Normative-legal regulation of long-term obligations. Current liabilities Obligations of the organization and their regulation and evaluation

Total debt legal entity for loans and credits received for up to one year or one balance period.

The fulfillment of these obligations is carried out exclusively at the expense of the company's current assets. The difference between the amounts of assets and liabilities is the working capital of the legal entity.

The essence of short-term debt

The management of most companies solves urgent problems by attracting third-party sources of financing. As a rule, these are loans and credits limited to a short (no more than 12 months) repayment period.

Based on this circumstance, payments on short-term debts are a task of paramount importance, since the amounts of short-term credits (loans), even after they are credited to the account, do not become the property of the company. The borrower can only use them for a limited period of time. In essence, this is a common borrowed capital. As one of the known forms loan funds, obligations limited in time of execution are characterized by the following features:

The direction and nature of the company's activities in a certain market segment form the total volume of short-term liabilities (hereinafter referred to as TS). Dynamic production and the growing scale of sales of manufactured products require a significant increase in planned costs. This value, defined by the term "financial leverage ratio", also initiates an increase in the need for borrowed (credit) capital.
The presence of a legal entity with a credit institution forms a kind of source of free borrowed capital.
The total volume of short-term debt obligations has a stable effect on the duration financial cycle legal entity. More precisely, on the amount of capital intended for acquisition revolving funds. The further the date of repayment of obligations, the less the amount of funds raised is necessary for the company to cover priority needs.
The long-term forecast of KOs is, as a rule, exclusively estimated, since the vast majority of the main accruals of such obligations is quite difficult to calculate. This is due to the uncertainty of the main parameters of the company's functioning.
The frequency of making payments for the repayment of accruals directly forms the volume of CB and allows you to determine the possibility and degree of regulation of financial sources.
The repayment of CB is made at the expense of the resources used in the day-to-day activities of the legal entity. And this factor is the main distinguishing feature of short-term liabilities. In addition, a radical feature of capital received under short-term debt liability is the possibility of its conversion into a cash equivalent, the use of which is carried out during the year, or one balance sheet period.

Components of current liabilities

Debt reporting shows all borrowed funds of the company. Registration of short-term liability is carried out with the indispensable consideration of the following components:

accounts payable;
funds borrowed for a long period, subject to the return of any part of them during the year;
conditional payment;
tax deductions;
debt obligations issued as "on demand";
company's unearned income;
deposits placed for a period of not more than one year;
share dividends paid to owners;
promissory notes with a maturity of less than a year;
Debt due in less than twelve months.

Short-term liabilities conditionally classified into three main categories.

IN Russian Federation created a four-tier regulatory system accounting. The document of the first, highest, level is the Federal Law "On Accounting". Separate rules governing accounting are contained in other legislative acts: Civil, Labor, Budget and tax codes Russian Federation.

The Federal Law "On Accounting" defines the role and place of accounting in the system of legislative acts of the Russian Federation, its goals and objectives, common methods management and regulation, duties and responsibilities of organizations for the order and condition of accounting and reporting.

Second level. The normative documents of the second level of regulation include the Regulation on accounting and financial statements, Provisions (standards) for accounting of individual accounting objects. The main purpose of such provisions is to reveal the legal and methodological norms enshrined in the Law "On Accounting". Regulations are general requirements for accounting business transactions and its organization in enterprises and institutions, rules for compiling, presenting and publishing financial reporting.

The third level of regulation includes normative acts of the Government of the Russian Federation, other government bodies that establish the fundamental norms that must be used when developing the provisions of the fourth level.

The fourth level is guidelines and recommendations on the organization and maintenance of accounting certain types property, liabilities, other business transactions. The recommendations are designed to help the accountant organize the accounting process, draw up for the enterprise internal instructions and other local regulatory documents for maintaining primary documentation, accounting registration and generalization of data. Regulations the fourth level are not mandatory for general application. Their purpose is different - to determine the rules for the rational organization of accounting using progressive forms and methods of accounting for each organization to choose options that are acceptable to it. Documents of this level, which are formed directly in organizations and constitute a system of internal norms and instructions that reflect the specifics of this organization, are provided for in Article 6 of the Law "On Accounting".

The outlined structure of regulatory accounting is a well-thought-out system of regulations on accounting and reporting.

The main goal of the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting is to ensure uniform accounting of property, liabilities and business transactions of organizations, as well as the preparation and presentation of comparable and reliable reports on the property status, income and expenses of organizations necessary for third parties.

Regarding the accounting and evaluation of liabilities, the following legal acts can be distinguished:

1) Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ “On Accounting”;
2) Regulation on accounting "Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets" (PBU8/2010);
3) Regulation on accounting “Accounting for assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency"(PBU 3/2006);
4) Regulation on accounting "Changes in estimated values" (PBU 21/2008).

The general principle applied to the accounting and valuation of liabilities is contained in Art. eleven federal law No. 402-FZ, which states that liabilities are subject to inventory, and liabilities must be assessed autonomous institution for their reflection in accounting and financial statements in monetary terms.

The Accounting Regulation "Estimated Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets" (PBU8/2010) establishes the procedure for recording estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities And contingent assets in accounting and reporting of organizations (with the exception of credit organizations, state (municipal) institutions), which are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation. (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 14, 2012 No. 23n).

In accordance with it, an organization's obligation with an uncertain amount and (or) due date may arise: a) from the norms of legislative and other regulatory legal acts, judgments, contracts; b) actions by the entity that, as a result of past practice or statements by the entity, indicate to others that the entity is assuming certain responsibilities and, as a result, those individuals have a reasonable expectation that the entity will fulfill those responsibilities.

An estimated liability is recognized in accounting if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

a) the organization has an obligation resulting from past events in its economic life, the fulfillment of which the organization cannot avoid. When an entity has doubts about the existence of such a liability, the entity recognizes a provision if, after considering all the circumstances and conditions, including expert opinion, it is more likely than not that the liability exists;
b) the decrease in the economic benefits of the organization, necessary for the fulfillment of the estimated obligation, probably;
c) the value of the estimated liability can be reasonably estimated.

Clauses 6 and 9 of PBU 8/2010 specify the conditions for recognizing an estimated liability.

Estimated liabilities are recorded in the allowance account upcoming expenses. When recognizing an estimated liability, depending on its nature, the amount of the estimated liability is included in expenses for ordinary species activities or other expenses, or is included in the cost of the asset.

Estimated liabilities in respect of expected losses from the activities of the organization as a whole, or from certain types or regions of its activities, divisions, types of products (works, services) and from other factors are not recognized in accounting.

Estimated liability is recognized in the accounting of the organization in the amount that reflects the most reliable monetary estimate of the costs necessary for the settlement of this liability. The most reliable estimate of expenses is the amount required directly for the fulfillment (repayment) of the obligation as of reporting date or to transfer the obligation to another person as of the balance sheet date.

In paragraphs 21-23 of PBU 8/2010, a feature of the write-off or a change in the amount of the estimated liability is noted. In the final chapter of the Regulations, the data to be disclosed in the financial statements are highlighted.

The Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Assets and Liabilities Denominated in Foreign Currency" (PBU 3/2006) regulates the specifics of accounting for property (assets) and liabilities of organizations, the value of which is denominated in foreign currency. Features are the need to recalculate the cost of these accounting objects in rubles at the exchange rate Central Bank Russian Federation, effective on the date of the transaction in foreign currency.

Accounting regulation "Changes in estimated values" (PBU 21/2008) indicates that a change in the estimated value is recognized as an adjustment to the value of an asset (liability) or a value reflecting the repayment of the value of an asset, due to the appearance new information, which is made on the basis of an assessment of the current state of affairs in the organization, expected future benefits and obligations and is not a correction of an error in the financial statements.

A change in the way assets and liabilities are valued is not a change in the estimated value.

If a change in accounting data cannot be unambiguously classified as a change accounting policy or changes in the estimated value, then for the purposes of financial statements it is recognized as a change in the estimated value.

IN explanatory note to the financial statements, the organization must disclose the following information about the change in the estimated value: the content of the change that affected the financial statements for this reporting period; the content of the change that will affect the financial statements for future periods, unless it is impossible to estimate the impact of the change on the financial statements for future periods. The fact of the impossibility of such an assessment is also subject to disclosure.

In JSC " Simferopolselmash” accounting of long-term and current liabilities is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents that have different statuses. Some of them are mandatory, while others are advisory in nature.

The legal framework of Ukraine, which regulates the accounting of long-term and current liabilities, includes the following legislative and regulatory documents in the form of the following four-level system of regulatory accounting regulation:

First level- legislative. At this level state regulation accounting and reporting is carried out by the President of Ukraine, the National Assembly on the basis of the Constitution of Ukraine. The most important legislative act of this level is the Law of Ukraine "On accounting and financial statements” dated July 16, 1999. No. 996-14 with amendments and additions dated December 22, 2011 No. 4224-17, which defines the legal and methodological foundations for organizing and maintaining accounting, establishes requirements for the preparation and presentation of financial statements, regulates relationships on accounting and reporting in Ukraine.

