Development of Chinese economic thought at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. China: foreign policy. Basic principles, international relations China's development trends in the 20th century

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I. Resumption of reforms in 1992 ᴦ.

After the events on Tiananmen Square in June 1989 ᴦ. the impression was that the reforms were over. Censorship has been strengthened again, dozens of dissidents have been arrested, and leftists have become more active.

Western sanctions against human rights violations in China proved ineffective and were discontinued. The period of uncertainty lasted two years. It would seem that there is no hope for a change in policy. Especially since in 1991 ᴦ. Deng Xiaoping resigned his last official post as Chairman of the Military Council of the CPC Central Committee; he was already 87 years old. But it was soon confirmed that he still retains a leading position in the country.

Spring 1992 ᴦ. Deng Xiaoping travels to Shanghai, Wuhan and the south, where he visited special economic zones. During the trip, Deng spoke for the first time about the vital importance of resuming market reforms; this became a signal that the resistance of the leftists was easily broken.

In October 1992 ᴦ. The 14th Congress of the Communist Party of China took place. The new party leader Jiang Zemin, who had already strengthened his position, delivered a report at the congress. He gave the signal for the resumption of market reforms. Οʜᴎ reduced to the following:

1. Already in 1992 ᴦ. large-scale price liberalization began; the centralized system of state distribution of resources was abolished. As a result, already in 1993, only 5% of goods in China were sold at fixed state prices. Free grain prices were introduced; in 1993, only 10% of all Chinese agricultural products were sold at government prices. These were key measures that the Chinese leadership could not decide on for a long time.

2. Since 1992 ᴦ. China introduced double the state budget A: regular and development budget. The first is replenished from taxes, the second - from non-tax revenues: it goes to the needs of reforms.

3. In 1994 ᴦ. The PRC carried out a tax reform: the rates of the unified income tax from enterprises to 33% (from 55%); for low-margin industries, reduced tax rates are set for two years to give them time to make changes. 15% of taxes began to be returned to enterprises to replenish working capital.

4. In 1994 ᴦ. single, floating exchange rate yuan; in China, the circulation of any foreign currencies, all foreign exchange transactions came under the control of the state.

5. In the same 1994 ᴦ. a law on foreign trade was adopted: the state monopoly was generally abolished; now enterprises could independently enter the foreign market. The state monopoly remained only on 16 types of products.

February 19, 1997 ᴦ. died Deng Xiaoping - ʼʼfather of reformsʼʼ. At the same time, by that time, Jiang Zemin had sufficiently strengthened his position to continue reforms even in the absence of the patriarch. In September 1997 ᴦ. The 15th Congress of the Communist Party of China took place. He reaffirmed the old strategy and adopted the grandiose ʼʼPublic Sector Modernization Programʼʼ.

State-owned enterprises contributed only 1/3 of gross domestic product, but absorbed the lion's share of capital investment and government funding. The state was in charge of 100% of the entire infrastructure of the country (railways, aviation, energy, communications, post), approximately 90% of all banks, enterprises of metallurgy, chemistry, 60% of mechanical engineering and construction firms, more than half of all foreign trade. At the same time, about half of the enterprises were unprofitable, losses were repaid at the expense of the treasury.

The congress decided to leave only one thousand enterprises in state ownership, mainly the main infrastructure facilities. Οʜᴎ should turn into corporations with broad economic independence, adapted to operate in market conditions. All the others (about 17,000) must determine the form of management themselves: corporatization, transfer of property for rent or sale to private hands.

This was not an easy decision, as it involved removing the main obstacles to reform.

Spring 1998 ᴦ. Zhu Rongzi appointed as the new Prime Minister of China. Prior to that, he served as the first deputy of Li Peng and was considered the main initiator of the corporatization of the public sector. Zhu Rongzi is from Hunan Province but worked in Shanghai for a long time, along with Jiang Zemin. During the tragic events in Beijing in June 1989 ᴦ. Zhu Rongzi did not allow any clashes in Shanghai. He is a very hard-working, energetic person, set in favor of quick reforms; in China he is called ʼʼking of the economyʼʼ, abroad - ʼʼChinese Ludwig Erhardʼʼ (the father of the German ʼʼeconomic miracleʼʼ of the 1950s-1960s).

After becoming prime minister, Zhu Rongzi began a decisive reform of the state apparatus, setting the task of cutting its numbers by half. The old officials were ruthlessly fired: they were replaced by younger ones (under the age of 50) and professionally trained. Staff reductions began at state enterprises as well: only in 1999 ᴦ. over 3 million people were fired. Zhu Rongzi launched an offensive against the positions of the military, first of all, he demanded that all economic and commercial activity in the army, a special two-year plan has been adopted for this. At present, there is not a single military member in the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee in the PRC.

In November 2002 ᴦ. The 16th Congress of the Communist Party of China took place. There has been a change in top management. Jiang Zemin resigned from the post of general secretary of the CCP. Hu Jintao, 59, was elected to take his place. He also took over the post of chairman of the CPC in early March 2003 ᴦ. Another younger figure, Wen Jiabao, became the premier of the State Council at the same time instead of Zhu Rongzi.

P. Economic achievements of modern China

The course of reforms was continued despite the "Asian crisis" of 1998-1999. - decline in the states of Southeast Asia (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand). This directly affected China as well, since it is economically closely connected with these countries.

A special role was played by Hong Kong, which in the summer of 1997 ᴦ. became part of the PRC. Hong Kong investment now accounts for over 60% of all foreign investment in China. It is the third banking center in the world, since 1987 ᴦ. - the world's largest port. Its gross domestic product contracted in 1998 ᴦ. by 4%, in 1999 ᴦ. - on 2%.

At this critical moment National Bank The PRC supported Hong Kong, thereby preventing the devaluation of both its currency and its own. In 2000 ᴦ. the consequences of the crisis were finally overcome.

In the 1990s. The PRC has achieved outstanding success in the economy: the average annual economic growth rate exceeded 9%, industrial - 9.7%; the maximum rate of industrial growth was observed in 1993 ᴦ.-23%.

According to some estimates, today the Chinese economy ranks third in the world (after the US and Japan). Growth plans for gross domestic product up to 2000 ᴦ. completed already by 1995 ᴦ. According to forecasts World Bank, according to the scale of the PRC economy by 2010 ᴦ. will overtake the USA, and by 2020 ᴦ. will surpass it by 1.4 times and become the leading power in the 21st century. But compared to its huge population, China still lags far behind developed countries.

Nevertheless, China steadily ranks first in the world in the production of steel, televisions, cement (35% of world production) and coal (30% of world production). The quality of Chinese goods has risen considerably, as evidenced objectively by a huge foreign trade surplus of over $40 billion a year. December 11, 2001 ᴦ. China joined the WTO, which it has been seeking for a long time. Now the share of industrial products in Chinese exports is about 80%. The volume of China's exports exceeded $200 billion, and you can add about the same export of Hong Kong. China has a huge trade surplus with Western developed countries, especially the US (the largest trade surplus after Japan). Only the value of current construction contracts with American corporations exceeds $100 billion.

Attempts by US Presidents George W. Bush and B. Clinton to impose additional tariffs on Chinese exports, under the pretext of violating human rights in the PRC or intellectual property copyrights, were not successful. The PRC has managed to create huge gold and foreign exchange reserves - more than $150 billion, plus Hong Kong's reserves in the amount of $100 billion.

