance amounts are written off to the debit of account 70 “Calculations with personnel for remuneration" or 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations" (if they cannot be deducted from the amount of remuneration of employees).

To summarize information on all types of settlements with employees of the organization, except for settlements for wages and settlements with accountable persons, account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other transactions” is used. The following sub-accounts are opened for this account:

1. “Calculations for loans provided”

2. “Calculations for compensation for material damage.”

The amount of the loan provided to the employee is reflected in the debit of account 73/1 from the credit of cash accounting accounts (50, 51). When the loan is repaid, account 73 is credited and cash accounts (50, 51) are debited. If the employee fails to repay the loan issued to him, the debt is written off from the credit of subaccount 73/1 to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses.”

Subaccount 73/2 “Calculations for compensation for material damage” takes into account calculations for compensation for material damage caused by an employee of the organization as a result of theft and shortages of goods - material assets and other types of damage.

2. 6 Tax accounting under a simplified taxation system

A simplified taxation system is beneficial to a travel agency for several reasons. Firstly, the accounting department is exempt from calculating and processing declarations for various taxes. Secondly, there is less pressure on wages. It is also convenient that there is no VAT. This means that the question does not arise which of the services is provided on the territory of Russia and which outside our country. After all, it depends on whether value added tax is charged or not.

The Caesar company chooses the object of taxation - “income minus expenses”. This can be explained by the fact that the travel agency has quite a large amount of expenses. For example, these are expenses for advertising, international and long-distance communication services. But what about the cost of the tourist package itself? How to recognize it as an expense?

The list of recognized expenses for the simplified tax system includes the purchase price of the goods (Article 346.16 of the Tax Code). Let's try to find out whether a tourist package can be considered a product.

“A tourist voucher is a document that confirms the transfer of a tourism product” (Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities”). A tourism product includes a range of services for tourists. This includes transportation, accommodation, meals, excursions, and the services of guides and interpreters.

Travel agencies have a division: the tour operator forms the tourism product, and the travel agent promotes and sells it (Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ).

Between themselves, the tour operator and the travel agent usually enter into a purchase and sale agreement. Then the agency’s activities can be considered as trading, and the tour packages themselves can be considered as purchased goods for further resale. It turns out that a voucher is a product, and it can be taken into account as an expense to calculate the single tax.

However, officials consider this a violation (letter from the Ministry of Finance dated July 20, 2005 No. 03-11-04/2/28). Experts from the Ministry of Finance came to the conclusion that a tourist package is not a product. It only confirms the right to the tour. And firms cannot take into account the costs of purchasing vouchers when calculating the single tax.

Tax specialists share a similar point of view. They expressed their opinion in a letter from the Federal Tax Service Office for the Moscow Region dated April 8, 2005 No. 22-19/4554.

To solve the problem that has arisen, instead of a purchase and sale agreement, you can conclude other types of agreements. For example, this could be a contract for the provision of services for a fee or an intermediary contract.

In the first case, the travel agent (executor), on the instructions of the tour operator (customer), provides services for the tourist (clause 1 of Article 779 of the Civil Code).

Then the costs of acquiring residence rights, air travel, transfers, etc. can be classified as material. After all, these are actually production services that are performed by a third-party company (subclause 6, clause 1, article 254 of the Tax Code). This type of expense is provided for in subparagraph 5 of paragraph 1 of Article 346.16 of the Tax Code.

In the second case, it may be a commission agreement, an agency agreement or another similar one. Then the tour operator acts on the part of the principal (principal), and the travel agent acts on the part of the commission agent (agent).

Under the agreement, one party, on behalf of the other, sells a tourism product for a fee (clause 1 of Article 990, clause 1 of Article 1005 of the Civil Code). Money received by a travel agent from tourists will not be his property. The agency owns only commissions. This will be his income. The single tax will have to be paid only on this amount (letter of the Ministry of Finance dated May 12, 2004 No. 04-02-05/2/21).

If a travel agent chooses an intermediary agreement, he can significantly reduce total amount income for the year. After all, it will only include rewards. For simplifiers, this fact is important. The opportunity depends on the amount of income application of the simplified tax system. If income exceeds 20 million rubles (clause 4 of Article 346.13 of the Tax Code), then this right can be lost. However, the cost of tours is usually quite significant. If you have to take their entire amount into account as income, then you can exceed the permissible limit quite quickly.

For calculus tax base and the amount of tax, the accountant maintains tax records in the Book of Income and Expenses (Appendix 5), approved by order of the Ministry of Taxes of October 28, 2002 No. BG-3-22/606.

This book is opened for one year, is kept in electronic form, must be bound and numbered. On the last page of the book the number of pages is indicated, certified by a signature. general director and seal.

The income and expense accounting book consists of three sections:

Section I, Income and Expenses, is designed to record income and expenses for each quarter.

Section II “Calculation of expenses for the acquisition of fixed assets accepted when calculating the tax base for the single tax.” Section II of Caesar LLC is not completed, since the company does not have its own fixed assets and does not acquire them.

Section III “Calculation of the tax base for a single tax” contains data on income, expenses and deviations for them for the first quarter, for half a year, 9 months and a year. Based on the data in this section, the amount of single tax for the corresponding period is calculated. The tax rate is set at 15 percent.

2.7. Accounting for financial results

Accounting for financial results allows you to reveal the reasons for achieved and unattained successes, and make decisions that help eliminate shortcomings in the activities of the enterprise.

Financial result is a reflection of change equity for a certain period as a result of the production and financial activities of the organization.

The financial result is determined by account 99 “Profits and losses”. The credit of this account reflects income and profits, and the debit shows expenses and losses. Business transactions reflected on account 99 according to the so-called cumulative principle, that is, on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year.

By comparing credit and debit turnover on account 99, the final financial result for reporting period.

The excess of credit turnover over debit is reflected as the credit balance of account 99 and characterizes the amount of profit of the organization, and the excess of debit turnover over credit is recorded as the debit balance of account 99 and characterizes the amount of the organization's loss.

Account 99 has a one-sided balance. The final financial result of the organization is influenced by:

Financial result from the sale of services;

Non-operating profits and losses.

The difference between these components of profit or loss is that the financial result from the sale of services is initially determined from sales accounts, and then written off from these accounts to account 99.

Non-operating profits and losses are immediately attributed to account 99 without prior entry to intermediate accounts.

The main objectives of accounting for the financial results of Caesar LLC are:

Daily operational control over the formation of financial results from the sale of services;

Systematic control over non-operating income and expenses in order to prevent the latter;

Constant control over the correctness and timeliness of deductions during the year from profits to the budget and various funds.

The final financial result (net profit or net loss) consists of the financial result from ordinary activities, other income and expenses, and extraordinary ones.

PBU 9/99 includes extraordinary income as income arising as a consequence of the circumstances of economic activity ( natural disaster, fire, accident, etc.): insurance compensation, the cost of material assets remaining from write-off, unsuitable for restoration and further use of assets, etc.

Included emergency expenses expenses arising as consequences of extraordinary circumstances of activity are reflected.

Account 99 “Profits and losses” during the reporting year reflects:

Profit and loss from ordinary activities - in correspondence from account 90 “Sales”;

Balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month- in correspondence from account 91 “Other income and expenses”;

Losses, expenses and income in connection with emergency circumstances of economic activity - in correspondence with accounts of material assets, settlements with personnel for wages, cash, etc.;

At the end of the reporting year, when preparing annual financial statements, account 99 is closed. The final entry for December amount net profit written off to the debit of account 99 and to the credit of account 84 “Retained earnings ( uncovered loss)". The amount of the loss is written off from the credit of account 99 to the debit of account 84.

LLC "Cesar" receives the bulk of the profit from the provision of tourist services (realization financial result).

Profit from services performed is defined as the difference between revenue from the sale of services at current prices without deductions provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and the costs of their production and sale.

The financial result from the sale of services is determined by account 90 “Sales”. This account is intended to summarize information about income and expenses associated with the organization’s normal activities, as well as to determine the financial result for them.

The amount of revenue from the provision of services is reflected in the credit of account 90 “Sales” and the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”.

Analytical accounting for account 90 “Sales” is maintained for each type of services provided, and, if necessary, in other areas (by sales regions, etc.).

To summarize information about operating and non-operating income and expenses, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is used. Sub-accounts have been opened for this account:

9l-l “Other income”;

91-2 “Other expenses”;

91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses.”

On subaccount 91-1 “Other income” take into account receipts of assets recognized as other income (except for extraordinary ones).

On subaccount 91-2 “Other expenses” take into account operational and non-operating expenses recognized as other expenses (except for extraordinary ones).

Subaccount 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses” used to identify the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month.

Entries in subaccounts 91 -1 and 91 -2 are made cumulatively during the reporting year. The balance of other income and expenses is determined monthly by comparing the debit turnover in subaccount 91 -1 and the credit turnover in subaccount 91 -2. This balance is written off monthly (with final turnover) from subaccount 91 -9 to account 99 “Profits and losses”. Thus, as of the reporting date, account 91 “Other income and expenses” does not have a balance. At the end of the reporting year, subaccounts 91-1 and 91-2 are closed with internal entries to subaccount 91-9.

In accordance with PBU 9/99, operating income and expenses are: interest received and paid for the provision of the company’s funds for use, as well as interest for the bank’s use of funds held in the organization’s account with this bank.

Interest paid for the provision of funds to the organization for use is written off as a debit to account 91 “Other income and expenses” from the credit of cash accounting accounts.

Non-operating income and expenses are:

Fines, penalties, penalties for violations of contract terms received and paid;

Receipts for compensation and reimbursement of losses caused to the organization;

Profits of previous years identified in the reporting year and losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year;

Amounts of accounts payable, depositors and receivables for which the statute of limitations has expired;

Exchange differences;

Transfer of funds related to charitable activities, expenses for sporting events, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational events and other similar events;

Other non-operating income and expenses.

Receipts from the payment of fines, pennies, various penalties and other types of sanctions are reflected in the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and the debit of cash accounts and settlements with debtors.

The amounts of fines, penalties, penalties and amounts from other sanctions paid by the organization are reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” from the credit of cash accounting accounts. At the same time, the amounts contributed to the budget in the form of sanctions are not included in expenses from non-operating operations, but are attributed to the reduction of profits remaining at the disposal of the enterprise (i.e. to account 99 “Profits and losses”).

Profit from previous years identified in the reporting year is reflected in the debit of account 51 “Current account” and the credit of account 91 “Other income; and expenses”; losses are recorded using a reverse accounting entry. In the same way, revenues are taken into account - compensation for losses caused to the organization.

Amounts of accounts payable and depository debts for which the statute of limitations has expired are written off to the debit of account 76 and the credit of account 91. Accounts receivable for which the statute of limitations has expired are written off from the credit of account 76 to the account of the reserve for doubtful debts (account 63) or in debit account 91.

Positive exchange rate differences, depending on the accounting object, are recorded in the following accounting entries:

Debit account 58 “Financial investments” (for the difference on transactions with financial investments);

Debit of accounts 50 “Cash”, 52 “Currency account” (for the difference in funds in foreign currency);

Debit of account 71 “Settlements with accountable persons” (for transactions of issuing currency on account) and other accounts;

account credit 91.

