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Residential apartment house series 1-335 have a frame-panel design. The project belongs to the developers of the Leningrad design bureau; the design was finally improved and put into construction by the LenZNIIEP scientific institute.
The house of series 1-335 has 5 floors. The facade is recognizable by the four-leaf windows on the landings, the ends consisting of four panels, as well as windows in two rows.
In the history of Khrushchev’s housing construction, this series is characterized by the lowest cost, equal to 95 rubles. Panel houses are located in different Moscow districts, all of them are in disrepair. According to experts, it is the worst construction project of all Khrushchev’s structural series.
Characteristics of panel house 1-335
The number of entrances to a house starts from 3 or more. There is no elevator in the houses. Each apartment, with the exception of the 1st floor, has a balcony. The design does not provide for a built-in garbage chute; there are no emergency balconies on the stairs. The roof has a hipped structure. Floors made of solid reinforced concrete slabs were used as floors. Apartment and interior partitions are made of gypsum concrete panels. The load-bearing walls are made according to the structural design of an incomplete frame. The type of load-bearing wall is layered: the outside is reinforced concrete, and the inside is insulated with foam concrete. The façade is tiled with light-colored tiles.
On the floors there are one-, two- and three-room apartments. The apartments are small. The area of a one-room apartment is no more than 31 m2, of which 19 m2 is living space. IN two-room apartment total area ranges from 40 to 45m2 (about 35 – living space). “Treshki” are 10-12 m2 larger (about 55 m2), with a living space of 44-48 m2. The kitchens have a standard square footage for any apartment - 6.3 m2. The ceilings are low - 2.5 meters. The apartments are equipped with storage rooms.
Among the disadvantages of the five-story panel building is the combination of a toilet and a bathroom. The external walls are extremely poorly insulated, so during the heating season the apartments are cool. The interior partitions are thin, which increases hearing from neighbors.
There are several regions in Russia with high seismic activity, including the Far East, the Caucasus and Baikal. To avoid casualties, multi-story construction in these areas is designed to withstand tremors. And if in the first two regions with the support federal government Since 2009, funds have been transferred for programs for seismic strengthening of existing houses and the construction of new ones, the Irkutsk region plans to receive funding only this year.
Dmitry Ruzhnikov said that Baikal is located in the middle of a fault in the earth's crust. Up to 5-6 thousand tremors are recorded here per year. The last strong earthquake occurred in 2008. Many houses of the 335 series received serious damage: cracks appeared and the delamination of wall panels accelerated. It was assumed that replacement and, in rare cases, renovation of these buildings would be carried out as part of Russian program earthquake-resistant construction at the expense of the federal budget.
In the 1960-1970s, active development of the region took place. The government of the country has set the task of moving people from barracks to comfortable apartments, says the deputy. - Meanwhile, these houses were supposed to be completely demolished in 25-30 years. Projects of houses of the 335 series with an incomplete frame were involved in the development: they were erected quickly and cheaply. The project came from Moscow, where seismicity is 5 points. Before 2000, we had 7-8 points, and now we have 8-9 points.
1.5 million square meters in the city and 2.5 million in the Irkutsk region were built with seismic ratings 1-2 points less than current requirements. Large-panel five-story buildings of the 335 series are not suitable for such long-term operation in a region of increased seismic activity without major repairs; they have already stood for over regulatory deadlines operation. In addition, the quality of their construction suffered. Now, when inspecting houses, Dmitry says, there are egregious cases. For example, when one of the concrete slabs is replaced with wood. The expert explains: some product did not arrive from the factory, but the house needed to be put into operation, the builders were trying their best to get out of it.
The scientific community of the region drew attention to the problem of houses of the 335 series in the 1990s. But, unfortunately, none of the governments gave it much publicity. Our region did not participate in federal programs, and the authorities did not really think about what to do with these houses,” complains a representative of the public movement. - We, initiative group"City Regeneration" started working on their own. And, I hope, with the support of the current government, we will promote the project and reach out to federal institutions.
Houses of the 335 series are buildings with an incomplete frame and lightweight wall panels. In modern monolithic house the floors - floor or ceiling - are supported by four or two columns, thereby distributing the load evenly. In a half-framed house, one side of the floor rests on a column, the other on panel only. And if the column is designed for vertical loads, then the façade panel is not: it deteriorates very quickly, delaminates, and cracks appear in it. If such a panel is destroyed, the floor may first collapse, and then the entire house may collapse.