Civil Code of Ukraine of June 19, 2003 No. 980-4 with amendments and additions dated December 22, 2011 No. 4220-4, in the first part of which the most important norms of accounting in organizations are legally fixed, including the existence of an independent balance sheet for each legal entity, the mandatory approval of the annual accounting report, mandatory cases compiling auditor's report, the procedure for registration, reorganization and liquidation of a legal entity and others.

Labor Code of Ukraine dated December 10, 1971. No. 322-8 with amendments and additions dated September 08, 2011 No. 3720-6, which regulates labor relations.

Tax Code of Ukraine dated December 02, 2010 No. No. 2755-6 with amendments and additions dated December 22, 2011 No. 4279-6. The Code establishes a system of taxes, dues (duties) levied to the budget of Ukraine, the basic principles of taxation in Ukraine, establishes the rights and obligations of payers, tax authorities and other participants in relations regulated by tax legislation.

On the second level- carried out regulation accounting and reporting. It is represented by normative acts of the President and Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and other legal bodies who have the right to develop and approve, within their competence, binding norms.

The main documents in the accounting regulation system in Ukraine are also chart of accounts and instructions for its use. The Methodological Council for Accounting under the Ministry of Finance approved

Chart of accounts for accounting of assets, capital, liabilities and business operations of enterprises and organizations;

Instructions on the application of the Chart of Accounts for accounting of assets, capital, liabilities and business operations of enterprises and organizations;

Chart of accounts for accounting of budgetary institutions;

The procedure for applying the Chart of Accounts for accounting of budgetary institutions;

Regulations on the procedure for keeping records of individual assets and operations of enterprises of the state, communal sectors of the economy and other organizations that own and / or use objects of state or communal property;

Chart of accounts for accounting of Ukrainian banks;

Chart of accounts for accounting of assets, capital, liabilities and business operations of small businesses.

Instruction No. 7 "About non-cash payments in the economic turnover of Ukraine” is a single normative act regulating the general methodological basis non-cash payments in the currency of Ukraine, carried out on the territory of the state.

TO third level in the organization of OAO "Simferopolselmash" includes an order on accounting policies, a working chart of accounts. The accounting policy in the organization under study was approved by the order of the director dated December 31, 2009. It discusses the methodological and organizational and technical aspects of accounting, the structure of the working chart of accounts. An example of internal documentation might be: job descriptions accounting staff, workflow schedule and other documents.

Normative acts that address the issues of regulating settlement operations, as follows from the list of sources used, include Codes, Laws, Regulations, Chart of Accounts, Instructions, recommendations and other types of documents. Their main goal is to establish the correctness of accounting for long-term and current liabilities.

?federal agency of Education
State educational institution
Supreme vocational education
Tver State University
(GOUVPO TVGU)
Faculty of Economics
Department of Accounting

Coursework by discipline
"Accounting (financial) accounting"
on the topic of:
"Accounting for the obligations of the organization"

Completed by: student of group 33
day department
Faculty of Economics
majoring in Accounting,
analysis and audit»
Schmidt D.A.
Scientific adviser:
Associate Professor Bakhvalova N.G.

Tver 2009
Content:
Introduction

2.1. Accounting for the organization's obligations to the budget and off-budget funds on taxes and fees
2.2. Accounting for termination of obligations by set-off
2.3. Accounting for settlements in the event of a change in persons in an obligation
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction
An obligation is understood as a relationship by virtue of which one party is obliged to perform a certain action in favor of the other party or to refrain from it.
Due to the fact that commercial organization is created for the purpose of making a profit, it is natural that it performs certain operations, transactions. In this regard, the organization constantly interacts with counterparties: suppliers, buyers, creditors, the state and other individuals and legal entities. In the process of their interaction, obligations of various kinds arise: for settlements for delivered products (works, services), for settlements for advances received, for settlements for mandatory payments, payroll and many others. Therefore, since liabilities are an integral part of the activities of the organization, it is necessary to keep accurate and reliable records of them.
The objectives of this work are to study the obligations of the organization, namely accounts payable, identifying the main features of their accounting.
For this, the following tasks are set:
- to find out the essence of the concept of obligation;
- explain the legal, economic and accounting interpretation of the concept of obligation;
- characterize the classification of the organization's obligations;
- show the importance of the indicator of accounts payable;
- describe methods for assessing accounts payable;
- to explain some features of the recognition and repayment of obligations;
- describe the methods of accounting for liabilities for taxes and fees;
- reveal the features of accounting for certain forms of termination of obligations and transfer of debt.
Chapter 1 Obligations of the Organization
1.1. The concept of the obligations of the organization
According to Article 307 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation “By virtue of an obligation, one person (debtor) is obliged to perform a certain action in favor of another person (creditor), such as: transfer property, perform work, pay money, etc., or refrain from a certain action, and the creditor has the right to demand from the debtor the performance of his obligation.
The concept of obligation can and should be interpreted from different points of view:
? with legal;
? with economic;
? with accounting.
From a legal point of view, the concept of obligation is disclosed in Art. 307 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. It is universal and can convey the meaning of this concept in any branch of law. In jurisprudence, there are three sources of obligations: contract, law, delict (i.e. causing harm). The source is the contract, for example, in the event of an obligation of the supplier to the buyer to transfer the goods of proper quality, volume and timing. For example, in the event of an obligation of an enterprise to pay taxes, the source is the law. The infliction of property damage to the organization by its employee implies the emergence of the employee's obligation to compensate for damage, the source of which is a tort.
From an economic point of view, liabilities represent future cash flows from loans made and received by business entities. This interpretation differs from the legal one in that it does not include obligations under contracts that have not been started for execution, i.e. obligations that did not create real movement funds. Thus, according to the economic position, the buyer, to whom the goods have been shipped, but payment has not yet occurred, is provided with a credit from the supplier. The buyer consumes the goods shipped to him in the process of production, but the money for these goods is also in his circulation. Moreover, if the terms of the contract do not provide for price variation depending on the payment term, then this loan is interest free. Similarly, the seller, selling goods with their subsequent payment, from the moment of sale to the moment of payment, has already lost the ownership of these goods, but does not have money for them either. This means that the buyer's debt actually represents the amount of the loan provided, as a rule, interest-free. Thus, from an economic point of view, the obligations of the organization to counterparties should be considered as income items, and the obligations of counterparties to the organization - as items of its expenses.
From an accounting point of view, the source of the obligation is a fact of economic life, information about which serves as the basis for accounting records reflecting the obligations of the organization. Of all the obligations in which the enterprise acts as an active and (or) passive entity, those that constitute receivables and payables are shown in accounting.
Accounts receivable - amounts of cash or monetary value of other assets due to be received by the enterprise. Accounts payable - the amount of money or the amount of monetary value of other assets due for payment (transfer) by the enterprise.

