Thesis: content author of the dissertation research: Candidate of Economic Sciences, Borodovskaya, Marina Borisovna
Introduction.
Chapter 1 Foreign economic relations of Russia: the current stage.
1. Foreign economic relations as a factor in the country's economic development.
2. Foreign trade: development trend.
3. Capital migration (investment in Russia; capital flight from Russia).
4. The role of international economic organizations.
Chapter 2. National economic security: foreign economic parameters.
1. Foreign economic security as the most important component of economic security.
2. Main directions and indicators of provision foreign economic security Russia.
3. Foreign economic sphere of Russia and ensuring financial security.
4. Relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security.
Thesis: introduction to economics, on the topic "Economic security of Russia in the field of foreign economic relations"
At present, Russia is on the way to the formation of a qualitatively new organization economic relations and connections, economic mechanisms and institutional structures. The inclusion of Russia in the global economic system is an objective process of the country's integration into the system of world economic relations, the need to "open" Western markets for domestic products and increase the competitiveness of our industry. It is the potential of this increase in the context of the lack of alternatives to the task of realizing comparative advantages Russian economy, the possibility of developing competitive industries of national specialization and this is the main benefit that Russia will receive from being included in world economic processes.
Following the transformation of the previous socio-economic relations, there is an evolution of views on what constitutes the economy as a self-developing system, what tasks in the field of external economic ties and economic security should be decided by the state and by what means.
The current situation in the domestic economy determines the relevance of systematizing the preliminary results of Russia's economic development at the turn of the century, makes it possible to compare the place in the world economy that the country occupied earlier and occupies today, to assess the extent of Russia's involvement in world economic relations and the degree of its security.
In this regard, it is important to highlight four main areas that require the most attention in the study of economic security.
First, foreign trade and its impact on economic development countries. It has become almost universally recognized that foreign economic relations act as a powerful amplifier of development trends. In the context of an upturn, these ties reinforce the favorable market situation, stimulate technological progress in the country, lead to lower costs and improve the quality of products, and contribute to progressive changes in branch structure; during periods of recession and crisis - on the contrary, exacerbate economic difficulties.
Secondly, the migration of capital and the problem of financial security. Consideration of this problem allows us to speak about the causes, motives and consequences of capital flight, as well as to investigate the quantity and quality of foreign investment, methods of attracting them and the reasons for their low volume.
Thirdly, the impact of participation in international economic organizations on the development of the country's economy. The economic relations of Russia with different regions of the world have their own specifics, especially today, due to changes both in Russia itself and in the outside world, as well as the fact that structural adaptation to the world economy of Russia takes place in much more difficult conditions than in Western European or East Asian states .
Fourth, the relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security. Modern facts show that even countries that are successfully developing and integrating with the world economy are at great risk, fully opening their economies to international capital flows. But this does not mean a call for isolation, but only for the optimal opening of the country's economy.
In the domestic economic literature, issues related to foreign economic relations and economic security have recently been widely covered. It is traditional to consider individual aspects of these processes, while, however, the systematization of all issues into a single interconnected whole has not been achieved.
The problem of studying foreign economic relations of Russia and issues of its economic security is presented in detail in the works on general problems of the world economy and security issues of domestic authors: Abakina JL, Anikina A., Vasilyeva N., Glazyev S. Gusakova N. Ilarionova A., Kireeva A., Oleinikov E., Olsevich Yu. Popov V. Porokhovsky A., Senchagov V., Sidorovich A. Faminsky I. Cherkovets O. Yasin E. and others, as well as foreign authors: Lindert P., Pebro M. Saksa J., Fisher S. and others."
The official publications of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, publications in scientific journals, and the work of leading Russian and Western economists were used as the basis for analysis and systematization. The study used official documents of the Russian government, materials and statistics from the Customs Committee, the Bank of Russia and other departments of the country.
The subject of the research is the economic security of Russia in the field of foreign economic relations. At the same time, the object of research is specific phenomena that are highlighted for detailed study in this work: foreign trade and its impact on the economic development of the country; capital migration and the problem of financial security; the impact of participation in international economic organizations on the development of the Russian economy; the relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security.
The purpose of the study is to analyze and systematize the general trends in the functioning of foreign trade, capital migration and their impact on the economic security of the Russian Federation.
The implementation of the research goal involves the solution of the following tasks:
To study, generalize and systematize the main approaches to the problems of Russia's foreign economic relations and economic security, available in domestic and foreign literature;
Identify and analyze the main trends in the development of Russia's foreign trade and its impact on the country's economic security;
Establish the importance of financial security for countries with economies in transition;
Determine the role of international economic organizations in the development of the country's economy;
Explore the possibility of forming an open economy while maintaining the country's economic security.
The purpose and objectives of the study involve the use of the dialectical method, which makes it possible to systematize the problems of foreign economic relations and economic security not only in this moment but also in development. At the same time, the paper provides an economic analysis of the country specifics of Russia in the conduct of foreign trade, capital migration and their relationship with economic security.
The theoretical basis of the research is fundamental works in the field of economic theory, monographs and articles by domestic and foreign scientists on methodological, theoretical and applied problems of foreign economic relations and economic security. For the purpose of comparative analysis, legislative and regulatory documents, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation were widely used in the work. resolutions of the government of the Russian Federation, the State Duma, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank and other bodies government controlled Russian Federation.
The information base of the work was the reference and statistical materials of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, materials of the periodical press, and analytical reports.
The dissertation attempts to systematize various approaches to the development of economic security in the field of foreign economic relations.
The scientific novelty of the topic is as follows:
1. The main trends in the development of foreign trade and its impact on the country's economic security are identified, which allows us to speak about the importance of foreign economic relations in ensuring the country's security. A trend towards a gradual decrease in the share of raw materials and materials and an increase in the share of engineering products in Russia's exports has been determined.
2. The special importance of financial security for countries with economies in transition has been established, comparative analysis relationship between capital migration and financial security in Russia's transitional economy. Several main reasons for the low volume of foreign investment in the Russian economy are identified.
3. The role of international economic organizations in the development of the country's economy is analyzed and the significant impact of international organizations on the economic development of Russia and its relations with different countries is proved. Priority country directions for Russia on present stage.
4. The inconsistency of opening the economy and strengthening its economic security, especially in countries with economies in transition, has been studied and theoretically substantiated.
The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation can be used in the educational process when reading the courses World Economy, International economic relations, as well as special courses on economic, financial and international security.
The main provisions of the work were reported at the scientific-practical conference New trends in political life and the economic security of Russia at the Faculty of Economics of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia and were published in the form of abstracts in the conference proceedings in 1998; at the Department of Economic Theory of the IPPK MSU, where two articles were also published in the collections Problems transition economy- second and third editions; at the department political economy Faculty of Economics, Moscow State University.
Conceptual approaches and conclusions of the study are reflected in publications on the topic of the dissertation, with a total volume of 1.5 pp.
The logic of the presentation of the material in the dissertation work is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. It allows through the prism of analysis of foreign economic relations and economic security to show their relationship. For this, four main areas were identified, which were analyzed in each of the chapters in accordance with their impact on foreign economic relations and the country's economic security. Particular attention is paid to the problem of Russia's inclusion in world economic relations and the impact of this inclusion on the country's economic security.