For debts to suppliers and contractors, a positive exchange rate difference is reflected in the credit of account 91 and the debit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.

Negative exchange rate differences are processed in reverse accounting entries in relation to the positive exchange rate difference.

In the debit of account 91, from the credit of various accounts, expenses related to charitable activities, sports, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational activities and other similar events are written off.

Other non-operating expenses and losses are written off from the debit or credit of the relevant accounts at the time they are identified in the account91.

At the beginning of the year following the reporting year, the owners of the organization decide on the distribution of net profit. Net profit can be used to form reserve capital, pay off losses of previous years and other purposes.

For the accounting retained earnings(uncovered loss) account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” is provided.

Reserve capital is created in accordance with the law through deductions from net profit. The amount of reserve capital is determined by the company's charter. Reserve capital is used to cover unexpected losses and losses of the organization for the reporting year. Unused funds carry over to the next year. Accounting for reserve capital is kept in passive account 82 “Reserve capital”. The credit of the account reflects the formation of reserve capital, and the debit reflects its use. The credit balance of the account shows the amount of unused reserve capital at the beginning and end of the reporting period.

Analytical accounting for account 82 is organized in such a way as to provide information on the areas of use of funds.

The repayment of losses from previous years is recorded in the accounting entry: Dt 84 “Profit to be distributed” Kt 84 “Uncovered loss”.

After distribution of profits, the balance on account 84 shows the amount of retained profits.

Conclusion

Tourism is a beautiful type of business based on positive emotions from vacation. However, accountants of travel agencies do not notice this specificity; their attention is focused on the many subtleties that must be observed in proper accounting. Having examined the organization of accounting at Caesar LLC, I was convinced of the correctness of this statement. Accounting in tourism has its own characteristics:

Tourism is fully regulated by the norms of various branches of law: customs, insurance, administrative, environmental, consumer protection, etc., but a special place is given to civil law.

Tourism activities involve the conclusion of an agreement for the provision of paid services, on the one hand, and are directly related to the commission agreement, on the other hand, since the services of third-party organizations are resold.

The moment a company transfers vouchers to a tourist is not considered a sale. The moment of determining the proceeds from the sale of a tourism product is the end date of the tour.

There are also certain difficulties in the tourism business. Sales revenue is reflected on the basis of a voucher, which confirms the provision of services. But at the same time united approved by the Ministry of Finance There is currently no form of tourist voucher, and each travel agency is forced to develop its own forms.

When selling products, a travel agency can use either a fee-for-service agreement or a retail purchase and sale agreement. At the same time, the determination of the moment of sale of a tourism product, and therefore the period of reflection in accounting and tax accounting under these agreements, is different. The order of registration also differs. primary documents.

Termination of obligations under a retail purchase and sale agreement occurs upon transfer of the voucher to the tourist. When the relationship between a travel agency and a tourist is formalized by an agreement for the provision of services, the sale of the tourism product occurs only after the end of the tourist trip. In accounting, payment for a trip is reflected as an advance payment. At the same time, the travel agency must track the process of providing the tourist with the services included in the tour by all third parties. Revenue from the sale of a tourism product is reflected in accounting in the reporting period in which the contract with the tourist ends.

For an accountant, the basis for recording revenue is the following primary documents: a voucher with a mark on the fact of provision of services and acts signed by the tour operator with organizations providing services. It is also worth noting that in paragraph 51 of the Methodological Recommendations, the moment for determining the proceeds from the sale of a tourism product is the end date of the tour. At the same time, according to Article 6 of Law No. 132-FZ, a retail purchase and sale agreement is concluded between a tourist and a tour operator or travel agent. This formulation assumes that the moment of determining the proceeds from the sale of a tourism product is the date of its transfer to the tourist.

Therefore, while such contradictions exist in the legislation, travel agencies are recommended to consolidate in their accounting policies the type of contract they have chosen under which the tourism product will be sold. The moment at which revenue from the sale of a tourism product is reflected in accounting will depend on this document.

Thanks to the critical analysis I made, the following positive aspects of organizing accounting and analytical work at Caesar LLC can be noted:

Documentation and reporting are carried out rationally and are not oversaturated with unnecessary documents.

Strong internal control documentation

There are also weak sides in accounting, and to correct them, the following recommendations can be offered:

Follow the document flow schedule for all operations

Open subaccounts for account 70: 1 “Settlements with full-time employees”; 2 “Part-time payments”; 3 “Settlements under labor agreements”; 4 “Settlements under civil contracts.”

Before preparing annual financial statements, conduct an inventory of current obligations and payments.

During my internship at Caesar LLC, the tasks assigned to me were solved, namely, I applied and expanded the acquired theoretical knowledge in the field of organization, methodology and accounting techniques, became familiar with the structure and features of work in the tourism business, and studied the organization of accounting at the enterprise, was able to draw conclusions and develop proposals for improving accounting and analytical work.

Literature

Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part 2. Federal Law of January 26, 1996 No. 14-FZ (as amended on July 18, 2005

Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Part 2. Federal Law of 05.08.2000 No. 117-FZ

Federal Law of November 21, 1996 (as amended on July 30, 2003) “On Accounting” No. 129-FZ

Federal Law of December 29. 1995 “On a simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting for small businesses” No. 222 - Federal Law

Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 N 34n) (as amended on March 24, 2000)

Accounting Regulations "Accounting Policy of the Organization" PBU 1/98 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 9, 1998 N 60n) (as amended on December 30, 1999)

Accounting Regulations “Organization Expenses” PBU 10/99 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 N 33n)

Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” PBU 9/99 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 N 32n)

Chart of accounts for accounting financial and economic activities of organizations (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 N 94n) (as amended on May 7, 2003)

- “The procedure for conducting cash transactions in the Russian Federation.” Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated October 4, 1993 No. 18

Comments on accounting regulations (edited by A.S. Bakaev) (2nd edition, supplemented). - "Urayt-Izdat", 2005.

Kozhinov V.Ya. Fundamentals of accounting. - SPS "Garant", 2003.

Kondrakov N.P. Accounting. – M.: INFRA – M, 2006.

Full name: LLC "Travel Agency "Tourism Council"

Taxpayer Identification Number: 7841449397

Type of activity (according to OKVED): 79.11 - Activities of travel agencies

Form of ownership: 16 - Private property

Organizational and legal form: 12300 - Limited liability companies

Reporting prepared in thousand rubles

See detailed verification of the counterparty

Accounting statements for 2014-2018.

1. Balance sheet

Indicator name	Code	#DATE#
ASSETS
I. NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Intangible assets	1110	#1110#
Research and development results	1120	#1120#
Intangible search assets	1130	#1130#
Material prospecting assets	1140	#1140#
Fixed assets	1150	#1150#
Profitable investments in material assets	1160	#1160#
Financial investments	1170	#1170#
Deferred tax assets	1180	#1180#
Others outside current assets	1190	#1190#
Total for Section I	1100	#1100#
II. CURRENT ASSETS
Reserves	1210	#1210#
Value added tax on purchased assets	1220	#1220#
Accounts receivable	1230	#1230#
Financial investments (excluding cash equivalents)	1240	#1240#
Cash and cash equivalents	1250	#1250#
Other current assets	1260	#1260#
Total for Section II	1200	#1200#
BALANCE	1600	#1600#
PASSIVE
III. CAPITAL AND RESERVES
Authorized capital (share capital, authorized capital, contributions of partners)	1310	#1310#
Own shares purchased from shareholders	1320	#1320#
Revaluation non-current assets	1340	#1340#
Additional capital (without revaluation)	1350	#1350#
Reserve capital	1360	#1360#
Retained earnings (uncovered loss)	1370	#1370#
Total for Section III	1300	#1300#
IV. LONG TERM DUTIES
Borrowed funds	1410	#1410#
Deferred tax liabilities	1420	#1420#
Estimated liabilities	1430	#1430#
Other obligations	1450	#1450#
Total for Section IV	1400	#1400#
V. SHORT-TERM LIABILITIES
Borrowed funds	1510	#1510#
Accounts payable	1520	#1520#
revenue of the future periods	1530	#1530#
Estimated liabilities	1540	#1540#
Other obligations	1550	#1550#
Total for Section V	1500	#1500#
BALANCE	1700	#1700#

Brief balance sheet analysis

Chart of changes in non-current assets, total assets and capital and reserves by year

1 without taking into account the debt of the founders for contributions to the authorized capital

2. Profit and loss statement

Indicator name	Code	#PERIOD#
Revenue	2110	#2110#
Cost of sales	2120	#2120#
Gross profit (loss)	2100	#2100#
Business expenses	2210	#2210#
Administrative expenses	2220	#2220#
Profit (loss) from sales	2200	#2200#
Income from participation in other organizations	2310	#2310#
Interest receivable	2320	#2320#
Percentage to be paid	2330	#2330#
Other income	2340	#2340#
other expenses	2350	#2350#
Profit (loss) before tax	2300	#2300#
Current income tax	2410	#2410#
incl. permanent tax liabilities (assets)	2421	#2421#
Changing deferred tax obligations	2430	#2430#
Change in deferred tax assets	2450	#2450#
Other	2460	#2460#
Net income (loss)	2400	#2400#
FOR REFERENCE
Result from the revaluation of non-current assets, not included in the net profit (loss) of the period	2510	#2510#
Result from other operations not included in the net profit (loss) of the period	2520	#2520#
Total financial result of the period	2500	#2500#

Brief analysis of financial results

Graph of changes in revenue and net profit by year

4. Cash flow statement

Indicator name	Code	#PERIOD#
Cash flows from current operations
Receipts - total	4110	#4110#
including: from the sale of products, goods, works and services	4111	#4111#
lease payments, license fees, royalties, commissions and other similar payments	4112	#4112#
from resale financial investments	4113	#4113#
other supply	4119	#4119#
Payments - total	4120	#4120#
including: to suppliers (contractors) for raw materials, materials, works, services	4121	#4121#
in connection with the remuneration of employees	4122	#4122#
interest on debt obligations	4123	#4123#
corporate income tax	4124	#4124#
other payments	4129	#4129#
Balance cash flows from current operations	4100	#4100#
Cash flows from investment operations
Receipts - total	4210	#4210#
including: from the sale of non-current assets (except financial investments)	4211	#4211#
from the sale of shares of other organizations (participatory interests)	4212	#4212#
from the return of loans provided, from the sale of debt securities (rights to claim funds against other persons)	4213	#4213#
dividends, interest on debt financial investments and similar income from equity participation in other organizations	4214	#4214#
other supply	4219	#4219#
Payments - total	4220	#4220#
including: in connection with the acquisition, creation, modernization, reconstruction and preparation for use of non-current assets	4221	#4221#
in connection with the acquisition of shares of other organizations (participatory interests)	4222	#4222#
in connection with the acquisition of debt securities (rights to claim funds against other persons), provision of loans to other persons	4223	#4223#
interest on debt obligations included in the price investment asset	4224	#4224#
other payments	4229	#4229#
Balance of cash flows from investment operations	4200	#4200#
Cash flows from financial transactions
Receipts - total	4310	#4310#
including: obtaining credits and loans	4311	#4311#
cash deposits owners (participants)	4312	#4312#
from issuing shares, increasing participation shares	4313	#4313#
from the issue of bonds, bills and other debt securities, etc.	4314	#4314#
other supply	4319	#4319#
Payments - total	4320	#4320#
including: owners (participants) in connection with the repurchase of shares (participatory interests) of the organization from them or their withdrawal from the membership of participants	4321	#4321#
for payment of dividends and other payments	4322	#4322#
on the distribution of profits in favor of owners (participants) in connection with the repayment (redemption) of bills and other debt securities, repayment of loans and borrowings	4323	#4323#
other payments	4329	#4329#
Balance of cash flows from financial transactions	4300	#4300#
Balance of cash flows for the reporting period	4400	#4400#
Balance of cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the reporting period	4450	#4450#
Balance of cash and cash equivalents at the end of the reporting period	4500	#4500#
The magnitude of the impact of exchange rate changes foreign currency against the ruble	4490	#4490#