1.2. Types of obligations of the organization
For the most profound understanding of the essence of the obligations of the organization, the inalienability of their study, it is necessary to consider their varieties.
According to the option of participation of the enterprise in obligations, they are divided into:
? own;
? attracted sources of funds.
Financial stability enterprise or the degree of its dependence on attracted sources of financing is determined by comparing the volume own sources funds with the amount raised. This is the so-called financial leverage, and the greater its value, that is, the more sources own funds accounts for one ruble attracted, the more stable financial position organizations.
According to the duration of the impact on the financial position of the organization, liabilities can be divided into:
? liabilities, which represent amounts constantly flowing from balance to balance;
? liabilities are current, fluctuating, that is, the amount of excess of a constantly present minimum.
Liabilities are divided into:
? short-term
? long-term
The boundary between them is determined by accounting legislation. Now it is one year. Debt up to 12 months is short-term, and more is long-term. This classification is of decisive importance in assessing the solvency of an enterprise according to financial statements. After all, if, when analyzing the reporting of an economic entity, we proceed from the assumption of the continuity of its activities, then assessing the solvency of the enterprise, we compare the assets that we attribute to the most liquid with short-term debts. At the same time, the accounts of settlements are arranged in such a way that by analyzing the balance sheet of an enterprise, we obtain more reliable information about who the company owes than when it must repay it. This is due to the fact that debt maturing in 1 and 333 days from the date of the balance sheet will equally be presented in it as short-term liabilities.
In relation to persons with whom the organization enters into transactions, obligations are divided into:
? obligations of agents, that is, persons on the staff of the organization;
? obligations of correspondents, that is, individuals who are not on the staff of the organization, and all legal entities.
Thus, according to such accounts as 10 “Materials”, 41 “Goods”, 43 “Finished products”, in essence, settlements with storekeepers are kept, according to account 50 “Cashier” - with the cashier. That is, behind each material inventory account there are obligations of financially responsible persons.
Accounts 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts", 55 "Special accounts in banks" are usually perceived as purely monetary, but in fact, based on the legal content of the relevant operations, they are purely settlement and reflect the obligations of banks to the enterprise as their client by open accounts.
1.3. Accounts payable, payment terms and limitation period
The debts of the organization from the point of view of the accountant are accounts payable. The indicator of accounts payable is one of the most important elements of the financial statements of organizations that affect the assessment of its financial position and performance.
In accordance with the Accounting Concept in market economy Russia “Accounts payable is recognized as an obligation of an organization existing at the reporting date, which is a consequence of past events of its economic activity and the settlement of which should result in an outflow of the resources of the organization that should have brought it economic benefits. Accounts payable may arise due to the operation of a contract, legal norm or business customs.
Assessment of accounts payable. The Federal Law "On Accounting" establishes the only requirement for the assessment of liabilities - it must be made in monetary terms. According to Art. 9 Accounting concepts for the assessment of accounts payable, the following methods can be used:
? by actual (initial) cost (by the amount of cash or cash equivalents accrued when accounting for accounts payable);
? at current (replacement) cost;
? for the current market value.
In practice, accounts payable are accepted for accounting in accordance with the basis of assessment.
For debts under business contracts, the assessment basis is either settlement documents supplier, or contractual terms, if they do not provide for the preparation of settlement documents. For debts on taxes and fees, the grounds are tax returns, calculations, etc., as well as acts of reconciliations. For arrears in payment wages and other payments - employment contracts, distribution documents on wages, payrolls. On the payment of dividends - decisions general meeting founders. For claims under business contracts - a claim note, decisions arbitration courts and others. For penalties - decisions of tax authorities, arbitration courts.
Recognition of accounts payable. It is advisable to talk about the recognition of an obligation by a debtor only within the framework of contractual relations, or in cases of harm. Tax and other obligations established by law arise on the basis of the rule of law, regardless of the attitude of organizations towards them.
Recognition of an obligation under a civil law contract occurs at the time of signing the contract (as well as accompanying documents to it, if the nature of the contract so requires) by authorized representatives of the parties. Recognition of the obligation to compensate for the harm caused occurs as a result of a voluntary declaration of will or on the basis of a court decision.
According to clause 8.4 of the Accounting Concept, accounts payable are recognized in the balance sheet when there is a possibility of an outflow of resources that can bring economic benefits to the organization, which is a consequence of the fulfillment of an existing obligation, and when the amount of this obligation can be measured with a sufficient degree of reliability.
The chart of accounts for reflecting accounts payable has allocated many accounts, such as: 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”, 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and loans", 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees", 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security”, 70 “Settlements with personnel for remuneration”, 75 “Settlements with founders”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” and some others.
The correctness of the state of settlements must be confirmed annually by reconciliations of mutual settlements and an inventory of obligations. According to paragraph 2 of Art. 12 of the Federal Law "On Accounting", such an inventory is mandatory before compiling annual accounts.
The fulfillment of obligations must be carried out properly, i.e. V designated place and within the specified time. The obligation must be performed by the proper person, therefore the debtor has the right to demand evidence that the performance is accepted by the creditor himself or by a person authorized by him.
Due diligence is one form of terminating an organization's obligations. However, there are other reasons, such as:
? Retreat. Providing compensation in return for execution (payment of money, transfer of property, etc.) - by agreement of the parties (Article 409 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
? Offset. Set-off of a counter homogeneous claim, the term of which has come, is not indicated or is determined by the moment of demand - at the request of one party (Article 410-412 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
? The coincidence of the debtor and the creditor in one person (Article 413 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
? Innovation. Replacement of the original obligation with another between the same persons, providing for a different subject or method of performance - by agreement of the parties (Article 414 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
? Forgiveness of debt. Release by the creditor of the debtor from his obligations (Article 415 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
? Impossibility of execution. Force majeure, when the impossibility of performance is caused by a circumstance for which none of the parties is responsible (Article 416 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
? Act of a state body. The fulfillment of an obligation becomes impossible as a result of the issuance of an act of a state body (Article 417 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);
? Liquidation of a legal entity (Article 419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
When the creditor accepts these forms of termination of obligations, it should be borne in mind that the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes a special procedure for applying tax deductions for VAT in the implementation of barter transactions, offset mutual demands, use in calculations valuable papers and own property, including promissory notes of third parties.
In accordance with the Concept, repayment of an obligation can take place in the following forms:
? cash payment
? transfer of other property
? provision of services
? replacement of accounts payable of one type by another
? conversion of accounts payable into equity
? removal of claims from the creditor.
Settlement terms for different types obligations are determined on the basis of relevant documents. Under civil law contracts, the terms of settlements are specified in the contract. For the obligations of the organization for taxes and fees, the deadlines are determined in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The terms of settlements with personnel for remuneration are defined in Art. 136 "Procedure, place and terms of payment of wages" of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The timing of the fulfillment of obligations is devoted to Art. 314 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. It states that if the date for the performance of the obligation is not specified, then it must be settled within a reasonable time after the obligation arises, but does not indicate what is a reasonable time.
Subsection 5 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is devoted to the limitation period. So according to Art. 195, the statute of limitations is the term for protecting the right on the claim of a person whose right has been violated. General term limitation period is three years. For certain types of claims, the deadline may be different. The countdown starts from the moment when the debt is overdue.
The write-off of the amounts of unclaimed accounts payable, for which the limitation period has expired, is carried out for each obligation on the basis of the inventory data, written justification and order of the head of the organization. These amounts are included in financial results.
These amounts are included in other income in the reporting period in which the limitation period expired, and in the amounts in which they were reflected in the organization's accounting records. (P. 7, 10.4 PBU 9/99). These amounts are included in tax accounting non-operating expenses organizations, in accordance with paragraph 18 of article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
Chapter 2. Accounting for the obligations of the organization
2.1 Accounting for the organization's obligations to the budget and extra-budgetary funds for taxes and fees
It was revealed above that the organization has many obligations. In this issue, I want to talk about the obligations that are defined by law, namely, obligations to the budget and extra-budgetary funds. An exhaustive list of taxes that must be paid to the budget is enshrined in Art. 12-15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
From the moment of registration of the organization in the Unified state register legal entities and its registration in tax office the organization becomes a taxpayer. When carrying out activities, the organization is obliged to pay legally established taxes and fees. In this regard, in addition to accounting, the organization also maintains tax accounting, which is carried out to generate complete and reliable information on the accounting procedure for tax purposes of business transactions carried out by the taxpayer during the reporting (tax) period, as well as to provide internal and external users with information for control for the correctness of the calculation, completeness and timeliness of the calculation of taxes to the budget.
The second part of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation contains information on rates, payment procedure, tax periods and much more related to taxes.
Payment of all taxes of the organization is made in cash and only from its current account. Any tax is transferred to the budget on a payment order, and an entry is made in accounting: D68 “Calculations on taxes and fees” K 51 “Settlement accounts”.
So, let's move on to considering the accounting of liabilities for taxes and fees.
Value Added Tax. The object of VAT taxation are transactions for the sale of goods (works, services) in the territory of the Russian Federation, while the sale is understood not only as the transfer of ownership on a reimbursable basis, but also as a gratuitous transfer of ownership. In accordance with Art. 164 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, today there are VAT rates of 0, 10 and 18%, depending on the nature of the organization's activities. If VAT is charged on revenue, then the following entry is given: D 90 "Sales" subaccount "VAT" K 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" subaccount "Calculations on VAT". The tax charged on free transfer goods, is documented by posting: D 91 "Other income and expenses" subaccount "Other expenses" K 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" subaccount "VAT calculations". The same posting is given when goods are transferred for own needs. Sums input VAT presented to the company when purchasing goods (works, services, property rights) must be reflected in the following entry: D 19 "Value added tax on acquired values" K 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" and some others. The organization has the right to tax deduction for VAT, if the following conditions are simultaneously met:
? Acquired assets are used in activities, the results of which are subject to VAT
? Supplier invoice registered in the Purchase Book
? Acquired property registered
The tax deduction is reflected in the entry: D 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees" sub-account "Calculations with the budget for VAT" K 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables". Next, the turnover of the credit and debit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” is compared; if the credit is greater than the debit, then the organization has an obligation for VAT, if vice versa, then the budget has an obligation to the organization.
Corporate property tax. According to paragraph 1 of Art. 374 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, movable and real estate(including property transferred for temporary use, possession, disposal or trust management entered in joint activities), accounted for on the balance sheet of the organization as an object of fixed assets in accordance with the established accounting procedure. To calculate the base for this tax, it is necessary to calculate the residual value of the property on the 1st day of each month of the reporting period and on the 1st day of the next month, and then find the arithmetic average from the resulting amount. In accordance with Art. 380 Tax Code of the Russian Federation tax rate 6% property tax. To write off the accrued property tax, you need to make a posting: D 26 " General running costs» To 68 «Settlements with the budget for taxes and fees».
Corporate income tax. The object of taxation for this tax is profit, which for Russian organizations is the income received, reduced by the amount of expenses incurred, which are determined in accordance with Ch. 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Since 2009, the income tax rate has decreased by 4%, and amounted to 20%. Income tax is charged by posting: D 99 “Profit and Loss” K 68 “Settlements with the budget for taxes and fees”.
Unified social tax. The base for the UST is the wages of employees of the organization, but the source is the costs of the organization. Taxpayers of this tax are required to keep records of accrued payments and other remuneration, as well as the amounts of calculated UST and tax deductions for each to an individual in whose favor payments are made. The UST rate today is 26%, of which 20% is transferred to the Federal Budget (for financing the basic part of labor pension - 6%, to the Pension Fund - 14% for the formation of insurance and funded parts pensions), 1.1% - in federal fund mandatory health insurance, 2% - to the Territorial Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund and 2.9% - to the Social Insurance Fund. The accrual of UST is reflected in the posting: D 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General expenses”, 08 “Investments in fixed assets"and some others K 69" Calculations for social insurance and security. The debit account depends on which employee's salary the UST is accrued from: whether he is employed in the main production (sch.20), in the auxiliary (sch.23) and so on. The company maintains analytical accounting separately for each part of contributions to Pension Fund. Pension contributions reduce the amount of accrued UST credited to the Federal budget. This operation is reflected in the postings: D 68 “Settlements with the budget for taxes and fees” subaccount “Settlements for the UST in the part credited to the FB” K 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” subaccount “Settlements with the PFR for the insurance part of the labor pension”, D 68 “Settlements with the budget for taxes and fees” sub-account “Settlements for the UST in the part credited to the FB” K 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security” sub-account “Settlements with the PFR for the funded part of the labor pension”.
Contributions for insurance against accidents and occupational diseases. tax base for this contribution is also the wages of employees, and the source is the costs of the organization. The rate of collection from NA and PZ is from 0.2 to 8.5% depending on the nature of the work. Contributions are accrued in correspondence with the account that reflects the corresponding remuneration of the employee: D 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General expenses”, 08 “Investments in non-current assets” and some others K 69 “Settlements for social insurance and security” sub-account “Settlements with the FSS for contributions to insurance against accidents and occupational diseases”.
Personal income tax. For this tax, the organization acts as a tax agent. Tax accounting carried out by tax agents, provides for the obligation to record income paid by him to an individual and subject to taxation. The tax base for personal income tax is the employee's wages, but unlike the UST and contributions from the NA and PZ, the source of payment of this tax is the income of employees, thus, this is the expense of the employee himself, and not the organization.
In accordance with Art. 224 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the tax rate on income from labor activity- 13%. For personal income tax, a standard tax deduction is provided. It includes a deduction for "oneself" - 400 rubles and a deduction for children and dependents from January 1, 2009 - 1000 rubles (until 2009 it was 600 rubles). The employee loses the right to a deduction for himself if his income from the beginning of the year exceeds 40,000 rubles, and for children - 280,000 rubles. Such positive innovations were adopted only from January 1, 2009. Until 2009, the deduction limit for “self” was 20,000 rubles, and for children - 40,000 rubles.
In accounting, the liability for personal income tax is reflected in the entry: D 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” K 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” sub-account “Settlements with the budget for personal income tax”.
Taxes, the source of payment of which is the cost of products (works, services), such as transport, water, land and forestry, are documented by posting: D 26 "General expenses" K 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees".
excises. Not all goods are subject to this tax, but only certain ones, for example, alcoholic beverages, gasoline, tobacco products and others. The rates of this tax are contained in Art. 193 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. In accounting, excise tax is charged by posting: D 90 "Sales" subaccount "Excises" K 68 "Settlements with the budget for taxes and fees" subaccount "Calculations for excises". By general rule, fixed in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the amount of excise paid by the buyer when purchasing excisable goods is taken into account in their value. In this case, the following entry is made: D 10 “Materials” (41 “Goods”) K 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”) - the cost of purchased products is reflected, including excises, but excluding VAT. However, under certain conditions stipulated in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the amount of excise paid upon purchase can be deducted if the purchased excisable goods are used as raw materials for the production of other excisable goods. This is done to avoid double taxation.
2.2 Accounting for termination of obligations by set-off
Termination of obligations can be fulfilled different ways. In the first chapter of this work, these methods were discussed. In this paragraph, I want to talk about accounting for the termination of obligations by offsetting claims.
Set-off of mutual claims is a set-off of a counter homogeneous claim, the term of which has come or the term of which is not indicated or is determined by the moment of claim. According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, such a set-off can be carried out at the request of one party. In accounting, it is documented by posting: D 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” K 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”.
By agreement of the parties, obligations can also be set off for claims that are not the same in amount. In this case, the difference between the offset obligations will be the financial result from the fact that the obligations are terminated by the offset. The amount of the difference between the offset claims in accounting is referred to D 91 "Other income and expenses" in the case of an expense, and to K 91 "Other income and expenses" in the case of income.
2.2 Accounting for settlements when persons in an obligation change
In addition to debt repayment, civil law allows its transfer as one of the forms of changing persons in an obligation. The transfer of a debt, that is, the transfer of its obligations by the debtor to another person, is possible only with the consent of the creditor.
An essential condition of a debt transfer agreement is an indication of the specific obligation to be transferred. It should also be noted that as a result of the transfer of debt, the obligations of the old debtor are transferred to the new debtor, but not his rights under the original contract. Another feature of a debt transfer agreement is that, unlike a novation, it does not qualify as debt repayment.
There are two schemes for reflecting the transfer of debt in accounting. Consider an example: organization A transfers its debt to organization B to organization C. In both cases, the entry is first made: D 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” K 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - with the consent of organization B, the debt to it transferred to organization B. Then two options:
1. Organization B has no debt to organization A and does not acquire rights of claim against it as a result of the conclusion of an agreement - that is, the debt is transferred free of charge: D 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” K 91 “Other income and expenses” subaccount “Other income ” - other income is reflected in the form of gratuitous assumption by organization B of the debt of organization A.
2. Organization B has a debt to organization A for the same amount as the debt being transferred, after signing the agreement, mutual claims are set off: D 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” K 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” - mutual requirements between organizations A and B.

