You are not required to top up your account at the beginning of the year. You choose the convenient moment yourself.
For example, deposit a certain amount in March, and at the beginning of next year you can qualify for a deduction. If you deposit it in December, you can also count on a deduction under the same conditions. Which is especially convenient if, for example, at the end of the year you have a bonus, or your 13th salary.
It's important to remember: to get a tax deduction, you need to have official income on which you usually pay tax. This is what the state will return to you.

In order to receive the maximum deduction from 400 thousand rubles, it is enough to have an income of 34 thousand rubles.

Which
there are risks

“Where will my money be all the time while I’m not using it? Can I lose them?
These and other questions are asked by people who have never encountered investments. The answers are very simple.

An income of 13% is guaranteed by the state.
This means that the investor, that is, you, does not bear any risks and cannot lose his money. The entire time you do not use the money, which is three years, it is stored on the stock exchange, and this is also a government structure.

Profitable investments

Your IIS can earn significantly more than 13%. The money in your account can be invested and receive additional income. Such investments will no longer be 100% safe. A simple rule works here: the higher the potential income, the greater the risks.

Federal Loan Bonds

The most conservative way to receive additional income from an IIS is
is to lend your money to the state. That is, buy Bonds Federal Loan. These securities are considered the most reliable, and here's why. You will not receive income from them only in one case, if the state declares a default. If this happens, bonds are the last thing that will worry you and me. This happens during wars, revolutions, or even more rare social upheavals.

Model portfolios and structured products

That's what the packages are called valuable papers, which are selected for you by analysts. Having assessed the risks, and they can be significant, you yourself decide whether such investments are convenient for you.

The choice of financial instruments is large, each has its own pros and cons

Model portfolios are ready-made investment instrument. Analysts compile them for you, taking into account your preferences, such as profitability and risk level. The higher the risks, the higher the profit. You can sell your model portfolio at any time and take profit or loss. But the money cannot be withdrawn from the account for 3 years, otherwise you will have to return tax deductions.

You don't need to have a lot of money to start investing. A small starting amount of only 50 thousand rubles is enough.

You choose the composition of the portfolios yourself: your portfolio can consist of stocks, bonds, or a combination of both. It can be composed of securities from one sector, for example, oil companies or American stocks. ITI Capital creates such portfolios.

How to buy
model briefcase

We have simplified this process as much as possible. To buy a fashion briefcase, just click a couple of buttons in your personal account.

Securities portfolios are compiled by our company’s analysts, so that everything works reliably, they analyzed each company whose shares or bonds were included in the portfolio.

It may also happen that our analysts no longer see growth prospects for a particular company. Then they remove that company's securities from the portfolio and replace them. This procedure is called rebalancing your model portfolio. You can be sure that we closely monitor market movements and quickly draw conclusions.

Investment risks
into model portfolios

Model briefcases, like any other investment products, involve risks. It is impossible to avoid them, but you can wisely diversify, that is, divide and reduce them due to the fact that there are several securities in your portfolio.
If your portfolio consists of several securities, then the probability of your financial losses decreases mathematically. In addition, 13% tax deduction you will receive it in any case, you just need to have an official income.

IIS for professional investors

Your individual investment account can be of two types. Under the first type, you receive a deduction of 13% at the end of the year from your official income.

The second type of IIS is convenient for those who have turned trading on the stock exchange into their main activity. You don't have an official employer, but you make money through trading? Then trade on IIS and exempt trading from taxes.

To learn more

Financial Products - English Financial Products, are classified into three main categories depending on their inherent function from the investor's point of view. By investing in one of the available types of financial products, the investor becomes either an owner, a lender, or the right to buy or sell the product. Some of the most popular financial products are stocks, bonds, mutual funds, warrants and options.

Shares represent an investor's ownership interest in a company. They are usually sold to investors on exchange and over-the-counter markets, who expect that their market price will increase after a certain time. In turn, the company that sells the shares receives in return the funds necessary to develop its activities. In addition, such a financial product as shares can also bring profit to its owner in the form of dividends, which are part of the issuing company’s profit paid to shareholders.

Bonds are financial products that represent promissory note, arising from the issuing company to its investors. Unlike shares, the investor does not receive an ownership interest in the company. This type of investment typically has lower returns than stocks but also carries less risk. Investors give cash to the issuer to be paid back to them on a specified future date (maturity date) along with interest. If an investor wants to get rid of his bonds before the maturity date, he can resell them to third parties. However, it is unlikely that its market value will be equal to the face value that must be paid to the investor on the maturity date. The investor will likely receive a market value of the bond that may be more or less than its face value. Bonds are issued not only by private companies, but also by government agencies, including central, municipal and local authorities.

Investment funds are combined financial products that may consist of instruments money market, stocks or bonds. They usually do not invest all their funds in one specific company or financial instrument, but form investment portfolios. These funds use investors' pooled funds to purchase a specific number of stocks, bonds or other low-risk investments to diversify their portfolios and reduce risk. Depending on the financial goals of their investors, investment funds can offer different levels of risk: from high-risk investments in shares of multinational corporations, to low-risk bond funds.

