Introduced for the purpose of interrelating profit (loss) indicators reflected in accounting and profit (loss) according to tax accounting data. It is intended to bring accounting of tax calculations closer to tax accounting. Therefore, it is so important to have a clear understanding of temporary and permanent differences and the tax assets and liabilities formed on their basis.
The regulation on accounting for income tax calculations was approved at the end of 2002, i.e. has been in effect for nine years. At the same time, users still have many questions and with each new situation in economic activity organizations are emerging more and more.
Not every accountant has the time to understand the intricacies of constantly changing legislation. In addition, questions about the application of PBU 18 do not arise every day, and therefore, even clarified and verified information has time to be erased from memory.
This article is designed to help an accountant easily navigate PBU 18 without diving into the intricacies of the “official” language. We will analyze not only the income tax regulations themselves, but also draw up a diagram with tips, using which the taxpayer will be able to develop his own rules for calculating income tax for the purposes of accounting.
1. Who and for what purpose should keep records of income tax calculations.
In accordance with clause 1 of PBU 18, reflection in accounting of information on income tax calculations Necessarily for organizations that, according to current legislation, are taxpayers of income tax.
Thus, on organizations not using general taxation system (GTS) and non-income tax payers, PBU 18 does not apply.
Enterprises that do not use special equipment include companies that use special tax regimes. Such as:
- Simplified taxation system (USNO);
- Unified tax on imputed income (UTII);
- Unified Agricultural Tax (USAT);
- Taxation system for the implementation of production sharing agreements.
Position Maybe not to be used by small businesses and non-profit organizations (clause 2 of PBU 18/02).
Please note: enterprises that are small businesses and non-profit organizations must reflect in accounting policy organizations information on whether they will keep records of differences in accordance with PBU 18 or will exercise the right not to apply the Regulations.
2. Organization analytical accounting emerging differences.
The procedure for reflecting income and expenses in accounting is regulated by the Law “On Accounting” No. 129-FZ and the Accounting Regulations (hereinafter referred to as PBU). The procedure for recognizing income and expenses for tax accounting purposes is established by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
As a result of differences between standards current legislation in accounting and tax accounting and differences arise, the impact of which on income tax calculations, we must reflect in the accounting registers and disclose in our financial statements.
PBU 18 lacks clarification and consolidation of the methodology for accounting for emerging differences: Information on permanent and temporary differences is generated in accounting either on the basis of primary accounting documents directly from the accounting accounts, or in another manner determined by the organization independently (clause 3 of PBU 18/02).
In this regard, the chosen method of accounting for permanent and temporary differences, the composition and form of the developed accounting registers must be specified in the accounting policies of the organization.
Please note that in analytical accounting temporary differences should be shown separately by type assets and liabilities due to differences in the accounting of which they arose (clause 3 of PBU 18/02).
So what method should you use to generate complete information on all types of differences?
Let's consider several ways to organize analytical accounting of emerging differences.
- If the company does not have temporary differences and records are kept only using permanent differences, everything is quite simple. You can use analytics to accounting accounts, separating “accepted for accounting purposes” and “not accepted for accounting purposes” income and expenses. Thus, we organize the accounting of permanent differences within the framework of system analytics.
- However, if there are temporary differences in accounting, the life of an accountant becomes seriously complicated. And the more of these differences, the more difficult it is to take them all into account separately by type, using system analytics. In this case, there is nothing left to do but organize non-systemic* analytical accounting. In our opinion, Excel tables are best suited for these purposes.
3. Deductible and taxable temporary differences.
What are “temporary differences”?
For the purposes of the Regulations under temporary differences refers to income and expenses that form accounting profit (loss) in one reporting period, and the tax base for income tax - in another or in other reporting periods (clause 8 of PBU 18/02).
That is, if income (expenses) are recognized both for accounting purposes and for tax accounting purposes and the difference arises only in time their confessions, this difference is called temporal difference for the purposes of PBU 18.
The resulting temporary differences lead to the formation deferred income tax. According to clause 9. PBU 18/02 deferred income tax is an amount that affects the amount of income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods.
Deferred income tax is the amount of tax calculated on temporary differences. This tax is “deferred” into the future, that is, it will affect (either decreasing or increasing) the amount of tax “payable” in future reporting periods.
Temporary differences are divided into:
- deductible temporary differences;
- taxable temporary differences.
Deferred tax on deductible temporary differences will reduce the amount of income taxes in future reporting periods.
Examples of deductible differences:
- the amount of depreciation of fixed assets in accounting is greater than in tax accounting;
- tax loss that will be carried forward;
- loss from the sale of fixed assets accepted during the period beneficial use in tax accounting and written off immediately in accounting;
- income arising from the difference in exchange rates for calculations in conventional units;
- expenses arising from the difference in exchange rates for calculations in conventional units;
- and so on.
Deferred taxes on taxable temporary differences will increase the amount of income taxes in future reporting periods.
Examples of taxable differences:
- the amount of bonus depreciation with fixed assets is taken into account for tax accounting purposes and is not included in the accounting records;
- customs duties are included in indirect expenses for tax accounting purposes and are written off in proportion to the goods sold in the accounting book;
- brokerage services are included in indirect expenses for tax accounting purposes and are written off in proportion to the goods sold in accounting;
- interest expenses from borrowed money taken into account in tax accounting and included in the cost of a non-current asset under construction in accounting;
- and so on.
