Report
By geography
Pupils 11 B class GBOU No. 45
Shokina Nina
Theme: “Vatican”
I Introduction
II. Physical location
III. Economic and geographical position
IV. Story
V. Coat of arms and flag
VI. Natural resources
VII. Transport
VIII. culture
IX. Population
X Religion
XI. Industry
XII. Agriculture
XIII. Tourism and attractions
XIV. Foreign policy
XVI. Conclusion
Physical location
The miniature state of the Vatican is located in the western part of the capital of Italy - Rome, on the hill of Monte Vatican. The territory of the Vatican, almost along the entire perimeter surrounded by medieval walls, includes religious and palace complexes, gardens, museums, art galleries and administrative buildings. Formally, the Italian-Vatican border passes through St. Peter's Square, but it is not marked on the ground. On the principles of extraterritoriality, the Vatican owns a number of facilities and institutions located outside its borders, incl. the Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano in Rome other famous churches in Rome, the radio station in Santa Maria di Gallery, the Pope's summer residence in Castel Gandolfo. Have the same status educational establishments: Pontifical Gregorian University "Grigorianum" (founded in 1553), Pope Urban University (founded in 1627), Pontifical Lateran University (founded in 1824), Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas "Angelicum" (founded in 1909) and the Pontifical Salesian University (founded in 1940). In addition, the Vatican has land holdings in Italy and Spain.
Economic and geographical position
The State of Vatican City is a sovereign state located in the western part of Rome, but completely independent of Italy. Both in terms of area and number of inhabitants, the Vatican is the smallest independent state in the world. The population of the Vatican is about 800 people, of which over 450 have Vatican citizenship. The main sources of income for the Vatican are tourism and donations from Catholics. Mostly Italians work in the Vatican. The citizens of the Vatican mostly serve the church. Revenues (according to 2003 data) amounted to 252 million US dollars, expenses - 264 million. The budget of the Vatican is 310 million US dollars.
Story
recent history Vatican City begins on February 11, 1929, when the Lateran Accords were concluded between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, which laid the foundation for the State of the City of Vatican City. However, this event was preceded by centuries of political activity of the Roman Church, which has been observed in fact from the very moment of the legalization of the Christian religion by Emperor Constantine. Initially, the secular power of the Bishop of Rome extended to land holdings received as a gift from wealthy Roman families and formed the so-called. Patrimony (Patrimonium) of St. Peter, and was carried out within the framework of the Roman Empire; however, from the VIII century, the Pope becomes the head of an independent Church State, which lasted until the unification of Italy in 1870.
The Ecclesiastical State (Papal States) consisted of territories in which, for more than 1000 years, the authority of the Pope as a secular ruler was recognized. The expression "Patrimonium Sancti Petri" ("Fiefdom of St. Peter") originally meant land holdings and various kinds of income of the Church of St. Peter in Rome. Until the middle of the 8th c. it consisted exclusively of private estates, but later this term was applied to the Ecclesiastical State, and, in a narrower sense, to the Roman ducat.
Coat of arms and flag
The coat of arms of the Vatican - on a red shield the keys, one gold and one silver, crossed in the shape of a St. Andrew's cross, with beards turned upward and outward. The keys are tied with a cord, usually red or blue, the two ends of which come down from the handles. The keys are crowned with a tiara.
Crossed keys surmounted by a tiara are also the coat of arms of the Holy See and the background element for the personal coat of arms of the Pope (Benedict XVI for the first time refused to use the tiara in his own coat of arms, replacing it with a bishop's mitre). The symbolism of the coat of arms is based on the Gospel and is represented by the keys given to the Apostle Peter by Christ.
The pontifical flag of the State of the City of Vatican City consists of an equilateral panel divided into two equal vertical parts - yellow (at the pole) and white, in the center of which are two crossed keys (gold and silver), connected with a red cord and crowned with a tiara. The shaft ends in a point, decorated with ribbons of the same colors as the flag, and trimmed with gold thread.
Natural resources
The Vatican is located in the central part of the Apennine Peninsula and is surrounded on all sides by the territory of Rome. This location does not allow the city-state to have its own Natural resources.