The turn of the century, although somewhat formal, seems to be a very convenient occasion for summing up the preliminary results of Russia's economic development in the outgoing century, comparing the place in the world economy that the country occupied a century ago and occupies today, assessing the scale of truly enormous shifts that have occurred over the past century. this is the time to formulate the most important lessons.
Thesis: conclusion on the topic "Economic theory", Borodovskaya, Marina Borisovna
Conclusion
Radical economic transformations, cardinal changes in the geopolitical position of Russia after the collapse of the USSR, the formation of a qualitatively new basis for the interaction of the domestic economy with the world economy, the implementation of a set of measures to bring the economy out of the crisis significantly increased the interconnection of the directions of economic security identified by the author in the field of foreign economic relations.
Inclusion in the world economic processes is a complex and lengthy process for every national economy, including the Russian one, but it corresponds to the leading trends in world development and national interests.
As production is internationalized, national economic security is increasingly linked to international economic security. This has been demonstrated not only financial crises wons diverging around the world, regardless of the level of development of the economy of the country that is affected, but also the military conflicts that have swept the European and Asian continents over the past three years. It should be noted that hostilities are often a prerequisite for surges and falls in quotations on stock and commodity exchanges leading countries of the world.
Behind the concept of internationalization of economic life today is the effective functioning of a multi-level global system of economic relations, uniting individual countries into a global complex, in which the degree of closeness of their economic interaction is in accordance with the level of economic progress they have achieved. The study of the patterns of formation of these links and their prospects further development gives reason to assert that the general trend of the world economy is the movement towards economic rapprochement and the unification of individual countries into a single world economic complex.
As a result of the expansion of world economic relations, the total amount of resources that the country has is changing, their material form is being transformed, and the possibilities of borrowing knowledge are increasing.
It is necessary to develop a concept of economic security, which is based on the highest long-term national-state interests. In this regard, it is inextricably linked with ideas about the future of the country, about the socio-economic model that should be formed as a result of the ongoing changes and which acts as a social ideal.
When determining specific tools and mechanisms for ensuring economic security, it is necessary to take into account the threats to economic security formulated above, as well as to take into account the short-term or long-term nature of these threats, the possibility of preventing them in the present period and preventing them in the future, given that Russia is on the way to forming open economy, liberalization of foreign trade.
The paper presents an analysis of a number of current trends in the development of foreign economic relations and economic security. It should be emphasized that the analysis is based both on the work of Russian and foreign scientists who have been studying this problem for several years. as well as on the systematization of statistical data published by official Russian and foreign publications.
Selected by the author modern tendencies testify that. despite the predominance of fuel and raw materials in Russian exports, which, of course, is a reflection of real competitive advantage countries in the international division of labor in the last decade. Russia began to enter the international market of goods and services with modern engineering products, finished products and, of course, highly qualified specialists in applied and theoretical fields.
When developing a long-term foreign economic policy, it is necessary to formulate the import policy in a new way. The approach to imports should be differentiated depending on the national economic and social significance of a particular product; a decisive course is needed to develop import-substituting and vital important industries on goods that Russia can and should produce itself in sufficient quantities.
The supreme dog of the state and its key function is to ensure the stability of society, its self-preservation and development, and to repel possible threats to the country's security. In this case, anticipation of yet emerging dangers, and not passive following of events, is of decisive importance. In order to implement such an approach in practice, it is necessary to clearly define a system of indicators, or indicators of economic security. The development of a system of such indicators is one of the most important policy instruments for ensuring the country's economic security.
The problem of Russia's security in the foreign economic sphere is directly related to the success of solving the problems of financial stabilization and entering the trajectory of economic growth.
This is especially important during the transition period to market economy, characterized by weak protection of Russian producers from the expansion of imported goods into Russian market, discriminatory restrictions on the export of its own products and the flight of Russian capital abroad.
One of the most important criteria for the economic security of countries with economies in transition is their financial security, which consists of such components as currency and credit security, which includes the whole range of currency and credit relations of the state with outside world and its internal debt, between which a certain relationship can be traced; attraction of foreign investments, which, despite the unfavorable investment climate, the flow of Russian capital from the domestic economy, the low level of transport and telecommunications infrastructure and corruption began to increase after the 1998 crisis; the outflow of capital abroad, the causes of which are diverse and affect both the basic foundations of the transition economy, the specifics of monetary and financial instruments for regulating external economic activity, and the psychology of the behavior of market subjects. investors, their confidence in government policy, in stability national currency and etc.
One of the main problems of countries with economies in transition is their particular financial instability during periods of global crises and cataclysms. as a result of which they suffer enormous financial losses. This can be prevented by using preventive measures to improve the economic, legal and political situation in the country. Otherwise, the aggravation of this problem, the delay in making the necessary decisions and documents can cause great harm to reforms in the country, undermine its economic security and independence.
Skillful and timely adoption of comprehensive measures on the above problems can help reduce the need to attract foreign capital, resolve non-payments, quickly repay external debt, revitalize the investment process and restructure the economy, expand the tax base and increase tax revenues to the budget.
The work analyzed the role of international organizations in the development of the country's economy. It should be noted that the economic relations of Russia with different regions of the world, of course, have their own specifics due to changes both in Russia itself and in the outside world.
By the end of the 20th century, several dozen economic integration groupings had emerged in the world. Thanks to these really and effectively functioning integration groupings, it can be assumed that in the near future world economic relations will be a set of macroeconomic groupings that use the advantages of economic integration in various combinations of types and forms.
The work identified several priority country and integration areas in Russia's foreign economic policy. Undoubtedly, one of the main directions is the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and integration groupings, including these countries - Asia Pacific, APEC, ASEAN. Interaction with these countries and groups allows Russia not only to improve the structure of exports (high technology, weapons, machinery and equipment), but also to act as an equal partner in relations, which by no means can be said about relations with the leading Western powers.
The next, no doubt important, area is the relationship within the CIS, where Russia acts not only as a partner, but also as a leader. The structure of exports, of course, includes not only raw materials and materials, but also high tech, weapons, machinery and equipment, component parts.
Russia's participation in international economic integration groupings means agreement not only to comply with certain world trade standards, but also to significant changes within the country: in its economy and economic policy, including in legal support entrepreneurial activity, support of competition, protection of property rights in all its forms and manifestations.
The relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security is clearly manifested during periods of global crises, exacerbation of military conflicts and other global cataclysms. Due to the fact that the opening of the country implies the liberalization of its economic policy, free access of foreigners to the domestic market and domestic entrepreneurs to the world market, the mutual flow of capital, i.e. the removal of almost all pre-existing restrictions, the question arises of the optimal opening of the country's economy in view of ensuring economic security as a guarantee of the country's independence, a condition for stability and the efficiency of society.
The overarching principle that governments should be guided by in balancing economic liberalization with the sustainability of financial institutions can be summarized as follows: Depending on the specific conditions in a given country, governments should have the moral right to delay lifting restrictions (such as ceilings). interest rates that force lenders to lend only to reliable borrowers or capital inflow/outflow controls that make it difficult for everyone to access cheap and seemingly bottomless sources external funding), if there are doubts about the ability to provide on-site supervision of financial institutions and their sustainability.