After the resumption of reforms in 1992 ᴦ. growth began foreign investment in China. Now, in terms of their total volume, the country ranks second in the world after the United States; annually they increase by about 60 billion dollars. Today, foreign investment accounts for 13% of the total investment in the Chinese economy, provides 14% of industrial production; enterprises with foreign capital now account for half of China's total exports.

China at the end of the 20th century - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "China at the end of the 20th century." 2017, 2018.

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The unprecedented success in China's socio-economic development at the end of the 20th century became an important event on the world stage. For two decades, social economic reforms The PRC has become a dynamically developing world power. In recent decades, the world has witnessed the "Chinese miracle". China's transformation from a self-contained planned economy to a largely market-oriented trading power has affected the entire global economy.

The Chinese leaders, first of all, Deng Xiaoping, played an important role in carrying out the reform. Under his leadership, the People's Republic of China became one of the world's leading economic countries.

Since the second half of 1988, Chinese scholars have proposed using the concept of "socialist market economy" instead of "socialist commodity economy". In "socialist market economy» The state should manage the economy through macroeconomic instruments rather than administrative methods and promote the creation of a single national market in China.

In recent years, China's economy has developed rapidly. After the liberalization of the domestic market for foreign investment was carried out and freedom was given to the development of the private sector, companies appeared in the country, the turnover of which reached billions of dollars. In the production of electronics, consumer goods, this country has already become a world leader.
Positive changes have taken place in the Chinese automotive industry, light industry and other industries. The China Automobile Manufacturers Association said China has become the world's second-largest automaker.

Socio-economic foundations and factors for the development of cooperation between China and Russia in early XXI century.

At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, China has become a powerful economic power with a powerful development potential. In recent years, the PRC has been able to effectively use the opportunities presented to it and make significant progress in socio-economic, cultural, scientific and technological development. The development of the economy was characterized by steady growth, amounting to about 10% per year (2004).

In solving this problem, China, relying primarily on its own internal forces, is looking for partners for cooperation on a mutually beneficial basis. Socio-economic interaction with Russia and China is one of the necessary conditions for the successful implementation of the Chinese project, on the one hand, and the revival of Russia as a great, powerful and prosperous state, on the other. In relations between China and Russia, it is expedient to be guided by the principle of "triple benefits", namely: the development of the productive forces of society, the growth of the total power of the state, and the improvement of the living standards of the population.

The strategic partnership between Russia and China meets the vital interests of the peoples of both China and Russia

India

The Republic of India is a state in South Asia. India ranks seventh in the world in terms of area and second in terms of population. India has maritime borders with the Maldives in the southwest, with Sri Lanka in the south and with Indonesia in the southeast. The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of Indian civilization and other ancient civilizations. Throughout most of its history, India has acted as the center of important trade routes and was famous for its riches and high culture.

Between the beginning of the 18th century and the middle of the 20th century, India was gradually colonized by the British Empire. After gaining independence in 1947, the country achieved great success in economic and military development. By the end of the 20th century, India's economy had become one of the fastest growing in the world. In terms of nominal gross domestic product, India ranks 12th in the world, and in terms of GDP, recalculated at parity purchasing power- fourth place. The pressing problem continues to be high level poverty and illiteracy of the population.

Being a multinational and multireligious state, after gaining independence, India is experiencing strife and confrontation on religious and social grounds in different parts of the country. Nevertheless, India was able to maintain its status as a secular state with a liberal democracy, except for a brief period from 1975 to 1977, when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency with limited civil rights.

In the second half of the 20th century, India regularly had problems with neighboring states due to disputes over borders. The dispute with China has not been resolved so far, in 1962 it resulted in a short war (the Sino-Indian border war). India fought Pakistan three times: in 1947, 1965 and 1971. The last conflict between India and Pakistan took place in 1999 in the state of Kashmir.

In 1974, India conducted underground nuclear tests, thus becoming a new member of the "nuclear club". In 1998, India continued testing with a series of five new explosions. The reforms that began in India in 1991 turned the country's economy into one of the fastest growing in the world. In 1996, the government of Atala Bihari Vajpayee came to power and continued the reforms.

India has a unitary three-tier judiciary, which consists of Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, the 21st High Court and a large number small courts. The Supreme Court is the court of first instance in cases relating to fundamental human rights, in disputes between the states and the central government, and has appellate jurisdiction over the higher courts. The Supreme Court is legally independent and has the power to promulgate laws or strike down state and territory laws if they are contrary to the Constitution. One of the most important functions of the Supreme Court is the ultimate interpretation of the Constitution.

India pursued a socialist economic policy with government participation in the private sector, strict control over foreign trade and investment. However, starting in 1991, India introduced liberal economic reforms, opening up its market and reducing government control over the economy. International reserves rose from $5.8 billion in March 1991 to $308 billion as of July 4, 2008, and federal and state budget deficits have narrowed markedly

Over the past two decades average height annual GDP was 5.5%, making the Indian economy one of the fastest growing in the world. India has the second largest population in the world labor force- 516.3 million people, 60% of them work in the field of agriculture; 28% in services; and 12% in industry. The main crops are rice, wheat, cotton, jute, tea, sugar cane and potatoes.

Over the past two decades, the Indian economy has experienced steady growth, however, when comparing various social groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas, economic growth has not been uniform. Income inequality in India is relatively small, although it has been growing in recent years.

A series of events that quickly led to a revolution began in April 1911 with the signing of an agreement between the government and a group of banks in England, France, Germany and the United States to transfer to them the right to build the Huguang railway in the center of China. On October 10, after an anti-Chinese conspiracy was uncovered in Hankow, which apparently had nothing to do with the events around the Huguang railway, troops rebelled in Wuchang. This event is considered the beginning of the revolution. The rebels soon captured the Wuchang mint and arsenal, and soon the cities, one after another, began to leave the obedience of the Manchus. Panic-stricken, the regent immediately agreed to the long-requested constitution by the national forces, and at the same time asked the retired former imperial governor, General Yuan Shikai, to return and save the dynasty. In November, Yuan Shikai was appointed head of government.

A provisional republican government was formed in Nanjing. At the same time, the leader of the democratic revolutionary movement, Sun Yat-sen, returned to China and was immediately elected president.

In December, Yuan Shikai agreed to a truce and entered into negotiations with the Republicans. On February 12, 1912, the young emperor was forced to abdicate and declare that he was transferring power to the representatives of the people. In turn, the Nanjing government agreed that the emperor retained his title and received a large allowance for life. In order to unite the country, Sun Yat-sen left the presidency, and Yuan Shikai was chosen for this position. General Li Yuanhong,* who played an outstanding role in the Wuchang events, was elected vice president. In March 1912, the Nanjing Parliament promulgated an interim constitution, and in April the government moved to Beijing.

However, subsequent events showed that the republic, established with such amazing speed and comparative ease, was doomed to witness a progressive collapse over the next few decades. The main reason for this state of affairs was the split of China into two political camps - supporters of Yuan Shikai and supporters of the first president Sun Yat-sen.

In August 1912, Sun Yat-sen founded the Kuomintang (National People's Party). Its program was based on the “three principles of Sun Yat-sen”: nationalism (freedom from foreign rulers), democracy (establishment of democratic republic) and national welfare (equalization of land rights for all Chinese through the establishment of uniform prices for it.