The country's source of income is donations from Catholics from all over the world, proceeds from fees for visiting museums, tourists buying souvenirs, postage stamps, Vatican euro coins. Citizens of the Vatican serve the Catholic Church, and Italians work in museums.
Transport
You will not be surprised if you learn that the main transport of the country is on foot. For obvious reasons, there is no airport here, but there is a helipad. There is also a railway, 600 meters long, connected to railways Italy and railway station.
culture
The culture of the Vatican is of great independent importance. Buildings such as St. Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel are home to some of the world's most famous art, which includes works by artists such as Botticelli, Bernini and Michelangelo. The Vatican Library and the collections of the Vatican Museums are of the highest historical, scientific and cultural importance. In 1984, the Vatican was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The Vatican is the de facto custodian of the Latin language through the Pontifical Academy of Latin. An important result of the activities of her predecessor, the Latinitas Foundation, is the regular production of a Latin dictionary of recent neologisms, the Resentis Latinitatis Lexicon.
Tourism and pilgrimage - important factor V Everyday life Vatican. The Pope has weekly audiences on Wednesdays at 10:30 a.m. (local time), serves public masses, and addresses the solemn message to the "City and the World" at Christmas and Easter (the first address of this kind occurs immediately after the election of the Great Pontiff). Public papal masses are held in St. Peter's Basilica or in St. Peter's Square in front of the cathedral.
Population
The population of the Vatican is about 800 people, of which over 450 have Vatican citizenship, while the rest have permission for temporary or permanent residence in the State without granting them citizenship.
About half of the citizens of the Vatican do not live in the State, but in other countries, primarily for official reasons (this applies especially to diplomatic personnel). Acquisition and loss of Vatican citizenship, permission to stay in the territory of the Vatican and the formalities regarding access to this territory are governed by special rules adopted in accordance with the Lateran Accords.
Vatican citizenship is granted to persons whose activities are related to public service in the Vatican. At the end of this service, citizenship is usually lost, it is not hereditary. Under the Lateran Accords, if a person who has lost Vatican citizenship cannot be considered under Italian law as having any other nationality, he is treated as having Italian citizenship. 
The spouse of a citizen of the Vatican, as well as his children, can also be equated to citizens of the Vatican, provided that they live together with a citizen of the Vatican and have received permission (authorization) to stay in the Vatican. Such authorization is lost by the spouse (s) in the event that the marriage was annulled or dispensed, or there was an officially announced separation of spouses, and by children - upon reaching the age of 25, if they are able to work; and in the case of daughters, after marriage.
Unlike other states, the Vatican, or rather, the Holy See, issues only diplomatic and service passports, which are necessary, first of all, for carrying out activities abroad. Possession of a diplomatic passport of the Holy See does not automatically mean the right to free access to the State of the City of Vatican City, stay in it or Vatican citizenship.
The Vatican does not exercise formal passport control. Since access to the State is possible only through Italian territory, the immigration requirements are the same as those of Italy.
Religion
The Vatican is the residence of the top leadership of the Roman Catholic Church and the spiritual center of Catholicism. Numerous educational institutions, radio and television, the Catholic press, church and secular organizations operate under his leadership and control in many countries of the world. It is no coincidence that in the Vatican even art is subject to a single theme - religion. Everything in this city-state is imbued with sacred mysteries. This is the center, source and basis for the creativity of all the craftsmen and artists who worked here.
In ancient times, it was forbidden to settle on the territory of the Vatican, since this place was considered sacred in Ancient Rome. After the arrival of Christianity, in 326, the Basilica of Constantine was erected over the supposed burial place of St. Peter, since then this place has been inhabited.
The Papal States, formed in the middle of the 8th century, included a significant part of the Apennine Peninsula, but in 1870 it was liquidated by the Italian kingdom.
In its present form, the Vatican arose on February 11, 1929 on the basis of the Lateran agreements concluded by the government of Mussolini and the Pope.
Industry
The Vatican lives on contributions from Catholic churches around the world, donations from believers, church tax collections flow into the Vatican from all over the world, but mainly from the United States. Groups of pilgrims from various countries of the world and tourists arriving in the Vatican contribute to the budget of the Holy See (“St. Peter's penny”). For coordination financial activities Vatican in 1968, a special prefecture for economic affairs was created (similar to the Ministry of Finance).