When deductible temporary differences arise deferred tax asset (hereinafter - SHE). This is exactly the amount of deferred tax that will be reduce
According to clause 14 of PBU 18/02, they are reflected in accounting taking into account all deductible differences and are recognized in the reporting period in which these deductible temporary differences arise.
A necessary condition for recognizing IT is the existence of a probability that the organization will receive taxable profit in subsequent reporting periods.
The increase in IT in the reporting period occurs with an increase in deductible temporary differences. Accordingly, a decrease in IT occurs with a decrease or complete repayment of deductible temporary differences.
SHE = deductible temporary difference * income tax rate.
Currently the income tax rate is 20%.
They are reflected in accounting in account 09 “Deferred tax assets” by type of asset. Accounting entries:
- if it arises - Dt 09 “Deferred tax assets” Kt 68.4.2 “Calculations for income tax”;
- if IT decreases - Dt 68.4.2 “Calculations for income tax” Kt 09 “Deferred tax assets”.
When taxable temporary differences arise deferred tax liability(hereinafter - IT). This is the amount of deferred tax that will be increase the amount of income tax “payable”.
According to clause 15 of PBU 18/02, IT is reflected in accounting taking into account all taxable differences and are recognized in the reporting period in which these taxable temporary differences arise.
The increase in IT in the reporting period occurs with an increase in taxable temporary differences. Accordingly, a decrease in IT occurs with a decrease or complete repayment of taxable temporary differences.
IT = taxable temporary difference * income tax rate.
IT is reflected in accounting in account 77 “Deferred tax obligations» by type of obligation. Accounting entries:
- when it arises - Dt 68.4.2 “Calculations for income tax” Kt 77 “Deferred tax liabilities”;
- if IT is reduced - Dt 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” Kt 68.4.2 “Income tax calculations”.
If the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides different rates income tax on certain species income, then when assessing IT or IT, the income tax rate must correspond to the type of income that leads to a decrease or complete repayment of the deductible or taxable temporary difference in the following or subsequent reporting periods (clause 15 of PBU 18/02).
When disposing of an asset or liability for which STI or IT was accrued, the amount of SIT or IT is written off to the profit and loss accounts, which will not reduce (in the case of SIT) or increase (in the case of ONO) taxable profit according to Tax Code RF.
5. Constant differences. Permanent tax assets and liabilities.
Now let's consider permanent differences.
In accordance with clause 4 of PBU 18, for the purposes of the Regulations under constant differences income and expenses are understood:
- forming the accounting profit (loss) of the reporting period, but not taken into account when determining the tax base for income tax for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods;
- taken into account when determining the tax base for profit tax of the reporting period, but not recognized for accounting purposes as income and expenses of both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods.
That is, if income (expenses) are recognized only for accounting purposes and never will not be recognized in tax accounting, such a difference is constant difference for the purposes of PBU 18.
The same applies if income (expenses) are recognized solely for tax accounting purposes and never will not be recognized for accounting purposes, the resulting difference will be constant difference for the purposes of PBU 18.
Examples of permanent differences:
- expenses for bonuses or financial assistance employees at the expense of the organization’s net profit;
- interest expenses on debt obligations exceeding set limit for tax accounting purposes (Article 269 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
- income in the form of financial assistance from the founder of the organization, whose participation share exceeds 50%;
- and so on.
PNO is the amount of tax that leads to increase
PNA is the amount of tax that leads to decrease tax payments for income tax in the reporting period.
PNO and PNA are recognized in the reporting period in which the permanent difference arises.
PNO (PNA) = constant difference * income tax rate.
PNO and PNA are reflected in accounting in account 99.2.3 “Permanent tax liability”. Accounting entries:
- in the event of a PNO - Dt 99.2.3 “Permanent tax liability” Kt 68.4.2 “Calculations for income tax”;
- when PNA occurs - Dt 68.4.2 “Calculations for income tax” Kt 99.2.3 “Permanent tax liability”.
According to clause 20 of PBU 18/02, the amount of income tax determined based on accounting profit(loss) and reflected in accounting regardless of the amount of taxable profit (loss), is a conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax.
Conditional expense (income) = profit (loss) according to accounting data * income tax rate.
Conditional expense (income) is reflected in accounting in account 99.2.2 “Conditional income tax income.” Accounting entries:
- Conditional income for income tax (from loss) - Dt 68.4.2 “Calculations for income tax” Kt 99.2.2 “Conditional income for income tax”;
- Conditional expense for income tax (on profit) - Dt 99.2.2 “Conditional income for income tax” Kt 68.4.2 “Calculations for income tax.”
Current tax on the profit of organizations = Conditional expense (- conditional income) + Accrued IT - Repaid IT - Accrued IT + Repaid IT + PNO - PNA.
Please note: the method of determining the amount of the current income tax is fixed in the accounting policy of the organization (clause 22 of PBU 18/02).
7. Scheme according to PBU 18/02.
Ekaterina Annenkova, auditor certified by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, expert in accounting and taxation of the Information Agency "Clerk.Ru"
PBU 18/02 “Accounting for income tax calculations” defines the rules for reflecting data on income tax calculations (IP) in the accounting system. At the same time, if the procedure for recognizing income and expenses in accounting differs from the tax one, then differences arise. Next, we will consider the accounting entries generated when permanent and temporary differences arise between accounting and accounting records.