Conclusion

In the course of this work, it was found that the study of the category of obligations is necessary for accounting, since obligations accompany organizations at every step of their activities.
The essence of the concept of the obligation of the organization was clarified, the main views on this category from different industries, the main classifications of liabilities are identified. It was also shown how important the indicator of accounts payable, which is one of the most important elements of the organization's reporting, since according to this indicator it is possible to assess the financial condition of the enterprise, its efficiency and solvency. From which it was concluded that it is necessary to very clearly monitor the emergence and repayment of obligations, and therefore, keep a constant and continuous record of them. Also have been described accounting records on accounting for the organization's obligations to the budget and extra-budgetary funds for taxes and fees, the features of accounting for some forms of termination of obligations and transfer of debt are disclosed.
This information allows you to delve deeper into the essence of the concept of obligations, to realize the need for their timely and reliable accounting.
All this, according to the author, is necessary to know for a better understanding and accounting in general, since obligations are an integral part of the organization's activities.

List of used literature:

1. Civil Code Russian Federation. Parts one, two, three and four. - M .: TK Velby, Publishing House Prospekt, 2007. - 544 p.
2. Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Parts one and two. - M.: Prospekt, 2008. - 656 p.
3. Labor Code Russian Federation.
etc.................

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Introduction

The financial and economic activity of the enterprise consists of the facts of occurrence, change and termination of obligations. On the one hand, these are the obligations of the enterprise to its agents and correspondents, i.e. liabilities in which the enterprise acts as a passive party (debts to suppliers for payment of acquired values, debt to the state for taxes, unpaid wages, etc.). On the other hand, these are the obligations of agents and correspondents to the enterprise, i.e. obligations in which the enterprise is an active party (debts of buyers, obligations of employees to compensate for the damage caused to the enterprise, debt of the state to reimburse taxes and fees paid, etc.).

There is a problem of accounting for liabilities and improving the process of their assessment in enterprises.

The purpose of the work is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of accounting and evaluating the obligations of an organization in a market economy.