Financial and economic activity of the Vatican's own enterprises lies in the sale of the extensive printed products produced by the printing industry, as well as the receipt of significant income from tourism. In addition, the Vatican mints its own coins and issues its own stamps (in 2005, the Papal State earned an unusually large amount of 4.5 million euros from the sale of its postage stamps.).
Traditionally, the rarest and most expensive stamps with the inscription "Vacant Throne" are considered - they are issued after the death of one Pope and before the election of a new one and are valid only during this period.
The postage stamps of the Vatican City State are mostly bought by collectors, they are rarely pasted on envelopes and postcards. In addition to stamps, the Holy See also issues its own coins (formerly it was lyre, but now it is euro). This money is also almost never used as means of payment - almost all coins become the prey of numismatists.
In addition to property and huge donations from believers, the Catholic Church also receives income from the budgets of those countries with which the Vatican has concluded a concordat - an agreement on the special status of Catholicism. The Vatican had such agreements with fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. In 1943 alone, the Kirchensteuer, or church tax, brought in $100 million to the Vatican's treasury, and the pope at that time was quite loyal to Hitler's aggression against the rest of the world.
Agriculture
The main sources of income for the Vatican are tourism and donations from Catholics. Mostly Italians work in the Vatican. The citizens of the Vatican mostly serve the church. Thus, there is no agricultural production as such in the Vatican.
Tourism and attractions
The Vatican is the birthplace of the most famous art in the world, the sights of this mini-state are of great historical and cultural value for the whole world. 
The Sistine Chapel is the main attraction of the Vatican. The great Michelangelo is the author of the famous ceiling frescoes. Initially, no one was going to turn the Sistine Chapel into a world landmark, Michelangelo was invited only with the hope that he would fail in his work, and Raphael and Bramante would again become the main genius painters at court. Thanks to the recent restoration, the frescoes have been completely restored to their former beauty. Since the end of the 15th century, cardinals have been gathering here to elect a new pope. 
St. Peter's Basilica is the second largest Christian church in the world. In the time of Nero, there was a circus on the site of the cathedral, where, for the sake of the public, the first Christians were thrown to be torn to pieces by wild animals, among them was the Apostle Peter. When you see the cathedral for the first time, the thought arises not of who built it, but how. Even climbing the dome does not help to fully realize the scale of construction. Several generations of great Italian masters worked on its creation: Michelangelo, Raphael, Bernini, Bramante. If you want to go inside the cathedral, you need to be appropriately dressed: miniskirts, shorts and cleavage are not allowed here. Peter's Square has long been the main decoration of Rome, even before the official recognition of the Vatican. From the labyrinth of narrow medieval streets you can get into the majestic space around the cathedral. Vatican Museums In the Museum of Contemporary Religious Art, you can see not only famous canvases on religious themes, but also paintings by Chagall, Kandinsky or Monet. The entire collection of the museum was assembled at the direction of Paul VI / The Pope believed that the way to the hearts of believers lies through contemporary art. The result of this work was a good collection of European sculpture and painting from Rodin to Dali. The Pinakothek is the place where Raphael's most famous paintings are kept ("Transfiguration", "Annunciation", "Adoration of the Magi"), such a large collection of the master is no longer in any museum in the world. The museum building is relatively new, the need to store altarpieces separately from churches appeared only after the Napoleonic invasion. The Egyptian Museum is a modest collection of artifacts from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia by the standards of world museums, and gigantic by the standards of the Vatican. Mummies, Fayum portraits, painted lids from sarcophagi, funerary masks and many other interesting things. The museum's collection is larger and more interesting than in the Hermitage.
Foreign policy
The Holy See maintains diplomatic relations with 174 countries of the world, in which it is represented by papal ambassadors (nuncios). The Vatican also maintains diplomatic relations with the EU and the Palestine Liberation Organization and is a member of 15 international organizations, including WHO, WTO, UNESCO, OSCE and FAO.
In 1989, during the meeting of the President of the USSR M. S. Gorbachev with John Paul II, an agreement was reached on establishing relations between the USSR and the Vatican at the level of official representations. Such relations were established on March 15, 1990, Yu. E. Karlov became the first representative of the USSR to the Holy See in the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and an apostolic nuncio with special powers arrived in Moscow. After the collapse of the USSR, the Vatican established relations with Russian Federation as the successor of the USSR at the level of first permanent missions, and since December 2009 - at the level of embassies.