6. Report on the intended use of funds

Indicator name	Code	#PERIOD#
Balance of funds at the beginning of the reporting year	6100	#6100#
Funds received
Entry fees	6210	#6210#
Membership fee	6215	#6215#
Targeted contributions	6220	#6220#
Voluntary property contributions and donations	6230	#6230#
Profit from the organization's income-generating activities	6240	#6240#
Others	6250	#6250#
Total funds received	6200	#6200#
Funds used
Expenses for targeted activities	6310	#6310#
including:
social and charitable assistance	6311	#6311#
holding conferences, meetings, seminars, etc.	6312	#6312#
other events	6313	#6313#
Expenses for maintaining the management staff	6320	#6320#
including:
expenses related to wages (including accruals)	6321	#6321#
non-wage payments	6322	#6322#
expenses for official travel and business trips	6323	#6323#
maintenance of premises, buildings, vehicles and other property (except for repairs)	6324	#6324#
repair of fixed assets and other property	6325	#6325#
other	6326	#6326#
Acquisition of fixed assets, inventory and other property	6330	#6330#
Others	6350	#6350#
Total funds used	6300	#6300#
Balance of funds at the end of the reporting year	6400	#6400#

No data for this period

Indicator name	Code	Authorized capital	Own shares, purchased from shareholders	Extra capital	Reserve capital	retained earnings (uncovered loss)	Total
The amount of capital per	3200
Behind Capital increase - total:	3310
including: net profit	3311	X	X	X	X
property revaluation	3312	X	X		X
income attributable directly to capital increase	3313	X	X		X
additional issue of shares	3314				X	X
increase in the par value of shares	3315				X		X
	3316
Reduction of capital - total:	3320
including: lesion	3321	X	X	X	X
property revaluation	3322	X	X		X
expenses directly attributable to reduction of capital	3323	X	X		X
reduction in the par value of shares	3324				X
reduction in the number of shares	3325				X
reorganization of a legal entity	3326
dividends	3327	X	X	X	X
Change in additional capital	3330	X	X				X
Change in reserve capital	3340	X	X	X			X
The amount of capital per	3300

Additional checks

Check counterparty Download data for financial analysis

* Indicators that are adjusted in comparison with Rosstat data are marked with an asterisk. The adjustment is necessary to eliminate obvious formal inconsistencies in reporting indicators (discrepancy between the sum of lines and the total value, typos) and is carried out according to an algorithm specially developed by us.

Reference: The financial statements are presented according to Rosstat data disclosed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The accuracy of the data provided depends on the accuracy of the data submission to Rosstat and the processing of this data by the statistical agency. When using this reporting, we strongly recommend that you check the figures with the data of a paper (electronic) copy of the reporting posted on the official website of the organization or obtained from the organization itself. Financial analysis of the presented data is not part of Rosstat information and was performed using specialized

2008

Introduction

1. Financial result of the activities of a tourism enterprise and the methodology for its evaluation

1.1. Formation of the financial result of a tourism enterprise

2. Analysis of profit and profitability of a tourism enterprise LLC

2.1. General characteristics of the enterprise

2.2. Analysis of financial results

2.3. Cost-benefit analysis

Conclusion

Bibliography

Application. Financial statements

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the topic of the course work. The tourism business is one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy. International tourism is one of the three largest export industries, behind oil and automobile manufacturing. The importance of tourism in the world is constantly increasing, which is associated with the increased influence of tourism on the economy of an individual country. Tourism is a type of economic activity aimed at the end consumer. The financial results of a tourism enterprise are determined by the sales volume of the tourism product, determined by demand, and the level of cost, determined by the quality of tourism goods. All this determines the relevance of the analysis of financial results and factors influencing their value.

Theoretical and methodological basis research Educational and scientific manuals and monographs, as well as publications of specialized periodical literature, served as reference for the problems of the course work.

Information and regulatory base works amount to regulatory documents and statistical materials of “World for You” LLC.

Object of study is the Limited Liability Company "World for You" LLC.

Subject of research are the profit and profitability of Mir for You LLC.

The purpose of the course work is an analysis of the profit and profitability of the travel company LLC “World for You”

Research objectives are as follows:

Study theoretical principles about the features of the formation of the financial result of a tourism enterprise;

Explore the methodology for analyzing financial results;

Analyze the financial results using the example of the tourism enterprise LLC “World for You”.

In the process of working on the course work, we used methods of research and information processing: quantitative and qualitative assessment, method of comparative analysis, methods economic analysis and etc.

1. FINANCIAL RESULT OF THE TOURIST ENTERPRISE AND METHODOLOGY FOR ITS EVALUATION

1.1. Formation of the financial result of a tourism enterprise

The financial result of production, economic and financial activities is usually called balance sheet profit.

Compound balance sheet profit determined by the areas of activity of the enterprise: current, operational and financial.

The final result of the activity of a tourism enterprise is characterized not by one, but by a group of indicators. Balance sheet profit includes profit from the sale of goods (products, works, services), the balance of other income and expenses (operating, non-operating and extraordinary income minus operating, non-operating and extraordinary expenses).

But among them, only profit reflects the excess of the result obtained from the sale of a tourism product and other activities over all its costs.

Enterprise income means an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of cash, other property and (or) repayment of obligations, leading to an increase in capital.

An enterprise's expenses are recognized as a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of cash, other property and (or) the occurrence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in capital.

The income and expenses of enterprises, depending on their nature, the conditions for receiving them and the areas of their activities, are divided into:

a) income and expenses from ordinary activities;

b) other income and expenses (operating income and expenses and non-operating income and expenses).

Income and expenses specified in paragraphs. (b) are considered other, they also include extraordinary income and expenses (Table 1).

Table 1

Classification of income and expenses of an organization

From normal activities: revenue from the sale of products and goods, income related to the performance of work, provision of services	By common types activities: expenses associated with the manufacture and sale of products, the acquisition and sale of goods, as well as expenses the implementation of which is associated with the performance of work and the provision of services
Operating income: receipts associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets; receipts associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs, and other types of intellectual property; proceeds related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations (including interest and other income on securities); profit received by the organization as a result of joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement); proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), products, goods; interest received for the provision of an organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds deposited in the organization's account with this bank	Operating expenses: related to the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets; related to the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property; related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations; related to the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), goods, products; interest paid by an organization for providing it with funds (credits, borrowings) for use; related to payment for services provided by credit institutions; other operating expenses

Table 1 (end)

Non-operating: fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms; assets received free of charge, including under a gift agreement; proceeds to compensate for losses caused to the organization; profit of previous years identified in the reporting year; amounts of accounts payable and depositors for which the statute of limitations has expired; exchange differences; the amount of revaluation of assets (except for non-current assets); other non-operating income	Non-operating: fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms; compensation for losses caused by the organization; losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year; amounts of receivables for which the statute of limitations has expired, and other debts that are unrealistic for collection; exchange differences; the amount of depreciation of assets (except for non-current assets); other non-operating expenses
Emergency: receipts arising as a consequence of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.): insurance compensation, the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets unsuitable for restoration and further use, etc.	Emergency: arising as a consequence of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization of property, etc.)

The main source of profit for a tourism enterprise is income (revenue) from the main production and economic activities of the tourism enterprise. The amount of profit in this case depends on: a) the specifics and features of tourism products and services, their life cycle; b) sales volumes; c) market conditions, competitive conditions for the sale of their goods and services; d) structures for reducing production costs.

Income from sales of tour operators is determined based on the cost of selling tourist packages at the prices specified in the contract for the provision of tourist services. The income of a travel agent is the amount of commission received from the sale of tourism products generated by the tour operator.

Profit as an economic category reflects the income of a tourism enterprise from the sale of a tourism product or service created in productive activities by combining production factors (labor, capital, recreational resources). It has quantitative and qualitative expression. In the first case, profit is the difference between sales revenue and production costs of a tourism enterprise. In the second, it characterizes the effectiveness of its activities.

From an economic point of view, profit is the difference between cash receipts And cash payments. From an economic point of view, profit is the difference between the property status of the enterprise at the end and beginning of the reporting period.

The idea of ​​two interpretations of profit (accounting and economic) was developed thanks to David Solomon. He proceeded from the premise that the concept of profit is needed for three purposes: 1) calculating taxes; 2) protection of creditors; 3) choosing a reasonable investment policy. The accounting interpretation is acceptable only for achieving the first goal and is absolutely unacceptable for achieving the third.

D. Solomon developed a formula that determines the relationship between accounting and economic profit:

Accounting profit + Non-operating changes in the value (valuation) of assets during the reporting period - Non-operating changes in the value (valuation) of assets in previous (past) reporting periods + Non-operating changes in the value (valuation) of assets in future (upcoming) reporting periods = Economic profit

This approach involves quarterly calculation of the amount of “goodwill” and its fluctuations. The emergence of this category is associated with the economic interpretation of profit.

IN modern theory accounting, primarily in English-speaking countries, distinguish between tax and economic concept arrived. In this regard, two options are possible for calculating profit: in the first, accounting profit is equal to taxable profit, in the second, their amounts do not coincide. In the first case, the gaze of users of accounting information is directed to the past, in the second - to the future. The latter takes into account that the data financial statements influence the company's stock price. Therefore, the profit shown in the balance sheet and income statement should not be identical to the profit on which taxes are paid.

By examining scientific schools of interpretation of profit, we can formulate the following definition. Profit is part of the added value that is obtained as a result of the sale of products (goods), performance of work, and provision of services.

Sales of other assets, proceeds from non-operating operations and other proceeds form income. This approach requires a new concept of taxation, which consists of separate taxation of profit and income. However, in current system taxation, such division is not provided. All receipts of income are actually recognized as forming profit with the exception of expenses.

Profit is the excess of income over expenses:

Income - Expenses = Profit.

The reverse situation is called loss.

In a market economy, the recognition of income and expenses does not depend on the fact of receipt or payment of funds. Cash flows are separated from the movement and valuation of assets.

The economic interests of a tourist enterprise are satisfied at the expense of the profits remaining at its disposal (net profit). It is aimed at solving problems of a production and social nature.

1.2. Methodology for analyzing financial results and profitability

One of the most important forms of financial reporting is the “Profit and Loss Statement” of an enterprise.