The laws of a market economy do not automatically ensure prosperity, including in the sphere of foreign economic relations. In addition, under the current conditions, the rapid liberalization of the foreign trade regime was not justified.
The implementation of measures aimed at improving foreign economic policy and economic security should take place in line with the implementation of an active structural and social policy, strengthening the activity of the state in the investment, financial, monetary sphere and continuing institutional reforms.
Conducted economic policy should lead to the creation of the basic elements of an effective financial infrastructure and the provision of financial stability states on the basis of a balanced budget system and a set of tools monetary policy to guarantee protection against adverse external influences. The implementation of measures in the field of structural policy will give the Russian economy a new impetus, ensuring the accelerated development of industries with a new technological order, active use of the results of innovation activities, closer integration of Russia into international system division of labor. Purposeful and coordinated movement in all these areas will make it possible to maintain high rates of economic growth, consistently improve the living standards of the population, activate the country's intellectual potential, increase the degree of openness of the Russian economy, and create the necessary prerequisites for ensuring long-term economic stability of the state.
Thesis: Bibliography in Economics, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Borodovskaya, Marina Borisovna, Moscow
1. Monographs, reference books.
2. Avdokushin E. International economic relations M. 1996.2. Alternatives to the modernization of the Russian economy, ed. Buzgalina
3. A., Koganova A., Schultz P., M., 1997.
4. Babin E. Fundamentals of foreign economic policy, M., 1997.
5. Bogdanov I.Ya., Kalinin A.P., Rodionov Yu.N. Economic security of Russia: figures and facts (1992 1998), M., 1999.
6. Buglay V. Liventsev N. l International economic relations, M. 1996.
7. Buzgalin A. Transitional economy, M., 1994.
8. Vasilyeva N. Foreign investment and the Russian investment climate: problems and prospects, M. 1998.
9. Davidov O. Foreign trade: a time of change, M., 1996.
10. Druzik Ya. World economy at the end of the century, Minsk, 1997.10. Europe and Russia. Experience of economic transformations, ed. Kudrova
11. B. Shenaeva V. et al. M, 1996.11. Foreign investment in Russia. Current state and Perspectives, ed. Faminsky I., 1995.
12. Kireev A. International Economics, in 2 volumes, M., 1997.13. Course in transition economy, ed. Abakina L., M. 1992.14. Course of Economic Theory, ed. Sidorovich A., M., 1997.
13. Lebedeva S., Schlichter S. World economy. M., 1994.
14. Lindert P. Economics of world economic relations, M. 1992.17. International economic relations, ed. Khasbulatova R. M. 1991, v.1,2.18. International economic relations, ed. Rybakina V., M, 1997.
15. Metekina N. world economy and its regulation, M., 1994.20. World Economy, ed. Lomakina V., M., 1995.21. World economy from 1945 to the present day per. from French, M., 1996.
16. Montes M., Popov V. Asian crisis or Dutch disease? MD 1999.
17. Nukhovich E., Smitienko B., Eskindarov M. World economy on turn XX-XXI centuries, M., 1995.
18. Olsevich Yu. Transformation of economic relations, M., 1994.
Output, dissemination and increase in commercial and logistics procedures, operations, activities in national and international markets increases the relative degree of dangers, threats and risks of this foreign economic activity, due to the presence of unusually fierce competition, the presence of various scammers, as well as a significant difference in the historical, lifestyle, cultural and religious traditions, economic, social and political situations in the states that are potential partners, quotes of their currencies, etc.
Consequently, when entering the international market for commercial products, services and investments, entrepreneurs should find out, identify and use the main elements of foreign economic activity, as well as what economic interests are, what possible commercial risks lie in wait for them, and, accordingly, what methods, methods of protection, business conditions should be foreseen in advance and widely used when working with foreign partners.
include in accordance with Fig. 1 the following:
Rice. 1.
Economic interests and the main reasons why they need to be protected;
Economic risks, their essence, assessment of the possibility of occurrence and classification;
The main legal documents governing the protection of the economic interests of participants in the implementation of foreign economic activity; - the main methods for determining the reliability of a foreign partner in foreign trade activities;
The main ways to protect the interests of the buyer of goods and services when drawing up a foreign trade contract;
The main ways to protect the interests of the seller of goods and services when drawing up a foreign trade contract;
Methods for protecting the interests of the parties from violation of payment obligations under a foreign trade contract;
Typical mistakes made when drawing up a foreign trade contract of sale.
Economic interests are defined as motives for the economic, commercial activities of people and organizations, individuals and legal entities, due to their place in the system of property relations and the social division of labor. In the practice of international trade in goods, services and investments, these interests are manifested in making a profit in the implementation of a foreign trade transaction, therefore they are sometimes called commercial interests.
Commercial, entrepreneurial, economic, trade, marketing, logistics, transport, innovation, intellectual, investment, etc. activity in the foreign market is inevitably associated with certain dangers, threats that threaten various property interests of a participant in foreign economic activity. Therefore, the implementation of foreign economic activity is always associated with various risks.
Risks these are any possible adverse events that can potentially occur and as a result of which there may be a loss of part of the agreed profit, even losses, property damage, partial or complete loss of property of a foreign trade participant. Therefore, risk means uncertainty in obtaining the necessary, expected result of a transaction, contract or other market transaction.
This is quite natural, since in commercial activities there is always a probable danger of certain monetary and property losses arising from the characteristic specifics of certain business transactions.
That's why degree of risk one can name the level of probability of loss by an entrepreneurial organization or a private owner (legal or natural person) of a part of their projected income as a result of economic activity.
Since existing, possible dangerous risks and threats in economic activity, including international ones, are very diverse and multifaceted, they should be considered and classified depending on various factors.
Therefore, let us consider the classification of economic risks with the participation of business entrepreneurs in foreign economic activity with respect to a number of characteristic, specific factors, in accordance with the scheme shown in Fig. 2.44.
1. With regard to the management of the activities of an entrepreneurial organization (firm, company, individuals and legal entities), there are a number of some characteristic risks, for example, the following.
1.1. Depending on the specialized functions of marketing management, economic risks are divided into risks: forecasting; strategic and operational business planning; organizational; performing; accounting and control.
1.2. Depending on the zones of manifestation of randomness in the market space (national and international), the following risks are distinguished: liquidity; management decision insurance; product portfolio management; choosing a market segment and its niche; competitive position in the market.
Rice. 2.
1.3. Depending on the stages and stages of manifestation in the field of marketing, risks are divided into: pre-project and project management decisions; innovative; credit; investment; failure to fulfill contractual obligations; reconstruction (transformation) of the organizational system and management system.
1.4. With various kinds and types of fluctuations in national and international markets, there are risks: banking or interest (fluctuations in market rates); stock (fluctuations valuable papers, stocks, bonds, treasury notes, etc.); price (fluctuations in prices for fuel, food, metals, etc.); currency (fluctuations in exchange rates).
1.5. Depending on the level of assessment and occurrence, the following types of risk are distinguished at the level: individual company; interaction of several business organizations (two or more); industry development; region; municipality; states; continent, interstate; world economy.