In the early 1990s, the Vatican established diplomatic relations with the countries of Eastern and Central Europe.
The Vatican actively advocates for the preservation of peace and the settlement of international conflicts. In 1991 he warned against a Gulf War. The Catholic Church played a prominent role in ending the civil wars in Central America. During his trips to the region, the Pope called for an end to the civil war in Guatemala, reconciliation in Nicaragua, and the establishment of a "new culture of solidarity and love."
The Holy See is the oldest (1942) diplomatic ally of the Republic of China and is now the only sovereign entity of international law in Europe that formally recognizes the Republic of China.
In 1971, the Holy See announced its decision to adhere to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in order to "provide moral support for the principles that underpin the Treaty itself."
In 2007, the Holy See established diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia.
Interesting Facts
Do not be surprised if the local ATM prompts you to select Latin as the interface language. It is the official language of the state along with Italian. - The crime rate in the Vatican is surprisingly high. According to statistics, there is one crime per year for every citizen of the country. Of course, these crimes are committed by tourists or some of the hired personnel.
- Vatican - the only country in a world with zero fertility.
Conclusion
The Vatican is undoubtedly a remarkable and interesting object for research and study, since it is a state that effectively functions without tax system.
Despite its small area, the Vatican has played in the past and continues to play an important role in the international political and economic life, as it has a significant impact on the Catholic population of the world, concentrates huge financial resources and participates in solving important problems on a global scale - this, in turn, reveals historical aspect its functioning.
The state does not have its own industry, the population is not engaged in agriculture, its participation in the world economy is tangible, since it is a large owner of capital, land and has well-established ties with international organizations and banks - this is the economic activity of the state.
In conclusion, we can say that, despite the lack of a tax system, the income of the Vatican is quite a significant amount. This is a consequence of the receipt of donations from believers in the state budget; funds from the sale of their own printed products to tourists; income from investments in large companies, corporations, banks.
Thus, economic basis the states of the Vatican are: own entrepreneurial activity, donations from Catholics and relations with international financial institutions, which ensures the development of the state without taxes.
In accordance with this, the main geography of the Vatican was determined, as well as the climate and weather features of this territory. The nature of this state is also unique, which is the gardens that have been growing here for more than 7 centuries.
Convenient geography of the Vatican
An enclave state that is located inside Rome - this is Geography of the Vatican. This dwarf state, recognized as the smallest, has an area of only 0.44 square kilometers. Its borders stretch for a little more than 3 kilometers. Basically, they coincide with the ancient defensive wall. However, according to the Lateran Agreements, some Roman objects that are outside the borders of this state also belong to the See. That's why Vatican culture to some extent affects not only the inhabitants of Rome, but also the fate of people and countries around the world.
Vatican time
Like most European countries located in the center of Europe, Vatican time coincides with the Central European time zone. This country has daylight savings and winter time which take place every last week of March and October respectively.
Climate of the Vatican
Like Italy, which surrounds this dwarf state, Vatican climate is Mediterranean subtropical. There is very little precipitation here. They are mainly represented by rains, which sometimes occur here in winter. Frost is here a rarity. However, it is best to visit Vatican April to June and September to November.
Vatican weather
Geography the state as a whole is very convenient, in connection with which, Weather Vatican almost all year round quite comfortable. Winter here is usually mild, warm and snowless. In January, the thermometer can fluctuate from 0 to 12 degrees Celsius, and in summer the weather is usually dry with temperatures ranging from 20 to 28 degrees. By the way, Italian meteorologists determine the weather very accurately, almost without error, so you can always check the weather on a given day on the Internet.
Nature of the Vatican
A few hundred meters from the borders with the Vatican, the Tiber River flows. The state itself is located on the Vatican Hill. Nature of the Vatican is represented by one of its attractions - we are talking about the famous gardens of the Vatican, which trace their history back to the 14th century. They occupy more than half of the entire territory of the state and border on the Vatican wall.