It is of interest to almost all participants in the enterprise, since it contains information about the most important financial indicators of the enterprise, namely: sales revenue and production costs (cost), the difference of which represents the gross profit of the enterprise. The report also contains data on other cash income and expenses that occur in the process of transforming gross profit into net profit, allowing us to evaluate two intermediate profits: from sales and before tax.

The objectives of the analysis of the “Profit and Loss Statement” depend on the interests of the specific user of the statements. At the same time, his main task is to correctly formulate questions to the managers and specialists of the enterprise, who, having not only financial statements, but also the opportunity to receive all necessary information, can answer the questions of external users who do not have access to the internal information of the enterprise with reasoning. In general, analysis of the financial results of an enterprise involves comparing planned (basic) indicators with reported (actual) indicators, identifying the reasons for discrepancies, assessing their justification and, if possible, making adjustments to previously made decisions. The standard scheme for analyzing a profit and loss statement involves assessing absolute and relative changes (to plan or to the previous period) of the indicators contained in the report and how it includes:

Calculation of absolute deviations of indicators from their basic values;

Calculation of the rate of change of indicator values ​​in relation to the base;

Determination of the share (in the amount of revenue or gross profit) of the indicators included in the report;

Calculation of changes in the specific weights of the analyzed indicators.

The income statement focuses on the distribution of a business's gross profit as it transforms it into net profit. However, for external users to evaluate the real financial condition this is not always enough for an enterprise and its prospects. To obtain an objective assessment, it is important for them to analyze the process of distributing the enterprise’s revenue according to the areas of its use. This purpose is served by analyzing the influence of the components of the enterprise’s total costs on the formation of net profit. It makes it possible to get Additional information necessary to assess the results of an enterprise’s economic activities, analyze the element-by-element influence of various components of total costs on the formation of net profit. To do this, you need to supplement the data on the profit and loss report with information on the company’s expenses contained in the appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5, section “Expenses for ordinary activities”).

The analysis includes two stages. At the first stage, intermediate financial results generated in the process of distributing the enterprise’s gross revenue are calculated, i.e. as a result of sequential subtraction from it individual elements costs, and subsequent assessment of the impact of deducted elements on both intermediate financial results and the final one - the amount of net profit (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Formation of net profit

At the second, standard stage of comparative analysis, the indicators calculated at the first stage for the base and reporting periods are compared and an assessment is made of the changes that have occurred.

The starting point of the first stage of the analysis is data on total revenue, adjusted by adding the amount of VAT paid. It includes, in addition to revenue from core activities, income from all other operating activities of the enterprise and characterizes total cost products and services of the enterprise recognized by the market. The total revenue covers all its current expenses, and it also contains profit, i.e. that part of the newly created value that is considered the property of the owners of the enterprise.

A significant portion of the cost contained in total revenue comes from materials consumed and services from third parties, including some of the selling and administrative expenses specifically allocated in the income statement. The cost of these materials and services is created outside the enterprise and for this reason cannot be considered as the result of its activities. Therefore, in order to determine the amount of value directly created at the enterprise, the cost of materials and services consumed, including VAT, and, if necessary, rent must be subtracted from the total revenue. This value created by the enterprise is called added value. It shows the amount of value added by an enterprise to the cost of the material resources it consumes:

Added value = Total revenue, including VAT, - Cost of materials and services consumed, including VAT.

The greater the added value, the more efficient the use of resources in the enterprise. In order to exclude the influence of the size of the enterprise on the amount of added value when assessing efficiency, a relative indicator is used - the value added coefficient Kds. It shows the share of added value in the total revenue of the enterprise, i.e.

Kds = Value Added / Total Revenue (1)

Added value primarily characterizes the efficiency and productivity of employees of an enterprise. That is why the International Labor Organization recommends using it when assessing labor productivity and monitoring the relationship between productivity growth and wages.

Added value serves as the source of all payments of the enterprise, except for payment for materials and services. First of all, these are taxes paid to the state (value added tax, taxes and deductions included in production costs), as well as wages for workers.

The part of the added value remaining after these payments constitutes the gross result of the enterprise’s activities, the amount of which must be adjusted to the balance of non-operating income and expenses:

Gross result = Value added - Wages - Taxes, excluding income tax, + Balance of non-operating income and expenses.

Gross result is also called business income. It includes the value newly created at the enterprise plus depreciation deductions, representing part of the capital owned by the owners of the enterprise, transferred to the cost of manufactured products. In other words, gross income shows how much added value remains at the disposal of the owners of the enterprise.

In order to determine the newly created value remaining to the owners of the capital invested in the enterprise, it is necessary to subtract the amount of accrued depreciation (previously created value transferred during the production process to the cost of production) from gross income. The resulting balance forms the net (net) result of the enterprise’s activities, or profit before interest and tax. Thus,

Earnings before interest and tax (net result) = Gross result - Depreciation.

The owners of the enterprise owe part of this profit to the creditors who provided the enterprise with borrowed capital as payment (interest) for the right to use it. The amount remaining after this forms taxable profit (profit before tax), which, after paying the appropriate tax and taking into account extraordinary income and expenses, forms the final financial result of the enterprise - net profit: Net profit = Taxable profit- Tax on profit + Balance of extraordinary income and expenses

Net profit is the income of the owners of the enterprise who have ownership rights to the equity capital of the enterprise.

In addition to the absolute amount of profit, profitability is also an indicator of the enterprise’s efficiency. When making decisions related to managing profit generation processes, indicators of return on capital, costs, sales, etc. are used.

Profitability indicators are relative characteristics of the financial results and efficiency of an enterprise. They characterize the relative profitability of an enterprise, measured as a percentage of the cost of funds or capital from various positions.

Profitability indicators are the most important characteristics of the actual environment for generating profit and income of enterprises. For this reason, they are mandatory elements of comparative analysis and assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise. When analyzing production, profitability indicators are used as a tool for investment policy and pricing.

To assess the profitability of an enterprise in a given course work The following indicators will be used:

1) Return on assets ratio:

Rai = (PE/SSA)*100, (2)

where Rai is the return on assets (property);

PE - profit at the disposal of the enterprise (form No. 2);

SSA - average cost assets (according to balance sheet data).

2) Return on equity:

Rsk = (PE / SSK)*100, (3)

where Rsk is return on equity;

SSK - sources own funds.

3) Product profitability:

Rp=(PR / SP)*100, (4)

where Рп - product profitability;

PR - profit (loss) from sales (PR);

SP - the full cost of goods, products, works, services sold.

2. ANALYSIS OF PROFIT AND PROFITABILITY OF THE TOURIST ENTERPRISE LLC “WORLD FOR YOU”

2.1. General characteristics of the enterprise

Limited Liability Company "The World for You" has been providing services in the tourism services market since 2002. LLC "The World for You" owns its own recreational complex, sells tourist tours, provides consulting services in the field of tourism, translation services, information Services, as well as hotel services.

The activities of the enterprise are regulated by the following Federal laws and by-laws: Civil Code Russian Federation, Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities", Federal Law "On the Procedure for Exiting and Entering the Russian Federation", Federal Law "On Licensing of Certain Types of Activities", Federal Law "On the Protection of Consumer Rights", etc.

LLC "World for You" has the following structural units: departments for working with tour operators and travel agencies, sales department, accounting department, advertising department, operational printing department, sanatorium and hotel management department (Fig. 2.).

Rice. 2. Organizational structure of Mir for You LLC

LLC "World for You" provides tours both within the country and abroad. The company's clients are residents of Moscow and the region, as well as nearby regions. The travel company LLC "World for You" provides services for the sale of tours organized by tour operators in the Russian Federation and other countries.

From the point of view of specialization, the travel company “World for You” LLC is multi-profile, i.e. providing comprehensive services to all types of clients, including vacationers, business travelers and groups.

2.2. Analysis of financial results

Various aspects of the production, sales, supply and financial activities of the enterprise receive a complete monetary assessment in the system of indicators of financial results.

For general analysis, it is advisable to aggregate the “Profit and Loss Statement” of an enterprise, giving it a more compact form (Table 1). This form contains the calculation results needed to analyze the income statement presented in the main report form. The indicators of the previous year were taken as the basis for comparison.

Generally most important indicators financial results of the enterprise according to reporting form No. 2 and their changes are presented in table. 2.

table 2

Elements of financial result and from changes

The name of indicators			change, absolute 2006 to 2005		change, absolute 2007 to 2006	change, absolute 2007 to 2005
Gross profit
Business expenses

Table 2 (end)

The dynamics of the structure of financial results are presented in table. 3.

Table 3

Analysis of the structure of income and expenses of the enterprise

The name of indicators		In % of revenue		In % of revenue		In % of revenue
Revenue (net) from sales of goods, products, works, services (VR)
Cost of goods, products, works, services sold (SP)
Gross profit
Business expenses

Table 3 (end)

An analysis of the structure of income and expenses allows us to conclude that the main source of profit for an enterprise is revenue. Cost is the main element of the enterprise's costs: its share in revenue is 92.9%.

An analysis of the dynamics of income and expense items is presented in table. 4.

Table 4

Analysis of the dynamics of enterprise income and expenses

The name of indicators			Growth rate (2006 to 2005),%		Growth rate (2007 to 2006), %	Average pace growth for 2006-2007
Revenue (net) from the sale of goods, products, works, services (VR)
Cost of goods, products, works, services sold (SP)
Gross profit
Selling expenses (CR)
Profit (loss) from sales (PR)
Operating income
Operating expenses

Table 4 (end)

According to the table. 8. It can be seen that the average revenue growth rate for 2005 - 2007. amounted to 117.6% annually. The average annual cost growth rate was 116.3%. Thanks to this, gross profit increased annually by an average of 40.7%. The dynamics of changes in other income and expenses does not play a significant role in the financial results of the enterprise, because their share in total income is not large.

2.3. Cost-benefit analysis

The profit indicators of the tourist complex “World for You” LLC are quite high, but their size cannot be used to judge the level of efficiency of the enterprise. To this end, we will conduct a cost-benefit analysis.

To calculate profitability indicators, it is necessary to determine the average indicators, which are presented in table. 5.

Table 5

Average values

The main profitability indicators and their dynamics are presented in table. 6.

Table 6

Profitability indicators

According to the table. 10 shows that the return on assets in 2006 and 2007 was 0.17%. Return on equity increased from 1.57% to 1.79%. Product profitability was 5.38% in 2007 compared to 1.79% in 2006.

To assess the impact on the level of product costs, a two-factor profitability model is used. The analysis is clearly presented in Table 7.

Table 7

Initial information for assessing various factors influencing changes in product profitability

The change in sales volume due to changes in revenue from sales sales (∆R cp) is:

∆ R cp=
(5)

∆ R cp 2005 = (235965-195108)/ 195108 - (200670-195108)/195108 = 0.1809

∆ R cp 2006 =(277606 - 231911)/ 231911 - (235965-231911)/ 231911 = 0.1796

The change in profitability of sales volume due to changes in product costs (∆R cp) is equal to:

∆ R sp=
(6)

R sp 2005 = (235965-231911)/231911-(235965-195108)/195108 = -0.1919

R joint 2006 = (277606-263738)/ 263738-(277606-231911)/ 231911=-0.1444

The total change in profitability is:

∆ R 2005 = 0.1809--0.1919= -0.0110

∆ R 2006 = 0.1796-0.1444 = 0.0351

Based on the results of the factor analysis, it can be seen that the decrease in profitability occurred due to changes in cost.

