Date of birth: March 28, 1483
Date of death: April 6, 1520
Place of birth: Urbino, Italy

Rafael (Rafael Santi)(1483-1520) - famous painter of the Renaissance, Rafael Santi- architect.

Raphael was born on March 28, 1483 in Italy in the city of Urbino in the family of the poet and artist Giovanni Santi. The future artist begins learning lessons in painting and creativity from his father.

After the death of his father at the age of 17, Raphael moved to Perugia and entered the studio of the artist P. Perugino. where he continued his artistic development. Already during this period, the first works of Raphael appeared, having the general character of religious dreaminess inherent in the Urbian school.

Florentine period

After 2 years, the young man moved to Florence, where such famous Renaissance artists as Leonardo da Vinci and Fra Bartolomeo worked. Florence itself was able to have a strong influence on the development of Raphael's artistic taste. Choosing the works of Leonardo da Vinci and Fra Bartolomeo as a standard to follow.

Thus, in Raphael’s images of the Florentine period, we can find both the correct transfer of emotional movements, and the subtlety of the play of colors that are so inherent in the work of Leonardo da Vinci, as well as the depth of impression, the ability to arrange groups and reflect reverent degeneration, which was taken from the works of Fra Bartolomeo. A natural sense of proportion allowed Raphael to take from other people's creativity only what was close and useful to him.

It was in Florence that Raphael had to study medicine and anatomy, without knowledge of which the artist of that time could not correctly reflect the human body.

The paintings “The Three Graces”, “The Dream of a Knight”, “Christ Blessing”, “St. Catherine of Alexandria” belong to the Florentine period of Raphael’s work.

The time of Raphael's residence in Florence is considered to be the time of the Madonnas. He was the only one at that time to portray Madonna as a young and tender mother. The following were written: “Madonna of the House of Tempi”, “Madonna of the House of Colonna”, “Madonna del Baldachino”, “Madonna of the Goldfinch”, “Madonna of the Greens”, “Madonna of Granduca”. The Duke of Tuscany liked the latter so much that having acquired it, he never parted with it.

Roman period

The images of the Madonna made Raphael so famous that as a result, the Pope himself invited Raphael to Rome to participate with other artists in painting the state rooms of the Vatican Palace. But Pope Julius II, appreciating Raphael’s frescoes, expelled other artists, entrusting Raphael alone to paint all the halls.

The unusual tasks set before Raphael, the proximity of his idol Michelangelo, who at that time began decorating the Sistine Chapel with frescoes, gave rise to a competitive streak in Raphael, and classical architecture, most developed at that time in Rome, gave his works a divine reflection and clarity for the artistic idea.

In the Stanza della Segnatura, in 3 rooms, Raphael painted a fresco on the entire volume of each wall, but moved away from the images of saints, depicting scenes from ancient culture: The frescoes were painted: “Theology”, “Poetry”, “Justice” and “The School of Athens” their figures seem to float on the ceiling and become the center for the images on the walls.

Below the figure of Theology is the Dispute about the Holy Eucharist, this dispute takes place both in heaven (Jesus Christ, John the Baptist, apostles, prophets, martyrs are depicted) and on earth (the church fathers and growing believers are gathered around the altar) and in the middle there are mediators - the 4 Gospels brought by angels.

On the fresco “Poetry”, existing and ancient poets were placed under its personification “Parnassus”. On the fresco “Justice” above the window there are figures of strength, moderation and prudence, and on the sides the Emperor and the Pope, as the personification of justice. In The School of Athens, Raphael depicted the Greek philosophers Socrates and Heraclitus among their students, especially highlighting the images of the realist Aristotle and the idealist Plato looking into the sky.

At the same time, the artist created portraits of his contemporaries: Popes Julius II and Leo X, which were painted in such a lively manner that contemporaries were afraid to look at them. He also did not leave the image of Madonnas; the “Madonna with the Veil”, “Madonna of the House of Alba”, and the most famous “Sistine Madonna” belong to this period. Raphael, while restoring the paintings of ancient temples in which he participated in excavations, introduced some motifs into his paintings.