To achieve the goal of the work, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:

1) give the concept of obligations, their assessment, consider their classification;

2) to systematize normative acts regulating the issues of obligations;

3) identify the features of the synthetic and analytical accounting obligations;

4) Analyze the process of accounting and evaluation of liabilities on the example of OAO NPG Sady Pridonya, their reflection in the financial statements of the organization;

The subject of the course work is the obligations and their reflection in the balance sheet.

The object of the study is the obligations of OAO NPG Sady Pridonya.

The work uses such methods as observation in the form of documentation, inventory, grouping and generalization of data.

The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, defines the goals and objectives of the study.

In the first chapter of the course work, theoretical aspects identified problem.

The second chapter is of a practical nature: JSC NPG Sady Pridonya, its financial and economic activities and work are considered accounting service in terms of obligations.

In preparing the course work, normative, educational, methodological and special literature was used.

1 . Theoretical aspects of accounting and valuation of liabilities

1.1 The concept and evaluation of liabilities in accountingaccounting,and their classification

The term "obligations" in its original meaning is a relationship by virtue of which one party is obliged to perform certain actions in favor of the other party. Not all liabilities are reflected and summarized in accounting, but only debt, which are part of the property and working capital organizations (enterprises). The main types of debt obligations include accounts receivable and accounts payable.

An obligation may arise by virtue of the operation of a contract or a legal norm, as well as business customs. The repayment of obligations usually involves an outflow of the relevant assets in the form of a payment of cash or the transfer of other assets (the provision of services). The repayment of obligations can also take place in the form of replacing obligations of one type with another, converting obligations into capital, and withdrawing claims from the creditor. The obligations of the organization are classified according to various criteria: subjects, types, maturity, etc.

In the classification by entities, one should distinguish between obligations to the owner of the organization and obligations to third parties. Obligations to the owner are of two types: arising from the initial and subsequent contributions of the owners to the authorized (share) capital (fund). These obligations are accounted for on account 80 "Authorized capital" and are reflected in the balance sheet under the same item; arising in the course of the organization's activities. They are accounted for on accounts 82 “Reserve capital”, 83 “ Extra capital", 84 " retained earnings (uncovered loss)” and are reflected in the relevant articles balance sheet. These types of obligations to owners in the aggregate form the concept of " equity". Liabilities to third parties are debts on loans and borrowings, various types accounts payable (to suppliers and contractors, to subsidiaries and affiliates, to the organization's personnel, etc.) and other liabilities. In the aggregate, obligations to third parties form the concept of "loan capital". These liabilities are reflected in sections IV and V of the balance sheet.

The division of liabilities into equity and borrowed capital is of great practical importance in terms of the maturity of these liabilities. Obligations constituting equity capital are not subject to repayment during the life of the organization, while debt capital obligations must be repaid at the appropriate time.

Current liabilities are liabilities that must be met within a year or the company's normal operating cycle, whichever is longer. Current (short-term) liabilities - liabilities for goods and services purchased but not paid, unpaid taxes and any other accruals and expenses, as well as advances received, prepayment, commercial acceptance, bills payable, short-term loans, the current part of long-term liabilities. Current responsibility must be repaid within 1 year.

Long-term obligations are obligations that must be met in a period of more than one year or operating cycle after the date of the report. Short-term liabilities often include a part of long-term liabilities that must be repaid in the reporting period. Long-term liabilities (over 1 year) include term loans from banks, insurance companies, issuance of bonds, unsecured promissory notes or bills of exchange. Since the exact interest rate bonds cannot be predicted, they are sold at a premium or at a discount.

Liabilities, in general, are divided into actual, estimated and contingent.

Actual obligations arise from an agreement, contract or on the basis of legislation, their amount can be strictly and unambiguously calculated. These include settlement accounts with suppliers, short-term bills payable, dividends payable, excise duty payable, shares of long-term debt payable in the current period, wage obligations, income received in advance.

Estimated liabilities are liabilities Exact sum which cannot be determined before a certain date. Examples of estimated liabilities are income tax debt, property tax debt, warranty obligations, a reserve for vacation pay.

Contingent liabilities are non-existent liabilities and may or may not become real liabilities depending on whether or not certain events arising from past transactions occur in the future. Contingent liabilities arise in the event of deferred litigation, in tax disputes, in the presence of discounted notes payable, guaranteeing the debts of another company, violation of government regulations. A contingent liability is recognized in the financial statements if two conditions are met:

1) it must be probable;

2) its value can be quantitatively reliably estimated.

If these conditions are not met, then information about contingent liabilities should be reflected in the notes to the financial statements.

There are three main types of wage obligations: wage obligations; obligations to withhold taxes and other payments from wages; payroll tax liability.

Now, consider the assessment of liabilities. Distinguish between exact and assessable obligations: for exact obligations, the amount of their repayment is known in advance - debt on bank loans, on accepted accounts of suppliers, etc.; for assessed obligations, the amount of their repayment is not known in advance - it is determined taking into account the actual conditions. Liabilities are assessed by the organization for their reflection in accounting and financial statements in monetary terms. The assessment is carried out in monetary terms by summing up the actual expenses incurred. The organization evaluates property, liabilities and business transactions in the currency in force on the territory of the Russian Federation - in rubles.

Accounting entries for currency accounts organization, as well as its operations in foreign currency, are made in the currency in force on the territory of the Russian Federation, in amounts determined by converting foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, effective on the date of the transactions. At the same time, these entries are made in the currency of settlements and payments. Accounting records of liabilities may be kept in amounts rounded up to whole rubles. The arising sum differences can be attributed to the financial results of the organization or the increase (decrease) in financing (funds) of the budgetary organization.

1.2 Regulatory regulation of accounting and valuation of liabilities

The Russian Federation has created a four-level system of regulatory accounting. The document of the first, highest, level is the Federal Law "On Accounting". Separate rules governing accounting are contained in other legislative acts: the Civil, Labor, Budget and Tax Codes of the Russian Federation.

The Federal Law "On Accounting" defines the role and place of accounting in the system of legislative acts of the Russian Federation, its goals and objectives, general methods of conducting and regulatory regulation, duties and responsibilities of organizations for the order and state of accounting and reporting.

Second level. Normative documents of the second level of regulation include the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting, the Regulations (standards) on accounting of individual accounting objects. The main purpose of such provisions is to reveal the legal and methodological norms enshrined in the Law "On Accounting". The Regulations are general instructions for the accounting of business transactions and its organization in enterprises and institutions, the rules for compiling, presenting and publishing financial statements.

The fourth level consists of guidelines and recommendations for organizing and maintaining accounting records for certain types of property, liabilities, and other business transactions. The recommendations are designed to help the accountant organize the accounting process, draw up internal instructions for the enterprise and other local regulatory documents on maintaining primary documentation, accounting registration and generalization of data. Normative documents of the fourth level are not mandatory for general application. Their purpose is different - to determine the rules for the rational organization of accounting using progressive forms and methods of accounting for each organization to choose options that are acceptable to it. Documents of this level, which are formed directly in organizations and constitute a system of internal norms and instructions that reflect the specifics of this organization, are provided for in Article 6 of the Law "On Accounting".

The outlined structure of regulatory accounting is a well-thought-out system of regulations on accounting and reporting.

Regarding the accounting and evaluation of liabilities, the following legal acts can be distinguished:

2) Regulation on accounting "Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets" (PBU8/2010);

3) Regulation on accounting "Accounting for assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency" (PBU 3/2006);

4) Regulation on accounting "Changes in estimated values" (PBU 21/2008).

The general principle applied to the accounting and valuation of liabilities is contained in Art. 11 of Federal Law No. 402-FZ, which states that liabilities are subject to inventory, and liabilities must be assessed by an autonomous institution for their reflection in accounting and financial statements in monetary terms.

The Accounting Regulation “Estimated Liabilities, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets” (PBU8/2010) establishes the procedure for reflecting estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets in the accounting and reporting of organizations (with the exception of credit institutions, state (municipal) institutions) that are legal entities under the laws of the Russian Federation. (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 14, 2012 No. 23n).

In accordance with it, an obligation of an organization with an indefinite amount and (or) due date may arise: a) from the norms of legislative and other regulatory legal acts, court decisions, contracts; b) actions by the entity that, as a result of past practice or statements by the entity, indicate to others that the entity is assuming certain responsibilities and, as a result, those individuals have a reasonable expectation that the entity will fulfill those responsibilities.

An estimated liability is recognized in accounting if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

a) the organization has an obligation resulting from past events in its economic life, the fulfillment of which the organization cannot avoid. When an entity has doubts about the existence of such a liability, the entity recognizes a provision if, after considering all the circumstances and conditions, including expert opinion, it is more likely than not that the liability exists;

b) the decrease in the economic benefits of the organization, necessary for the fulfillment of the estimated obligation, probably;

c) the value of the estimated liability can be reasonably estimated.

Clauses 6 and 9 of PBU 8/2010 specify the conditions for recognizing an estimated liability.