After Chinese President Yuan Shikai launched an offensive against the Kuomintang, which has a majority in parliament, in early 1913 in order to establish his own dictatorship in the country, Sun Yat-sen appealed to the people for a "second revolution." In November 1913, Yuan Shikai banned the Kuomintang.

On May 1, 1914, Yuan Shikai pushed a new constitution through parliament, which gave him unlimited powers as president for a period of 10 years. In the same year, Sun Yat-sen revived the Kuomintang. And after Yuan Shikai ceded South Manchuria and part of Inner Mongolia to Japan in 1915 and officially announced preparations for the restoration of the monarchy, the Kuomintang raised an uprising in Yunnan province. But on June 6, 1916, President Yuan Shikai died.

The new president was Li Yuanhong, who restored the 1912 constitution and the parliament as it had been before the dispersal in 1914. However, the actual power in the country passed into the hands of the generals. One of them, Duan Qirui, became the head of the Chinese government. However, already in 1917, the pro-Japanese sentiments of Duan Qirui and his supporters forced President Li Yuanhong to remove the head of government. However, there was no real shift. At this moment, a military coup broke out of the generals - supporters of the monarchy. The coup was suppressed by Duan Qirui's troops, who occupied Beijing and installed Feng Guozhang as president.

However, already in May 1918, the Kuomintang government, independent of Beijing, was again formed in the southern provinces of China, advocating the restoration of the 1912 constitution. A civil war began, which lasted just over two months, after which the parties began negotiations that went on until 1920.

It must be said that, along with the groups of Chinese generals, at that time another force was formed in China, which over time was destined to push all the others out of power. In 1921, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was formed, led by Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong.

In 1925, Sun Yat-sen died, and the Kuomintang split into supporters of the Kuomintang's rapprochement with the Communists and the USSR and adherents of an orientation towards an alliance with the Chinese generals. The latter were expelled from the party already in 1926, and the Kuomintang headed by Wang Jingwei headed for an alliance with the CPC. In the summer of 1926, the Kuomintang, with the support of the CPC, began an armed struggle for the unification of the country (the so-called "Northern Campaign"). His goal was to defeat the northern generals and subjugate central government all of China. By the end of 1926, under the command of the Kuomintang General Chiang Kai-shek, with the active assistance of the USSR, the People's Revolutionary Army defeated almost all the main opponents except for the "Pacification Army of the Country" under the command of Generalissimo Zhang Zuolin.

Immediately after Chiang Kai-shek's troops entered Shanghai and Nanjing in March 1927, British and American naval forces in the region launched an open invasion of China from the sea.

After the capture of Nanjing in the ranks of the Kuomintang, a split again occurred into supporters of the head of the government, Wang Jingwei, and supporters of Chiang Kai-shek. The capital of the first was Wuhan, and Chiang Kai-shek proclaimed Nanjing as his capital. In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek, in connection with the constant pressure of the USSR on the Chinese Communists about the need for an internal collapse of the Kuomintang, decided to refuse cooperation with the CCP. And by August 1927, the Wuhan representative office of the Kuomintang had made such a decision.

The split, of course, did not strengthen the People's Revolutionary Army, which already in 1927 was defeated by the Japanese. Wang Jingwei and his supporters saw in this event an excellent reason to remove Chiang Kai-shek from the post of commander-in-chief. In September, a new Kuomintang government was formed in Nanjing, more concerned with fighting the communists than with Zhang Zuoling's army and his Japanese allies. On December 15, 1927, Nanjing announced the severance of diplomatic relations with the USSR, although Moscow did not officially recognize the Nanjing government. In January 1928, Chiang Kai-shek again became the head of the Kuomintang forces. Soon he announces the continuation of the "Northern Campaign". On October 10, 1928, the Nanjing government was officially declared nationwide. It was led by Chiang Kai-shek.

After the break of the Kuomintang with the CPC, the communists, with the support of the USSR, began in 1929 to fight for the creation of red regions in China, that is, the establishment of communist power there. From 1929 to 1932, the Chinese Red Army repulsed 5 military campaigns of the Kuomintang troops. At the end of 1931, at the All-Chinese Congress of Soviets, a unified government of the Soviet regions of China was elected, headed by Mao Zedong.

In the autumn of 1931, Japan occupied Manchuria, where the independent state of Manchukuo was proclaimed, headed by the last Qin Emperor Pu Yi. The League of Nations also confirmed Manchukuo’s lack of independence, which sent its special commission there. This organization decided that Manchukuo should be considered a Japanese colony.

The Japanese invasion forced China to change its relations with other neighbors, and in December 1932 the Kuomintang restored diplomatic relations with the USSR. In 1933-1935, the Japanese again invaded China and occupied the northern regions, including Beijing. At the same time, as a result of a massive offensive, the Kuomintang troops managed to oust the Chinese Red Army and the Soviets from the southern regions, but the communist forces, having broken through the ring of the Kuomintang armies, went to the northwest, to Shaanxi province, where they created a new large Soviet region.

In the second half of 1936 hostilities between the Kuomintang troops and the Chinese Red Army practically ceased. On September 22, 1937, Marshal Chiang Kai-shek officially announced the creation of a united anti-Japanese front in China and cooperation with the CCP. The Red Army was renamed the 8th People's Revolutionary Army under the command of the communist Zhu De and began to fight the Japanese in the northeast of the country in Shanxi province. Chiang Kai-shek became generalissimo.

However, the creation of a united anti-Japanese front and the active military support of China by the USSR (Soviet pilots flying Soviet aircraft fought on the side of the people's revolutionary army), and from 1941 by the United States, could not stop the Japanese. By 1938, Japanese troops reached Tianjin, occupied Shanghai and Nanjing. By 1943 they had taken Canton, Hankow and Wuchang. In 1944, the Japanese advanced significantly northwest of Canton (to 105°E) and west from Shanghai to the Beijing-Hankow railway. Only after serious defeats in the war with the United States in the Pacific did the scales begin to tilt in favor of China.

After the USSR launched military operations against Japan on August 9, 1945, the likelihood of a civil war in China increased even more. To the active support of the Chinese Red Army from the USSR with weapons and ammunition was added the fact that after the defeat and surrender in Manchuria of the Japanese Kwantung Army, all the weapons captured by the Soviet troops were transferred to the communist army. In addition, Soviet military advisers reappeared in the Chinese Red Army.

Considering the current situation, Chiang Kai-shek, under pressure from the United States, who sought to reconcile the CPC and the Kuomintang and prevent a civil war, which could lead to a significant strengthening of the positions of the USSR in the Far East, suggested that the CPC enter into negotiations on the formation of the governing bodies of the future democratic China. As a result of the conference held on this occasion in October 1945, it was decided to create a provisional government in which half of the seats would be occupied by representatives of the Kuomintang, and the other half by representatives of all other parties and political organizations.

In July 1946, the mutual distrust of the parties finally escalated into a civil war. At this point, the Kuomintang side had an approximately fourfold advantage, however, given the equipment of the Chinese Red

Armies with Japanese and Soviet weapons, on the one hand, and the termination of the US supply of weapons to the Kuomintang army, on the other hand, Chiang Kai-shek's advantage was not so significant. Nevertheless, the armies of Chiang Kai-shek crossed the conditional demarcation line between the spheres of influence of the Kuomintang and the CPC and in the spring of 1947 occupied the capital of the border region of Yan'an. In response, the communists immediately launched a guerrilla war.