The fauna is represented by the inhabitants of the Vatican gardens. There are many rodents, bats, rabbits, squirrels, snakes and lizards. On the branches you can see a wide variety of bird species, including parrots.
Transportation and car rental Minerals Agriculture Tipping National peculiarities Electricity HealthcareGeographical position
State - city Vatican, a sovereign state. It was created according to the Lutheran agreements between the Roman Catholic Church and the Italian state of February 11, 1929. The Vatican is located in the western part of Rome on the right bank of the Tiber River. Here is the seat of the highest administrative centers of the Roman Catholic Church. The country has cathedral of st. Petra and the Vatican palaces with museums and libraries, administrative buildings, churches, residential buildings, yards and gardens. Vatican- Withsmallest country in the world. Its area is 0.44 sq. km.
Climate of the Vatican subtropical mediterranean. Average January temperatures range from 0 C to +12 C, July - from +20 to +28 C. Precipitation falls up to 700 mm., Especially in winter, in the form of rain. Snow is extremely rare. The most convenient time to visit the country April to June and September to November.
Visas, entry rules, customs rules
Customs regulations Vatican City are determined by the customs legislation of Italy. For import and export of local and foreign currencies none no restrictions. You can freely import up to 10 thousand euros or an equivalent amount in another currency. Export large sums must allow Customs.
From outside the EU per person Can bring no more than 200 cigarettes or 250 gr. tobacco, up to 2 liters. wine or up to 1 liter. alcoholic beverages with a strength of over 22%, up to 250 ml. toilet water and 50 ml. spirits. It is also allowed to import jewelry, 1 radio, 1 tape recorder, 2 cameras, 1 video camera, 2 pairs of skis, 2 tennis rackets, 1 bicycle, 1 boat, one kayak or surfboard.
To visit the Vatican needed standard Italian or Schengen visa. To obtain a tourist visa, you must first obtain a passport, 2 application forms and the original invitation, 1 photo 3x4 cm, a certificate from the place of work. The period of stay on a tourist visa is limited to 2 weeks. Visas for more long term are issued in rare cases and they also take longer to process. The consular fee is $36.
Every tourist must have with you cash at the rate of $50 per day for the first 10 days of stay, and then $25 per day. Entering the Vatican with children entails unnecessary difficulties. You need a birth certificate and a copy of it. It is advised to paste pictures of children entered in the passport, regardless of age, because. the authorities have the right not to accept the child into the country. An original power of attorney with a translation into Italian is required, indicating the address and phone number of the parents. The power of attorney remains at the consulate and is not returned to the client.
Population, political condition
Permanent population- about a thousand people, of which less than half have Vatican citizenship, mostly - clerics, Swiss guards, gendarmes and a few "secular" citizens. More than 3 thousand people permanently living and working on the lands of the Vatican are citizens of Italy and other states.
Control form— absolute democracy. The Vatican became an independent state in 1929 in accordance with the Lutheran Accords between the Italian government and the Pope.
Head of State and of the entire Roman Catholic Church— Dad elected for life by the College of Cardinals. The Pope has all legislative, executive and judicial power in the country and in the Catholic world as a whole. The duty of government is carried out by a commission of pontiffs headed by the secretary of state.
What to see
Vatican Gardens bounded by ramparts erected by popes since the Renaissance and Baroque eras. In the westernmost part of the gardens Residence of Pope Leo XIII, where until 1936 was Vatican observatory. Emphasizes residence of Pope Pius IV with bright frescoes inside.
The Vatican is a big treasure trove of art. Many of them are frescoes specially created on the inner walls of the palaces. Collected in galleries and inner palaces examples of painting, sculpture And other arts.
Extraordinary works of art are exhibited in the Vatican Museums. At the Pinakothek collected the richest collection of renaissance paintings And Baroque. There is 3 masterpieces by Raphael:Madonna of Foligno, Assumption and Transfiguration, as well as many paintings created from sketches by Raphael for Sistine Chapel depicting the deeds of the apostles. Among other famous paintings, Saint Jeremiah by Leonardo da Vinci, Pieta by Giovanni Bellini, the Entombment of Caravaggio, the Martyrdom of St. Erasmus Poussin and masterfully written Crucifixion of the Apostle Peter by Guido Reni.