CONCLUSION

The activities of a tourism enterprise are aimed at achieving the main goal - obtaining maximum profit, which is facilitated by managing the mechanism for generating profit and increasing the profitability of business. Analysis of financial results includes analyzing profits and profitability and identifying possible ways to increase them.

Profitability indicators are very practical, they meet the interests of all participants: enterprise managers - since they talk about the profitability of all capital; potential investors and creditors - as they show the return on invested capital; owners and founders are informed about the profitability of shares; entrepreneurs - because of the ability to judge from them the attractiveness of business in this area. In addition, they indicate the ability of a tourism enterprise to provide lenders, borrowers and shareholders with cash through the use of its existing production potential. And finally, a high and stable level of profitability ensures the company's victory in competition and contributes to its survival.

The dependence of profit on the influence of any factors can be more reliably determined using factor analysis. Recently, a profit analysis technique has often been used, which is based on gross margin and the division of current costs into variable and fixed. It shows the dependence of profit on a small circle of the most important factors, which allows you to control the process of its formation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bystrov S.A. Financial management in tourism. - M.: "Gerda", 2006. - 239 p.

Voloshchin N.I. and others. Tourism management: Tourism as an object of management. - M.: "Finance and Statistics", 2004. - 302 p.

Gorbyleva Z. M. Economics of tourism: Textbook. manual for universities in the specialty "Economics and enterprise management." - Minsk: BSEU, 2004. - 478 p.

Kabushkin N.I. Tourism management. - M.: "New Knowledge", 2006. - 408 p.

Kolchina N.V. and others. Finance of organizations (enterprises): Textbook for universities / ed. N.V. Kolchina. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2006. - 368 p.

Lysikova O. V., Fomenko A. V. Operational management of tourism. - M.: "Flinta", 2006. - 117 p.

Samuelson P. E., Nordhaus V. D. Economics: Translation from English. - M.: "Williams", 2007. - 1358 p.

Soboleva E.A., Sobolev I.I. Financial and economic analysis of the activities of a travel agency. - M.: "Finance and Statistics", 2006. - 111 p.

Sokolov Ya.V. Accounting from its origins to the present day. - M.: UNITY, 1996. - 416 p.

Tikhomirov E.F. Financial management: Enterprise financial management: a textbook for students. universities / E.F. Tikhomirov. - M.: Publishing center"Academy", 2006. - 384 p.

Heine P., Bouttke P., Prichitko D. Economic way of thinking. - M.: "Williams", 2005. - 544 p.

Sheremet A.D. Theory of economic analysis. - M.: "INFRA-M", 2003. - 366 p.

Sheremet A.D., Ionova A.F. Enterprise finance: management and analysis. - M.: "INFRA-M", 2004. - 479 p.

Name of the organization Limited Liability Company "National Travel Company Intourist" INN 7717678890 Code of the type of economic activity according to the OKVED classifier 63.3 Code according to OKPO 66997041 Form of ownership (according to OKFS) 23 - Property of foreign legal entities Organizational and legal form (according to OKOPF) 12300 - Companies with limited liability Report type 2 - Full Unit of measurement 384 - Thousand rubles Reporting composition

Reporting for other years

To make reporting easier to read, zero lines are hidden

Balance sheet

Indicator name	Line code	As of December 31, 2015	As of December 31, 2014
Assets
I. Non-current assets
Fixed assets	1150	16 335	19 240
Financial investments	1170	104	104
Deferred tax assets	1180	2 288	2 241
Other noncurrent assets	1190	338	0
Total for Section I	1100	19 064	21 585
II. Current assets
Reserves	1210	3 018	2 772
Value added tax on purchased assets	1220	18	13
Accounts receivable	1230	551 681	233 702
Financial investments (excluding cash equivalents)	1240	5 957	12 710
Cash and cash equivalents	1250	149 089	14 757
Other current assets	1260	901	341
Total for Section II	1200	710 664	264 295
BALANCE	1600	729 728	285 880
Passive
III. Capital and reserves
Authorized capital (share capital, authorized capital, contributions of partners)	1310	9 800	9 800
	1370	-93 404	-227 401
Total for Section III	1300	-83 604	-217 601
IV. LONG TERM DUTIES
Deferred tax liabilities	1420	72	64
Total for Section IV	1400	72	64
V. SHORT-TERM LIABILITIES
Accounts payable	1520	802 372	492 377
Estimated liabilities	1540	10 888	11 041
Total for Section V	1500	813 260	503 418
BALANCE	1700	729 728	285 880

Income statement

Indicator name	Line code	For 2015	For 2014
Revenue Revenue is reflected net of value added tax and excise taxes.	2110	639 963	481 138
Cost of sales	2120	(101 269)	(6 022)
Gross profit (loss)	2100	538 694	475 116
Business expenses	2210	(97 167)	(115 130)
Administrative expenses	2220	(365 183)	(346 052)
Profit (loss) from sales	2200	76 344	13 934
Interest receivable	2320	1 358	971
Percentage to be paid	2330	(2 092)	(0)
Other income	2340	677 320	124 134
other expenses	2350	(618 756)	(183 217)
Profit (loss) before tax	2300	134 174	-44 178
Current income tax	2410	(215)	(560)
incl. permanent tax liabilities (assets)	2421	-26 659	27 498
Change in deferred tax liabilities	2430	8	58
Change in deferred tax assets	2450	47	-18 044
Net income (loss)	2400	133 998	-62 840
Total financial result of the period	2500	0	0

Statement of changes in equity

1. Capital movement
Authorized capital	Own shares purchased from shareholders	Extra capital	Reserve capital	Retained earnings (uncovered loss)	Total
Capital amount as of December 31, 2014 (3200)
9 800	(0)	0	0	-227 401	-217 601
(2015)
Capital increase - total: (3310)
0	0	0	0	133 997	133 997
including: net profit (3311)				133 997	133 997
property revaluation (3312)		0		0	0
income attributable directly to capital increase (3313)		0		0	0
additional issue of shares (3314)
0	0	0			0
increase in the nominal value of shares (3315)
0	0	0		0
reorganization of a legal entity (3316)
0	0	0	0	0	0
Decrease in capital - total: (3320)
(0)	0	(0)	(0)	(0)	(0)
including: loss (3321)				(0)	(0)
property revaluation (3322)		(0)		(0)	(0)
expenses directly related to reduction of capital (3323)		(0)		(0)	(0)
reduction in the par value of shares (3324)
(0)	0	0		0	(0)
reduction in the number of shares (3325)
(0)	0	0		0	(0)
reorganization of a legal entity (3326)
0	0	0	0	0	(0)
dividends (3327)				(0)	(0)
Changes in additional capital (3330)		0	0	0
Changes in reserve capital (3340)			0	0
Capital amount as of December 31, 2015 (3300)
9 800	(0)	0	0	-93 404	-83 604

Cash flow statement

Indicator name	Line code	For 2015
Cash flows from current operations
Receipts - total including:	4110	30 899 241
from the sale of products, goods, works and services	4111	12 522 979
lease payments, license fees, royalties, commissions and other similar payments	4112	30 335
from resale of financial investments	4113	0
other supply	4119	18 345 927
Payments - total including:	4120	(30 862 549)
to suppliers (contractors) for raw materials, materials, works, services	4121	(10 702 202)
in connection with the remuneration of employees	4122	(210 097)
interest on debt obligations	4123	(0)
corporate income tax	4124	(5 730)
other payments	4129	(19 944 520)
Balance of cash flows from current operations	4100	36 692
Cash flows from investment operations
Receipts - total including:	4210	9 015
from the sale of non-current assets (except financial investments)	4211	0
from the sale of shares of other organizations (participatory interests)	4212	0
from the return of loans provided, from the sale of debt securities (rights to claim funds against other persons)	4213	0
dividends, interest on debt financial investments and similar income from equity participation in other organizations	4214	1 415
other supply	4219	7 600
Payments - total including:	4220	(3 600)
in connection with the acquisition, creation, modernization, reconstruction and preparation for use of non-current assets	4221	(0)
in connection with the acquisition of shares of other organizations (participatory interests)	4222	(0)
in connection with the acquisition of debt securities (rights to claim funds against other persons), provision of loans to other persons	4223	(3 600)
interest on debt obligations included in the cost of an investment asset	4224	(0)
other payments	4229	(0)
Balance of cash flows from investment operations	4200	5 415
Cash flows from financial transactions
Receipts - total including:	4310	3 870 960
obtaining credits and loans	4311	701 571
cash deposits of owners (participants)	4312	0
from issuing shares, increasing participation shares	4313	0
from the issue of bonds, bills and other debt securities, etc.	4314	0
other supply	4319	3 169 389
Payments - total including:	4320	(3 783 732)
owners (participants) in connection with the repurchase of shares (participatory interests) of the organization from them or their withdrawal from the membership of participants	4321	(0)
for the payment of dividends and other payments for the distribution of profits in favor of the owners (participants)	4322	(0)
in connection with the repayment (redemption) of bills and other debt securities, repayment of loans and borrowings	4323	(3 783 732)
other payments	4329	(0)
Balance of cash flows from financial transactions	4300	87 228
Balance of cash flows for the reporting period	4400	129 335
Balance of cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the reporting period	4450	0
Balance of cash and cash equivalents at the end of the reporting period	4500	0
The magnitude of the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates against the ruble	4490	4 997

The information was generated from the open data set “Accounting (financial) statements of enterprises and organizations for 2015” Federal service state statistics (Rosstat)

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Financial analysis of an enterprise using the example of a travel agency

Introduction

1. Travel companies, their economic activities and financial analysis showing themAteli

1.1 Indicators of economic activity of a travel company

1.2 The role of economic analysis in increasing the efficiency of economic activitiesOtravel agency

2. Analysis of the financial condition of the travel company LLC "Satellite»

2.1 Indicators and types of services provided by the travel company LLC "Satellite»

2.2 Analysis of property status and financial resources travel company LLCSatellite»

2.3 Analysis of the financial condition of the travel company LLC "Satellite»

3. Development of measures to improve the financial condition of the travel company LLC "Satellite»

Conclusionse

List of used literature

Introduction

Russia has enormous potential both for the development of domestic tourism and for receiving foreign travelers. It has everything you need - a huge territory, rich historical and cultural heritage, and in some regions - untouched, wild nature.

Currently, the tourism industry is one of the most dynamically developing forms of trade in services. In many countries of the world, tourism is developing as a system that provides every opportunity to get acquainted with the history, culture, customs, spiritual and religious values ​​of a given country and its people. There are also a lot of individuals and legal entities working in this area, one way or another connected with the provision of tourism services. In addition to being a significant source of income, tourism is also one of the powerful factors in enhancing the prestige of a country and increasing its importance in the eyes of the world community and ordinary citizens.