1.6. Depending on the actions, activity, rigidity and aggressiveness of competitors, the risks are divided into: wars with dumping prices for commodity products and services; industrial and commercial espionage (disclosure of commercial, technical, technological secrets of an entrepreneurial organization); strengthening the level of competition with similar commercial products of higher consumer quality.
2. With regard to the management of an entrepreneurial organization in the market, there are three main types of risks.
2.1. Entrepreneurial risk. This risk arises when, for example, a trading company enters the market with its services and product specialization, and the probabilistic processes taking place on the market create a situation of instability, variability, unexpectedness of consumer demand, in the field of evaluation of a commercial product by buyers, including logistics services or pricing policy the company, or the content of its assortment profile, or the method of informational communication about the product (advertising activity), or the selected forms and channels for promoting marketable products on the market, or packaging design, etc.
Entrepreneurial risk is the risk associated with a specific business, industry in a particular market niche of the company.
Volatility in demand for finished products, fluctuations in their prices, as well as instability in raw materials, components and energy carriers, unfortunately, not always feasible desire to ensure that the cost does not exceed the selling price, and the lack of a real opportunity to ensure normal mass, norms and dynamics of profit. All this determines mainly the degree of entrepreneurial risk, and, consequently, the level of organization of professional maneuverability of behavior. trading company On the market.
2.2. Financial risk is caused, first of all, by the fact that each entrepreneurial organization is faced not only with the organizational and technological process of production, promotion and sale of commercial products, but also with monitoring processes and procedures financial support trade transactions.
This basically predetermines the occurrence of financial risk, which gives rise to the instability of the financial conditions of lending, uncertainty in the return of own financial resources, uncertainty of owners ordinary shares in obtaining decent compensation in the event of a possible liquidation of a joint-stock company with a large amount of borrowed funds, uncertainty about the stability of customs legislation, etc.
It should be especially noted that entrepreneurial and financial risks are closely and inextricably linked in economic process entrepreneurial organization are interdependent and often financial risk is an integral part of entrepreneurial risk.
2.3. Management risk is due to inconsistent or improper understanding of the importance of the interaction between lawmaking, insurance and commerce, including logistics activities in national and international markets. In particular, for example, in modern conditions, the active work of joint-stock business organizations on financial markets significantly increased the level of possible risk in this area of activity, trends leading to the financial crisis.
In the foreign trade business, the greatest managerial risk or uncertainty of the results of managerial decisions are associated primarily with socio-economic, organizational, technical, production and technological aspects, which in reality reflect the characteristics of economic, social, cultural, political, national, legal and other forms of public relations .
Here we should also note the specific mentality of Russian managers, who to some extent still use the experience, principles and methods of the administrative (command) economy, using them distortedly in market conditions.
Finally, in the foreign trade itself of each state, especially during export-import transactions, their conclusion and execution, the following risks arise:
1) the risk of non-fulfillment of the terms of an international contract (delivery time, discrepancy between quantity, quality, etc.);
2) the risk of default on mutual payments or the so-called credit risk;
3) currency risk arising from constant fluctuations in exchange rates;
4) marketing risk is associated with fluctuations in demand for export and import goods in the country or in a separate segment of the foreign market;
5) price risk arises from constantly changing world prices for the main range of marketable products;
6) commercial risk manifests itself in the dishonesty or insolvency of the population of the importing state and the shortfall in profits;
7) production and technical risk is associated with the impossibility of using the results of intellectual activity purchased on the world market (licenses, patents, know-how or the impossibility of properly adjusting the purchased equipment) in production.
Risks can also be classified by consequences, the main of which are as follows:
· acceptable risk- this is the risk of a management decision, as a result of which the entrepreneurial organization is threatened with loss of profit, within this zone, entrepreneurial activity retains its economic feasibility, i.e. losses take place, but they do not exceed the size of the expected profit;
· critical risk- this is the risk at which the company is threatened with loss of revenue, in other words, the critical risk zone is characterized by the danger of possible losses that obviously exceed the amount of expected profit and, in last resort, can lead to the loss of all funds invested by the entrepreneurial organization in the project;
· catastrophic risk- this is the risk at which the insolvency of the enterprise occurs, since the losses can reach a value equal to the property status of the entrepreneurial organization. This group also includes any risk associated with a direct danger to human life or the occurrence of environmental disasters.
The analysis of the above classification of types and forms of risks makes it possible to determine the range of ways and methods that allow these risks to be eliminated completely or partially reduced, thereby increasing the economic security of an entrepreneurial organization that actually operates in the market of commercial products and services.
economic security business organization is:
This is a reliable state of economic, legal, insurance, organizational ties and relations, material and intangible assets, economic resources, including financial, intellectual, higher and operational management of the enterprise, its staff of professional personnel, which guarantees the relative stability of its functioning, financial and commercial success, progressive scientific, technical and social development company, corporate culture of its owners (shareholders) and employees;
It is the legislative system of states, complex, integrated legal documents, acts, instructions, regulations, principles, rules, conditions governing foreign economic activity between countries, in international markets, including marketing and logistics, as well as the professional use of a set of methodological approaches to drawing up foreign trade contracts.
At the present stage of development of the world economy and international economic relations and relations, the number and variety of potential threats to the commercial security of business organizations that are participants in foreign economic activity are increasing. There is a regrouping, transformation and formation of new economic centers in the system of the world economy.
Sharp competition for the redistribution of the world market and spheres of influence on logistics flows, national markets takes place both at the level of continents, regions, states, and at the level of their economic entities. Such a competitive struggle, reaching its highest intensity, often turns into economic, commercial and financial wars.
The governments of different states are actively involved in economic and financial wars, commodity blockades, embargoes, boycotts, providing all kinds of support and advantages to their national producers and exporters, publicly and privately subsidizing scientific, innovative developments and technologies with special grants, providing concessional lending promising industries and protecting national markets with customs barriers from the import of undesirable types of commercial products and services.
To combat potential risks, i.e. in order to reduce the resulting damage from possible losses, almost all large foreign companies have special, solid, functional divisions (analytical, expert departments, forecasting and security services) that develop comprehensive programs, systems of protective measures aimed at minimizing possible damage.
The goal of any entrepreneurial activity is to maximize profits, i.e. getting the most possible income with minimal capital and working capital in conditions market competition, which necessarily implies a comparison of the available capital or possibly available capital with financial and resource costs and taking into account the possible unfavorable combination of internal and external circumstances, which requires the protection of one's economic interests.
At present, there are several characteristic main ways to protect economic interests in foreign economic activity in accordance with the methods given in Fig. 3.
Rice. 3.
The main ways to protect economic interests are in the following areas:
- Firstly, this is the regulatory framework for foreign economic transactions (international acts of the Vienna and Hague conventions, the State Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation on the protection of economic interests, regulations, rules, regulations, conditions, etc.);
- Secondly, to ensure its commercial security in the implementation of foreign economic activity, any business organization must really be convinced of the complete reliability of its foreign partner;
- Thirdly, it is necessary to protect your business organization as fully as possible when drawing up the provisions of a foreign trade contract.