The figure below shows a diagram for determining the differences:
Permanent and temporary differences arise due to the fact that the reflection of income and expenses in financial accounting and accounting is regulated by different regulatory documents. Reflection of transactions for calculating profit in accounting is carried out in accordance with PBU. The law obliges all organizations, excluding non-profit and small enterprises, to comply with this PBU. In the case of determining “tax” profit, the accountant relies on the requirements of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
The essence accounting entries for income tax (IP) - bringing accounting data to the data of the income tax declaration.
How to account for deferred tax assets and liabilities
Recognition of OTA (deferred tax asset)
A deferred tax asset is the part of deferred income tax that should reduce the amount of income tax in subsequent periods. In other words, IT is possible if the amount of tax in accounting is less than in NU, and this difference is qualified as temporary.
It is accounted for in active account 09 “Deferred tax assets”.
Let's look at an example.
Let’s say that the Sirius company, according to accounting data, accrued depreciation on fixed assets in the amount of 300,000 rubles. The tax base for depreciation is taken into account in the amount of 200,000 rubles.
Accrued deferred tax asset in transactions:
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| Dt | CT | Operation description | Amount, rub. | Document |
| 62 | 90.1 | Reflection of revenue | 550000 | |
| 44 (expenses according to standards) | 02 | Reflection of expenses that reduce profit | 200000 | Accounting information |
| 44 (expenses above norms) | 02 | Reflection of expenses that do not reduce profit | 100000 | Accounting information |
| 90.2 | 44 (expenses according to standards) | Expenses to reduce profits are written off | 200000 | Accounting information |
| 90.2 | 44 (expenses above norms) | Expenses written off | 100000 | Accounting information |
| 90.9 | 99 | Reflected financial results (550000 -200000-100000) | 250000 | Accounting information |
| 99 | 68 | IR accrued according to accounting data (250000*20%) | 50000 | Accounting information |
| 09 | 68 | SHE is reflected (100000*20%) | 20000 | Accounting information |
Settlement of deferred tax asset
Let's look at an example:
Let's assume that in November 2015, Rotor LLC sold the operating system. The loss in both BU and NU amounted to 12,000 rubles. The remaining period of use of the OS is 12 months.
In the accounting system, the amount of the loss is attributed to the financial result of November; in the accounting system, the loss is written off gradually over the remaining operating time. That is, monthly expenses include the amount of 12,000/12 = 1,000 rubles.
Repayment of deferred tax asset in transactions:
Recognition of IT (deferred tax liability)
A deferred tax liability is the part of deferred income that will increase its amount in subsequent periods. A deferred tax liability is obtained when the tax in accounting is greater than in tax accounting, and these differences are temporary.
Accounting for IT is maintained in passive account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities”.
Let's look at an example.
Astra LLC purchased equipment worth RUB 900,000. and a useful life of 10 years. Accounting depreciation of this equipment amounted to 90,000 rubles, tax for the same period - 180,000 rubles. due to the use of a special coefficient. Profit before tax - 600,000 rubles.
The difference between accounting and tax depreciation amounted to 90,000 rubles, this difference leads to the emergence of IT.
Accrued deferred tax liability in transactions:
Repayment of IT (deferred tax liability)
Let's give an example.
By the beginning of 2016, Astra LLC had a fixed asset on its balance sheet with a residual value of 40,000 rubles. At the beginning of the year, the remaining service life of this OS was 12 months. No depreciation was accrued in the NU, since the service life of the NU expired in 2015.
Repayment of deferred tax liability in transactions:
How permanent tax assets and liabilities are accounted for
The difference between permanent differences (PD) and temporary ones is that they are not repaid over time, that is, they reduce or increase profits once and for all.
PR - those incomes (expenses) that are reflected in the accounting accounts, but are not taken into account when calculating the tax base (NB). Permanent negative differences form a permanent tax asset (PTA), permanent positive differences form a permanent tax liability (PTA).
Postings for accrual of PNO and PNA
Accounting for permanent negative and positive differences is carried out on the active-passive 99 account. The accrued permanent liability is reflected in the postings:
How to check the correctness of income tax calculations
To check the correctness of the entries, you need to compare the tax in accounting with the amount in tax return. The following condition must be met:
- Conditional income (expense) for NP + ONA + PNA – ONO = NB*20%
Organizations that are on the OSN are recognized as payers of income tax, and therefore must keep records of calculations for this tax and disclose the relevant information in their financial statements. IN general case this must be done in accordance with the requirements of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Income Tax Calculations” PBU 18/02 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated November 19, 2002 No. 114n).
We will tell you about the basics of using PBU 18 02 for dummies in our consultation.
Who may not apply PBU 18 02
Who is exempt from using the standard and who is obliged to apply PBU 18 02 is indicated in paragraph 2 of PBU 18/02. Thus, it is indicated that “profitable” PBU may not be followed by organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting. First of all, these are small enterprises (Part 4 of Article 6 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ). We talked in more detail about the categories of persons who may not use PBU 18/02 in their work.
Accordingly, other organizations are required to apply PBU 18/02.
Of course, those organizations that are exempt from the mandatory application of PBU 18/02 can apply this PBU based on their own decision, reflected in.
PBU 18 02 - latest edition 2018
In 2018, PBU 18/02 is applied as amended, the latest of which was approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated 04/06/2015 No. 57n.
It is expected that starting from 01/01/2020 PBU 18/02 will be applied in a new edition.
Income tax according to PBU 18 02 for dummies
We indicated above, in relation to PBU 18 02, who should apply the standard, and we will tell you how to do this below.