Since 1515, Raphael was constantly at work, the Pope appointed Raphael as his chamberlain and knight of the golden spur. Raphael made friends with many representatives of high Roman society and a crowd of students always gathered around him, hanging on every word.

Raphael would have been versatile in his creativity: according to his plans, several churches, villas, and palaces were erected. He made sketches for sculptors and even sculpted himself: for example, Raphael’s hand belongs to the marble statue of a child on a dolphin, currently in the Hermitage.

After Michelangelo's death, Raphael used his extensive knowledge and continued the work begun by Michelangelo on St. Peter's Basilica.

Despite the instructions of Pope Leo X, Raphael did not change the project chosen by Michelangelo and drafted 2 colonnades around the cathedral, in which he wanted to reflect all the monumentality ancient Rome, but did not have time due to death. His work was completed later by the architect L. Bernini.

Raphael was the founder of portraiture for the next few centuries, because... For him, the person himself was important, as something unusual, which he tried to emphasize. The artist knew how to reflect both the greed of popes and the extraordinary beauty of madonnas.

April 6, 1520 Raphael dies at the age of 37 from consumption, common in those days, without completing St. Peter's Cathedral.

Achievements of Rafael Santi:

1225 – the number of works created by Raphael.
From under his brush came such works as “The Sistine Madonna”, “Carrying the Cross”, “The Triumph of Galatea”, “The Three Graces”.
He was engaged in decorating the Vatican with frescoes in the style of ancient culture: “Theology”, “Philosophy”, “Jurisprudence” and “Poetry”.

Dates from the biography of Rafael Santi:

March 28, 1483 born in Italy
1494 learning painting from the Umbrian artist P. Perugino
1504 the beginning of the Florentine period in creativity, studying with Fra Bartolomeo and Leonardo da Vinci.
1508 was called to Rome to decorate several halls of the Vatican.
1514 appointed chief overseer of the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral.
On April 6, 1520 he died without finishing the construction.

Interesting facts about Rafael Santi:

Thanks to Raphael's peaceful nature, there was always no room for quarrels and squabbles around him.
Skillfully combining generalization with specific realism, his images of divine babies are always allegorical.
He is the author of sketches called "Raphael's Bible", sketches written on subjects of the Old and New Testaments and which were to decorate the Vatican loggias.

All of Raphael's paintings are a vivid reflection of his subtle nature. From an early age he was endowed with a hardened work ethic and a desire for spiritual and pure beauty. Therefore, in his works he tirelessly conveyed the enchanting forms of lofty ideas. Perhaps that is why such a huge number of works were born under the master’s brush, which convey the perfection of the surrounding world and its ideals. Probably, none of the artists of the Renaissance so skillfully and deeply revived the subjects of their paintings. Just remember a real masterpiece of art of that time “ Sistine Madonna" The image of a unique, wonderful vision appears unshakably and desired before the viewer. It seems to descend from the bluish depths of heaven and envelop those around with its majestic and noble golden radiance. Mary descends solemnly and boldly, holding her baby in her arms. Such paintings by Raphael are a vivid reflection of his sublime feelings and pure sincere emotions. Monumental forms, clear silhouettes, balanced composition - this is the whole author, his aspirations for high ideals and perfection.

On his canvases, the master fell in love again with female beauty, graceful grandeur and the gentle charm of heroines. It’s not for nothing that he wrote at least two of his works “ Three Graces" And " Cupid and the Graces"dedicated to the beautiful goddesses of Roman mythology - the ancient Greek Charites. Their soft forms and rich lines embodied the most joyful, kind and bright beginning of all life. Raphael tirelessly drew inspiration from them. He purposefully depicted goddesses naked in order to bring each viewer closer to the virgin and tender nature of high art. Perhaps this is why the rest of the artist’s works vividly display divine power, sensual beauty, inextricably linked with the ideals of the surrounding world.

Text: Ksusha Kors

Biography

The era of the High Renaissance in Italy gave the world great artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian. Each of them embodied the spirit and ideals of the era in their work. The works of Leonardo clearly reflected cognitive purposefulness, the works of Michelangelo - the pathos and drama of the struggle for great perfection, Titian - cheerful free-thinking, Raphael glorifies the feelings of beauty and harmony.