Estimated liabilities are reflected in the account of reserves for future expenses. When an estimated liability is recognized, depending on its nature, the amount of the estimated liability is charged to expenses for ordinary activities or other expenses, or included in the cost of the asset.

Estimated liability is recognized in the accounting of the organization in the amount that reflects the most reliable monetary estimate of the costs necessary for the settlement of this liability. The most reliable estimate of expenses is the amount required directly for the fulfillment (repayment) of the obligation as of the reporting date or for the transfer of the obligation to another person as of the reporting date.

The Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Assets and Liabilities Denominated in Foreign Currency" (PBU 3/2006) regulates the specifics of accounting for property (assets) and liabilities of organizations, the value of which is denominated in foreign currency. The peculiarities are the need to recalculate the value of these accounting items in rubles at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, effective on the date of the transaction in foreign currency.

The Accounting Regulation “Changes in Estimated Values” (PBU 21/2008) indicates that a change in an estimated value is an adjustment to the value of an asset (liability) or a value reflecting the repayment of the value of an asset, due to the emergence of new information, which is made based on an assessment of the current state of affairs in organization, expected future benefits and liabilities, and is not a correction of an accounting error.

A change in the way assets and liabilities are valued is not a change in the estimated value.

If any change in accounting data cannot be unambiguously classified as a change in accounting policy or a change in an estimated value, then for the purposes of accounting it is recognized as a change in an estimated value.

In the explanatory note to the financial statements, the organization must disclose the following information about the change in the estimated value: the content of the change that affected the financial statements for this reporting period; the content of the change that will affect the financial statements for future periods, unless it is impossible to estimate the impact of the change on the financial statements for future periods. The fact of the impossibility of such an assessment is also subject to disclosure.

1.3 Synthetic and analytical liability accounting

in accounting to obtain various information There are three types of accounts. According to their level of detail, they are divided into synthetic, analytical and sub-accounts.

Synthetic accounting - accounting of generalized accounting data on the types of property, liabilities and business transactions on certain economic grounds, which is maintained on synthetic accounting accounts.

Analytical accounting - accounting that is maintained in personal and other analytical accounts of accounting, grouping detailed information about property, liabilities and business transactions within each synthetic account.

Synthetic and analytical accounting are organized so that their indicators control each other and eventually coincide, which is why records are kept in parallel; entries on the accounts of analytical accounting are made on the basis of the same documents as the entries on the accounts synthetic accounting, but with more detail.

Of the entire range of liabilities in which the enterprise acts as an active and passive entity, those liabilities that are included in the categories of assets and liabilities, i.e., receivables (asset) and payables (liabilities) are shown in accounting.

Accounts receivable are understood as amounts of cash or monetary value of other assets due to be received by the enterprise. Under accounts payable, the amount of money or the amount of the monetary value of other assets due for payment (transfer) by the enterprise.

The basis for the emergence of obligations may be: contract; law; tort. As a general rule, obligations arising from an agreement concluded by an enterprise are reflected in accounting records from the moment one of its parties begins to execute the agreement.

So, for example, two enterprises enter into a supply agreement on the terms of subsequent payment for goods. Since the conclusion of the contract, the organizations - participants in the transaction already have obligations. For the seller, this is an obligation to transfer the goods within the established time frame in full compliance with the terms of the contract on the quantity, quality, completeness of the goods, packaging, etc. For the buyer, this is an obligation to accept the goods and pay for them within the terms established by the contract. These obligations are assumed by the parties to the contract, the need to fulfill them is unconditional, and for failure to fulfill the law and, as a rule, the contract provides for a certain responsibility of the party that violated the obligation.

The fact of concluding a supply contract will not be reflected in the accounting of its parties at all. From the moment the company-seller begins to fulfill the contract, the accounting of the buyer organization, simultaneously with the reflection of the fact of acquiring ownership of the goods, will also record the obligation to pay for them. At the same time, the records presented in Table 1.1 are compiled.

Table 1.1. Reflection of liabilities in the accounting of the organization-buyer

		Account correspondence

	Reflected the cost of purchasing goods
	VAT included on the amount of purchased goods

In the accounting of the seller organization, the obligation of the buyer of goods will also be reflected only after the start of the execution of the contract, i.e. after the transfer to the buyer of the consignment of goods. In this case, the amount of the buyer's debt will be recorded as income (revenue) from the sale of goods that have become the property of the buyer.

A similar procedure applies when the contract in question contains a condition on advance payment for goods by the buyer. Until the moment of execution of the contract, the fact of its conclusion will not be reflected in the accounting of its parties. Simultaneously with the transfer (receipt) of money, the accounting records of the parties to the contract will reflect: the buyer - the seller's debt for the transfer of goods; the seller has an obligation to the buyer to transfer valuables. The parties will reflect the business transactions indicated in table 1.2.

Table 1.2. Reflection of obligations in the accounting of the parties to the contract

		Account correspondence

Accounting with the purchasing organization
	Reflected the amount of debt, including VAT
	The amount of transferred money is reflected with VAT
	The cost of goods is taken into account according to the acceptance documents
Accounting with the seller
	Receipt of funds
	The cost of shipped goods is taken into account

accounting liability accounting

It should be noted that in this case, in the accounting of the enterprises of the seller and the buyer, the non-monetary obligation will be reflected in the settlement accounts - the obligation to transfer things-goods in its monetary value equal to the price of the goods. According to the methodology prescribed by the Chart of Accounts, real property under the control of the enterprise (in its possession), but not owned by it, is reflected in special off-balance accounts.

As for the goods that have already been transferred (shipped) to the buyer, but due to the terms of the contract until a certain moment they do not become his property, they are reflected in the accounting records of the seller organization on a special account 45 “Goods shipped”. An example of an exception to the rule of accounting for contractual obligations from the moment the relevant transactions are executed, but of a different kind, is the procedure for accounting for settlements under the memorandum of association established by the Chart of Accounts.

The first entries in the accounting of an established legal entity are entries reflecting the value of its authorized capital, the amount of the assessment of the property contributed at the time of the establishment of the company and the debt of the founders for making the contributions specified in the memorandum of association. For the amount of the assessment in the constituent agreement of the contributions of the founders, not made at the time of registration of the legal entity, an entry is made: Debit 75; Credit 80 - The value of the authorized capital and the debt of the founders for its payment are reflected.

Unlike contractual obligations, the direct basis of which is the law, are reflected in accounting from the moment they arise, regardless of the degree of fulfillment. The most striking example of such obligations reflected in accounting are the obligations of the enterprise to pay taxes and the obligations of the state to the enterprise to reimburse the amounts of tax payments.

So, for example, in accordance with Chap. 21 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, if in the order on accounting policy for tax purposes ( tax policy) “shipment” of goods (works, services) is selected as the moment of recognition of obligations to the budget for VAT, then the seller, when reflecting the sale of goods in the amount of the obligation to pay VAT, makes an entry in the budget: Debit 90.3 “Value added tax”; Credit 68. Thus, the very fact of the occurrence of an obligation, the source of which is tax law, regardless of its (obligation) performance. The amount of VAT is recorded in the accounting of the organization that paid the tax to suppliers. Posting is made: Debit 68; Credit 19 for the amount of VAT recoverable.

A tort is the basis for the emergence of an obligation only in the case when the tort damage is subject to compensation by the person who caused it, or by someone else for this person. In this case, the amount of the obligation is determined not by the amount of damage, but by the amount of its compensation. Hence, the obligation, the basis of which is a tort, arises from the moment of recognition of the obligation to compensate for the tort damage either by the person who caused it, or by the court on the basis of the claim of the person who suffered the damage. Thus, the loss of inventory items through the fault of material responsible person, i.e. the actual fact of the tort will be reflected in the accounting of the enterprise by the entry: Debit 94; Credit 41 for book value of valuables.

The obligation of the materially responsible person to compensate for damage must be reflected in the accounting on the basis of the relevant document. In this case, an entry is made: Debit 73/2 “Calculations for compensation for material damage”; Credit 94 for the book value of lost valuables or the amount due to be received.

The amount of compensation for damage differs from its assessment in the accounting prices of the lost property. So if employment contract with the person who caused the damage does not contain a condition on his full liability, the amount of damage to be compensated will be limited to the average monthly salary of the employee. If an agreement on full liability is signed with the employee, the cost of the lost goods, by decision of the head of the organization, is recovered based on their selling prices.

In the first case, the difference between the full amount of damage and its recoverable amount as a loss of the enterprise will be written off by the entry: Debit 91/2 “Other expenses”; Credit 94. In the second case, an entry is made for the difference between the liability of the financially responsible person and the amount of damage in the assessment at the book value of the lost goods: Debit 73/2 “Calculations for compensation of material damage”; Loan 91/1 "Other income".