Denis Voronov warns: residential large-panel buildings with incomplete frames already pose a threat to the life and health of residents. Serious destruction in critical elements of such houses is indicated by cracks on the facades and delamination of slabs. If you see that cracks on the walls of your house run through several floors, forming a single line, this is already a big problem for the building's structure.
A detailed examination of such houses is required to understand how much time is available to take appropriate measures. According to Dmitry Ruzhnikov, it is necessary to obtain an opinion on components, panels and the project - everything internal state designs.
We invited leading specialists from IrNITU. In the near future, we will inspect six houses in Irkutsk using non-destructive laser non-contact vibration measurements to further substantiate the danger of buildings to the life and health of Irkutsk residents,” explains the deputy. - This is a mandatory condition for the inclusion of problematic facilities in federal programs.
The city tried to solve the problem of Khrushchev houses with an incomplete frame by including these houses in regional program By major renovation. Denis Voronov explains: in order to replace, for example, one of the load-bearing panels in such a house that is collapsing, you need to dismantle the roof and remove several more panels. The money collected as part of the overhaul will not be enough for this. Now residents pay 5.6 rubles per square meter. It will take decades to accumulate the required amount. In addition, with such repairs, people need to be resettled somewhere - this is an additional cost. But there is no flexible fund in the city for these purposes.
After reconstruction, we must put the building into operation in accordance with all modern requirements and legislation. The house must again undergo an environmental assessment, since we live in the Baikal ecological zone, an assessment of the project, in which they must prove that it meets current requirements for energy efficiency, seismicity and is accessible to people with limited mobility. “All this is very expensive and hardly feasible,” says the expert.
Solution
Dmitry Ruzhnikov reminded that major repairs do not involve strengthening the structural parts of the building. But it is not possible to carry out repairs to strengthen the support units of the floor purlins of all houses of the 335th series at the expense of the Irkutsk budget - this is a colossal expense. A complete reconstruction of one 335 series house will cost the same as the construction of two new buildings. According to the expert, the solution is to create a maneuverable fund, where residents of an emergency building can be temporarily accommodated. But it cannot be done without the participation of the state.
In order to build modern residential complexes on the site of Khrushchev, it is necessary to create a flexible fund, argues Dmitry. “People are being relocated there, and the building is being demolished and a new residential building is being built in its place. We understand that this cannot be done without a federal program.
It is assumed that the region or city will undertake the construction of a flexible fund, and a private developer or investor will undertake the construction of a new residential building. After completion of the work, the owner can move to new house, built to replace the old one, or pay extra and improve your living conditions.
Denis Voronov notes: the best option is to build housing to resettle the owners in the same area where they lived. But given the shortage of land in the city, this is not always feasible. In this matter, it is necessary to carry out a lot of work with homeowners: people must understand that living in houses of the 335 series with an incomplete frame is dangerous.
However, not all sites in Irkutsk will be of interest to private investors, Dmitry suggests. Therefore, in some cases it is necessary to transfer the experience of Moscow to the region and build modern residential complexes in exchange for Khrushchev with federal money. Moreover there is federal program for seismic reinforcement, which allows you to obtain the necessary funds for this. The task is complex, but quite achievable, experts are sure.
Five-story panel houses series 1-464
Large-panel 4-5-storey residential buildings series of standard projects 1-464 are the most common first generation prefabricated buildings. The design of the houses in the series under consideration is based on a cross-wall structural system.
The main load-bearing skeleton of the buildings are transverse reinforced concrete walls located at intervals of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which houses of this type are called houses with “narrow” spacing of transverse load-bearing walls. Reinforced concrete floor slabs the size of a room rest on them. They also rest on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which absorb part of the vertical load, while simultaneously providing the longitudinal rigidity of the building.
The floor slabs, laid in 3.2 m increments, are designed and work as supported along the contour. Since all the internal walls separating the rooms bear the load from the floors and the floors above, it is impossible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, removing external walls in steps of 3.2 m is excluded, without ensuring that the floor slab is supported on a short external wall.
The external walls are made of panels - three-layer, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls with a thickness of 12 cm and floor slabs with a thickness of 10 cm are reinforced concrete flooring of a continuous section. The roof is combined with a rolled soft roof or an attic rafter with a roof made of corrugated asbestos cement.