Raphael (more precisely Raffaello Santi) was born April 6, 1483(according to other sources, March 28, 1483) in the family of the court artist and poet of the Duke of Urbino Giovanni Santi in the city of Urbino. Raphael's father was an educated man and it was he who instilled in his son a love of art. And Raphael received his first painting lessons from his father.

When Raphael was 8 years old, his mother died, and at the age of 11, after the death of his father, he was left an orphan.

The city of Urbino, where Raphael was born and raised, in the middle of the 15th century was a brilliant artistic center, a center of humanistic culture in Italy. The young artist could get acquainted with wonderful works of art in the churches and palaces of Urbino, and the beneficial atmosphere of beauty and art awakened imagination, dreams, and cultivated artistic taste. Biographers and researchers of Raphael's work suggest that for the next 5-6 years he studied painting with mediocre Urbino masters Evangelista di Piandimeleto and Timoteo Viti.

IN 1500 year, Rafael Santi moved to Perugia to continue his education in the workshop of the most important Umbrian painter, Pietro Perugino (Vannucci). Perugino's contemplative and lyrical artistic style was close. The first artistic compositions were performed by Raphael at the age of 17-19 “ Three Graces», « Knight's Dream" and the famous " Madonna Conestabile" The theme of the Madonna is especially close to Raphael’s lyrical talent and it is no coincidence that it will remain one of the main ones in his work.

Raphael's Madonnas are usually depicted against the backdrop of landscapes, their faces breathing calm and love.

During the Peruginian period, the painter created the first monumental composition for the church - “ Mary's Betrothal", signifying new stage in his work. IN 1504 year Raphael moves to Florence. He lived in Florence for four years, occasionally traveling to Urbino, Perugia, and Bologna. In Florence, the artist becomes familiar with the artistic ideals of Renaissance art and becomes acquainted with the works of antiquity. At the same time, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo worked in Florence, creating cardboards for battle scenes in the Palazzo Vecchiu.

Raphael studies ancient art, makes sketches from the works of Donatello, from the compositions of Leonardo and Michelangelo. He draws a lot from life, depicts models naked, and strives to correctly convey the structure of the body, its movement, and plasticity. At the same time, he studies the laws of monumental composition.

Raphael's painting style is changing: it expresses plastic more strongly, forms are more generalized, compositions are more simple and strict. During this period of his work, the image of the Madonna becomes the main one. The fragile, dreamy Umbrian Madonnas were replaced by images of more earthly full-blooded ones, their inner world became more complex and emotionally rich.

Compositions depicting Madonnas and Children brought Raphael fame and popularity: “ Madonna del Granduca" (1505), " Madonna Tempi" (1508), " Madonna of Orleans», « Madonna Column" In each painting on this subject, the artist finds new nuances, artistic fantasies make them completely different, the images acquire greater freedom and movement. The landscapes surrounding the Mother of God are a world of serenity and idyll. This period of the painter, " Madonna artist" - the flowering of his lyrical talent.

The Florentine period of Raphael’s work ends with the monumental painting “ Entombment"(1507) and marks his transition to a monumental-heroic generalized style.

in autumn 1508 Raphael moves to Rome. At that time, at the invitation of Pope Julius II, the best architects, sculptors, and painters from all over Italy came to Rome. Humanist scientists gathered around the papal court. Popes and powerful spiritual and secular rulers collected works of art and patronized science and the arts. In Rome, Raphael becomes a great master of monumental painting.

Pope Julius II commissioned Raphael to decorate the papal chambers in the Vatican Palace, the so-called stanzas (rooms), with paintings. Raphael worked on the frescoes of the Stanza for nine years - from 1508 to 1517. Raphael's frescoes became the embodiment of the humanistic dream of the Renaissance about the spiritual and physical perfection of man, his high calling and his creative potential. The themes of the frescoes that form a single cycle are the personification and glorification of Truth (Vero), Good, Good (Bene), Beauty, Beautiful (Bello). At the same time, these are, as it were, three interconnected spheres of human activity - intellectual, moral and aesthetic.