Income tax payers know that tax profit is not the same thing. The application of PBU 18/02 is aimed at reflecting in accounting and reporting the difference between the tax on accounting profit (loss) and the tax on taxable profit (loss) (clause 1 of PBU 18/02).
Postings according to PBU 18/02 are made either as differences arise in accounting and tax accounting, or when calculating income tax at the end of the reporting period or year. The first option is common when accounting according to PBU 18/02 is carried out automatically in an accounting program. When manually recording income tax calculations, the second option is usually used.
The simplest and most basic concepts when applying PBU 18/02 are conditional expense (URNP) and conditional income (UDNP) for income tax.
URNP is a conditional amount of income tax calculated from accounting profit, and UDNP is from accounting loss (clause 20 of PBU 18/02).
Let's look at the basics of using PBU 18 for dummies with examples.
Let’s assume that at the end of the reporting period, the organization’s accounting profit amounted to 1,000,000 rubles. This amount corresponds to the excess during the reporting period of the credit turnover of account 99 “Profits and losses” (from the debit of accounts 90 “Sales” and 91 “Other income and expenses”) over the debit turnover of account 99 in correspondence with the same accounts 90, 91 (). Therefore, the conditional income tax expense will be 200,000 rubles (1,000,000 rubles * 20%) and will be reflected as follows:
Debit of account 99 - Credit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”, subaccount “Calculation of income tax” in the amount of 200,000 rubles
If the organization had a loss, then a reverse entry would be made to the conditional income tax income.
URNP (UDNP) must be distinguished from the current income tax (TNP). TNP is an income tax calculated on profits generated according to tax accounting rules. If a particular organization did not have any differences between accounting and taxable profits in the reporting period (and this can also happen), then URNP = TNP (clause 21 of PBU 18/02). But usually there are differences. And they are caused by permanent and temporary differences.
PNO and PNA
When calculating income tax according to PBU 18/02, after calculating the URP (UDNP), you need to determine whether there are permanent differences between accounting and taxable profit, i.e. those differences that in the future will not affect accounting or taxable profit (clause 4 PBU 18/02).
For example, amounts of material assistance in accounting reduce profits, but in tax accounting are not recognized as an expense (clause 23 of article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, clauses 4.5, 11 PBU 10/99). Permanent differences multiplied by the income tax rate are permanent tax liabilities (PLT) (when, due to permanent differences, accounting profit decreases, but taxable profit does not change) or permanent tax assets (PNA) (when, due to permanent differences, accounting profit increases, but taxable profit does not change). When does PNA occur? For example, the organization overestimated market value their financial investments as valuable papers. In accounting, income is recognized, but in tax accounting it is not (clause 20 of PBU 19/02, clause 25 of clause 1 of Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Let's continue our example. During the reporting period, the organization provided financial assistance to employees in the amount of 60,000 rubles. Consequently, PNO in the amount of 12,000 rubles (60,000 rubles * 20%) will be reflected as follows (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n):
Debit account 99 - Credit account 68, subaccount “Calculation of income tax” in the amount of 12,000 rubles
IT and SHE
Next, you need to determine temporary differences due to which accounting and taxable profits differ because some income or expenses are recognized in accounting in this reporting period, and in tax accounting in the next period, or vice versa (clause 8 of PBU 18/02 ). This is how deferred tax assets (DTA) and deferred tax liabilities (DTL) arise (clauses 14, 15 of PBU 18/02). SHE and IT are calculated as the product of temporary differences and the income tax rate.
Let us repeat, IT appears when, due to differences that have arisen, the income tax will be reduced in the next reporting periods, and IT appears if it is increased.
A typical example is the formation of a reserve for upcoming vacation pay, when such a reserve is not created in tax accounting. Another example is the use of different depreciation methods in accounting and tax accounting.
Let us assume in our example that during the reporting period the organization created a reserve for vacation pay in the amount of 370,000 rubles. In accounting, expenses will be recognized in the reporting period, and in tax accounting - only as employees go on vacation. Consequently, an ONA arises in the amount of 74,000 rubles (370,000 rubles * 20%) (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n):
Debit of account 09 “Deferred tax assets” - Credit of account 68, sub-account “Calculation of income tax” in the amount of 74,000 rubles
If the reserve was partially used in the reporting period, a decrease in IT is reflected. For example, vacation pay with contributions in the amount of 90,000 rubles was accrued from the reserve. Therefore, the previously calculated IT will decrease by 18,000 rubles (90,000 rubles * 20%) (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n):
Debit account 68, subaccount “Calculation of income tax” - Credit account 09 in the amount of 18,000 rubles
Deferred tax liabilities are formed as a credit to account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” in correspondence with account 68, and a decrease in IT is shown as a debit to account 77.
The current income tax (TNP), taking into account the requirements of PBU 18/02, is determined as follows (clause 21 of PBU 18/02):
TNP = URNP - UDNP + PNO - PNA + SHE - ITIn our example, let’s assume that the organization had no other differences between accounting and tax accounting. Therefore, TNP will be:
Consumer goods = 200,000 + 12,000 + 74,000 - 18,000 = 268,000
Based on the results of the calculations made, the subaccount “Calculation of income tax” of account 68 is reset to zero:
Debit of account 68, subaccount “Calculation of income tax” - Credit of account 68, subaccount “Settlements with the budget” in the amount of 268,000 rubles
At the same time, in the subaccount “Settlements with the budget” of account 68, consumer goods are distributed between federal and regional budgets.