Already in January 1948, a split occurred in the Kuomintang. The supporters of peace with the communists leave the party and take the side of the CCP. The consequences of the split were not long in coming. In the summer of 1948, the People's Liberation Army of China was formed, the basis of which is the Chinese Red Army, which goes on the offensive. As a result of offensive operations, on January 31, 1949, the Communists and their allies took Beijing. The negotiations with the Kuomintang that began after this did not yield any results, and by the summer of 1949 the Kuomintang troops were almost completely defeated. The remnants of the army of Chiang Kai-shek, led by the Generalissimo himself, using the fact that the entire existing Chinese fleet and most of the aviation were Kuomintang, evacuated to Taiwan and several small coastal islands. And only in certain areas of mainland China, the struggle against the supporters of Chiang Kai-shek continued until 1951. As a result, the Kuomintang Republic of China was formed in Taiwan, with Taipei as its capital and Chiang Kai-shek as its first president.

In September 1949, the Central People's Government of China was formed in Beijing. Naturally, all the main state posts were occupied by communists. The government and the People's Revolutionary Military Council were headed by Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai became the chairman of the State Council of China, and Marshal Zhu De became the commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA). And on October 1, 1949, on the main square of Beijing, Tiananmen, Mao Zedong announced the formation of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

The period 1950-1976 has gone down in history as the "Period of the Two Chinas" -- the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan. However, it should always be borne in mind that Taiwanese China was not recognized by all states, just like the PRC. Suffice it to say that until 1971, China was represented in the UN by Taiwan, while the USSR generally denied that there was any other China besides the PRC.

The first significant event after the formation of the PRC was the conclusion in early 1950 of a treaty of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance with the USSR for a period of 30 years. According to its terms, the USSR transferred the CER to China, carried out the withdrawal of troops from Port Arthur, provided the PRC soft loan in the amount of 300 million US dollars and provided comprehensive assistance in the restoration of the Chinese economy. The PRC, in turn, recognized the independence of the Mongolian People's Republic and assumed the obligations of a military ally of the USSR in the Far East. In this capacity, the PRC army took part in the Korean War.

By 1952, the Chinese economy had reached the pre-war level (1936) in terms of basic indicators. Not the last role in this was played by the elimination of landlordism and the creation of a huge number of small private farms and rural cooperative mutual assistance partnerships, as well as the development of private enterprise and the nationalization of large industrial enterprises. As a result, on government sector economy accounted for only 41% of industrial production. It is not surprising that the leadership of the CCP could not but react to such a significant share of the non-state sector in the economy. And already in 1952, having decided that the work of restoring the economy was completed and the bourgeoisie was no longer needed, the CCP put forward the slogan of combating bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, sabotage of government orders, the use of secret economic information for personal purposes and bureaucracy, and also conducts the first extermination of the national bourgeoisie, which the communist-minded Chinese, according to the generally accepted model in the communist world, called the purge. As a result of this action, about 2 million people were destroyed. Since then, the PRC has finally departed from general democratic principles. state building and proceeds to the construction of socialism.

At the end of 1952, the Central Committee of the CPC announced new tasks - until 1967 to create a modern industry in the country, a socialist (that is, state) agriculture, to carry out a cultural revolution (that is, to eliminate illiteracy among the population and inspire it with communist ideas).

In 1954, a new constitution came into force in the PRC. According to it, the National People's Congress became the supreme body of state power in the PRC. The supreme executive power still belonged to the State Council. In addition, the post of President of the People's Republic of China was introduced. It was Mao Zedong.

By 1957, China's economy had undergone significant changes. Based on the Soviet experience and the tasks of creating a powerful military potential, a national heavy industry was built in the PRC. All private enterprises were purchased by the state. Although they were paid for much less than their real value, the former owners were left higher wages and special bonuses. Almost gone in China and private trade. The private producer in agriculture also almost completely disappeared. Over 96% of them were united in cooperatives, and 90% - in farms like Soviet collective farms (that is, in fact, in state enterprises).

As expected, Chinese collectivization led to famine and peasant uprisings in the countryside, which were suppressed by military force.

As a result, the Eighth Congress of the CPC, held in 1956, was forced to abandon the current policy and indirectly condemned Chairman Mao for speeding up the construction of socialism. Since the “big brother,” as the USSR was called in the PRC, said so, the leadership of the CPC had to pretend for a while that the policy would be changed. A course towards the democratization of society was announced. Dissent was no longer pursued in judicial order, and political discussions began in Chinese society.

However, Mao Zedong himself did not agree with this. Considering that from 1953 to 1957, industrial growth sometimes reached 19% per year, looking at the Soviet thaw with all its negative consequences in terms of building socialism, and also seeing that China again ceases to be a country of like-minded supporters of the ideas of Marx - Lenin - - Stalin - Mao, the leadership of the CPC gives orders to arrest 100 thousand dissidents, and another 400 thousand were declared accomplices of the bourgeoisie. Thereafter, in May 1958, the CCP convenes a second session

VIII Party Congress. It condemned the course towards democratization and announced the policy of "three red banners": a new line of the party, which provided for accelerated construction in China communism; the "great leap" in the economy, which meant an increase in industrial output by 6.5 times in four years, agriculture by 2.5 times, and steel and iron smelting by 8 times; the creation of people's communes, that is, the complete socialization of the entire life of the Chinese, which had the goal of ensuring the minimum needs of everyone while accumulating everything created as state property. According to this plan, the PRC was supposed to overtake the USSR and the USA in 7 years, and build communism in 10 years.

The beginning of this "great creation" was laid already in the same 1958. By the end of the year, almost all agricultural cooperatives in the country were transformed into people's communes. From that moment on, every Communard was considered mobilized for the construction of communism. He was not supposed to have anything of his own, except for small personal items. The communards were supposed to live not in separate families, but in the barracks, eat in common canteens, and the children of the communards were brought up not in the family, but in special kindergartens. And of course, everyone had to work as much as the physical condition allows.

Against the backdrop of megalomania and personal glorification of Mao Zedong, the CCP began to have serious disagreements with the Soviet Union. In 1958, the USSR denounced the Great Leap Forward idea as unrealistic, and Mao Zedong and his associates expressed their disagreement with the CPSU about criticizing Stalin. Disagreements also arose in the military sphere. After Chinese artillery fired on one of the islands that belonged to Kuomintang China, Beijing turned to Moscow with a request to provide it with nuclear weapons and support the invasion of Taiwan with military forces. Fairly believing that this will be the third World War, the USSR refused. However, instead of this, Moscow offered to place a base for its submarines on the territory of the PRC. But Mao Zedong did not agree to this.

After all these disagreements, the distance between the USSR and the PRC began to grow. Mao Zedong, under the pressure of obvious problems in the economy, was forced to resign as Chairman of the PRC, and already in 1959 it became clear that Soviet Union was right - the idea of a "great leap" failed (famine set in the country, and by 1962 industrial production in the PRC fell by more than 2 times). As a result of ongoing disagreements, in 1960 the USSR withdrew its specialists from the PRC, and Chinese students stopped studying in Soviet universities.