The theme of the fresco " Dispute» (« Dispute"") affirmation of the triumph of the highest truth (the truth of religious revelation), communion. On the opposite wall is the best fresco of the Vatican Stanzas, Raphael’s greatest creation “ Athens school». « Athens school"symbolizes the rational search for truth by philosophy and science. IN " Athens school“The painter depicted a meeting of ancient thinkers and scientists.

Third fresco of Stanza della Segnatura " Parnassus“- the personification of the idea of ​​Bello - Beauty, Beautiful. This fresco depicts Apollo surrounded by muses, inspiredly playing the viol; below are famous and anonymous poets, playwrights, prose writers, most of them ancient (Homer, Sappho, Alcaeus, Virgil, Dante, Petrarch...). Allegorical scene opposite " Parnassus", glorifies (Bene) Good, Good. This idea is personified by the figures of Wisdom, Measure and Strength, rhythmically united by the figures of little geniuses. Three of which symbolize virtues - Faith, Hope, Charity.

Raphael was engaged in monumental painting before recent years life. Raphael's surviving drawings clearly reveal the originality of the artist's creative method, the preparation and implementation of the main task of the work. the main objective– this is the creation of a composition that is holistic and complete.

During his years of work in Rome, Raphael received many orders for portraits. The portraits he created are simple, strict in composition; the main, most significant, unique thing in a person’s appearance stands out: “ Portrait of a Cardinal», « Portrait of the writer Baldassare Castiglione"(Raphael's friend)…

And in Raphael’s easel paintings, the plot with the Madonna remains a constant theme: “ Madonna Alba" (1509), " Madonna in a chair"(1514-1515), altar paintings - " Madonna di Foligno"(1511-1512), " St. Cecilia"(1514).

The greatest creation of easel painting by Raphael " Sistine Madonna"(1513-1514). The royally majestic human intercessor descends to earth. The Madonna hugs little Christ to her, but her hugs are multi-meaning: they contain both love and parting - she gives him to people for suffering and torment. Madonna moves and is still. She remains in her sublime ideal world and goes to the earthly world. Mary forever brings her son to people - the embodiment, a symbol of the highest humanity, beauty and greatness of sacrificial maternal love. Raphael created an image of the Mother of God that is understandable to everyone.

The last years of Raphael's life were devoted to various areas of activity. IN 1514 year, he was appointed to supervise the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral, Supervising the progress of all construction and repair work in the Vatican. Created architectural projects Church of Sant'Eliggio degli Orefici (1509), Palazzo Pandolfini in Florence, Villa Madama.

IN 1515-1516 years, together with his students, he created cardboards for carpets intended to decorate the Sistine Chapel on holidays.

The last work is “ Transfiguration"(1518-1520) - performed with significant participation of students and was completed by them after the death of the master.

Raphael's painting reflected the style, aesthetics and worldview of the era, the era of the High Renaissance. Raphael was born to express the ideals of the Renaissance, the dream of a beautiful person and a beautiful world.

Raphael died at the age of 37 April 6, 1520. The great artist was buried with full honors in the Pantheon. Raphael remained the pride of Italy and all humanity for centuries.

"Carrying the Cross" is one of Raphael's most tragic works. It conveys not only the moment of their life of Christ, described in religious sources, but also human emotions that the author so diligently conveyed. The feeling of grief, [...]

"Bridgewater Madonna" is part of a series of paintings by Raphael Santi dedicated to images of the Madonna. The legendary artist’s brush carefully painted the images of the Madonna, each time trying to find, “probe” that very ideal, mysterious and unattainable. The desire to portray [...]

The fresco "Fire in Borgo" tells about the events taking place in one of the central areas of Rome. According to legend, a fire broke out near the Pope's palace, which subsided only after the appearance of Pope Leo IV himself. Having appeared […]

Ceiling fresco, mosaic. Dimensions: 120 by 105 cm. Dated 1509-1511. Located in Stanza della Segnatura, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City. The said stanza – translated from Italian as room – is the Pope’s office […]

The great Italian artist Raphael Santi was left an orphan at an early age, but gained his first experience as a painter in the studio of his father, who painted at the court of the Duke of Urbino. Subsequently, in his work, Raphael was guided by the first [...]