When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, the need arises to construct new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.
When modernizing a building, interfloor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, when adding to the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. It is possible to construct new openings in them, but large sizes of such openings may require reinforcement of the ceiling.
In the series under consideration, balconies are placed at intervals of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10cm thick and 90cm wide are mounted according to two schemes. During the initial period of construction they relied on outer wall and were held in the designed position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, this solution was abandoned and, calculating the balcony slab as a console supported on the outer wall, it was connected to the floor slab using welded embedded elements.
Five-story panel houses series 1-468
Standard designs of residential buildings of the 1-468 series were initially developed at the Gostroyproekt Institute, and since 1961 - at the TsNIIEPZhilishcha.
The load-bearing skeleton of the houses of this series are transverse load-bearing walls, located in plan with a pitch of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this structural system are called houses with a “mixed” pitch of transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of houses in this series is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the external wall panels are made of autoclaved cellular concrete or lightweight concrete, and hollow-core reinforced concrete floors are supported by transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with roll roofing and attic rafters with a roof made of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.
The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. Therefore, these walls, except for individual sections of the internal wall adjacent to the staircases and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building, can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the deficiencies in the layout of existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The construction of new and expansion of existing openings in load-bearing transverse walls is possible only if the “contours” of the openings are confirmed by calculations and strengthened.
Five-story panel houses series 1-335
Five-story residential buildings of the series of standard projects 1-335 are representatives of the frame-panel structural system. Typical projects of this series were initially developed by the team of authors of the Leningrad design bureau, and then were continued at the LenZNIIEP Institute.
The structural design of the house is a so-called “incomplete” frame, which consists of one row of reinforced concrete columns located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a pitch of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side on reinforced concrete columns , and on the other, onto metal support tables embedded in the body of load-bearing external wall panels. Reinforced concrete floor slabs the size of a room are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are connected to each other by purlins that provide the longitudinal rigidity of the building.
In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing external walls were mainly used in layers. They have an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed “shell” and an inner (insulating) layer of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered on the room side. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of rigidity diaphragms, which serve as the intersection walls of the staircases.
With the same dimensions and steps of houses of different series, the principle of “free planning” can be fully implemented in houses of the frame-panel system. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain disadvantage that prevents the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.
A modification of this structural system was the introduction of two more rows of columns - at the outer walls of the building to support the crossbars on them. Such houses are called “full frame houses”. Their external walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.
Five-story brick houses series 1-447
The 1-447 series includes standard projects 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing skeleton of the houses in the series under consideration are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls- external end and internal, between which the staircases are located. Transverse brick walls act as rigidity diaphragms. All other walls (intra-apartment and inter-apartment) are non-load-bearing.
The floors are made in the form of reinforced concrete hollow-core slabs supported with their short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The most loaded is the middle wall, on which the floor panels rest on both sides. In external longitudinal walls, openings can be increased only by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing partitions. The lintels above the windows must also be preserved. It is possible to install openings in the end walls of the building during reconstruction.
Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447
1-335-1 and 1-335-2 Classic Khrushchev building of 5 floors with an incomplete frame and longitudinal load-bearing walls. The structures were manufactured at the Mochishchensky prefabricated reinforced concrete plant of the USSR Ministry of Transport. Since 1964, modified versions of the 1-335 series have been introduced: 1-335A, 1-335K, 1-335AK, 1-335D with improved apartment layouts, improved design (full frame, better thermal insulation of external walls) and with 9-story versions. No houses of modified versions were built in Moscow.
Series: 1-335
House type: panel
Manufacturer: Manufacturer - local reinforced concrete products, Polyustrovsky DSK
Years of construction: 1958-1966
Number of floors: 5, less often – 3, 4. The first floor is residential
Number of rooms in apartments: 1,2,3
Height of living quarters: 2.54 m
Number of apartments per floor: 4
Number of sections (entrances): from 3
Type of sections (entrances): row (ordinary, set of apartments on the floor: 3-2-1-3, 2-2-3-2), end (set of apartments on the floor: 1-2-2-3). All apartments, except the corner ones, face one side.