In 1961, the CPC terminated the "Three Red Banners" policy and announced a new "economic regulation" policy, which was carried out until 1965. This course in the history of the PRC is associated with the names of the new President of the PRC, Liu Shaoqi, and the member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPC, Deng Xiaoping, who in history The CPC is usually called pragmatists, in contrast to dogmatists - those supporters of Mao who unconditionally followed his teachings. During the implementation new policy peasants returned personal plots and property, the communes were disbanded and replaced by production teams. For their work, workers now received wages depending on their qualifications. Peasants were now obliged to hand over to the state only part of their products and at the same time they could choose what to grow on their plots, received permission to sell their products in the newly opened bazaars, and also had the right to engage in home crafts and petty trade. As a result of this course, the Chinese economy has achieved significant success. The growth of national income in 1963-1965 was 15.5% per year, and in October 1964, our own atomic bomb was successfully tested. And only agriculture remained the only sector that was never fully restored after the implementation of the "three red banners" policy.

However, Mao Zedong and his comrades-in-arms continued to insist that they were right and that the course pursued by the CPSU was wrong. And in July 1963 there was a final break between the CPC and the CPSU. The Chinese communists accused the Soviets of departing from the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism and deliberately misdirecting the world communist movement to their own ends. The USSR was declared a country of social-imperialism.

Mao Zedong and his followers were not happy with what was happening inside the PRC. Mao had a new idea - about the need for a "great proletarian cultural revolution" in the PRC. Its goal was to be the liberation of the country from the old cultural traditions, rules and habits, as well as from their bearers, who are no longer able to comprehend the new cultural norms that have arisen in connection with the new realities of the socialist economy. The implementation of this idea began in 1966.

In May 1966, a special group for the "cultural revolution" was organized under the CPC Central Committee. It was led by Mao Zedong's wife Jiang Qing and Mao's personal secretary Chen Boda. Lin Biao, Minister of Defense of the People's Republic of China, a member of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee, also spoke out for the purge of the ranks of the CPC in the light of the "cultural revolution". As a result, troops were brought into Beijing, and a number of prominent CPC figures who did not unconditionally agree with the "Great Pilot" Mao Zedong and the dogmatists were removed from their posts. When they saw in the country that opponents of the PRC's path to communism had even settled in the Central Committee of the CPC, detachments of defenders of the path of Mao Zedong, that is, the "cultural revolution", voluntarily began to form in the country. They were called "Hongweibing" ("Red Guard"). It must be said that, seeing this course of events, the pragmatists in the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee tried to stop the implementation of another great idea of Chairman Mao. To do this, they began preparations for the transfer of Mao Zedong from the post of Chairman of the CPC to the position of Honorary Chairman of the Party. However, the "Great Pilot" himself did not agree with this and, having sailed down the river for about 15 km, demonstrated to the whole of China that at 72 he was still quite capable of remaining the real head of the party.

In August, a special Plenum of the CPC Central Committee was held, which for the first time was attended not only by members and candidate members of the Central Committee, but also by unconditional adherents of Mao's ideas from the universities of the PRC and the Red Guards. The pragmatists were criticized, Chairman Mao himself called for fighting against the opponents of the “cultural revolution”, no matter what posts they held. Now all organizations were to create departments for the affairs of the "cultural revolution", in every possible way encouraged the creation of youth detachments of hungweipings and zaofans ("rebels"), whose task was to actively spread the "cultural revolution" and actively fight against those who resist it.

The results of such propaganda and activities of the Red Guards and Zaofans were not slow to show. The country's schools and universities stopped working, because the Red Guards who occupied them believed that the knowledge provided by these institutions was outdated and no longer needed. Those residents of the country who fell into the ranks of the unreliable were sent to concentration camps "for correction."

In the course of the fight against counter-revolutionaries in 1969, President of the People's Republic of China Liu Shaoqi was arrested and tortured in prison, Deng Xiaoping was removed from all posts and deported to the province, where he was "re-educated", working as a simple locksmith. In total, during the years of the “cultural revolution”, out of 97 members of the CPC Central Committee, 60 were declared traitors, spies and repressed.

To avoid mass indignation of the population by the actions of cultural revolutionaries, in January 1967, Mao Zedong introduced martial law in the PRC. Responsibilities for maintaining order in the country were assigned to the army. Local authorities were replaced by revolutionary committees, which consisted of the military, the Red Guards and reliable government officials. Soon after the imposition of martial law, the army came to the conclusion that the main source of unrest was not the activity of agents of international imperialism, but the unbridledness and excesses of the Hongweipings and Zaofans. And since the summer of 1968, the army began to evict the Red Guards and Zaofans from cities in countryside. This process ended only in 1976. In total, about 30 million people were deported.

In the spring of 1969, the 9th Congress of the CCP was held. He announced the victory of the "cultural revolution". But along with this, the conclusion was drawn that the final victory of socialism in the PRC is impossible as long as there is imperialism led by the USA and social-imperialism led by the USSR. Therefore, the PRC should by all means continue to fight for the purity of its country from traitors and spies and prepare for war. At the congress it was again stated that theoretical basis activities of the CPC are the ideas of Chairman Mao. Lin Biao was named his official successor.

Of course, preparing for war for the PRC has been a top priority since its founding. But if earlier the main enemies were the USA and Kuomintang China, then since 1963 the USSR gradually got into this list at number 2 (immediately after the USA). In response to such a position of the People's Republic of China, the USSR, within the framework of the mutual assistance agreement, sent troops to the Mongolian People's Republic.

In 1969, PRC troops attacked the Soviet border island of Damansky, and in August they crossed the border into the Semipalatinsk region (modern Kazakhstan). Immediately after these events, the armed forces of the USSR in the Far East were put on high alert. Everything went to the fact that the war would begin and Soviet aviation would strike at the nuclear facilities of the PRC. However, in September, the Chairman of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, Zhou Enlai, managed to ease the tension. He invited the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A. N. Kosygin to Beijing, and during a short meeting the sharpness of mutual claims was significantly weakened.

But Lin Biao categorically disagreed with this turn of events. His stance became even more blunt when the PRC began rapprochement with enemy No. 1, the United States. The point is that US President R. Nixon decided to change his position on Taiwan. In 1970, mutual consultations began on the issue of US recognition of China. In response, Lin Biao introduced martial law in the country and further tightened the content of political prisoners. But in 1971, Lin Biao, and this was not enough, and he_ led a conspiracy against Mao Zedong. However, the train Mao was traveling on failed to blow up. And very soon after that, Lin Biao died very timely in a plane crash.

In 1973, the 10th CCP Congress condemned the group, Lin Biao. After the congress, Deng Xiaoping was rehabilitated.

Meanwhile, relations between China and the United States have been steadily improving. February 1972 and December 1975 american presidents R. Nixon and G. Ford visited Beijing. And since 1972, the United States finally agreed to the replacement of the representative of the Kuomintang China with the representative of the PRC in the UN. In the same year, Japan and China established diplomatic relations between themselves. Under the terms of the agreement, China waived its share of the reparations that Japan paid after 1945.

On September 9, 1976, Mao Zedong died and Hua Guofeng, Premier of the State Council, became his successor. With the help of the military, he managed to defeat the four closest associates of Chairman Mao - Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, Wang Hongwen, who were called the "Gang of Four". After their arrest, Hua Guofeng announced the end of the "cultural revolution". However, already at this moment the results of the revolution were more than tangible. More than 100 million people were repressed, of which 8-10 million died.