Thus, the main aspects of the synthetic and analytical accounting of obligations were considered.

2. The procedure for accounting and valuation of liabilities in OJSCNPG "Gardens of Pridonya"

2.1 Brief economic characteristic activities of OJSC« NPG "Gardens Pridonya»

open Joint-Stock Company“National Food Group “Gardens of Pridonya”, established in accordance with the agreement on the establishment of the Society dated October 03, 2005 No. 1.

Location of the company: 403027, Russian Federation, Volgograd region, Gorodishchensky district, pos. Gardens of the Don.

The authorized capital of the Company is 572,119,000 (Five hundred seven hundred and two million one hundred nineteen thousand) rubles. It consists of 572,119 (Five hundred and seventy-two thousand, one hundred and nineteen) ordinary registered shares with a par value of 1,000 (One thousand) rubles each.

The share of the founders: 1) Sady Pridonya JSC - 477839 shares in the amount of 477839 thousand rubles; 2) Gesta Limited (Gesta Limited) - 94280 shares in the amount of 94280 thousand rubles.

The main activities of the Company are:

Agricultural production

Processing of agricultural products

Sales of manufactured and processed products

Production and sale of baby food

Production and sale of juice products and other drinks

Storage and sale of agricultural products

Wholesale and retail trade in food products

Trading, trade-purchasing, intermediary, commission activity, including the organization of enterprises retail, marketing research and market analysis of goods and services

Investments through the creation of new enterprises or the acquisition of blocks of shares (shares, shares) of existing enterprises

Forwarding service

Organization of public catering

Foreign economic activity

The main indicators of the financial and economic activities of JSC National Food Group Sady Pridonya are presented in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1. Main indicators of financial and economic activity of OAO NPG Sady Pridonya

Name of indicator	During the reporting period	Behind same period previous year

Cost of sales
Gross profit (loss)
Selling expenses
Management expenses
Profit (loss) from sales
Income from participation in other organizations
Interest receivable
Percentage to be paid
Other income
other expenses
Profit (loss) before tax
Current income tax
Change in deferred tax assets

Net income (loss)

The volume of sales of agricultural products of own production and products of its processing in the income from the sale of goods (products), works, services (including other revenue) is 79%. In 2011 JSC NPG Sady Pridonya sold products of its own production in the amount of 193,742 thousand rubles.

According to table 2.1. it can be said that in OAO NPG Sady Pridonya, relative to 2010, the proceeds from the sale of goods, works, services in 2011 increased by 1.92 times, and amounted to 211,355 thousand rubles, while in 2011 production costs decreased by 1.2 times.

According to the results of work for 2011, the Company received a profit in the amount of 28,291 thousand rubles. In 2011, the Company received subsidies from the budget in the amount of 25,082 thousand rubles, including 7,164 thousand rubles from the budget of the constituent entities, federal budget in the amount of 17,918 thousand rubles. The subsidies were spent on the establishment and cultivation of perennial plantings in the amount of 16,997 thousand rubles, on compensation of part of the crop insurance costs in the amount of 5,521 thousand rubles, and for other purposes (including compensation of electricity costs) in the amount of 2,564 thousand rubles . (from the explanatory note to the financial statements for 2011).

Compound accounts receivable.

The amount of short-term accounts receivable as of December 31, 2011 decreased by 3,863 thousand rubles and amounted to 105,238 thousand rubles. Of these, there are no arrears.

Composition of accounts payable.

Accounts payable as of December 31, 2011 Compared to 2010, it increased by 123,352 thousand rubles. mainly at the expense of a long-term loan received from OAO Sady Pridonya in the amount of 123,255 thousand rubles. There are no overdue accounts payable.

The availability of fixed assets as of December 31, 2011 increased compared to 2010 by 164,045 thousand rubles. mainly due to the commissioning of a warehouse complex for the storage of agricultural products in the amount of 77,414 thousand rubles. and perennial plantings (young gardens) in the amount of 40,520 thousand rubles. Agricultural land was purchased in the amount of 5614 thousand rubles. (from the explanatory note to the financial statements for 2011).

Thus, we can say that OAO NPG Sady Pridonya is working effectively today, as the company has shown profit for the reporting period and a noticeable decrease in receivables.

2.2 Features of accounting and valuation of liabilities in OJSC« NPG"Gardens of the Don"

Responsibility for the organization, condition and reliability of accounting in the company, timely submission of the annual report and other financial statements to the relevant authorities, as well as information about the company's activities submitted to shareholders, creditors and funds mass media carried by the President of the Society.

The main internal regulatory act of the enterprise is the Accounting Policy, which is drawn up in accordance with PBU 1/2010 "Accounting Policy of the Organization". It defines all issues related to the organization of accounting and tax accounting, including a working chart of accounts, job descriptions for accounting employees, the procedure for reflecting information from all areas of accounting, reporting, the company's taxation system is indicated, as well as the procedure for conducting an inventory of property and liabilities.

The accounting service consists of accounting employees reporting to the chief accountant.

For processing accounting information installed at the enterprise automated form accounting for the program 1C "Enterprise" 8.

The tasks of the accounting service of OAO NPG Sady Pridonya are the following main provisions: ensuring the completeness, reliability and timeliness of execution of primary accounting documents reflecting the fact of business transactions; formation of consolidated accounting documents, accounting and tax registers, which are compiled on the basis of primary accounting documents to control and streamline the processing of data on business transactions; application unified forms primary accounting documentation, as well as the forms established by Appendix No. 7 to this accounting policy; compliance, in without fail, the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation and this provision on accounting policy for the purposes of accounting and tax accounting by all divisions of the accounting service.

In addition to the Accounting Policy, an enterprise workflow schedule has been developed, which includes the procedure for creating document forms, their movement, approval and archiving. Since the accounting policy is the main document regulating the accounting and tax accounting of an enterprise, it aims to organize a well-thought-out document flow, improve accounting work, as well as within the legal framework to optimize the amount of tax deductions.

Accounting for liabilities for their subsequent assessment at the enterprise is carried out by double entry on interrelated accounts in accordance with the chart of accounts of the financial and economic activities of the organization and instructions for its use approved by the Ministry of Finance RF dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n, as well as by the order "On Accounting Policy" of the enterprise.

Assessment of liabilities in OAO NPG Sady Pridonya involves:

1. Assessment of liabilities as of the date of submission of financial statements;

2. Assessment of the amount of liabilities identified before the date of presentation of financial statements and relating to the period for which financial statements are prepared;

3. Reflection of estimated liabilities as of the date of preparation of financial statements;

4. Recalculation of liabilities in rubles as of the date of preparation of financial statements, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency (reflection of exchange rate differences);

5. Reflection of obligations in financial statements.

Accounting for liabilities in OAO NPG Sady Pridonya is carried out on the accounts of section IV of the Chart of Accounts - “Settlements”.

Let's consider the main business operations of OAO NPG Sady Pridonya.

Sady Pridonya OJSC sells a batch of its products for 300,000 rubles. According to the terms of the contract, the invoice will be paid by the buyer in 2 months. The profit percentage used in the calculation is 20%. Consequently, if the enterprise, without waiting for two months, would receive this money immediately, it would be able to earn an additional 60,000 rubles. arrived.

Based on an average rate of return of 20%, we can assume that the cost of sales for 300,000 rubles. products amounted to 250,000 rubles.

Accordingly, when reflecting the sale in accounting, a profit of 50,000 rubles was shown. The following entries were made:

1) Debit 62 Credit 90/1 "Revenue" - 300,000 rubles;

2) Debit 90/2 "Cost of sales" Credit 43 - 250,000 rubles;

3) Debit 90 subaccount "Profit / loss on sales" Credit 99 - 50,000 rubles.

However, taking into account the established payment deadline for products, the losses of Sady Pridonya OJSC on the time value of money will amount to 60,000 rubles. And, therefore, from an economic point of view, the result of this particular transaction for the enterprise is not a profit of 50,000 rubles, but a loss of 10,000 rubles. (60,000 - 50,000 = 10,000).

Based on this, we can conclude that, either while maintaining this rate of return, the enterprise should revise the terms of the contracts concluded on the terms of payment for products, or, while maintaining the terms on the terms of payment, revise the terms on the price.

Sady Pridonya OJSC sold a batch of goods at a price of 120,000 rubles. An entry is made in the accounting records of the seller organization: Debit 62 Credit 90.1 "Revenue" - 120,000 rubles.

Let's say the goods will be paid in three months. During this period of time, inflation and missed opportunities to use this money in circulation will significantly depreciate this amount, because. "A ruble today is always more than a ruble tomorrow."

However, these, from an economic point of view, losses actually received during the period of waiting for payment on the time value of funds will not find any reflection in accounting.