The amazing time of the Renaissance gave birth to the stories of many brilliant sculptors and artists. It is noteworthy that the talented people of that time had a versatile gift - painting, sculpture, graphic, and sometimes architectural. Raphael's genius is more […]

In the image you can clearly see how much Raphael was influenced by the work of another artist, Michelangelo. In the center of the canvas is a sacred group - the four evangelists are depicted by four beasts. In the center is the unclothed God the Father. His body […]

The work was painted in 1502-1503 for the Oddi altar. Interesting fact When creating this painting, the reason was that the artist did not independently determine the main components of the image. Moreover, his favorite religious theme in the early […]

A special economic zone is a government-designated part of a territory Russian Federation with special regime for business activities. The free zone has special tax, customs, licensing and visa regimes. By his decree, the President entrusted management to new organ state power - Federal Agency for SEZ Management, subordinate to the Ministry economic development and trade. In accordance with the decree, a new agency will be formed within three months.

The main goals of creating a SEZ are:

• - development of manufacturing and high-tech sectors of the economy;
• - production of new types of products, development of import-substituting industries;
• - development of tourism and sanatorium-resort sector.

The law guarantees participants tax benefits. Firstly, for the first five years, residents of both types of zones are exempt from property taxes and land tax. In industrial production zones, in addition, it is allowed to apply an increasing (double) coefficient for depreciation charges and write off losses without restrictions to future period and R&D costs. For technology-implementation zones it is provided maximum bet UST at 14 percent. Along with this, regions and municipalities will also be able to provide their own benefits.

On the territory of the SEZ it is not allowed:

• - Mining and processing of minerals;
• - Production and processing of excisable goods, with the exception of passenger cars and motorcycles;
• - SEZs, except for tourist and recreational SEZs, can only be created in land plots state-owned. The decision to create a SEZ is made by the Government of the Russian Federation based on the results of a competition. Of the 24 operating zones, 4 specialize in the development of industrial production, 4 in technological innovation, 13 in the development of tourism and recreational business, 3 in the development of port, logistics and transport hubs.

Industrial and production special economic zones

They are created on areas of territory that have a common border and whose area is no more than twenty square kilometers.

Technology-innovation special economic zones

Created in no more than three areas of the territory, total area which is no more than four square kilometers. The planned volume of public investment is 44.9 billion rubles. To date, the state has invested 15 billion rubles.

Planned government investments in technology-innovative SEZs amount to 78 billion rubles. Of this amount, 28 billion rubles have been sold to date.

Tourist and recreational special economic zones

They are created in one or several areas of the territory determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. They are located in the most picturesque places in Russia. These SEZs offer favorable conditions for organizing tourism, advertising and other types of business.

Port special economic zones

They are created in areas of the territory adjacent to seaports, river ports open to international traffic and the call of foreign ships, to airports open to receive and dispatch aircraft performing international air transportation, and may include parts of territories and (or) water areas sea ​​ports, river ports, airport areas. Port special economic zones can be created on land plots intended in accordance with the established procedure for the construction, expansion, reconstruction and operation of a seaport, river port, airport. Within the boundaries of port special economic zones, seaport infrastructure facilities may be located in accordance with Federal Law dated November 8, 2007 No. 261-FZ “On sea ​​ports in the Russian Federation and on amendments to certain legislative acts Russian Federation". Port special economic zones cannot include property complexes intended for boarding passengers on ships, disembarking them from ships and for other passenger services.

The selection of specific territories for such zones was preceded by a deep analysis and assessment of the conditions necessary for their effective functioning - labor potential, level of economic development, number of higher and secondary special education institutions located there. educational institutions, their profiles. The planned volume of public investment is 4.74 billion rubles.

According to the Russian Ministry of Economic Development, since 2006, budget investments in the development of special economic zones in Russia have amounted to more than 45 billion rubles, or about $1.5 billion. From 2006 to 2011, 272 investors (as of October 1, 2011) from 18 countries came to the special economic zones of Russia, and this process is gaining momentum. Among them there are such transnational giants as Yokohama, Isuzu, Itochu, Sojitz, Air Liquide, Bekaert, Rockwool, Novartis, Plastic Logic and others. The volume of investments declared by residents is more than 308 billion rubles or about $9.9 billion.