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of a tourism organization is one of the most effective tools for accounting and monitoring the level of use of material, labor and monetary resources, which is determined by the practical use of its results in production planning and assessing the efficiency and quality of work. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of a tourism organization is intended to characterize changes in the material and technical base of the organization and performance indicators, to provide a deep economic justification for decisions through which management functions are implemented. The analysis reveals the effectiveness of using the resources at the disposal of the tourism organization, reserves for further growth of labor productivity, reducing the cost of tourism products and increasing the profitability of activities. Nowadays, when a huge number of Russian tourism organizations are in a difficult financial situation, improving the financial condition of a tourism organization is of great importance.

It is the relevance of this problem that determines the choice of the topic of work. travel company financial condition

The objectives of the study are as follows:

1) consider the essence and legal regulation of the financial condition of a tourism organization;

2) consider the system of indicators characterizing the system of indicators of a tourism organization;

3) analyze the financial condition of the tourist organization under study, in particular, conduct a vertical and horizontal analysis balance sheet, calculate and analyze ratios financial stability, business activity, liquidity and solvency, consider the likelihood of bankruptcy of a tourism organization;

4) develop ways to improve the activities of the tourist organization under study.

The object of the study is the limited liability company "Sputnik" (LLC "Sputnik").

The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications.

1. Travel companies, their economic activities and financial analysis of their indicators

1.1 Indicators of economic activity of a travel company

One of the main requirements for the functioning of tourism organizations and their associations in a market economy is break-even of economic and other activities, reimbursement of expenses own income and ensuring certain levels of profitability and economic efficiency. The main task of tourism organizations is economic activity aimed at making a profit to satisfy the social and economic interests of members of the workforce and the interests of the owner of the enterprise's property. The main indicators characterizing the results commercial activities tourism organizations are gross income, other income, distribution costs, profit and profitability.

The purpose of analyzing the volumetric indicators of the activities of tourism organizations is to identify, study and mobilize reserves for increasing income, profits, increasing profitability while improving the quality of customer service of tourism organizations. In the process of analysis, the degree of implementation of plans for income, costs, profits, profitability is checked, their dynamics are studied, the influence of factors on the results of commercial activities of tourism organizations is determined, and reserves for their growth are identified and mobilized, especially forecast ones. One of the main tasks of the analysis is also to study the economic feasibility and efficiency of the distribution and use of profits.

To achieve these goals, tourism organizations must solve the following tasks:

· evaluate the extent to which profit maximization was ensured;

· in cases of unprofitable work, identify the reasons for such management and determine ways out of the current situation;

· consider income based on their comparison with expenses and identify profit from sales;

· study trends in income changes in the main groups of tourism products and in general from the activities of a tourism organization;

· identify what part of the income is used to reimburse costs, taxes and generate profits;

· calculate the deviation of the amount of balance sheet profit compared to the amount of profit from sales and determine the reasons for these deviations;

· examine various profitability indicators for the reporting period and over time;

· identify reserves for increasing profits and increasing profitability and determine how and when it is possible to use these reserves;

· study the areas of use of profits and assess whether financing is provided from their own funds for the development of economic activities.

In practice, external and internal analysis is used.

External analysis is based on published reporting data and therefore contains a limited amount of information about the activities of tourism organizations. Its purpose is to assess the profitability of a tourism organization and the efficiency of capital use. The results of this assessment are taken into account in the relationship of the tourism organization with the founders, creditors, tax authorities and serve as the basis for determining the position of this enterprise in the market, in the industry and in the business world. Naturally, the published information does not affect all areas of the enterprise’s activity; it contains aggregated data, mainly about their financial activities of tourism organizations, and therefore has the ability to smooth out and veil the negative phenomena that occur in the activities of tourism organizations.

Internal analysis is of greatest importance in assessing the performance of tourism organizations and determining measures to increase profits and improve profitability. It is based on the use of the entire complex of economic information, primary documents and analytical, statistical, accounting and reporting data. The analyst has the opportunity to realistically assess the state of affairs at the enterprise. He can obtain reliable information about the pricing policy the enterprise and its income, about the formation of profit from sales, about the structure of costs and other expenses, to assess the position of the enterprise in the markets of tourism services, about gross (balance sheet) profit, etc.

An integrated approach to studying the final results of the commercial activities of tourism organizations allows one to make informed management decisions in the course of current activities and contributes to the selection of the best options for action in the future.

To analyze the production efficiency and financial condition of the enterprise, various methods and indicators are used. First of all, this is a system of indicators that characterizes the efficiency of resource use and their impact; profitability indicators.

Profitability is one of the general indicators characterizing economic efficiency economic activities of any organization.

Profitability indicators characterize the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole, the profitability of various areas of activity (entrepreneurial, investment), cost recovery, etc. They reflect the final results of business more fully than profit, because their value shows the ratio of the effect to cash or resources used. They are used to evaluate the activities of an enterprise and as a tool in investment policy and pricing.

Profitability indicators can be combined into several groups:

1) indicators characterizing the return on costs and investment projects,

2) indicators characterizing the profitability of sales,

3) indicators characterizing the profitability of capital and its parts.

All indicators can be calculated based on gross profit, sales profit and net profit.

Profitability is measured mainly by two indicators.

The first is determined by the ratio of profit from sales to the total commercial cost, expressed as a percentage. This indicator characterizes how much profit is generated per 1 ruble of sales, i.e. characterizes the recoupment of all current costs.

R3 = Prp / Zrp (1)

R3 = PE / Zrp (2)

It shows how much profit the company makes from each ruble spent on the sale of tourism products. It can be calculated for the enterprise as a whole, its individual divisions and types of goods (works, services).

The second profitability indicator characterizes the efficiency of use of funds. It is defined as the ratio of profit from sales to average annual cost fixed and working capital assets.

Rototal = Pb / (Oc + Ob) (3)

Thus, both profitability indicators (profitability level) characterize the payback of both current costs and all material resources.

Return on sales (turnover) is the ratio of profit from sales or net profit to the amount of revenue received:

R3 = Prp / V (4)

R3 = PE / V (5)

Рп = Profit / Sales volume (6)

Characterizes the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity: how much profit does the enterprise have per ruble of sales. This indicator is widely used in a market economy. Calculated as a whole for the tourism organization and separate types goods (works, services).

In addition, the return on fixed capital is calculated:

Rsk = Profit / Fixed capital (7)

And return on equity

Rsk = Profit / Equity (8)

Return on equity capital characterizes the efficiency of use of capital invested in the economic activities of a tourism organization at the expense of own sources financing.

In the process of analysis, the dynamics of the listed profitability indicators, the implementation of the plan at their level are studied, and inter-farm comparisons are made with competing enterprises.

1.2 The role of economic analysis in increasing the efficiency of business activities of a travel company

Financial analysis is a method of knowledge financial mechanism enterprise, processes of formation and use of financial resources for its operational and investment activities. The result of financial analysis is an assessment of the financial well-being of the enterprise, the state of its property - assets and liabilities of the balance sheet, the rate of turnover of all capital and its individual parts, the profitability of the funds used. From the standpoint of financial activity, any commercial organization there is an inherent need to solve two main problems:

1) maintaining the ability to meet current financial obligations;

2) provision long-term financing in the desired volumes and the ability to painlessly maintain the existing or desired capital structure.

These tasks are formed in terms of characterizing the financial condition of the enterprise from the perspective of short-term and long-term prospects, respectively.

The fundamental concepts in this section of the analysis methodology are “liquidity” and “solvency”.

The level of liquidity of an enterprise is assessed using special indicators - liquidity ratios, based on a comparison of current assets and short-term liabilities.

Solvency means the availability of funds and their equivalents sufficient to make payments on accounts payable requiring immediate repayment. Thus, the main signs of solvency are: the presence of sufficient funds in the current account; absence of overdue accounts payable.

An analysis of the liquidity of a tourism organization is an analysis of the liquidity of the balance sheet and consists of comparing funds for assets, grouped by degree of liquidity and arranged in descending order, with liabilities for liabilities, combined according to their maturity dates in ascending order.

Depending on the degree of liquidity, i.e. the rate of conversion into cash, the assets of a tourism organization are divided into the following groups:

Most liquid assets A1:

amounts for all items of cash that can be used for settlements immediately (line 260);

(securities) (line 250)

A1 = line 260 + line 250 (9)

Quickly realizable assets A2 - assets that require a certain time to convert into cash -

accounts receivable (payments for which are expected within 12 months after reporting date) (line 240);

other receivable assets (line 260):

A2 = line 240 + line 270 (10)

Slowly realizable assets A3 - nominal liquid assets -

· inventories, except for the line “Calculations for future periods” (line 210);

· value added tax on acquired values ​​(line 220);

· accounts receivable (payments for which are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date) (line 230);

· other inventories (line 217).

A3 = line 210 + line 220 + line 230 - line 217 (11)

Hard-to-sell assets A4 - all items of section 1 of the balance sheet “Non-current assets” (line 190):

A4 = line 190 (12)

These assets are intended to be used in business activities for a sufficiently long period of time.

The first three groups of assets can constantly change during the business period and relate to the current assets of the tourism organization. They are more liquid than the rest of the company's assets.

The organization's liabilities (balance sheet liability items) are also grouped into four groups and arranged according to the degree of urgency of their payment.

The most urgent obligations P1:

accounts payable (line 620);

· debt to participants (founders) for payment of income (line 630);

· other short-term liabilities (line 660);

P1 = line 620 + line 630 + line 660 (13)

Short-term liabilities P2 -

short-term loans and credits (line 610);

P2 = line 610 (14)

Long-term liabilities P3:

long-term loans and borrowings, items in section 4 of the balance sheet (line 590).

P3 = line 590 (15)

Constant liabilities P4:

articles in section 3 of the balance sheet “Capital and reserves” (line 490);

individual items of section 5 of the balance sheet “Current liabilities” that were not included in the previous groups (line 217);

deferred income (line 640);

reserves for future expenses (line 650).

To maintain the balance of assets and liabilities, the total of this group should be reduced by the amount under the item “Deferred expenses”.

P4 = line 490 + line 640 + line 650 - line 217 (16)

An organization is considered liquid if its current assets exceed its short-term liabilities. The actual degree of liquidity and its solvency can be determined on the basis of balance sheet liquidity.

At the first stage of analysis specified groups assets and liabilities are compared in absolute terms. The balance sheet is considered liquid subject to the following ratios of groups of assets and liabilities:

If three conditions are met (A1 → P1, A2 → P2, A3 → P3), i.e. current assets exceed the organization's external liabilities, then the last condition is also satisfied: A4? P4 (it confirms that the organization has its own working capital and means compliance with the minimum condition of financial stability).

Failure to meet one of the first three inequalities indicates a violation of the liquidity of the balance sheet. At the same time, the lack of funds in one group of assets is not compensated by their surplus in another group, since compensation can only be based on cost; in a real payment situation, less liquid assets cannot replace more liquid ones.

Comparison of the most liquid and quickly realizable assets with the most urgent liabilities and short-term liabilities shows current liquidity, i.e. solvency or insolvency of the organization at the time closest to the time of analysis.

Comparison of slow-moving assets with long-term obligations shows promising liquidity, i.e. forecast of the organization's solvency.

The above-described coefficients allow us to diagnose the results of the financial and economic activities of a tourism organization, establish and evaluate its financial position, understand why this situation arose, and develop ways to improve the efficiency, solvency and financial stability of the tourism organization.