Vatican Antiquities Collection- one of the best in the world. In addition to a rich collection of small forms of Roman art, including glass, ivory, bronze and mosaic, here are wonderful ides of Roman painting from the excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The largest of them are the so-called. Aldobrandine wedding And Odyssey landscapes.
Among the treasures of the Vatican stand out frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, written by Michelangelo in 1508-1512, commissioned by Julius II. The frescoes are placed in rectangular and triangular cells "supported" by architectural elements. Hundreds of figures are depicted in an amazing variety of movements and poses. Such a beautiful picture big court, completed by Michelangelo in 1541. It captures the entire altar wall. In contrast to the bright paintings on the ceiling, dedicated to the plots of the Testament. Although the original shades have faded over time, the composition of the painting still remains.
The Sistine Chapel also features other notable early Renaissance works by Perugino, Botticelli, Signorelli, Ghirlandaio, Pinturicchio and Cosimo Roselli.
On the floor above the Sistine Chapel are the famous paintings by Raphael, which were signed by order of several popes. Raphael himself worked under Julius II and Leo X. The painting was completed under Clement VII by Raphael's students. The frescoes were created in an era when the Renaissance achieved its rise: in Stanza Senyatura - the School of Athens, Dispute and Parnassus by Raphael, in Stanza d "Eliodoro - the Expulsion of Eliodor, the Liberation of the Apostle Peter from prison, the Mass in Bolsena, and in the Stanza del Incendio - the Fire in Borgo and the Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III.
From other Vatican frescoes there are works by Fra Angelico, reproducing scenes from the life of Saints Stephen and Laurence in the chapel of Father Nicholas V; chambers of Alexander VI's father, known as the apartments of Borgia, magnificently painted by Pinturicchio with scenes from sacred history and from pagan myths; frescoes from the history of the papacy in the Sala Reggia, created by Giorgio Vasari, Francesco Salviati and Federigo Zuccaro and other masters. Frescoes in the Vatican Library, the plots of which are partly inspired by the paintings found in the palace of the ruler Nero; ceiling painting of the Aldobrandino Wedding Hall with scenes from the life of Samson, painted by Guido Reni, and frescoes in the San Bibiana Chapel, commissioned by Pope Urban VIII by a painter of the 17th century. Pietro da Cortona.
Vatican Library contains approximately 65 thousand manuscripts, 400 thousand published volumes, 100 thousand geographical maps and engravings and over 100 thousand autographed items. The library has an exhibition of the most important and beautifully designed editions kept in the Vatican. Among countless old illustrated books there are two manuscripts of the 4th c. AD with poetic texts by Virgil. Ancient written documents of the works of Virgil, Cicero and Terentius serve as primary sources for new editions of these writers. Other items in the library are author's manuscripts and letters of such prominent figures of the Middle Ages and Renaissance as Thomas Aquinas, Petrarch, Michelangelo, Raphael, Luther and Henry VIII; paintings by Botticelli for Dante's Divine Comedy; the Roman diary of Antonio da Sangallo; two examples of Byzantine art - the Scroll of Joshua Roll and the Menologion of Basil II; as well as a complete set of Bible editions, including copies of the smallest and largest formats.
Vatican collections of antiquities- This Pio Clementino Museum, where many sculptures collected by the popes are found. Some of them were in the villa of the emperor Hadrian near Tivoli and in the palace of the ruler Nero. They served as initial models for Renaissance sculptors who were inspired by ancient art. The most famous dating back to the 1st century. BC. Belvedere torso. The same value is sculptural group Laokon, which Michelangelo considered a model, and statue of Apollo Belvedere admired during the Renaissance.
Chiaramonti Museum also has very large archaeological collections. In his Gallery Lapidario there are many ancient inscriptions. The museum itself has a very beautiful display of Roman statues. The aesthetically largest exhibition pieces are concentrated in Braccio Nuovo. Here stand out Prima Porta Augustus- the best surviving image of the first Roman emperor; magnificent figure of the Nile, embodying the traditions of Hellenism, the magnificent Roman copy of Doryphoros Polikleitos.
Gregorian Museum dedicated Egyptian art. The most famous treasures of this museum are statue of the god Mars from Todi and excellently preserved Tomb of Regolini Galassi.