The regulatory framework for foreign economic activity includes international and state regulations, documents, regulations governing foreign trade transactions and the protection of economic interests in their implementation.
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation of April 14, 1998 "On measures to protect the economic interests of the Russian Federation in the implementation of foreign trade in goods" regulates the implementation of foreign trade processes, procedures, operations and activities on the international market.
The essence of this law is briefly formulated in its preamble: "This Federal Law establishes measures to protect the economic interests of the Russian Federation in the implementation of foreign trade in goods, the procedure, procedure for the introduction and application of such measures." Which literally means the following: the law was adopted to protect the interests of Russian entrepreneurs, companies, sectors of the Russian economy as a whole from the adverse impact caused by the economic activities of certain foreign companies and states.
Among the main goals of this federal law, five main ones can be distinguished, presented in Fig. 4.
Rice. 4.
The main objectives of the federal law of the Russian Federation:
1) protection of entire sectors of the Russian economy and individual Russian companies from the adverse effects of foreign competition;
2) providing conditions for the effective integration of the Russian Federation into world economy and foreign trade processes;
3) maintaining the relative balance of the balance of payments of the Russian Federation;
4) meeting the needs of the domestic market (individuals and legal entities, end consumers) in the event of a critical shortage of certain types of marketable products, for example, energy, food, agricultural and other goods on it;
5) promotion of Russian goods on the world market and national markets of foreign countries.
The main body, which simultaneously bears the main burden of both enforcement and control over compliance with the law, is the Government of the Russian Federation. However, before the Government of the Russian Federation takes special protective measures, protectionist and other measures, it is necessary to conduct a thorough special, analytical, expert study and professionally substantiate the results obtained.
It should be noted that if, as a result of a special study or investigation, it is established that the import of any commodity product is carried out into Russia in such an increased amount and on such conditions that it causes significant damage to the sector of the Russian economy or potentially threatens to cause it. Then the Government of the Russian Federation in this case may apply special protective measures in relation to such a commodity product by introducing import quotas or special duties on a non-discriminatory basis, regardless of the state of origin of the commodity product.
Special protective measures- these are temporary measures to restrict the import of goods into the customs territory of Russia for free circulation in the domestic market, which are applied by the Government of the Russian Federation by introducing an import quota or a special duty, including a temporary special customs or anti-dumping duty or quota and other protective measures in accordance from fig. 5.
Rice. 5.
Import quota- this is a government restriction on the import of commercial products in relation to its quantity (total weight, volume, number of units) and (or) total imported value.
special duty is one of the special protective measures of the national economy and is charged in excess of the customs duty rate. It can be applied by the Government of the Russian Federation. It may be temporary, for example, for the period of a special expert investigation, but act according to the law for no more than 200 days.
If, as a result of the investigation, it is determined that any sector of the Russian economy is causing damage or potentially threatening to cause significant damage dumping import of a commercial product, the Government of the Russian Federation may apply anti-dumping measures. Under the dumping import of a commodity product is understood the import of goods at an export price below its normal value (Article 2 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation).
As an anti-dumping measure, anti-dumping duty, which is applied when anti-dumping measures are introduced in excess of the base rate of customs duty. The law provides that the anti-dumping duty rate should not exceed dumping margin(the ratio of the normal value of a marketable product minus the export price of such a marketable product to its export price).
Export price marketable products is the price at which marketable products are imported into the customs territory of Russia. The Government of the Russian Federation also applies compensatory measures to limit the import of goods subsidized for export by the governments of foreign states or an alliance of foreign states through the introduction of a countervailing duty, including a temporary one.
Countervailing duty is applied in excess of the base rate of customs duty to maintain the relative balance of the balance of payments of the Russian Federation by the Government of the Russian Federation upon submission Central Bank Russia or according to the proposal of the federal executive authorities agreed with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which can apply a decision on a temporary restriction on the import of marketable products, which is carried out through the introduction of an import quota and other restrictive measures (Article 15 of the Law of the Russian Federation).
Import restriction marketable products can be adopted and to fulfill a number of target federal programs development, in connection with the release of new types of commercial products, in order to protect the sectors of the Russian economy undergoing internal restructuring and in carrying out measures to expand the domestic production of agricultural goods in the agro-industrial complex.
The law also provides for special measures to protect Russia's economic interests in exports ( export restriction) commercial products. This mainly concerns food products in case of their critical shortage (deficit) in the domestic market.
A temporary ban or restriction on exports may be applied by the Government of Russia on the proposal of the interested federal executive body or the executive body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and should not exceed three years.
Further, based on the logic of this work, we should consider the features of protecting economic interests by legislative acts of the State Constitution of the Russian Federation (CC RF) and the Vienna Convention of 1980 in accordance with the scheme in Fig. 6.
Rice. 6.
Contracts for the international sale of commercial products must be drawn up and executed by Russian entrepreneurs in writing. Failure to comply with the form of such transactions entails their invalidity in accordance with the law (Article 162 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
From this provision follows the main rule, according to which written evidence in the form of business correspondence, fax negotiations, invoices, etc. in confirmation of the conclusion of a foreign trade transaction in the Russian Federation are not allowed.
Effective activities to ensure the security of foreign economic activity involves taking into account the whole variety of factors and conditions that generate economic risks, knowledge of the nature of the operation of mechanisms and tools for regulating the situation in this area.
Direct risk management of foreign economic activity is a function of the participants in foreign economic activity, which are, as indicated in the Federal Law No. 183-F3 "On Export Control", economic entities - legal entities and individuals engaged in the international exchange of goods, information, services, results of intellectual activity (or rights to them).
The state policy in the field of foreign economic activity is aimed at creating a favorable business climate, at harmonizing the interests of foreign economic activity participants. Thus, the state indirectly influences the minimization of risks in the field of foreign economic activity.
The partner states in foreign economic activity pursue their own foreign economic policy, in which elements of competitive confrontation and partnerships are intertwined. This is how specific connections and relations in the field of foreign economic activity are formed at the supranational level.
Consequently, ensuring economic security and counteracting risks in the field of foreign economic activity cover the micro-meso- and macro levels. Each of them has its own specific risks and threats, and special sets of measures are applied to protect against them. In this case, there may be a conflict of interest, and a coincidence of interests, and their mutual neutrality, which greatly complicates the interaction of the parties in the process of foreign economic activity.
The risk factors of foreign economic activity associated with the entry of the world into the era of a new technological order are becoming increasingly important. information society. The organizational and legal support of the security of foreign economic activity should increasingly be focused on special requirements due to the officially proclaimed strategic goal of Russia - the transition of the country in the future to the model of the information society, which involves the creation of a digital economy in Russia. The primary basis for ensuring security is the legal framework.
The legal support of foreign economic security is represented by the entire set of normative legal acts that regulate the procedure for legal relations in this area from the standpoint of creating conditions that counteract the emergence of security threats. The range of such legal relations includes two levels of relations: 1) the interaction of state bodies and participants in foreign economic activity and 2) intercountry contractual relations in this area - bilateral, multilateral, international.