2. Analysis of the financial condition of the travel company Sputnik LLC

2.1 Indicators and types of services provided by the travel company Sputnik LLC

The object of research in this work is the limited liability company “Sputnik”, which is based on private ownership and is an independent economic entity. The abbreviated corporate name is Sputnik LLC. Legal address LLC "Sputnik": Ryazan, st. Krasnoryadskaya, 1.

Sputnik LLC was created on January 31, 2000 and operates in accordance with current legislation, the charter and the constituent agreement.

The Company from the moment of its registration is legal entity, has separate property, an independent balance sheet, current and other bank accounts, seals, stamps, forms with its name and other means of individualization.

The purpose of creating a company is to make profit. The main activity of Sputnik LLC is the organization of tourist and business trips, both in the Ryazan region and beyond. Sputnik LLC also provides intermediary services in purchasing vouchers offered by travel organizations. Thus, in addition to the functions of a tour operator (organizing trips, providing a certain set of tourist services), the company performs the functions of a travel agency - an intermediary between those wishing to purchase travel packages and its organizers.

Management of the current activities of the company is carried out by the sole executive body - the director of the company, who is accountable to the meeting of participants. The director of the company is elected for a term of two years.

The procedure for the activities of the sole executive body of the company and its decision-making is established by the internal documents of the company, as well as by an agreement concluded between the company and the person performing the functions of its executive body.

Let's consider the main technical and economic indicators of the financial and economic activities of Sputnik LLC for 2008-2009.

As can be seen from the data in Table 1, sales revenue from Sputnik LLC increased during the study period by 88.41%. At the same time, the growth rate of the cost of goods sold (work, services) is higher than the growth rate of sales revenue (the cost increased by 106.93%), which led to the fact that sales profit increased by only 25.82%.

The average annual cost of fixed assets of the enterprise increased during the study period by 136.69%. The expansion of the activities of Sputnik LLC led to an increase in the number of personnel of the enterprise by 96%. The capital-labor ratio during the period under study increased by 20.75%.

The cost of working capital of the enterprise during the period under study increased by 150.02%. The working capital turnover ratio decreased by 24.44%.

During the period under study, the number of personnel of the enterprise increased at a faster rate than sales revenue, therefore, the labor productivity of LLC employees decreased over the period under study by 3.87%. The average annual salary per worker increased by 61.02% during the study period.

Table 1 Main technical and economic indicators of the financial and economic activities of Sputnik LLC for 2008-2009.

	Indicators				2009 by 2008
	Revenue from sales of goods, works, services
	Cost of goods, works, services sold
	Costs per 1 rub. implementation
	Revenue from sales
	Average annual cost of fixed assets
	Average headcount
	Capital productivity
	Capital intensity
	Capital-labor ratio	thousand rubles/person
	Working capital
	Working capital turnover ratio
	Profitability of production assets
	Labor productivity per worker
	Average annual salary per worker

Based on the results of the analysis of the main technical and economic indicators of the financial and economic activities of Sputnik LLC, it can be concluded that the tourist organization under study has increased the profitability of its activities.

2.2 Analysis of the property status and financial resources of the travel company Sputnik LLC

In the process of functioning of the organization, the values ​​of assets and their structure undergo structural changes. The most general idea of ​​the qualitative changes that have taken place in the structure of funds from their sources can be obtained using vertical and horizontal analysis of reporting.

The basis of the analysis is a system of indicators and analytical tables.

In Table 2, we consider the asset structure of the balance sheet of Sputnik LLC for 2008-2009. in dynamics.

Table 2 Analysis of asset items on the balance sheet of Sputnik LLC in dynamics in 2008-2009.

	Indicators			Deviations 2009 from 2008
				real values, thousand rubles.
	Fixed assets
	Fixed assets
	Working capital
	Accounts receivable
	Short-term financial investments
	Cash
BALANCE CURRENCY

Judging by the balance sheet data, the value of non-current assets of the LLC, which includes only fixed assets, increased by 652 thousand rubles during the period under study. (or by 136.69%). The increase in the value of fixed assets was due to the purchase of premises to open a new sales office in the region.

The organization's working capital increased and amounted to 22,804 thousand rubles at the end of the year, which is 13,683 thousand rubles. (or 150.02%) more than in 2008. Accounts receivable from LLC increased slightly - by 4.67% or 5 thousand rubles. At the same time, the debt of buyers and customers decreased by 52 thousand rubles. or by 55.32%. This happened due to the more precise work of the LLC’s legal service, which in 2009 more clearly monitored the debt of wholesale buyers.

The absolutely liquid part - the company's funds increased during the period under study - by 14 thousand rubles. or by 116.67%. In 2009, compared to 2007, the company’s funds decreased by 78 thousand rubles, which is associated with an increase in the purchase of goods for resale due to the planned expansion of trade.

Table 3 Analysis of the asset structure of the balance sheet of Sputnik LLC in dynamics in 2007-2009.

	Indicators			Deviations in share of 2009 from 2008
	Fixed assets
	Fixed assets
	Working capital
	Accounts receivable
	Short-term financial investments
	Cash
BALANCE CURRENCY

As can be seen from the data in Table 3, during the period under study, the share of fixed assets and non-current assets of the enterprise decreased by 0.25%.

The share of working capital in the structure of LLC assets increased by 0.25%. The share of inventories in the structure of LLC assets decreased by 5.29%.

Share accounts receivable in the structure of the enterprise's assets decreased by 0.65%. This happened due to the fact that wholesale buyers and customers of the enterprise paid off their debt to the LLC.

The share of short-term financial investments in the structure of assets of Sputnik LLC increased by 6.21%.

The share of the enterprise's cash during the period under study decreased by 0.02%. This is due to a decrease in the company’s funds in the current account due to an increase in purchases inventory in connection with the planned expansion of trade.

The general direction of the analysis of changes in the structure of the balance sheet is based on the principle “from general to specific.” To understand the overall picture of changes in the structure of the liability balance sheet items of the enterprise or organization under study, indicators of the structural dynamics of the sections are very important. By comparing the structures of changes in liabilities, we can draw a conclusion about through which sources the influx of new funds mainly occurred.

As can be seen from the data in Table 4, the enterprise’s own sources during the period under study increased by 10,515 thousand rubles. (or by 113.72%). This is due to an increase in the amount of retained earnings - by 10,515 thousand rubles. (or by 113.72%). Sum authorized capital enterprises did not change during the study period.

The company's borrowed funds also increased during the period under study - by 3,820 thousand rubles. (or by 1085.23%), which is associated with an increase borrowed money enterprises - by 2967 thousand rubles. or 89.9 times; accounts payable - by 853 thousand rubles. (or by 267.4%). The growth rate of borrowed funds is higher than the growth rate of the LLC's own funds, which indicates that the company is “living on debt.”

Table 4 Analysis of liability items on the balance sheet of Sputnik LLC in dynamics in 2008-2009.

	Indicators			Deviations 2009 from 2008
				nominal values, rub.
	Own sources
	Authorized and additional capital
	retained earnings
	Borrowed funds
	Accounts payable
	Suppliers and contractors
	Other creditors
BALANCE CURRENCY

As part of accounts payable for the period under study, arrears for wages increased (by 51 thousand rubles or 242.86%), debt to suppliers and contractors increased by 671 thousand rubles. (or by 286.75%). In 2009, debt to government off-budget funds in the amount of 13 thousand rubles.

During the period under study, the amount of the enterprise's debt for settlements with the budget decreased (by 22 thousand rubles or by 34.38%). This is due to the improvement of the payment discipline of the enterprise and timely payment of its debt to the budget.

Table 5 Analysis of the liability structure of the balance sheet of Sputnik LLC in dynamics in 2008-2009.

	Indicators			Deviations in specific gravity 2009 from 2008
	Own sources
	Authorized capital
	retained earnings
	Borrowed funds
	Loans and credits (short-term)
	Accounts payable
	Suppliers and contractors
	Debt to the organization's personnel
	Debt to state extra-budgetary funds
	Debt on taxes and fees
	Other creditors
BALANCE CURRENCY

As part of the company’s sources of funds, the share of equity capital decreased by 13.76%. The share of authorized capital decreased by 0.05% by the end of the year. The share of retained earnings of the enterprise decreased during the study period by 13.71%.

During the period under study, the company's funds raised on a borrowed basis increased. Among them, short-term loans and credits should be highlighted, the share of which in the total structure of the enterprise's liabilities increased by 12.19%. The company's accounts payable increased by 1.57%. In its composition, only the share of debts on taxes and fees decreased (by 0.49%).

2.3 Analysis of the financial condition of the travel company Sputnik LLC

The main tasks of financial condition analysis are to determine the quality of the financial condition, study the reasons for its improvement or deterioration over the period, and prepare recommendations to improve the financial stability and solvency of the enterprise. These problems are solved by studying the dynamics of absolute and relative financial indicators.

The main basis for financial analysis is financial reports, presented by an economic entity to external users, including investors.

A system of indicators on the property and financial position of an economic entity, as well as the financial results of its activities for the reporting period, is presented in the accounting (financial) statements of the organization. Financial statements are documents established by law that reflect the assets, real property of the company, and sources of their financing. Reporting is information base analytical substantiation of financial decisions.

The main source of information when analyzing the financial stability of Sputnik LLC is the enterprise’s balance sheet.

When forming the balance sheet indicators for 2008-2009, the accountant of Sputnik LLC used the standard balance sheet form, which is given in Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22, 2008 N 67n.

An analysis of the liquidity of the balance sheet of Sputnik LLC for the period of time under study is reflected in Table 6.

Table 6 Analysis of liquidity of the balance sheet of Sputnik LLC for 2008-2009

	Asset grouping	Grouping of liabilities	Ratio
	A1 = 12+6044=6056	P1 = 319+0+0=319
	A3 =2958+0+0-0=2958
		P4 =9246+0-0=9246
	A1 =26+16557=16583	P1 = 1172+0+0=1172
	A3 =6109+0+0-0=6109
		P4 =19761+0-0=19761

The data in Table 6 indicates that in 2008-2009. the balance sheet of Sputnik LLC did not meet liquidity requirements. In 2009, liquidity indicators did not change compared to liquidity indicators in 2008.

Comparison of the most liquid and quickly realizable assets with the most urgent liabilities and short-term liabilities shows current liquidity, i.e. solvency or insolvency of the organization at the time closest to the time of analysis. In the period under study, the following three conditions were met: A1 ? P1; A2? P2; A3? P3, i.e. the current assets of the enterprise exceed its external liabilities.

Comparison of slowly selling assets with long-term liabilities shows promising liquidity, i.e. forecast of the organization's solvency. In the period under study, the last condition was not met: A4 ? P4, which does not confirm that the organization has its own working capital and means non-compliance with the minimum condition for financial stability.

As part of an in-depth analysis, in addition to absolute indicators Let's calculate a number of analytical indicators - liquidity ratios.

Table 7 Dynamics of liquidity ratios of Sputnik LLC for 2008-2009

Based on Table 7, the following conclusions can be drawn about the analysis of the possibility of bankruptcy of an organization. Coefficient current liquidity at the end of 2009 was 5.47 with a standard of at least 2, which is 20.44 points or 78.89% less than the level at the beginning of the period.