If at the end of the reporting period a loss has been formed in tax accounting, then the amount of “income tax” from the tax loss is reflected in the following:
Debit of account 09, sub-account “Loss” - Credit of account 68, sub-account “Settlements with the budget”
PBU 18/02 and financial statements
On reporting date the debit balance of account 09 in the organization’s balance sheet is reflected in non-current assets on line 1180 “Deferred tax assets”. And the credit balance of account 77 is shown as part of long-term liabilities on line 1420 “Deferred tax liabilities”.
The balance of account 99, on which income tax calculations are recorded during the year, participates in the formation of the balance on line 1370 “ retained earnings (uncovered loss)».
In the report on the financial results of TNP, you need to show line 2410 “Current income tax” and additionally fill in the lines (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n):
- 2421 “incl. permanent tax liabilities (assets)”;
- 2430 “Change in deferred tax liabilities”;
- 2450 Changes in Deferred Tax Assets.
Permanent tax liability (Permanent tax asset)- the amount of income tax calculated from the difference between profit according to accounting and taxation data.
The concepts of “Permanent tax liability (permanent tax asset)” are used for accounting purposes.
The permanent tax liability (asset) is calculated on the basis of.
Permanent tax liabilities are abbreviated as PNO;
Permanent tax assets are abbreviated as PTA.
A comment
A permanent tax liability (asset) represents the estimated amount of income tax that would arise from the difference between the amount of profit according to accounting and the amount of profit according to tax accounting. Such differences (referred to as ) may arise due to the normalization of certain income tax expenses, the application tax benefits etc.
The main meaning of this value is to explain in the financial statements the differences in profit according to accounting and tax accounting data.
If the amount of profit according to accounting and the amount of profit according to tax accounting coincide, then a permanent tax liability (asset) does not arise.
The permanent tax liability (asset) is determined by the formula:
PNO (PNA) = PR * ST
PNO (PNA) - Permanent tax liability (asset)
PR - Constant difference
ST - income tax rate
Example
For some types of advertising expenses, there is a limit on the amount recognized for taxation in the amount of 1% of revenue. IN tax period the amount of advertising expenses amounted to 100 million rubles. Of this amount, 10 million rubles are not recognized for tax purposes (in excess of the standard) - a constant difference.
At a profit tax rate of 20%, the permanent tax liability will be 2 million rubles.
100 million D 44 - K 60 - advertising expenses are reflected
2 million D 99 - 68 - permanent tax liability reflected (10 million * 20%)
Example
The organization received free of charge cash in the amount of 200 thousand rubles from a participant owning more than 50% authorized capital this organization. The amount received is not subject to corporate income tax (clause 11, clause 1, article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
An income amount of 200 thousand rubles is recognized as income in accounting and is not recognized under income tax. This amount forms a permanent difference of 200 thousand rubles and, accordingly, a permanent tax asset in the amount of 40 thousand rubles (200 thousand * 20%).
D 51 - K 91,200,000 - income reflected
D 68 - K 99 40,000 - a permanent tax asset is reflected (RUB 200,000 * 20%).
List of situations when a permanent tax liability or asset arises
As already noted, a permanent tax liability (asset) is formed when there are differences in accounting and tax accounting of income and expenses. The following are the main situations:
A permanent tax liability (PNO) arises:
1) When the amount of expense recognized in tax accounting is limited by a limit, but in accounting is recognized as an expense without restrictions. In this case, PNO is formed in relation to excess expenses (which are recognized as expenses in accounting and are not recognized in tax accounting).
Thus, the amount of some advertising expenses is limited to 1% of sales revenue (clause 4 of Article 264 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The amount of entertainment expenses is recognized in an amount not exceeding 4 percent of labor costs (clause 2 of Article 264 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
2) When the amount of expense is recognized in accounting and not recognized in tax accounting.
Yes, Art. 263 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation determines the list of insurance costs that are recognized in tax accounting. Other types of insurance are not recognized as income tax expenses. If an organization has incurred insurance costs that are not taken into account in taxation, but are recognized in accounting, then a PNO is formed.
3) The value of property donated as charitable assistance.
4) Increase in the value of a fixed asset as a result of revaluation carried out in accounting.
In this case book value object in accounting will exceed the tax value of the same object. Accordingly, that part of the depreciation of an object that will be recognized in accounting and not recognized in tax accounting will form PNO.
A permanent tax asset (PTA) arises:
1) when expenses are recognized in tax accounting and are not recognized in accounting.
For example, paragraph 7 of Art. 262 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation defines the types of R&D expenses that are recognized in tax accounting with a coefficient of 1.5 (that is, an expense per 100 rubles is taken into account as 150 rubles). The amount of expenses that is recognized in tax accounting in excess of the amount in accounting forms the PNA.
2) Decrease in the value of a fixed asset as a result of revaluation carried out in accounting.
In this case, the book value of the object in accounting will be less tax value the same object. Accordingly, that part of the depreciation of an object that will be recognized in tax accounting and not recognized in accounting will form PNA.
Reflection of PNO and PNA in accounting and reporting
In accounting, the permanent tax liability (asset) is reflected in the account in correspondence with the account. Accordingly, PNO is reflected in DK, and PNA is reflected in the accounting for DK.
A permanent tax liability (asset) is reflected in the financial statements (previously called the “Profit and Loss Statement”) in the line “incl. Continuing Tax Liabilities (Assets)” (p. 2421).