Elevators: No
Stairs: without a shared fire balcony
Garbage removal: No
Balconies: There is
Bathrooms: combined in all apartments
Exterior walls: two-layer reinforced concrete 30 cm thick or single-layer expanded clay concrete 40 cm thick
Load-bearing walls: columns and external walls (partial frame)
Partitions: interior ones made of gypsum concrete panels 8 cm thick, interroom ones - from the same panels in 2 layers with an air gap between them equal to 4 cm
Floors: solid reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick
Most of the houses of the 1-335 series were built in Leningrad (primarily the northeast of the city: Grazhdanka, Okhta, Polustrovo), etc. Dachnoye. Several blocks were built in the years. Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc. (including in several cities of Belarus). The series was built in less significant volumes in Moscow: 3-5 houses in the districts of Perovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Babushkin, Degunino, Kuntsevo, 1-2 buildings in a number of other districts. In the cities of the Moscow region, houses of the 1-335 series were built in single quantities, most of them in the cities. Shcherbinka and Podolsk.
Series 1-335 is one of the first all-Union panel series. Houses in this series were built in many cities of the country: Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk Volgograd, Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk.
This series was built from 1958 to 1966. Despite the fact that the total number of these buildings is small (about 500), it is considered one of the most common among Khrushchev buildings. The overwhelming majority of houses of the 1-335 series were built in St. Petersburg - 289 buildings.
About 70 houses were built in Moscow, mainly in the areas: Perovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Babushkinsky, Degunino, Kuntsevo, as well as 1-2 buildings in a number of other areas.
In the cities of the Moscow region, houses of this series were built in single quantities, most of them in the cities of Shcherbinka and Podolsk.
This type of Khrushchev apartment building can be recognized by its large, almost full-panel square windows and high elongated windows on the landings. And also at the ends of four panels with two rows of windows. There are options lined with small square tiles.
The cost of construction of 1 m² of living space for houses of the 1-335 series was a record low and amounted to 95 rubles. in 1961 prices. This is the lowest figure in the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR.
"" series I-335 are almost everywhere in a pre-emergency condition. The reliability of the design scheme is almost exhausted.
Demolition of houses of the 1-335 series has been carried out in Moscow since the late 1990s. selectively (formally, the series is not included in the list of demolitions due to the fact that it is not among the most widespread series of Khrushchev buildings in Moscow). According to experts, the demolition of all houses of the 1-335 series in Moscow will be completed in 2015-2017.
In St. Petersburg, houses of this series are mainly undergoing major repairs (rehabilitation), some blocks are planned for demolition
According to a number of experts, the five-story buildings of project 1-335 are recognized as the most unsuccessful series of buildings from the time of Khrushchev.
Detailed characteristics of the series
| Entrances | from 3 |
| Number of storeys | 5, less often - 3.4. The first floor is residential. |
| Ceiling height | 2,54 |
| Elevators | No |
| Balconies | In all apartments starting from the 2nd floor |
| Apartment per floor | 4 |
| Years of construction | 1958-1966 |
| Built houses | about 500 |
| Apartment areas | 1-room - total: 30-31 m², living: 18 m², kitchen: 6.3 m². 2-room - total: 41-45 m², living: 26-35 m², kitchen: 6.3-6.9 m². 3-room - total: 55-58 m², living: 42-48 m², kitchen: 6.3 m². |
| Bathrooms | Combined in all apartments |
| Stairs | Without a common fire balcony |
| Garbage chute | No |
| Ventilation | Natural exhaust, blocks in bathrooms |
| Walls and ceilings | External walls are two-layer reinforced concrete 30 cm thick or single-layer expanded clay concrete 40 cm thick. The floors are reinforced concrete slabs, 10 cm thick. Interior partitions are made of gypsum concrete panels, 8 cm thick. Interior partitions are made of two-layer gypsum concrete panels with an air gap of 4 cm between them. |
| Load-bearing walls | Columns and external walls (partial frame) |
| Colors and finishes | Tiling: light gray, white and blue. Unclad: beige, grey, white, yellow. |
| Roof type | Four-slope |
| Advantages | Cheap cost, availability of balconies, storage rooms |
| Flaws | Very low thermal insulation of external walls, thin interior partitions, combined bathrooms even in three-room apartments |
| Manufacturer | Vologda DSK, Petrozavodsk DSK, Tula ZKD |
| Designer | Design Institute Gorstroyproekt (Leningrad branch) |