The subject of legal regulation of the first level is the relationship between the state and other subjects of foreign economic activity (legal and individuals), in respect of which the norms of customs, tax and currency regulation. They are aimed at ensuring the effective functioning of the infrastructure that ensures export-import operations, at preventing offenses in the foreign economic sphere, at supporting and creating favorable conditions for foreign economic activity. The instruments of customs-tariff and non-tariff regulation are applied. In the second direction, the state regulates relations with other states in order to ensure law and order and security in the foreign economic sphere. Customs legislation comprehensively regulates all the main aspects legal relations in the foreign economic sphere. It presents a group of norms that define methodological aspects, including the procedure for determining the customs value, the procedure for establishing the country of origin of goods, methods for granting tariff preferences, etc. Another group of norms is made up of customs and tariff parameters - customs duty rates. Another group is represented by norms that ensure compliance with the legal order established in the customs and tariff area, providing for liability (criminal, administrative, economic) for committing offenses in the customs and tariff area.
One of the main qualities of customs legislation should be stability, which ensures the stability and predictability of the conditions for the implementation of export-import and other economic transactions for participants in foreign economic activity. Publicity and transparency of customs law norms are just as important. But at the same time, there are norms marked "secret", "for official use". These include, for example, the rules governing the technology of customs control.
An important part of the legal regulation foreign economic sphere constitute economic and administrative measures of non-tariff regulation. Economic measures include customs and tariff control, subsidies and subsidies, anti-dumping duties, etc. Administrative non-tariff regulatory measures include embargoes, licensing, and quotas. Non-tariff measures differ in the degree of severity of the means used. Among the most severe are the customs blockade and embargo, applied in the conditions of extreme forms of confrontation between countries in the world markets. In connection with the enforcement of these legislative norms, problems may arise that threaten foreign economic activity.
Legal relations in the field of non-tariff regulation are determined by the rules of law of each country and international law. The goals and nature of the legal regulation of foreign economic activity are different in different countries, which causes contradictions in the world markets for goods, services, works. Complicating the situation for participants in foreign economic activity is the trend of a gradual transition of some functions of market regulation from the national to the supranational level. Regulation of foreign economic relations can be used as a means of political pressure.
Above, only some particular examples of how security threats can arise in the foreign economic sphere have been noted. Measures to ensure the security of foreign economic relations must be able to withstand the full range of threats and risks. A long-term strategy is needed in this area of national security, a mandatory component of which is the regulatory framework. The multidimensional nature of economic security problems determines their interdisciplinary nature.
Although in the Russian Federation a special normative document on this issue does not exist, but in a number of fundamental legal acts the provisions concerning the issues of state regulation of foreign economic security are fully presented. Obviously, it is not enough just to create a full-fledged legal framework for ensuring foreign economic security. It is also absolutely necessary to organizationally ensure the practical implementation of the provisions enshrined in regulatory legal acts. At the same time, it is important to differentiate the rules regarding different types and forms of foreign economic activity, such as, for example, import and export of strategically important goods, import of goods and services for state needs, border trade, transit operations, infrastructure, information support, re-export and re-import, international humanitarian aid, foreign investment, etc. .
Generally legal regulation external economic security in Russia must simultaneously meet a number of requirements: a) ensure effective protection of the country's national interests; b) meet the interests and not create an excessive burden on participants in foreign economic activity; c) comply with the norms of international law and the terms of intercountry agreements concluded by the Russian Federation.
As the Russian Federation develops in the direction of forming the foundations of the information society, the requirements to bring legislative framework foreign economic relations in accordance with the new conditions for the functioning of this sphere.
In the formed set of official documents that define the goals and ways of the safe development of the national economy of Russia, there is no act that defines the strategy and policy of the state in the field of ensuring the security of foreign economic activity. But this block of questions is quite fully presented in documents of a more general orientation.
There is a strict continuity and consistency in the formation of the regulatory framework that determines the prospects for the country's development and ways to achieve the goals set, including the development of foreign economic relations. The legislative basis was formed by the federal law of December 28, 2010 "On Security" and the federal law "On strategic planning in the Russian Federation” dated June 28, 2014
This is followed by the approval by decrees of the President of the three strategies. This is the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation dated December 31, 2015. In May 2017, two strategies for the period up to 2030 were synchronously approved by presidential decree: "The Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017-2030" and "The Strategy for Economic Security Russian Federation for the period up to 2030”.
From the point of view of the state of the legal field for the development of the Russian economy, 2017 is a turning point in the sense that the legal framework has been laid for the country's transition to the phase of a secure information society. Already two months after the adoption of the two "May" strategies of 2017 - in July 2017 - the requirement of the Economic Security Strategy was fulfilled - the Government of the Russian Federation approved a detailed development program - " Digital economy Russian Federation". The Program provides a detailed roadmap for its practical implementation. The next step should be the formation of a set of legislative and by-laws that provide for the creation of specific mechanisms and tools, a resource base and a corps of performers that ensure the gradual movement of the country's economy towards the goals outlined in the Strategies.
It is noteworthy that for the first time in Russia such a powerful synchronized and balanced set of legal acts has been created that determine the future of the country in the long term. Whether this legal framework will become the basis for real transformational processes is a question of the will of the institutions of power, the readiness of economic entities, the adequacy of the resource base for the ambitious tasks set, and the presence of a positive conscious perception by civil society of new goals and development programs.
Unfortunately, in the six months that have elapsed since the adoption of the above strategies, Russian society has not felt any real shifts in socio-economic processes, nor a public outcry adequate to the grandiose goals set. There is no information about the beginning of any institutional reforms aimed at the practical implementation of the tasks put forward by the strategies. Most likely, the reformation of the legal field carried out in 2017 is perceived in all layers Russian society as another fruitless attempt to radically reverse the situation, to implement a new progressive model of the country's development. Probably the hardest thing in reality Russian life- is to overcome the inertia and skepticism of a significant part of civil society, but, above all, - officials in power structures of different levels, from federal to municipal.
The viability of new initiatives of the highest authorities aimed at creating legal framework for the development of a secure information society in Russia by 2030 will be determined by the consistency and effectiveness of the actions of all participants in the process, in which one of the responsible components is the safe development of the foreign economic sphere.
All the above-mentioned official documents contain the provisions relating to the foreign economic sphere and issues of ensuring its security with the necessary completeness. Here we will confine ourselves to considering this aspect of legal regulation in only one document - the Economic Security Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. This Strategy reflects the following three problems, directly or indirectly related to the foundations of ensuring Russia's foreign economic security:
- 1. In the first section of the Strategy " General provisions”the following provision is presented that reveals the meaning of the concept of“ economic security ”(Article 7, paragraph 1): “Economic security is the state of protection of the national economy from external and internal threats, which ensures the economic sovereignty of the country, the unity of its economic space, conditions for implementation of strategic national priorities of the Russian Federation”. This definition clearly presents the foreign economic component - "protection from external threats" and "economic sovereignty", which is ensured in the framework of protecting the economy from external threats. This is revealed in the following wording adopted in the Strategy - "The economic sovereignty of the Russian Federation ... the objectively existing independence of the state in conducting domestic and foreign policy, taking into account international obligations." Attention should also be paid to the mention of national priorities, which, as follows from another document - the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in Russia, are goals designated by a single term - "digital economy".