About 2000 years ago in a small Jewish village in a poor family of Joseph, his wife Mary had a child, who was named Jesus. This is how a new faith appeared - Christianity. The essence of Christianity lies in the belief in one Lord.
Christianity was inextricably linked until the 11th century. It is in this century Roman Catholic Church, unilaterally, included in the general church confession of faith the fundamentally last sentence about the Holy Trinity, which was the reason " Great Schism". Eastern Christian churches from that time began to be called Orthodox, and all Western countries subordinate to Rome ended up in the Roman Catholic Church.
Roman Catholic Church this is more than 900 million followers, which far exceeds the number of other followers of different directions of Christianity. Leading the Catholic Church costs pope- just like that since the III-IV centuries. began to call themselves the bishops of Rome. Since the 6th century, this term has been attached to the head of the Christian community " eternal city» Rome. Roman Bishops calling themselves " vicars of god on earth”, claimed the honorary dignity of all Christian churches.
A lot of powerful Catholic churches stretched from Rome throughout Europe, under the jurisdiction of the pope and not dependent on local authorities. Numerous active military-religious orders were also created.
During the Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 the capital of the papal country, Rome, was the capital of Italy and, together with the territory of the Vatican, became part of the Italian country. Only in 1929 did Pope Pius XI manage to reach an agreement with Mussolini's fascist regime on Lutheran agreements.
New concordat 1984 confirmed the sovereignty of the Vatican, solemnly handed over to the Italians the freedom of religion.
Characteristically, it was only in October 1993, after a ten-year dispute, that the pope recognized the trade union of civil officials and workers. Since October 1995, all 2,500 Vatican workers must adhere to the latest official regulations, which contained "fidelity to the pope", the rejection of divorce and abortion.
The main sources of income for the Vatican — tourism And Catholic donations. Mostly Italians work in the Vatican. The citizens of the Vatican mostly work in the church.
Foreign trade is almost non-existent.
The shops
Shops open from 8:00 to 13:00 and from 15:30 to 20:00. Sunday and Monday until noon.
Drinks in the hotel room bar are not included in the room rate, and paid extra when leaving the hotel. The same applies to telephone conversations. Moreover, not only long-distance calls are paid, but even calls within the city.
Demography
Vatican does not have its permanent population. On its territory lives Dad, leaders And employees of the Vatican institutions.
Industry
There is no industry in the Vatican.
vegetable and animal world
Vegetable And animal world The Vatican is not only poor, but its general No. Because the country is the smallest in the world.
Banks and money
Vatican banknotes / Currency converter
Banks are open from Monday to Friday from 8.30 to 13.30 and from 15.00 to 16.15, Saturday and Sunday are days off.
money can exchange outside the Vatican, in Italy, at currency exchange offices, at banks, at the post office. At airports, as a rule, the exchange rate is less favorable, but the exchange points there work around the clock. There are also exchange machines that accept US dollars. In wide use plastic cards And traveler's checks. In institutions that accept cards, ads are usually posted in the window. Carta-si».
Relief features Latin America due to tectonic structure. The territory on which it is located consists of the ancient South American platform and relatively young folding. The first corresponds to plateaus, plateaus (Brazilian, Patagonian and Guiana) in places where the platform rises and lowlands and plains (Amazonian, La Plata, etc.) in places of troughs. The second is formed by the Cordillera, which in South America is called the Andes. This is the world's longest chain of mountain ranges and massifs, stretching for 11,000 km and reaching a height of 6960 m (Mount Aconcagua).
Minerals
Latin America is rich in minerals. It accounts for 18% of oil reserves, 30% of ferrous and alloying metals, 25% of non-ferrous metals and 55% of rare and scattered elements of the capitalist world. In terms of reserves of some minerals, individual countries of the region rank first among the capitalist states: for example, in iron ore, niobium, beryllium and rock crystal - Brazil; for copper - Chile; for graphite - Mexico; for antimony and lithium - Bolivia. The presence of promising, but still poorly explored geological structures allows us to count on new mineral deposits in the coming years. It is from here that the United States of America receives up to 70% of the strategic raw materials it needs, including more than 90% of tin concentrate and bauxite, and about 50% of copper and iron ore. Their diversity is a consequence of the diversity of tectonic structures.