By the end of 1978, a group of pragmatists led by Deng Xiaoping had supplanted the consistent Maoists led by Hua Guofeng. The December 1978 Plenum of the CPC Central Committee marked the beginning of the process of reform in the PRC, or "building a New China," as the Chinese themselves called it. In 1980, Hu Yaobang became General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, and Zhao Ziyang replaced Hua Guofeng as Premier. In 1981, Hua Guofeng stepped down as chairman of the CPC Central Committee. This position was abolished in 1982. The reformers won the final victory.

At the first stage of reforms in 1979-1984, the main attention was paid to agriculture. Families, brigades or cooperatives received land in a row for up to 50 years. They handed over part of the products under the contract to the state, the peasants disposed of the rest of the harvest at their own discretion.

Since 1984, China's industry has switched to new principles of work - self-sufficiency, self-supporting, independent marketing of products, contract and rental systems. Foreign capital began to be widely attracted to the Chinese economy. 14 major cities and ports were declared open to it. A special province of Heinan was created, which became a completely open area. Four special economic zones for foreign entrepreneurs were formed - Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Semen, Shantou. The state was supposed to regulate market relations.

Economic reforms ensured in 1980-1988 an unprecedented rise in the national economy. China solved the food problem by harvesting more than 400 million tons of grain per year. Farmers' incomes more than tripled. The average annual growth rate of gross industrial output in 1979-1988 amounted to 12%, agriculture - 6.5%. The well-being of citizens has increased by 2.6 times.

The 12th and 13th Congresses of the CPC in 1982 and 1987 approved the course of economic reforms and aimed the people at building socialism with Chinese characteristics. Deng Xiaoping, member of the Politburo Standing Committee

CPC Central Committee, who served as Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chairman of the Central Commission of Advisors and other positions in the Party and the state. The new attitudes of the pragmatic Maoists were reflected in the constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted in 1982.

Elements of market relations in the Chinese economy, some liberalization in the field of culture, the influence of the West caused the rise of the democratic movement, the vanguard of which was the student youth and part of the intelligentsia. They demanded the democratization of the country's social system and the CPC's resignation from its leading role. On the night of June 3-4, 1989, Tiananmen Square was stained with the blood of students. Thousands of young people died. More than 120 thousand people were arrested. The West rightly condemned the massacre of the Maoists with the democratic movement and imposed economic sanctions against the PRC. However, Gorbachev did not condemn the violation of human rights and freedoms in China.

Most of the CPC leaders feared the political consequences of the reforms, and were also wary of the impact of the course of Soviet perestroika on China. In mid-1988, the government drastically reduced loans to businesses and stalled reforms. The salary in the country fell to 200 yuan (70 marks). There was a sharp drop in the volume of industrial production.

After the June 1989 events in Tiananmen Square, Zhao Ziyang was accused of inspiring student demonstrations. He lost his post. Shanghai Party Clerk, protege of Deng Xiaoping Jiang Zemin became General Secretary. Deng Xiaoping himself retired at the end of 1989, but continued to lead the CCP from behind the scenes. The years 1989-1992 passed in the PRC under the sign of reprisals against the democrats. The struggle against "bourgeois liberalization" was intensified and a campaign was launched to "learn from Lei Feng", that is, through the example of the life of a PLA soldier. the CCP rejected political reform and did not agree to the separation of party and state power.

The recession in the economy forced the leadership of the CPC to declare at the XIV Congress (autumn 1992) the continuation of reforms and the transition to "socialist market relations."

In March 1993, the session of the National People's Congress elected Jiang Zemin as the President of the People's Republic of China. Li Peng was re-elected as prime minister.

China welcomed the new millennium as one of the world's economic leaders. The country has managed to create its own economic model, which used strengths centralized state administration in combination with market mechanisms of competition in the manufacturing sector.

The availability of cheap labor made the country attractive to foreign capital. The production of cheap products and the entry of these products to the world market became a breakthrough for the country in the field of obtaining foreign exchange profits.

China at the beginning of the 21st century is a space and nuclear power. The final formation and support of a market economy is carried out in China under the leadership of the Communist Party on the basis of five-year plans. The Chinese economy remains multi-layered. Although the share of foreign investment in the country's economy is high, almost 80% of all foreign investors are ethnic Chinese (huaqiao) living abroad. That is, China involves in the sphere of its economy, first of all, patriotic-minded fellow citizens, thereby promoting them. Their interests in the developed countries of the world. By 2020, China, according to the plans of the CCP, should catch up with the United States in total income GDP.

For support structural changes economy, China is actively developing its own education system, and also supports students studying abroad (primarily in the United States and Japan). Imports of technologies are encouraged that allow the development of such progressive and promising directions economics such as software development, telecommunications industry, production of new materials, biotechnology, medical and pharmaceutical industries. China has over 384 million Internet users, the country is the world leader in the number of mobile phone users. telephone connection(487.3 million users as of April 2007, which is, of course, due to the country's population). China's "Silicon Valley" has been created in the Haidian region north of Beijing. However, the intensification of production also has side effects: the level of hidden unemployment in rural areas is almost twice as high as the official figures (4.6%). China tacitly encourages emigration China's economy. The structure of the Chinese economy. Electronic resource. Access mode: http: //www.ereport.ru/articles/weconomy/china2. htm.

The dynamics of the Chinese economy is well illustrated by a series of charts shown in Figure 1.

PRC GDP in billion US dollars

China's GDP Growth Rate in %

The pace of industrial production in China

Export volume of China, billion US dollars

Import volume of China, billion US dollars

Rice. 1 Key indicators of the Chinese economy in dynamics

Here are some statistics that speak about the current level of the Chinese economy and. thereby confirming the effectiveness of the reforms carried out in the country.

By 2006, China had become the world's third largest vehicle manufacturer (after the US and Japan) and the second largest consumer (after the US). Car production has grown very sharply during the reforms. China became the world's number one automaker in 2009. Today they are also talking about the fact that over the past few years there has been a jump in the quality of cars produced in China.

China is the world's largest steel producer, with the steel industry rapidly increasing its output in the early 21st century. Iron ore production kept pace with steel production in the early 1990s but lagged far behind with imports of iron ore and other metals in the early 2000s. Steel production increased from 140 million tons in 2000 to 419 million tons in 2006 (figures are rounded). Most steel is produced in small factories. China is the main exporter of steel in the world. The volume of steel exports in 2008 amounted to 59.23 million tons (a decrease of 5.5% compared to 2007).

The rapid growth of the economy required China to acquire energetic resources, while before the reforms the country was their supplier. Russia is the largest supplier of oil and gas to China. At the same time, China is building up its own energy capacities. “In 2009, China ranked third in the world in terms of total wind power capacity with 25,104 MW. At the end of 2009, about 90 Chinese companies produced wind turbines, more than 50 companies produced blades, and about 100 companies produced various components ...

In 2009 China had 226 GW of renewable energy power plants. Of these, 197 GW of hydroelectric power, 25.8 GW of wind farms, 3,200 MW of biomass, and 400 MW of photovoltaic power plants connected to electrical networks. By 2020, the Chinese government plans to build 300 GW of new hydroelectric power plants, 150 GW of wind farms, 30 GW of biomass plants, and 20 GW of photovoltaic power plants. The total capacity of power plants operating on renewable energy sources will reach 500 GW., The capacity of the entire power industry in China will grow to 1600 GW. by 2020.

Nuclear power is also actively developing. It is planned to put into operation at least 1.8 GW of nuclear generating capacities annually, so that by 2020 the total capacity of Chinese nuclear power plants will increase to 40 GW, which by then should be about 4% of the country's total energy balance. Over the previous 20 years of development, Chinese nuclear power has built nuclear power plants with a total capacity of power units at the level of 6.7 GW, which provides a little more than 1% of all electricity generation in the country ...