- 2. In the second section of the Economic Security Strategy of Russia in Art. 12 names 25 types of challenges and threats, among which 12 relate to the foreign economic sphere. Therefore, we can, simplifying the situation as much as possible, state that almost 50% of Russia's economic security should be ensured through protection from external threats. This confirms the exceptionally high urgency of the problems of ensuring foreign economic security. It should be especially noted that out of 12 external threat risks, only 4 are directly related to the state of the Russian economy and, therefore, are amenable to regulation at the national level. The remaining 8 external risks and threats are determined by the global economic situation or unilateral actions of other countries of the world. Opportunities to counteract them are limited only by measures to create appropriate balances and to neutralize the negative consequences of their impact.
- 3. The third section of the Strategy, which defines the goals, directions and tasks in the field of ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation, also has a significant component related to the problems of ensuring foreign economic security. In this section, a significant place is occupied by provisions that reveal the goals of the Strategy in the foreign economic sphere. All four goals listed below are among the necessary conditions for the formation of the foundations of the information society in Russia. These include:
- - strengthening the economic sovereignty of the country;
- - increasing the stability of the economy to the impact of external challenges and threats;
- - maintenance of scientific and technical potential at the world level;
- - maintaining the potential of the military-industrial complex at the level necessary to solve the problems of military and economic support for the country's defense.
In the Economic Security Strategy, among the main directions of state policy in the field of ensuring the foreign economic security of the Russian Federation, the direction “Improving the efficiency of foreign economic cooperation and realizing the competitive advantages of export-oriented sectors of the economy” is presented. This direction of state policy directly reveals the main conditions for ensuring the security of the foreign economic sphere, which is especially relevant for Russia in the formation of the information society.
The implementation of this direction, as noted in Art. 21 of the Strategy should ensure the solution of specific tasks:
- 1. Building an appropriate international legal system of economic relations.
- 2. Expansion of partnerships and integration ties within the CIS, EAEU, BRICS, SCO and other international organizations.
- 3. Creation of regional and transregional integration associations.
- 4. Promote Russian organizations in the transfer and implementation of advanced technologies.
- 5. Expansion of the range and volume of non-commodity exports, the geography of foreign economic relations.
- 6. Legal consulting support for exporters abroad.
- 7. The conclusion of intergovernmental agreements and the expansion of international economic cooperation and other forms of assistance to Russian participants in foreign economic activity.
- 8. Assistance in the development of enterprises in the non-primary sector in reaching the level global leaders world economy.
- 9. Development of market infrastructure in order to promote the promotion of Russian products to foreign markets.
It should be noted that in a number of other areas of state policy, tasks that are directly related to the sphere of foreign economic relations are also presented. Thus, in the section of the Strategy “Assessment of the state of economic security”, a list of estimated indicators is given, which includes the following characteristics of the foreign economic sphere: external debt RF and state including; net import (export) of capital; export physical volume index; index of the physical volume of imports; trade balance; share of machinery, equipment and Vehicle in the total volume of non-commodity exports in the total volume of imports; the share of innovative goods, works, services in total exports; the share of imports in the volume of resources of food products. These are the most significant aspects of foreign economic security, the state regulation of which is provided for by the Strategy for Economic Security of Russia for the period up to 2030.
The problems of ensuring the security of foreign economic activity common to the national economy are refracted in a special way in each individual region of the country. So, for example, within the Far East region, to ensure its economic security, it is necessary to solve the following most actual problems: reducing dependence on imported food and high-tech products; streamlining on a parity basis international financial transactions; increasing the share of products of the manufacturing sectors of the economy in exports; optimization of the model of foreign economic relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR). Consider the problem of ensuring the security of foreign economic activity on the example of the Far East region.
Movement in the direction of resolving the problems of countering risks is determined both by the participants in foreign economic activity and by the institutions of the regional authorities. The latter, acting within their statutory powers, form and implement territorial programs for the development of foreign economic activity, coordinate and control the work of foreign economic activity participants, conclude interstate agreements on issues of foreign trade relations,
The special importance of state regulation of foreign economic activity at the regional level is due to such circumstances as: prompt decision emerging problems; higher awareness of the situation; advantages of an organizational nature in the creation of inter-territorial centers and programs for the development of foreign economic activity and the reduction of economic risks in this area. An example of this is the creation of a macro-region that includes the Far East and Baikal regions. Such a commonwealth is designed to facilitate overcoming the increased levels of risks of foreign economic activity due to such factors as harsh climatic conditions, poorly developed infrastructure, shortage of human resources, and a relatively low level of socio-economic development in general.
General trends in the development of foreign trade and economic relations in the Far East region are estimated according to current statistics. So, for example, in the Khabarovsk Territory, foreign trade turnover in 2016 as a percentage of 2015 amounted to 121.1%. In the first quarter of 2017, foreign trade turnover increased by 25.3% compared to the corresponding period in 2016. The share of exports in foreign trade turnover amounted to 78%. For countries far abroad accounted for 99.3% of foreign trade turnover and only 0.7% - to the share of the CIS countries. The given data testify to the positive direction of the development of foreign trade in the Khabarovsk Territory.
New opportunities for the development of foreign economic activity in the Far East region should arise as the provisions of the complex are implemented government programs documents - "Far Eastern Hectare", Concept population policy Far East, a portfolio of agreements on attracting Korean investors to the Far East Federal District, draft agreements with China on the development of transport corridors, the creation of the Nikolaevsk priority development area, the introduction of rules for simplified entry of foreigners into the territory of the Far East, etc.
Expected new stage in the development of the Far East will not only create new opportunities for foreign economic activity, but will also require special attention to the issues of ensuring the security of foreign economic activity. The risk structure of foreign economic activity will change. For example, the share of non-economic risks associated with foreign economic activity may increase. The situation in the field of risks caused by the human factor may worsen, as the expansion of the scale of activities is associated with the involvement of new personnel, the professionalism and reliability of which are not always amenable to the necessary control. These are the regional features of the conditions of foreign economic activity, shown on the example of the Far East federal district. They confirm the need to take into account the territorial specifics in the formation of a set of measures to manage risks in the field of foreign economic activity.
The specifics of the conditions for the development of the Far Eastern Federal District are determined by the following main circumstances:
- 1. Throughout the entire economic space of Russia, including the territory of the Far East, there are common mechanisms and patterns for the country in the formation of the current situation and trends in the dynamics of socio-economic potential, the implementation of the goals and principles of foreign economic activity.
- 2. Within the framework of these general trends, the specifics of the Far East are clearly distinguished, due primarily to such well-known objective determinants as its historical, cultural, ethno-national, demographic, and economic and geographical position.
- 3. The influence of these objective determinants as the main conditions for the development of the region is extremely ambiguous. They can act simultaneously as powerful incentives for rapid sustainable socio-economic development, and as formidable obstacles in the way of positive incentives for program implementation. integrated development Far Eastern zone of Russia. The ratio of these two vectors of the impact of objective factors depends, first of all, on: a) the nature of the impact of the subjective component of the system of development determinants (especially the human factor in all its diversity of manifestations); b) institutions of state power of the region and the federal center, which form the current model of the region's management and long term strategy its development.