Upon receipt three months later, significantly depreciated 120 thousand rubles. an entry will be made in the accounting for this amount: Debit 51 Credit 62 - 120 thousand rubles.

However, if due to, for example, a revision of the terms of the contract, the parties change the amount of the obligation to pay for the goods, this fact, from the moment the amount of the debt changes, will be reflected both in the seller’s accounting (account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”), and in accounting of the buyer (account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”) of goods.

2.3 Reflection of liabilities in the financial statements of OJSC« NPG "Gardens of Pridonya"

Financial statements - a set of interrelated indicators, presented in appropriately approved forms, the results of the enterprise's work for the past reporting period. Accounting statements consist of interrelated forms, forming the volume of their constituent indicators single system information about the financial condition of the organization. The value of financial statements is determined by the requirements for it.

Financial statements must meet the following requirements: reliability, integrity, timeliness, simplicity, verifiability, comparability, cost-effectiveness, compliance with strictly established formalization and publicity procedures. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Reliability is based not only on accounting information, but also on other types of accounting, primarily statistical accounting. Violation this approach makes it impossible to draw up a business plan, as well as the operational management of property at various levels of economic activity. This condition requires comparability of reporting and planned indicators.

In order to ensure comparability of accounting data, changes in accounting policies should be introduced from the beginning of the financial year.

If there is no such comparability, then the data for the period preceding the reporting period are subject to adjustment. In this case, one should be guided by the provisions established by the current regulations of the system of regulatory accounting regulation in the Russian Federation. This is the methodological unity of reporting indicators. The adjustment itself and the methodology for its implementation should be disclosed in the explanatory note to the balance sheet and the report on financial results along with the reasons for the adjustment.

The reliability of financial statements is enhanced by its integrity, i.e. it should include indicators of financial and economic activity, both of the enterprise itself and of its branches, representative offices and other structural divisions, including allocated to independent balance sheets. The integrity or completeness of reporting allows you to make more informed management decisions. To this end, the data of synthetic and analytical accounting must be confirmed by the results of the inventory and the conclusion of an independent audit organization.

Timeliness involves the submission of relevant financial statements to the appropriate addresses on time. Organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms of ownership (with the exception of budget ones), are required to submit quarterly financial statements within 30 days after the end of the previous quarter. Annual financial statements are submitted within 90 days after the end of the year, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. It must be approved in the manner prescribed by the constituent documents of the owner. Reporting submitted in violation deadlines, loses its meaning.

Currently, the Accounting Regulation “Accounting Statements of an Organization” (PBU 4/99) (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated September 18, 2006 No. 115n, dated November 8, 2010 No. 142n) is in force, which determines the procedure for presenting and disclosing information about obligations companies, including the balance sheet.

So, the balance sheet characterizes the financial position of the organization as of the reporting date. Liabilities, like assets, in the balance sheet are presented with a subdivision depending on the maturity (maturity) for short-term and long-term. Liabilities are reflected in the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

From the data presented in the appendix, we can conclude that by 2012 the long-term liabilities of the Company increased by 34.16%, and short-term liabilities increased by 6.86% (compared to 2010 by 48.9%), which generally indicates that the company received cash at its disposal from various sources in a larger amount than it was done in the previous period.

Accounts receivable decreased compared to previous period by 3.54% (by 37% compared to 2010), which indicates the effectiveness of the organization.

Accounts payable increased by 0.34% compared to previous year and reduced by 42.68% compared to 2010. Deferred income at the reporting date increased by 12.3% compared to the previous year. This effect is primarily due to the fact that there is a financial risk of attracting borrowed money as sources of funding. It consists in not getting enough cash flows to finance loan repayments and make current payments related to production activities and other necessary obligations, as well as unprofitable use of borrowed funds. One of the main directions of the issuer's contractual policy with the buyers of fruits is to reduce the terms of the turnover of funds, if possible - settlements with buyers on the terms of advance payment for the delivered fruits. To exclude unprofitable use of borrowed funds, all necessary calculations are made on the basis of financial and economic data, conditions under contracts with buyers and suppliers of products in force for the period of settlement of credit obligations.

3. Improving the mechanism for recording and evaluating liabilities inJSC« NPG "Gardens of the Don»

In the process of studying the financial and economic activities of OAO NPG Sady Pridonya, errors were identified that occur in the process of accounting for liabilities. Their main share lies in documenting the operations of the enterprise.

These include:

Errors in the reflection period, when a business transaction carried out in one reporting period is reflected in accounting and reporting in the next period. Most often they arise due to untimely receipt of accompanying documents from counterparties - waybills, invoices, etc.;

Errors in the correspondence of accounts, expressed in the compilation of incorrect entries that distort economic essence transactions carried out;

Errors in the assessment of liabilities associated with a violation of the established rules for determining the initial and actual cost;

Errors in the presentation of information in the reporting (balance on settlement accounts 60,62,76,71).

Attempts to reflect the obligations of the enterprise in accounting, based on the principle of the time value of money, run into methodological difficulties due to the boundaries of the information content of the double entry.

The idea is to show the increase in the amount of the liability, in monetary terms, relative to the amount actually due. At the same time, the difference between the face value of the debt - the amount due to be received according to the agreement, and the amount of the obligation, revalued taking into account its maturity and the rate of return of the economic entity, should be shown in accounting as an expense formed due to the time value of money factor.

In the current accounting legislation, the obligations of the enterprise are interpreted through the category "settlements". In the Chart of Accounts for accounting of the financial and economic activities of organizations to take into account the state and dynamics of the enterprise's settlements, i.e. its receivables and payables are allocated a special group of accounts - settlement accounts or billing accounts.

In the example of chapter 2.3, the amount of the initial obligation reflected on account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” should be reassessed to 360,000 rubles, and when repayment of the debt by the buyer is reflected, 60,000 rubles. should be written off from account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” as expenses due to the time value of money factor.

However, this scheme lacks the most important link - the account corresponding with account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" according to the entry reflecting the increase in the amount of debt in "today's" money. Here we are confronted with the principle of additionality operating within the framework of double-entry bookkeeping, according to which, the more accurate the assessment in accounting receives any indicator, the less accurate the assessment is received by the indicator directly related to it.

A special case of this principle is the rule according to which any revaluation of an asset leads to a change in the value of the enterprise's own sources of funds by the corresponding amount. Thus, in the framework of double-entry bookkeeping, the reflection of the growth in the amount of debt in cash, characterized by a value relative to the current point in time, necessarily implies a reflection in profit accounting. At the same time, the task of such a revaluation, as we have shown above, on the contrary, is to show the resulting losses. Consequently, when revaluing debts in order to demonstrate the loss of value of debts over time, we are faced with the problem of the method of such revaluation within the framework of a double entry.

The choice of methodological techniques for presenting information about the obligations of the enterprise in the financial statements determines the results of almost all areas of its analysis. financial condition. Such methods, in addition to choosing the moment of recognition, we can include the assessment of liabilities and their grouping.

Thus, the impact of the methods of accounting for the obligations of an enterprise on the assessment of its profitability is expressed in the fact that the income of the enterprise actually represents the sum of the obligations of its counterparties that arose during the reporting period, and the expenses - the sum of the obligations of the enterprise to its counterparties. The financial stability of an enterprise or the degree of its dependence on attracted sources of financing is determined by comparing the volume of own sources of funds with the volume of attracted sources of funds.

Conclusion

In conditions financial crisis and inflation, the optimization of the management of receivables and payables is becoming increasingly important. In the current economic conditions, it is difficult to cooperate with consumers without providing them with a deferred payment (commercial loan), and also the immobilization of working capital is especially unprofitable for the organization. After analyzing such concepts as "loan", "credit", "debt", "debt", "borrowing", in modern conditions in accounting and analytical practice, it is necessary to pay attention Special attention on the concept of "obligation", which implies debt, both receivable and payable.

Having examined the essence of the above concepts, we can also conclude that in scientific circulation, an obligation should be used as a civil legal relationship drawn up by an agreement, by virtue of which the debtor is obliged to perform a certain action in favor of the creditor or refrain from a certain action, and the creditor has the right to demand from debtor to fulfill his obligation.

Grouped on analytical accounts detailed information about the obligations within each synthetic account. According to analytical accounting, you can monitor the implementation of settlements with each supplier, contractor, worker, debtor, creditor, accountable person etc., for the presence of accounts payable and receivable to business entities.

This course work highlights the issues of accounting and evaluation of the obligations of the organization and their reflection in the balance sheet. In the course of the study, the theoretical and practical aspects of the identified problem were worked out. The obligations of the enterprise in a market economy are studied, the concept, classification is given. The procedure for providing information about the obligations of the company in the balance sheet is reflected, as well as the regulations governing the formation and provision of information about the obligations of the enterprise as part of the reporting.

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The essence of short-term debt

Components of current liabilities

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