According to Art. 10 of Law No. 116-FZ in the territory of the SEZ to carry out entrepreneurial activity not only residents, but also individual entrepreneurs, as well as non-resident commercial enterprises. This provision provides the latter with such a benefit without concluding an agreement with the SEZ management authorities on the conduct of industrial and production activities, which is mandatory for their residents.

According to the law, SEZ residents cannot have separate divisions outside the zone, therefore, most likely, mainly newly created organizations will work in the SEZ. However, the main condition for residents of industrial production zones is to invest at least 10 million euros in production, and in the first year - at least 1 million euros. In addition, the prospective resident must submit a business plan with a banking or financial organization. For participants of technology innovation zones mandatory amount investment has not been established. And most importantly, the question will be resolved - whether the opening of the zone will disrupt the economic stability of neighboring regions - in the sense of the flow of capital and production. Territorial body at Federal agency for SEZ management - this is the structure that will manage the territory of a separate SEZ. Its functions include registration legal entities as residents, maintaining a register of zone participants, as well as monitoring residents’ compliance with working conditions in the SEZ. A special council under the territorial body will review applications from potential investors, assessing how their projects can benefit the economy.

Customs (import) - partial or complete exemption from import duties on semi-finished products, raw materials, etc., imported for use within the zone;

Customs (export) - partial or complete exemption from export duties on products manufactured within the zone.

Financial - investment subsidies, government preferential loans, reduced payment rates utilities and rental of industrial premises.

Administrative - simplified procedure for registering enterprises, simplified procedure for entry and exit of foreign citizens, unimpeded export of legally received profits foreign citizens abroad.

However, despite the rather cheerful figures from the Russian Ministry of Economic Development, photographs and reports from the official website, the majority of SEZs in our country do not function

It is too early to talk about any results from the activities of the special zones: the infrastructure has not even been completed in any of them yet. The main work on its creation in the PPZ and TVZ is planned to be completed by 2011, in the tourist and recreational zones - by 2012, and in the port zones - by 2014.

Nevertheless, both industrial production zones are already producing something. Firstly, in Tatarstan, in the Alabuga SEZ, cars are assembled by two joint ventures created by the Sollers company (formerly Severstal-auto). By the end of 2008, the Russian-Japanese Sollers-Isuzu will produce 7 thousand trucks of the same name, and the Russian-Italian Sollers-Elabuga will produce 10 thousand Fiat Ducato vehicles. Secondly, several Russian-Italian joint ventures have been created in Lipetsk for the production of building materials and complex household appliances. It is expected that by the end of the year the output volume of these two SEZs will amount to 11 billion rubles.

However, despite the stated desire to follow the best world practices, we again went our own way. Modern zonal structures formed in the countries of Europe, Asia and Latin America, differ markedly from our SEZs in methods of organization and mechanism of functioning.

Firstly, the initiator of the zone creation - be it a private company or government agency- does not invent benefits, but acts as a developer acting at his own peril and risk. With his own money and on his own (or controlled) part of the territory, he creates an attractive infrastructure, and then invites investor-users there to locate production facilities. The function of the zone organizer is limited to the provision of services: he does not have the right to control the production plans of investors, but interacts with them on an equal contractual basis. Moreover, all preferences and rules of conduct for zone participants are usually spelled out in the relevant law in advance and directly, that is, they are not subject to further clarification with the zone administration or federal departments. In Russian zones, their governing bodies play a strange dual role: by entering into contractual commercial relations with SEZ residents (through a specially created development company), they simultaneously take on a number of control functions.