Grain production in the country in 2007 exceeded 500 million tons against 497 million tons produced in 2006. Analysts of the ministry note a gradual decline in annual grain consumption per capita - from 412 kg in 1996 to 378 kg in 2006.

China ranked first in the world in terms of vegetable exports and fruit production. In recent years, the area under vegetable crops has been significantly expanded in the country. If in 1996 their total area was 11 million hectares, in 2006 it reached 15 million hectares. The volume of vegetable production can not only satisfy domestic demand, but also increase their export. In 2007 at 676 wholesale markets agricultural products of large and medium-sized cities, a mechanism was established to monitor the quality and safety of products.

The total area of fruit orchards increased from 9 million hectares in 1996 to 10 million hectares in 2006, during this period, the volume of fruit harvest increased from 46.53 million tons to 95.99 million tons. Currently, fruit production in China is 17% of the world volume. In 2007, the gross aquatic production of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Northern China) reached 94,000 tons, an increase of 8%. The net per capita income of fishermen amounted to USD 740 with an increase of 10%.

In 2007, China's fish farming is developing steadily, a wide range of aquatic products is presented in the Chinese market, seafood prices are stable, and trade turnover is growing. Gross production in this area in 2007 amounted to about 69.4 billion US dollars. "The Economy of China. The structure of the Chinese economy. Electronic resource. Access mode: http: //www.ereport.ru/articles/weconomy/china2. htm

Thus, today the Chinese economy turned out to be not only competitive, but also more resistant to crisis phenomena. Than the economies of the developed countries of the West.

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INTRODUCTION

China has been and remains a country that has given the world a culture rich in traditions, customs and laws.

China began to trade with Europe from the 16th century, but this trade was limited. This was due to the fact that China did not need the goods of the outside world. China got everything necessary goods thanks to our own production.

In the middle of the XIX century. the situation is changing - as a result of the Opium Wars, the Chinese border becomes open to European states, which gives Europeans a huge market for goods (primarily opium), which are exchanged for silver and gold. This led to the impoverishment of the bulk of the Chinese population. China was becoming a semi-colony of European powers and Japan. The economic and political enslavement of China was accompanied by cultural and religious intervention. Chinese civilization self-destructed under the influence of European capitalism, all cultural and economic innovations contradicted the established eastern social system. There was a threat to the existence of Chinese civilization itself.

Since the first Opium War (1840 - 1842) and until the emergence of the People's Republic of China at the end of 1949, Western intervention in China lasted.

The salvation of China came from the West, as the geopolitical situation in the world has changed. Great Britain and the era of colonial empires are gone. The future leaders of world development, the USSR and the USA, turned their eyes to the East.

Since the mid-1980s, the Chinese leadership has been developing the concept of a multipolar world, in which the PRC should take its rightful place as one of the new "centers of power" not only in Asia, but also in the world as a whole. In this desire, the PRC finds active support from Russia, supporting and developing this idea since the second half of the 90s / Samturova, Medvedev, 1991, p. 302/.

China is a country that in the first half of the 20th century went through the Xinghai Revolution, the Dujunat system, the Japanese occupation and civil war. In the second half, the Cultural Revolution, which took place in the 60s, dealt a blow to its economy, and suddenly in the 80s. shows amazing results, and in the 90s. takes on the position of rapidly developing countries. China managed in three decades to reach the level that Western Europe managed to achieve in centuries.

China became another state, along with Germany and Japan, where the "economic miracle" took place (1978-1997). Today, China is one of the rapidly developing countries, whose GDP growth is about 8-9% per year.

opium economy trading china

1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

The change in the geopolitical situation in the world after the Second World War leads to social and political transformations in the state. It was from that moment that China gained independence and got rid of the interventionists, and a long period of reforms began.

The integrity of the state is being restored (except for Taiwan), and officials of the decentralized era with old ideals are being replaced by new cadres who were brought up on the ideals of Marxism.

In 1958, the leader of the Chinese Communists, Mao Zedong, proclaimed the policy of the "Great Leap Forward", setting the task of catching up with England in iron production per capita, and creating "people's communes" in the countryside with the complete socialization of labor tools and the distribution of products. This adventuristic course led to the disorganization of the economy, mass famine in the countryside and a sharp cooling of relations with the USSR; a large detachment of Soviet specialists was withdrawn from China. In subsequent years, the Peking government was forced to abandon the extremes of the "Great Leap Forward" and pursue a policy of "settlement."

In 1966, Mao Zedong undertook a new adventure, starting the so-called Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The striking force of the new "revolution" was students and students of secondary schools, reorganized into detachments of the Red Guards, that is, the Red Guards. Many cadres of the CCP and those infected with the "counter-revolutionary spirit" began to be persecuted - primarily representatives of the intelligentsia. Many townspeople were sent to the countryside for "labor re-education". By the early 1970s, the Hongweiping movement had faded away, but the course for a "cultural revolution" was not canceled until the death of Mao Zedong in October 1976.

In order to carry out socialist transformations in the state, it was necessary to participate in world politics according to the established capitalist rules, and the leader of the Chinese revolution did not want to do this, but at the same time he understood everything perfectly. He gave China an opportunity for normal diplomatic communication with the rest of the world, and most importantly with East Asia.

A month after Mao Zedong was swept away, Jiang Qing's widow and her closest associates - the so-called Gang of Four that led the "cultural revolution" - were arrested, and the "cultural revolution" was declared a "great mistake" and a "national tragedy."

Deng Xiaoping came to power, proclaiming a program for the modernization of China. The main merit of Mao Zedong is that he created the basis for the subsequent economic growth under Deng Xiaoping. He understood that he was carrying out reforms in a country where most of the population lives in the countryside, it was necessary to start with the agrarian sector. People's communes were abolished in the village, and the land was transferred for use individual families; the market for agricultural products reappeared. Thanks to these measures, China began to fully provide itself with food, a layer of wealthy peasants appeared.

Taking into account the past and current experience of socio-economic transformations, the Chinese reformers have developed the principles for their implementation:

1. In the course of reforms, it is necessary to transform the economic system, and not the socio-economic structure of society, which, on the contrary, must develop and improve.

2. The main thing in economic security It consisted in choosing at the initial stage such branches of the economy that give quick profits, capital accumulation, provide employment for the population and serve as a basis for the development of their economy.

3. The Chinese leadership tried not to miss the opportunity to manage the economy at the macro level, so that it would not go to waste.

4. Graduality, practical development of theoretical models in selected areas, sectors of the economy and territorial units has become an important principle of reform.

5. The economic reform was actively supported by political means, which was expressed in the creation of a favorable external and internal situation in the country, in preventing the development of negative trends arising in the process of reforms.

6. Reforms must be carried out consistently and comprehensively, striving for a breakthrough in important areas.

These reforms in the political and economic areas led to the fact that China from a "paper dragon" turned into a real political and economic power in the world. This civilization is conquering the markets of Europe and Africa.

And all this became possible thanks to the formation of a new social economic system in China. A merger has taken place state structures(apparatus of redistribution) with capitalism - a new type of social relations- state capitalism.