- 4. The influence of the human factor can be represented various options combinations of three main components: a) a system of values, needs, behavioral standards of the population of the region, which determine the dominant preferences in the field labor activity and meeting the personal livelihood needs of households; b) a conscious choice of style, direction and tools for regulating public relations in the region by state and municipal authorities; c) the peculiarities of the formation of the composition and the choice of ways to implement business plans by representatives of the entrepreneurial sector of the economy of the Far East.
- 5. Of particular importance for the effective development of the Far East region is the target setting of the highest authorities of Russia for the priority development of this region and the creation of a set of organizational, legal, material, technical and foreign policy conditions to solve this problem. The main official documents on this issue are: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 17, 2013 No. 819 (as amended on November 15, 2016) “On the Government Commission on the socio-economic development of the Far East and Baikal region»; approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2013 No. 466-r, the state program of the Russian Federation "Socio-economic development of the Far East and the Baikal region", designed for the period 2014-2025. and etc.
- 6. When ensuring the economic security of the Far East region, it is necessary to implement a system of measures to counteract the main risks associated with: a) problems in the implementation of development programs for the Far East region - the risks of insufficient funding for socio-economic development programs in the region; risks of problems arising in the normative legal and scientific and methodological support of state programs for the development of the region; risks of poor-quality planning for the development of the region; risks of inefficient management of the process of implementation of state programs for the development of the region; b) risks associated with the instability of the international political and economic situation; c) internal macroeconomic risks of the Russian Federation; d) risks caused by unfavorable for the Far East regularities in the placement of elements of the resource base of production.
- 7. The mechanism for ensuring economic security should be represented by a set of interrelated and balanced measures to counter the challenges and risks of an economic, political, social, legal and organizational nature. For more details on this issue, see.
- 8. A set of measures to ensure economic security should be integrated into single system management socio-economic development of the region For more details on this issue, see.
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Indicators, unit of measure |
Thresholds |
Actual values |
Dynamics of normalized values |
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|
Coverage ratio of imports by exports (the ratio between the volumes of exports and imports), times |
at least 1 |
dangerous area |
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|
Ratio of imports to GDP, % |
no more than 50 |
dangerous area |
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|
The ratio of exports to GDP. % |
no more than 50 |
safe zone |
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|
The share of imports in the domestic consumption of the state. % |
no more than 30 |
safe zone |
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|
The share of food imports in the domestic consumption of the state. % |
no more than 25 |
dangerous area |
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|
The share of raw and low-processing exports (industry) in the total volume of exports of goods. % |
no more than 40 |
dangerous area |
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|
The share of the leading partner country in the total volume of foreign trade. % |
no more than 30 |
safe zone |
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This table demonstrates the predominance of the dangerous zone in the current economic activity of Ukraine. This situation was determined by such factors of direct impact:
Outstripping growth rates of imports of goods and services over exports, which is the reason for the increase in the negative balance of foreign trade. In the first half of 2008, the volume of imports of goods and services increased by 52.9%. at the same time, exports only by 40.9%, the negative balance of foreign trade increased by 2.7 times;
Growth in the share of imports in relation to GDP - from 53.5% to 58.6%. The indicator worsened, remaining in the danger zone, which negatively affects the security in foreign trade. The negative factor is exacerbated by the imbalance compared to the share of exports in GDP (inconspicuous growth from 48.6% to 49.0%), which leads to an increase in the share of negative trade balance in GDP (from 4.9% to 9.6%);
The lag in the growth rate of exports of goods and services from imports by 12.0%, which is primarily due to the continued high rates of supplies of imported goods, including in the field of fuel and energy materials (+43.9%), equipment (+ 40.5%) and vehicles (+80.5%), which together account for more than half of commodity deliveries to Ukraine;
The growth of the negative balance of the current account and the clear balance sheet: according to the results of the first half of 2008, it amounted to "minus" 6.6 billion dollars. USA (-7.9% of GDP), and for the corresponding period of 2007 - "minus" 1.7 billion US dollars (-2.8% of GDP). In general, for 6 months of 2008, the negative balance of foreign trade in goods increased compared to the corresponding period previous year 2.5 times. This negative indicator was only partially offset by the growth of the positive balance of foreign trade in services (by 1.4 times);
Preservation of the raw material orientation of exports. The basis of the commodity structure of exports has traditionally been commodities, first of all, products of metallurgy, chemical industry and mineral products. their share in exports increased by 2 percentage points to 65.1%. At the same time, there was a positive trend in the growth of exports of products engineering industry, however, its share in total exports increased by only 0.4. up to 16.1%.
The following factors were positive:
Growth in exports of engineering products to the CIS countries (by 44.1%), which is due, along with high investment and consumer demand for these products in the CIS countries, as well as an increase in the cost of supplies of mechanical and electrical machinery and equipment (by 40.7%), railway railcars and spare parts for them (by 56.5%). The export of engineering products provided about 17% of the increase in export deliveries from Ukraine over this period. At the same time, it should be noted that the volume of exports of the machine-building sector (5.2 billion US dollars) is significantly inferior to the volume of exports of metallurgical products (14.7 billion US dollars).
As for the country's integration into the world economy, on the one hand, a significant share of its exports in world trade makes it possible to influence other countries, and on the other hand, the penetration of foreign capital into the national economy increases the influence on its economic development from the outside.
Ukraine in foreign economic activity should especially take into account geographic factor. In particular, the fact of its excessive dependence on Russia, which is the dominant supplier to Ukraine of some strategic goods, primarily critical imports, and a consumer of significant volumes of domestic products, should be considered a serious threat to national economic security. The same applies to the need to diversify exports and imports. High concentration of trade individual goods increases the dependence of the state on external influence.
The need for state regulation of foreign economic activity is also due to a significant share in national economy public sector and the imperfection of the corresponding market mechanisms. State regulation should be:
Development and implementation of foreign economic activity strategy;
Effective use of administrative, economic and monetary instruments in the foreign economic policy of the state;
Development and implementation of annual programs for the development of foreign economic activity;
Development and implementation of the Concept of foreign economic security of Ukraine;
Improvement of the Law of Ukraine "On Foreign Economic Activity";
The optimal combination of state protectionism with a free trade regime;
Tax support for domestic producers;
Maximum use of the advantageous geographical position of Ukraine regarding the transit through its territory of foreign cargo and energy carriers;
Improvement of customs currency control;
Cessation of illegal export of capital from Ukraine;
Taking effective measures to return to Ukraine foreign currency from the sale of export products;
Active attraction of foreign investments;
Improving the methods of managing foreign economic activity, taking into account world experience and national economic characteristics;
Diplomatic and political support for foreign economic activity;
Implementation of legal protection of foreign economic activity;
Ensuring transparency, stability and predictability in the field of foreign economic activity;
Creation economic system common with Western Europe, which will contribute to the establishment of effective ties with developed countries;
Improving the statistics of foreign trade operations and developing a Ukrainian classification of goods of foreign economic activity, taking into account the harmonized system for describing and coding goods;
Development of various forms of international economic cooperation:
Creation of a national information system to ensure the foreign economic activity of all its subjects;
Ensuring a positive balance of foreign trade balance;
Increasing the level of education and the quality of personnel training for the sphere of foreign economic activity.