Secondly, in modern world practice, the industry specialization of residents of special zones, as a rule, is not regulated: priority is given to the application procedure for making investments, especially in private zones. Although this does not mean that the zones do not have specialization: at the business plan stage, calculating the potential demand for their services, the initiator-developer, of course, imagines the size and profile of users he is targeting. That is, in world practice, the selection of investors is carried out by the market itself: those who are most suitable for it in terms of infrastructure and business conditions come to each zone. And our state, represented by RosSEZ and local zonal administrations, not only selects future users (that is, implements the permitting investment procedure - the least attractive for business), but also forces them to take on the tasks of developers - to finance the initial infrastructure costs. It is not surprising that our entrepreneurs are somehow sluggishly trying to take on unusual burdens and share poorly calculated risks with the state. Now, if the authorities allowed the possibility of creating private zones, as is being done everywhere today, then business would, perhaps, find both its own developers and its users.

In the meantime, the government is relying on the mechanism of public-private partnership, although it is not used anywhere abroad when creating local SEZs (unlike, say, large energy projects on a national scale). The popular argument that the state has the right to count on “reciprocity”, since it provides benefits and does not collect taxes, is unfounded: SEZs are created in territories where there was no production or tax collections.

It should also be noted that classic industrial production zones, where resident investors enjoy broad customs and tax benefits, are, first of all, a tool for catch-up development. Therefore, they received their greatest distribution in developing countries Southeast Asia and Latin America at the stage of their industrialization. As for the USA and developed countries Europe, they have long understood that to stimulate technological modernization, they need not so much customs enclaves as industrial and scientific parks, where preferences (tax and administrative) are provided to private initiators and developers, and not to resident users. The latter do not have any special benefits here, but they tend to go to parks for the reason that the effects of compact placement and operation of a single infrastructure provide decent cost savings.

For example, South Korea, having gone through the stage of industrialization and export breakthrough, eliminated special customs benefits in its local zones, but retained the model basis of such territories - their park principle of organization. Other Asian Tigers have done the same in many cases. It is possible that after some time these park structures will again become full-fledged special zones, but only with a different composition investment benefits, designed for the tasks of innovative, post-industrial growth.

The Russian authorities mixed everything up because they did not make a clear strategic choice in their development policy. On the one hand, in April of this year the government seemed to abandon the idea of ​​an energy superpower and set a course for an innovative breakthrough, as evidenced by the well-known “Concept 2020”. On the other hand, looking back at China in the 1980s-1990s, we are cultivating in the zones selective support for leading industries and driving technologies, that is, we are using state support methods from the arsenal of catch-up reindustrialization. But in an era of global competition, it is impossible to predict in advance which sector or technology will become the undisputed leader in twenty years.

Therefore, unfortunately, we have no guarantee that the idea with special zones will be successful this time. And practice is already beginning to confirm these doubts.

First of all, the creation of zones quickly became inconsistent. Even basic principle locality, which formed the basis of the 2005 law, strictly speaking, was implemented only for two types of SEZs, which were created first - industrial-production and technology-innovation. But then tourist and recreational zones began to appear, covering large and, most importantly, territories of uncertain size. And it is precisely this “oversized” type of zone that today numerically dominates in Russian practice.

The second point: the law on SEZ is not an act of direct action. Too much of their organization is left to the discretion of the executive branch of government - both federal and regional. As a result, all key issues of SEZ activity require complex bureaucratic approvals within the triad of RosSEZ - regional administration - administration of a specific SEZ. It makes it worse investment climate, creates ample opportunities for corruption. A piquant point: SEZ administrations, by their legal status, are non-profit organizations, that is, they fall outside the regular system of both economic and administrative law.

After a recent inspection of the SEZ, the prosecutor's office filed claims against RosSEZ for misuse free funds(their scrolling through bank accounts), and in individual zones - due to the fact that the real activity here is carried out by an absolute minority of registered users. All this is in many ways reminiscent of the practice of the 1990s, when certain territories with a special status and individual benefits(Kalmykia, Altai, Evenki autonomous region, Ingushetia, etc.) quickly turned into classic profit centers, where investors only registered in order to evade taxes.