The PRC government has moved to an "open door" policy and encouragement of foreign investment. "Special economic zones" appeared on the sea coast, where favorable conditions were created for foreign entrepreneurs. The rapid growth of industrial and agricultural production has allowed China to occupy an important position in the world economic system.

Capital and production capacities from the rich countries of East Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Korea) are transferred to the southeast of the PRC. At the same time, the Greater China zone was distinguished by the fact that, unlike other free economic regions, the partners have never held interstate negotiations with each other, moreover, no diplomatic treaties have been signed between Taiwan and China at all. Thanks to this, China is diversifying its industrial structure, there is an increase in employment, which is carried out by transferring production capacities from regions with expensive labor to China with cheap labor, and, most importantly, there is an influx of foreign investment. Huaqiao (Chinese living abroad) became the main providers of investments. The total annual income of Chinese emigrants is about 3 trillion dollars. Of this amount, Chinese businessmen allocate up to 300 billion dollars annually for production purposes.

The unprecedented success of China's economic development has become one of the most important events in world history (1978-1997). During this period of economic reform country's GDP increased by 5.7 times, or an average of 9.6% per year. This means that it has doubled almost every 7.5 years.

Over the past 19 years, the production of GDP per capita in China has increased by 4.4 times, labor productivity (GDP of more than one employed person) - by 3.4 times.

With the proclamation of economic liberalization and tight control, the Chinese, however, were given more freedom than they had in the entire history of civilization. In 1999 2.5 million Chinese have traveled the world for their own money. They are free to choose a job or start their own business. Genetically embedded commercial instincts have revived in people.

In the last decade, border issues between China and most neighboring states, including the CIS countries, have been settled. In July 1997, China regained Hong Kong, which, however, retained a special administrative status. In December 1999, China restored its sovereignty over the Portuguese colony of Macao. Economic progress in China has not been accompanied by equally dramatic political changes. The CCP continues to have a monopoly on power, there are no free elections in the country, and opposition speeches are strongly suppressed.

However, having achieved this, China also faced the problems that are characteristic of capitalist states - the emergence of a huge gap in the incomes of urban and rural population, between different classes, areas, which has become one of the main threats to social stability and the continued growth of the PRC economy.

2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF MODERN CHINA. PROSPECTS FOR FURTHER GROWTH IN THE TRADE AND ECONOMIC SPHERE

The rise of China to the status of a world power was most clearly observed in the last decade of the 20th century. The country's entry into the first roles in world geopolitics has changed the entire geometry of international relations. The rise of China has not affected any country in the world to a greater extent than Russia.

In 2002, China hosted the 16th CPC Congress, which, in fact, became a new stage in the development of Chinese reform.

Jiang Zemin put forward the following development strategies: continue to follow the ideas of Deng Xiaoping, implement the "three representatives" ideology, carry out the modernization of social construction at an accelerated pace, build a moderately prosperous society in China, make every effort to build socialism with Chinese characteristics.

2001-2005 - years of the 10th economic five-year plan. Over the years, the tertiary sector of the economy has been rapidly developing: the spheres of finance and information, labor productivity has been growing. It also speeds up the reform process. state enterprises their share in the national economy of the country is declining. The share of the non-state sector in the economy is growing significantly, and the level of its competitiveness is increasing. The government continues to control the migration of the population from city to city, minimizing the movement of citizens from the countryside.

Also Special attention given to the regional development of the country. It was decided that everything must be done to stop the trend of gap between the level of development of the west and east of the country. The eastern regions must transfer their dynamism to the western ones. In its policy regional development China is trying to develop a special approach to each of the regions, taking into account not only the specifics of natural and resource factors, but also social ones.

During this period, certain development strategies were developed:

1) Phased.

2) Long-term.

3) Comprehensive character.

By adhering to these strategies, even after the global economic crisis in 2009, economic growth did not drop sharply, and GDP growth did not drop much, but recently it has started to grow, and the economic recovery has reached the pre-crisis state.

The global economic crisis has had a contradictory effect. On the one hand, unemployment has increased due to falling consumption in the world, but on the other hand, China's GDP has grown. China has effectively become a monopoly of GDP growth (8% per year). This is achieved through measures to stimulate domestic consumption, lower taxes for businesses, and continued improvement investment climate. It is also connected with the activities of the party apparatus. It is he who is responsible for the low exchange rate of the yuan, for export duties, the creation of free economic zones and special regions in the state - the main reasons for the growth of the PRC economy. Party members constantly remember that the main goal of reforms in the country is to create conditions for the enrichment of the people.

Investment growth in China's economy increased by $7 billion in November 2009 compared to the same period in 2008. The specifics of the Chinese economy is such that it must grow all the time, and not less than 7% per year, but not more than 10% per year. Such a corridor is due to the fact that with an increase of less than 7%, unemployment will increase, and with an increase of more than 10%, the so-called overheating of the economy occurs, when inflation and overproduction of goods rise. Proceeding from this, Chinese expansion in the world will inevitably only increase - for the time being economic, and not only within the framework of real sector(production and trade), but also financially.

In the near future, China has outlined several directions, the implementation of which will determine the economic development of the country in the long term. First of all, it is the reform of the public sector and banking system, change in the system of circulation of agricultural products, stabilization demographic situation and the eradication of poverty.

However, the planned transformations have quite a few opponents who believe that they will lead to an aggravation of the food problem, especially since the population, according to forecasts, will increase to 1.6 billion people within 25 years.

Population growth will be accompanied by a change in its gender and age structure. First of all, this is expressed in the aging of the urban population and the growth of the young population. Undoubtedly, this will affect future programs of social and economic development of the country.

A very big problem is poverty. In 1999 the population living in areas of absolute poverty, according to official estimates, amounted to 35 million people. But according to the World Bank, 300 million people live in poverty (average per capita daily consumption of $1 is taken as a criterion).

The task of overcoming poverty is extremely difficult because of the depth of its causes. These are unfavorable geographical and climatic conditions, difficult ecological situation, underdevelopment of economic, social, entrepreneurial, cultural infrastructure.

The PRC has a huge set of problems to solve. Among the most acute are the problems of employment and the environment, the shortage of a number of natural resources, primarily arable land and fresh water, underdevelopment of R&D, education and health systems. These and many other factors, on the one hand, stimulate efforts to increase economic potential, on the other hand, impede the country's movement towards new frontiers.

At the same time, official forecasts of the country's development for 2000-2050 (Table 1) are still very optimistic.

Table 1 - Forecast estimates of the growth of the economic potential of China

Because of China's size, its population, its economy, and the extent to which it interacts with the world, China's problems inevitably become the problems of the whole world. China has become a model for growth and its limits.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we can say that the path China has chosen to transform and introduce new reforms is unique. It combines, on the one hand, an orientation towards the socialist system and the dominant role of the state in the economy, and, on the other hand, the transition to a market economy. At first glance, this combination seems paradoxical. But the practical results of the ongoing reforms show that such phenomena can still exist and even produce the expected results, that is, the economic recovery and growth of the country, the improvement of people's livelihoods.

REFERENCES

1. Berger Ya.M. The population of China at the turn of the 21st century. // Sinology, No. 1, 2001.

2. Delyusin L. China: half a century - two eras. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2001. - 294 p.

3. History of China. Textbook: ed. Meliksetova A.V. - M., 2004.

4. Social statistics: Textbook. / Edited by I. I. Eliseeva. M.: Finance and statistics, 2005.

5. [Electronic resource] http://www.customs.ru// Free access.

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