The amount of line 2421 is indicated for reference and is not indicated in the calculation of other lines, since its influence is taken into account in the line “Current income tax” (2410).
The permanent tax liability (asset) is not reflected in the balance sheet.
Definition from regulations
A permanent tax liability (asset) is understood as the amount of tax that leads to an increase (decrease) in tax payments for income tax in the reporting period.
A permanent tax liability (asset) is recognized by the organization in the reporting period in which the permanent difference arises.
The permanent tax liability (asset) is equal to the value determined as the product of the permanent difference that arose in the reporting period and the income tax rate established by law Russian Federation on taxes and fees and valid as of the reporting date.
PBU 18/02 is one of the most difficult. It is overloaded with incomprehensible terms and requires a lot of posting. Income tax alone sometimes has to be collected from five indicators! But what’s even worse is that this PBU (by the way, an analogue of the long-defunct IFRS) does not explain why all this is needed. We will answer questions from those who want to understand.
What are PNO and PNA
Elizaveta Semenova, Moscow
My program itself calculates deferred taxes, so I didn’t really delve into the intricacies of PBU 18/02. But recently I noticed this strange thing: IT is reflected in the credit of account 68, and PNA - in the debit. The same is true with liabilities: ONO is on the debit of account 68, and PNO is on the credit. I think assets and liabilities should be reported the same way. Maybe there is an error in my program?
: Everything is fine with your program, and it does the wiring correctly. Why are deferred and permanent taxes reflected differently?
As you know, the income statement contains the indicators “profit before taxes” and “current income taxes”. This tax is not charged on accounting profit, but on tax profit, which does not appear in the financial statements.
SHE, IT, PNA and PNO are indicators that link accounting profit and real income tax.
SHE and IT appear when profit is recognized in tax accounting earlier or later than in accounting.
If part of the accounting profit is never recognized in tax accounting or vice versa, then PNA/PNO arise.
| Situation | What arises | Wiring | When repaid | |
| Dt | CT | |||
| Tax profit is recognized earlier than accounting profit | SHE | 09 “Deferred tax assets” | 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”, sub-account “Income Tax” | In the period of recognition of accounting profit by reverse entry |
| IT is reflected in the balance sheet asset (line 1180) | ||||
| Accounting profit is recognized earlier than tax profit | IT | 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” | In the period of recognition of tax profit by reverse entry | |
| IT is reflected in the liability side of the balance sheet (line 1420) | ||||
| Accounting profit is greater than tax profit | PNA | 68, subaccount “Income Tax” | 99 “Profits and losses”, PNA subaccount | - |
| Accounting profit is less than tax profit | PNO | 99 "Profits and losses" | 68, sub-account “Income Tax”, sub-account PNO | - |
| PNO and PNA do not accumulate on any account, so they are not on the balance sheet. In fact, these are components of the current income tax. It is no coincidence that in the income statement, under the line “current income tax”, reference Information: “including PNO/PNA.” This means that the names PNO/PNA do not correspond to their essence | ||||
The table shows that only SHE and IT are assets and liabilities. To understand why this is so, we need to take accounting profit as a starting point. There is no profit yet, but the tax has already been calculated? That's her. By its nature, this asset is akin to an advance. Are you already making a profit, but will you have to pay taxes later? This IT is an obligation, essentially close to a reserve. And PNO and PNA are just a mathematical difference between the “accounting” and “tax” income taxes.
Net profit in reporting is calculated differently than in accounting
Elizaveta Semenova, Moscow
I noticed that in the profit and loss statement, PNOs are provided only for reference and are not involved in the calculation of indicators. Why then are they needed in accounting?
: The fact is that net profit in the profit and loss statement it is formed from some indicators, and in accounting - from others. In the income statement, net profit is calculated as follows:
* The “–” sign is used to increase IT, the “+” sign is used to increase IT. This is what happens most often. But if IT decreased and SHE increased, then the signs will change to the opposite.
And in accounting, net profit is the balance of account 99 “Profits and losses”.
But the result (net profit), of course, is the same. Because the tax on “tax” profit, taking into account adjustments to ONA/ONO, is equal to the tax on accounting profit, taking into account adjustments to PNA/PNO. Want to make sure? Simply substitute in the formula that calculates net income for the income statement instead of the current income tax reference ratio given in PBU 18/02:
Of course, the simultaneous use of two methods of calculating net profit significantly complicates accounting. Currently, in IAS 12 “Income Taxes”, net profit is obtained using the current income tax adjusted for ONA/ON O put into effect on the territory of the Russian Federation by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated November 25, 2011 No. 160n. That is, the same way we do in the income statement. And the conditional expense for income tax (accounting profit tax), PNA and PNO international standard not provided. The thing is that IAS 12 and PBU 18/02 have different tasks. The purpose of IAS 12 is to show in reporting the impact not only of current income taxes, but also future ones tax consequences. To accomplish this task, income tax is taken from the declaration, according to SHE and IT.
The purpose of PBU 18/02 is to combine the non-existent tax on accounting profits with the real tax from the declaration. This is what PNO and PNA are for.
When selling fixed assets, we write off deferred taxes
N.V. Kryshenko, Lyubertsy
We sold the fixed asset (the car the director drove) without a loss. Its residual value in accounting was 200,000 rubles, and in tax accounting - 300,000 rubles. Sale price (excluding VAT) - 400,000 rubles. Do I understand correctly that according to the rules of PBU 18/02, I need to reflect only PNA in the amount of 20,000 rubles, because the profit from the sale of fixed assets in accounting is worth 100,000 rubles. more tax profit?