When answering the question: are there any prospects for free economic zones in Russia, we can say that there are. However, there is no doubt that the effective implementation of this form of economic interaction with the rest of the world can be carried out subject to the following mandatory conditions:

formation at the federal level of a clear concept in the field of SEZs, taking into account both national and regional interests;

development and adoption of the appropriate legislative and regulatory framework regulating the process of creation and operation of the SEZ;

organizing a SEZ in a limited territory, excluding violation of the principle of a single economic space of the country;

mutual economic interest of both local and federal bodies in the creation of free zones;

the ability (and willingness) of federal authorities to send significant budget resources for the formation of the SEZ infrastructure, with the understanding that the real effect for the country can only be obtained in the future;

the creation at the federal level of a special management body that coordinates the processes of creating SEZs and monitors the implementation by free zones of their obligations towards the state, including the use of funds received from the federal budget;

providing foreign and Russian investors operating in the SEZ with better conditions for maintaining economic activity than those they have abroad and in the rest of the Russian Federation.

As you can see, there are no fundamentally impossible conditions here. Most likely, the problems of free economic zones can be resolved with the coordinated actions of all interested parties.

The creation of a SEZ in our country can become, as in many countries of the world, one of effective ways attracting foreign investment, a catalyst for development foreign economic relations and the country's economy as a whole. But for this, the policy of their formation must be thoughtful and consistent.

Russian President Vladimir Putin. All existing SEZs are transferred to the regions.

The reason for this decision was the report head of the Kremlin control department Konstantin Chuychenko, according to which since 2006, 186 billion rubles have been spent on 33 special economic zones. At the same time, tax and customs payments from the zones themselves amounted to only 40 billion rubles. In addition, instead of the planned 25 thousand jobs, 18 thousand were created by 2016, while the creation of one job in the SEZ cost the budget 10 million rubles.

What is a special economic zone?

Special economic zone (SEZ) is a territory that has a special legal status in relation to the rest of the territory and preferential economic conditions for entrepreneurs. SEZs began to be created in Russia in 2005-2006 with the aim of:

— attracting foreign direct investment;
— creating new jobs for highly qualified personnel;
— development of the export base;
— minimizing costs due to the absence of export and import customs duties;
— bringing production closer to the consumer;
- use cheaper work force;
— development of the territory.

According to Federal law“On Special Economic Zones” a system of benefits and preferences is presented to investors, namely:

— special administrative regime (minimization of bureaucratic barriers, “one window” principle);
— ready infrastructure for business development;
- ransom land plots at a reduced cost, preferential office rent;
— special tax regime (complex tax benefits);
— special customs regime (free customs zone procedure);
— possibility of application accelerated depreciation(most of the cost of a depreciable asset is written off as expenses already in the first years of its operation);
— legal guarantees for the protection of investors’ rights (immutability of legislation).

What special economic zones already exist in Russia?

As of January 1, 2016, there were 33 special economic zones in 30 subjects. According to the Ministry of Economy, from 2006 to 2015, more than 400 investors came to them, about 80 of them from 29 foreign countries.

Depending on their functions, the degree of integration into the economy and the benefits provided, SEZs are divided into:

Logistics SEZs are territories located in close proximity to main transport routes. Created to provide logistics services.

SEZ PT "Ulyanovsk", Ulyanovsk region.
SEZ PT “Sovetskaya Gavan”, Khabarovsk Territory.

Industrial SEZs are territories where the production of specific industrial products is established; investors are provided with various benefits.

SEZ PPT "Lipetsk", Lipetsk region.
SEZ PPT "Alabuga", Republic of Tatarstan.
SEZ PPT "Moglino", Pskov region.
SEZ PPT "Tolyatti", Samara region.
SEZ PPT "Lyudinovo", Kaluga region.
SEZ PPT “Titanium Valley”, Sverdlovsk region.

Technological SEZs are territories where research, design, engineering bureaus and organizations are located - technology parks, technopolises.

SEZ TVT "Zelenograd", Moscow.
SEZ TVT "Dubna", Moscow region.
SEZ TVT "St. Petersburg", St. Petersburg.
SEZ TVT "Tomsk", Tomsk.

Tourist SEZs are territories where tourism and recreation infrastructure facilities are being developed and services in the field of tourism are provided.

SEZ TRT “Altai Valley”, Altai Republic.
SEZ TRT “Baikal Harbor”, Republic of Buryatia.
SEZ TRT "Turquoise Katun", Altai Territory.
SEZ TRT “Gates of Baikal”, Irkutsk region