It is obvious that the absolute liquidity ratio decreased to 0.006 by the end of the period. This indicates that the company will not be able to urgently repay all its debt obligations.

One of the most important characteristics of the financial condition of an organization from the point of view of assessing the likelihood of bankruptcy is the stability of its economic activities in the light of a long-term perspective. The stability of the activities of a large organization is associated with general structure capital, the degree of its dependence on creditors and investors. The fact is that many companies prefer to invest a minimum of their own funds into the business and finance it with borrowed money. Having a stable financial structure own funds, the company has the opportunity to attract investors.

Current financial stability, as in the long term, is characterized by the ratio of equity and borrowed funds. It should be noted that this indicator gives only overall assessment financial stability. Therefore, we will analyze the financial stability of Sputnik LLC for 2008-2009. in table 8.

Table 8 Analysis of financial stability coefficients of Sputnik LLC for 2008-2009.

As can be seen from the data in Table 8, the value of the debt-to-equity ratio at the end of the period under study was much lower than the maximum permissible value of 1.0 and amounted to 0.21 by the end of 2009, which is 0.17 points more than the value at the beginning of the period. This indicates the financial stability of the organization. For every ruble of own funds there are 0.21 rubles. borrowed money. An organization can cover its requests from its own sources. By the end of the period under study, the organization’s financial dependence on attracted capital increases.

Rice. 1. Dynamics of financial stability ratios of Sputnik LLC for 2007-2009

The presence of financial dependence is characterized by the coefficients of autonomy and concentration of attracted capital, which indicate an unfavorable financial situation, i.e. at the beginning of the study period, the owners owned 96% of the value of the organization’s property. By the end of the study period, this value decreased to 83%, while the organization’s financial dependence on attracted capital increased to 17%. An increase in the concentration ratio of attracted capital means an increase in the share of borrowed funds in the financing of the organization, a decrease in financial stability and an increase in dependence on external creditors

The equity capital agility ratio characterizes the portion of equity capital used to finance current activities, i.e. invested in working capital. The remaining part reflects the amount of capitalized funds. The optimal value for the maneuverability coefficient is 0.5. At the end of the period under study, the coefficient value was higher than the permissible value. The decrease in the value of this indicator in 2009 indicates a decrease in the provision of current activities with own funds.

3. Development of measures to improve the financial condition of the travel company Sputnik LLC

The analysis of the current situation of the tourist organization under study should be supplemented by a forecast of the enterprise’s work, which should determine the prospects for its improvement or deterioration if:

· maintaining existing trends;

probable changes external environment enterprises;

· minor adjustments domestic policy without the use of significant external sources of support;

· implementation of certain possible investment projects.

A forecast based on existing trends can be short- and medium-term; methods of such analysis require separate consideration. Such a forecast should show the degree of danger of the existing negative and, perhaps, not very noticeable trends, and the likely strengthening of the still barely noticeable positive trends.

The forecast of the external environment of a tourism organization from the point of view of the financial parameters of the enterprise should pose and solve the following problems:

· expected government measures in the field of taxation, budget, investment, etc.;

· expected dynamics of macroeconomic parameters that may affect the fate of certain industries, regions, enterprises;

· the expected strategy of competitors and its impact on the performance of the enterprise we are considering;

· Expected results scientific and technological progress, trends in the field of ecology, safety, quality, etc.

Subsequent forecasting actions should show the possibility and, conversely, impossibility, given the prevailing external trends and the potential of the enterprise, to count on the improvement of the enterprise by using only internal resources and without significant restructuring of the enterprise.

The logic of this forecast is as follows:

· according to the current dynamics of balance sheet items of assets and liabilities in connection with the income and expenses of the enterprise or on the basis expert assessments it is necessary to assess the expected performance of assets;

· comparison of the expected efficiency of assets with the expected value of liabilities will show the development potential of the enterprise, dynamics market price its shares;

· when unfavorable trends are detected, it is necessary to pay attention to the use of reserves not taken into account in balance sheets and reports - the presence of unrealized scientific and technical developments, rationalization proposals, special rights and privileges.

If it is impossible to recover through smooth reform and taking into account the presented options for the enterprise strategy, the question is raised about possible projects financial recovery, including partial or complete repurposing of the enterprise’s production facilities.

Business plans for the financial recovery of a tourism organization are descriptions of a financial recovery strategy. Their task is to determine the main areas of work and the expected overall effectiveness. For potential investors, such business plans serve as guidelines when choosing investment objects, for corporations themselves - the basis for the development of more specific planning documents: marketing plans, production plans, work schedules, etc.

The development of business plans for the financial recovery of a tourism organization is similar to the well-known task of determining the strategy of an enterprise, but in specific conditions when negative trends were not revealed in a timely manner and neutralized in some way, as a result of which the corporation fell into debt trap, and the negative aspects of various aspects of the enterprise’s activities turned out to be neglected.

Stabilizing the activities of a tourism organization during a crisis period is a necessary condition for its recovery from the crisis; at this stage it is necessary to localize and minimize possible consequences risky borrowing policy, which led to poor financial quality. The stabilization process (Fig. 2) is a set of measures to reduce the credit burden.

As the analysis shows, the main reasons for the deterioration in the quality of the financial condition of a tourism organization are:

· uncontrolled growth of enterprise debts;

· deterioration in the quality of accounts receivable;

· incorrect assortment policy and lack of demand for sold tourism products and services;

· growth of enterprise costs, etc.

In accordance with the identified reasons influencing the deterioration in the quality of the financial condition of the enterprise, measures are taken to fix and minimize them. Let's consider these events in the order of the reasons given.

Rice. 2. The process of stabilizing the financial condition of the enterprise

In case of uncontrolled growth of debts of a tourism organization, measures are taken to close loan agreements, and debt restructuring is carried out under existing agreements using the following procedures:

· assignment of claims;

· re-registration of debts into bills of exchange with a fixed repayment date.

After applying these measures, the burden of servicing the company’s loans is reduced and extended over a longer period.

If the quality of accounts receivable deteriorates, the following measures can be used:

· factoring with the bank - the account holder of the enterprise - the debtor;

· obtaining rights to use the dealer and retail network of the debtor enterprise;

· re-registration of receivables into bills of exchange with the possibility of their subsequent transfer to the company’s creditors.

If a lack of demand for tourism products sold by a tourism organization is identified, various marketing moves can be used, as well as radical measures to reorient the assortment policy, however, such measures require costs, so their implementation requires a clear feasibility study.

An increase in the costs of a tourism organization often indicates poor organization financial flows within the enterprise. One of the most acceptable ways to streamline financial flows within an enterprise is budgeting production processes.

Thus, the strategy for the financial recovery of a tourism organization includes both a plan for fundamental changes in the activities of the enterprise (partial or complete re-profiling) and a solution to the problem of accumulated debt obligations.

Conclusion

But today Russia’s tourism potential is not fully exploited. Over the past three years, annual income from international tourism has amounted to only 70-75 million dollars. Although under certain conditions, according to the most conservative estimates of experts, this figure can be up to 400-500 million dollars per year.

the main objective development of the tourism sector should consist in the formation of a modern competitive tourism complex that meets the needs of both Russian and foreign citizens, as well as creating conditions for the sustainable development of tourism in Russia. It is necessary to strive to create a sustainable, environmentally and socially oriented, highly profitable tourism industry that generates stable foreign exchange earnings and creates new jobs. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: to form a modern strategy for promoting the tourism product in the domestic and international markets, create conditions for the development of domestic and inbound tourism, and, of course, improve the quality of tourism services.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the financial and economic activities of a tourism organization and its financial condition, to develop measures to improve it in modern conditions.

In accordance with the set goal, the following tasks were solved:

1) the essence and basis of analysis of the financial condition of a tourism organization are considered;

2) a system of indicators characterizing the system of indicators of a tourism organization is considered;

3) the financial condition of the tourist organization under study was analyzed, in particular, a vertical and horizontal analysis of the balance sheet was carried out, coefficients of financial stability, business activity, liquidity and solvency of the tourism organization were calculated and analyzed;

4) ways to improve the activities of the tourist organization under study have been developed.

The object of research in this work is the limited liability company “Sputnik” (LLC “Sputnik”).

Sputnik LLC offers services for organizing excursions based on topics of interest to tourists, provides transportation services and catering services. Seasonality tourism business makes it necessary to develop other types of activities - servicing businessmen who need to organize relocations; organization of so-called shopping tours.

Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn. Sales revenue of Sputnik LLC increased during the period under study by 88.41%. At the same time, the growth rate of the cost of goods sold (work, services) is higher than the growth rate of sales revenue (the cost increased by 106.93%), which led to the fact that sales profit increased by only 25.82%.

Summarizing the above analysis, we can say that at this enterprise during the period under study there was an increase in the property potential of the enterprise. To talk about the effectiveness of this potential, it is necessary to analyze this enterprise on liquidity and solvency and find out whether the company will be able to pay off all its short-term obligations without violating the repayment terms, and whether the company has a sufficient amount of cash and cash equivalents sufficient to pay accounts payable requiring immediate repayment.

If we take into account the fact that the enterprise in question is capital-intensive and asset turnover increased during the reporting period, but if we take into account that the value of the absolute liquidity ratio indicator is very low at the end of the reporting period (0.006 at the end of 2009), we can say that this trend can lead an enterprise to the brink of bankruptcy if several large loans simultaneously require urgent repayment of debts.

The analysis of the current situation of the tourist organization under study should be supplemented by a forecast of the enterprise’s work, which should determine the prospects for its improvement.

List of used literature

2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part 2, Federal Law of January 26, 1996 No. 14-03 (as amended on December 17, 2002 No. 213-FZ).

3. Tax Code of the Russian Federation, part one of July 31, 1998 N 146-FZ and part two of August 5, 2000 N 117-FZ (as amended on December 31, 2003).

4. Federal Law of October 26, 2002 N 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” (as amended on August 22, December 29, 31, 2008, October 24, 2007, July 18, December 18, 2009 , February 5, April 26, July 19, 2007)

5. Bakanov M.I. , Sheremet A.D. Theory of economic analysis. Textbook. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2009.

6. Efimova O. V. Financial analysis - M.: Accounting, 2009.

7. Ionova A.F., Selezneva N.N. Methods of analysis in financial management. Part I. Assessment of the organization's property status. - M.: BINFA, 2007.

8. Kovalev V.V. Financial analysis: Capital management. Choice of investments. Reporting analysis. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2009.

9. Kreinina M.N. Financial condition of the enterprise. Assessment methods. - M.: ICC Dis, 2009.

10. Kreinina M.N. Analysis of financial condition and investment attractiveness joint stock companies in industry, construction and trade. - M.: AODIS, MVCentr, 2009.

11. Krylov E.I. Analysis of production efficiency, scientific and technological progress and economic mechanism. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2009.

14. Sedova E.I., Pogorelova K.A. Preparing for the balance commission. Analysis of accounting (financial) statements using financial ratios // Accountant Consultant, No. 4, April 2007.

15. Solonenko A.A. Features of the methodology for financial analysis of insolvent organizations // Financial Bulletin: finance, taxes, insurance, accounting, No. 2, January 2007.

16. Directory of an enterprise financier. - M.: INFRA-M, 2009.

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