: According to the rules of PBU 18/02, you need to do different wiring. The fact that your residual value of a fixed asset differs in accounting and tax accounting indicates that you took into account more expenses in accounting than in tax accounting. This means that you have accrued deferred tax assets, which should be accounted for in account 09.
If on the date of sale of a fixed asset you have accumulated deferred assets in your accounting, then you must write them off as of the date of such sale and pp. 17, 18 PBU 18/02. This is done by regular posting (debit account 68 – credit account 09).
Deferred taxes on direct expenses are reflected only after the products are sold
Marina Ivleva, Moscow
Depreciation on production equipment in tax accounting is less than depreciation in accounting (in accounting, the useful life is shorter than in tax accounting). At the depreciation date, I record a deferred tax asset. But the result is an incorrect amount of current tax: account 68 is credited in the current period. But the products, the cost of which includes depreciation amounts, have not yet been sold, and perhaps we will not sell them until the end of the year. Maybe it’s not SHE that needs to be reflected, but something else?
: No deferred or permanent tax assets or liabilities need to be accrued at the depreciation date. After all, it does not affect the expenses of the current period either in accounting or tax accounting. Only when the products, the cost of which includes the amounts of accrued depreciation, are sold, you will need to reflect IT.
“Cure” errors in tax depreciation
Elizaveta Nekrasova, Moscow
We discovered that depreciation had not been calculated on the fixed asset in tax accounting since the beginning of the year - we accidentally put a mark in the program that the expense was not taken into account for tax purposes. This cushioning is ours indirect expense. In accounting, depreciation was calculated correctly, initial cost The OS in tax and accounting is the same. An error in tax accounting was corrected in the current period - the entire amount of underaccrued depreciation was recognized as expenses at one time. What postings should be made according to PBU 18/02?
: If depreciation was not accrued in your tax accounting, then in your accounting you had to accrue PNO (debit to account 99 – credit to account 68). As soon as you add additional depreciation in tax accounting, you need to make a reverse entry (debit to account 68 – credit to account 99).
Depreciation bonus in tax accounting - there will be differences in accounting
Yana, Ufa
Do I understand correctly that when calculating bonus depreciation for profit tax purposes, it is necessary to reflect PNA in accounting, and not IT?
: In accounting there is no such expense as bonus depreciation. However, this premium itself is nothing more than a one-time write-off of part of the cost of the OS clause 9 art. 258 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. And such an expense exists in accounting. It's just that writing off through normal depreciation will take longer.
Therefore, at the time of applying depreciation tax bonus IT must be calculated in accounting. Its amount is equal to the product of the depreciation bonus amount and the income tax rate. In the future, the amount of this ONO will be gradually repaid:
- <или>at monthly accrual depreciation (if it is not included in the cost of production);
- <или>as products are sold (if the amount of depreciation is involved in the formation of the cost of production and is a direct expense in tax accounting).
Amount differences can also lead to differences according to PBU 18/02
Irina Skiba, accountant, Moscow
We ordered transport services. You have to pay for them in rubles, but according to the contract their cost is tied to the euro exchange rate. We pay 10 days after the counterparty transports our goods. It turns out that the payment date moves to the month following the month of provision of services. Will this cause us to have differences according to PBU 18/02?
: Yes, differences according to the rules of PBU 18/02 should arise. After all, yours accounts payable before the carrier must be recalculated into rubles both on the date of its occurrence, and on the reporting date (the last day of each month), and on the date of repayment clause 7 PBU 3/2006.
But in tax accounting there is no need to do such a recalculation for the reporting date. clause 11.1 art. 250, sub. 5.1 clause 1 art. 265 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Consequently, at the end of the month a temporary difference arises, and in accounting it is necessary to accrue the corresponding IT or IT. After completing settlements with the counterparty, all accrued SHE or IT must be written off.
Revaluation of securities at market value: determining the differences
E.A. Zubachev, Moscow
Revaluation of securities at the end of the reporting year at market value is taken into account only in accounting (both positive and negative). Such revaluation is not carried out in tax accounting. How to correctly reflect this difference in accounting: as a permanent tax liability/asset or as deferred?
: There are two points of view.
POINT OF VIEW 1. It is necessary to reflect PNO or PNA. After all, neither expenses nor income from the revaluation of securities are included in tax accounting at all. And temporary differences arise only if income/expenses appear that are taken into account in accounting in one reporting period, and in tax accounting - in another. clause 8 PBU 18/02.
POINT OF VIEW 2. Deferred taxes must be reflected. Let's say an organization overvalued securities and recognized accounting profit in the reporting period. But no tax is charged on it, since there is no tax profit from this operation. In this case, the recognition of ONO in the reporting informs the user that the real tax on this part of the accounting profit will have to be paid in the next reporting period. After all, it is known that the securities will be sold at market value, and then the profit in tax accounting will be greater than in accounting (just by the amount of additional valuations). This approach is consistent with PBU 18/02, since the standard talks about income and expenses that affect “accounting” and “tax” profit in different periods. Part of the professional community thinks the same.
The opinion of the professional community on the issue under consideration can be found: website of the fund “NRBU “BMC””→ BMC documents → Interpretations → Interpretation R82 “Temporary differences in income tax”And IAS 12 states that revaluation of assets gives rise to deferred tax paragraph 20 IAS 12. Moreover, the fact that in IFRS deferred taxes are considered a balance sheet method (the book value of an asset or liability is compared with its tax value), and PBU 18/02 talks about comparing “accounting” and “tax” income/expenses, does not matter. After all the tax base assets/liabilities in IFRS are those expenses that will be taken into account in the future when calculating income tax pp. 7, 8 IAS 12. The Ministry of Finance also does not see any contradictions between the income-expenditure method of PBU 18/02 and the balance sheet method of IFRS Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated 02/03/2012 No. 07-02-08/58.
Here's what independent experts suggest.
FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES
CEO audit firm Development Vector LLC
“ PBU 18/02 (clause 3) involves the calculation of deferred taxes by comparing “accounting” and “tax” income and expenses. When revaluing securities, income/expenses do not arise in tax accounting at all, so the difference will be recognized as permanent. The fact that when securities are disposed of, the previously carried out revaluation will affect the financial result does not matter, since this will be a completely different type of income or expense.
In my opinion, the reasoning presented in the second point of view is typical for the calculation of deferred taxes using the balance sheet method used in IFRS. The balance sheet method compares not the income or expenses themselves, but the book value and tax potential of individual assets or liabilities. With this method, a comparison of the accounting and tax values of securities will lead to the formation of deferred taxes (IT or IT). However, domestic regulations I don’t foresee the use of this method.”
With a zero income tax rate, SHE and IT are not reflected
Victoria Ershova, Tver
We have medical organization. Since 2012, we have applied a 0% income tax rate. clause 1 art. 284.1 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. What to do with deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities recorded before the zero income tax rate began to apply?
Next year we plan to continue to use the benefit. How can we organize accounting for SHE and IT? So what will change if we pay income taxes at the regular rate in 2015?
: SHE and IT, which you previously (before 2012) reflected in accounting, had to be written off on 12/31/2011 (on the date preceding the date of change in the income tax rate you applied). The results of the recalculation are reflected in account 99 “Profits and losses” clause 14 PBU 18/02. In the income statement, written-off IT and IT are reflected in line 2460 “Other”, and not in lines 2430 “Change in deferred tax liabilities” and 2450 “Change in deferred tax assets”.
The amount of deferred taxes is determined as the product of the corresponding temporary differences and the income tax rate. Considering that the rate you apply is 0%, the sums of SHE and IT will be equal to zero. Therefore, they do not need to be recorded in accounting.
However, you will need to take into account the temporary differences themselves just when switching to paying income tax at the regular rate. On the last day of the year in which you have a zero rate, you will need to generate input SHE and IT. Only in the same way as when writing them off when switching to zero rate income tax, the accrual of ONA/ONO must be done in correspondence with account 99. And in the profit and loss statement it should be reflected on line 2460 “Other”.
Reflection of deferred taxes in reporting
Irina Rebernikova, St. Petersburg
How do the balance sheet data on deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to the IT and IT data reported on the income statement? And how do you know which sign (“+” or “–”) to put in this report when reflecting deferred taxes?
: To fill in lines balance sheet data is taken on the balances on accounts 09 and 77. And when filling out the profit and loss statement, it is necessary to reflect the difference between accrued and written off deferred tax assets and liabilities.
Please note that it is very important to put the right sign correctly, because it depends on whether the net profit figure will be correctly indicated in the income statement. Therefore, you can use one more way to check: the indicator on line 2410 “Current income tax” of the profit and loss report should match the amount of tax according to the “profit” declaration - with the data that you indicated on line 180 “Amount of calculated tax for profit - total sheet 02 of the income tax return approved By Order of the Federal Tax Service dated March 22, 2012 No. ММВ-7-3/174@.
It is better not to abandon PBU 18/02 entirely
Igor Cherkasov, Moscow
We have complex production, we are not a small enterprise. The accounting program itself does not keep track of differences according to the rules of PBU 18/02. It is almost impossible to trace what costs and how they influence the difference between the accounting cost of production and the amount of direct expenses in tax accounting. Is it possible on this basis, taking into account the principle of rational accounting, to refuse to apply PBU 18/02?
: For failure to apply PBU 18/02, the inspectorate may fine you. This can be considered a gross violation of accounting rules (distortion of any article/line of the accounting reporting form by at least 10%) Art. 15.11 Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Sum administrative fine on officials organizations - from 2000 to 3000 rubles.
When accounting is kept only for pro forma purposes - for delivery to tax office, some organizations (to make the application of PBU 18/02 as easy as possible) follow this path:
- combine the list of direct expenses in tax accounting with the list of expenses included in accounting in the cost of production;
- upon sale finished products determine permanent differences (by accruing PNO or PNA), considering them as the difference between the amount of direct costs for the production of products in tax accounting and the cost of the same products in accounting;
- for expenses taken into account in tax accounting as indirect, calculate the differences in as usual: accruing, when necessary, SHE or IT, PNA or PNO.
Thus, organizations, on the one hand, have deferred taxes, which allow them to fill out the lines of the income statement dedicated to their changes (lines 2430 and 2450). And the reporting becomes, at first glance, similar to what it should ultimately be. On the other hand, there are no complex calculations of differences according to PBU 18/02.
However, if you go this route, you must be aware that the reporting compiled in this way cannot be called reliable. First of all, net profit is distorted. That is, the amount that is distributed as dividends.
So if your reporting is of interest not only to inspectors, but also to management, participants, auditors, and so on, then we recommend setting up your accounting program. It must ensure that all time differences are taken into account, both throughout the entire production process and throughout the product sales process.