Warrants and options give an investor the right to buy or sell a specific financial product. At the same time, their acquisition does not give the investor the status of a creditor or owner. For example, stock options provide the ability to buy or sell shares of a specific company at a predetermined price (the exercise price). Such investments are made either for hedging or purely for speculative purposes, with the expectation that the market value of the underlying asset will change in the manner expected by the investor.

The managing director of Sberbank Asset Management (until November 2012) told Finversia.ru about how and how much you can earn from investing in securities, including with the help of mutual funds (UIFs) and individual investment accounts (IIA). – Troika Dialog Management Company), Head of Business Development Department, Vasily Illarionov, CFA.

Vasily, how can you characterize the trends that exist today in the private investment market?

The key trend today is the gradual introduction of investment products into the sphere of life of the country’s economically active population. In previous years, demand in the retail segment of the private investment market relative to bank deposits was very low – at the level of 1-2%. That is, the potential for growth is huge, and now we see a corresponding trend. People are finally starting to understand that their savings can work and generate income.

Why suddenly, given our economic realities?

One of the determining factors is the expected decrease interest rates on bank deposits. In this regard, people are becoming increasingly interested in products that allow them to make good money by investing, albeit at high risk. Although, it should be noted that for now this mostly applies to wealthy clients. So far, there are objective barriers for Russians to actively invest in stock market instruments – insufficient volume free funds And low level financial literacy.

Do you somehow rank clients by level of wealth?

Conditionally, of course. To begin with, let's divide private clients into two blocks: the very wealthy, capable of investing over a million US dollars, and clients from the “retail” segment, where the “average bill” for purchasing investment products is 200-300 thousand rubles. The market situation for these categories is different.

The retail segment also has its own “breakdown” into groups: VIP clients with an approximate wealth of 4 million rubles in the regions and from 8 million rubles in Moscow, and investors who are “worth” at least 400 thousand and 800 thousand rubles respectively. From the point of view of growth dynamics and increasing market volumes, these are the most promising categories of clients. Sberbank, our main agent, is now working most actively with them, offering various investment products. In the mass high-income segment, the average purchase price for investment products is 200-300 thousand rubles, in the VIP category - 2-3 million rubles.

Well, the next group is everyone else: the minimum threshold for entering the private investment market can be 15 thousand rubles - that’s how much shares in one of our open-end mutual investment funds (UIF) cost. However, quite small amounts invest extremely rarely. Therefore, the category of people who do not have sufficient funds among existing investors does not occupy a large share of assets.

That is, the most accessible product does not mean the most popular. What then is in priority demand?

Again, depending on financial capabilities. For example, among those who are able to invest about 3 million rubles, individual strategies are in demand trust management, based on structural products.

If we talk about standard retail products, now such a format as individual ones is gaining popularity. investment accounts(IIS). It is relatively new to the market (it was regulated by law only last year), but, according to our analysts’ forecasts, it can become a real driver of the retail investment market. This is such an innovative tool that allows you to earn more than your deposit with minimal risk. At the same time, let me remind you that the owner of an IIS is provided with a tax deduction from the amount deposited into the account in the amount of 13% (refund of personal income tax paid on any taxable income for the year) or an exemption from income tax all income received from investments. Minimum investment threshold, according to at least, we have 100 thousand rubles. According to the law, you can now invest up to 400 thousand rubles per year. Although it is planned to raise this bar to 1 million rubles.

Any combination of securities is allowed within an IIS. Today, the most optimal components of these packages are two simple and understandable products, such as ruble bonds with ruble yield, and also, for those who do not want to long-term depend on the risk of exchange rate fluctuations, foreign currency securities, respectively, with foreign currency yield.

How much is this in numbers?

Expected net return taking into account tax benefit, which the client receives from the state, but after deducting taxes and remuneration of the management company, for “ruble” products it will be approximately 13-14% for him, for “dollar” products - 7-8%. For comparison, bank rates foreign currency deposits today it is much more modest. If, for example, you manage to get 1% from Sberbank, then this is already luck.

If everything is as profitable as you say, then why is there not a boom in the IIS segment yet?

IIS appeared only last year. You cannot count on immediate effects. Take for example pension reform. At first very few people realized that savings part pensions can be advantageously placed in management - more than 90% of citizens were so-called silent ones. Now there are less than 50% of them left. If the government gives money for free, then people will know about it and want to participate.

What other investment products are popular among private stock market players?

People traditionally love to invest in real estate. Many people think that this market is the most understandable to them. However, not everyone has financial opportunities, allowing you to buy an investment apartment. Therefore, they choose such a collective form of investment as a closed real estate mutual fund (REF). Investors unite, and we use the collected amount to buy objects under construction at favorable price- sometimes entire entrances in new buildings. There are several such development closed-end mutual funds in Sberbank Asset Management - for different objects, although in concept they are all the same.

Added value is obtained due to the increase in the cost of apartments from the initial stage of construction to the commissioning of the project. After that square meters sold on the free market. The shareholder receives income in proportion to his share in the fund.

What is the profitability here?

If we talk about already completed projects, then one of our funds closed in May. There the yield was 10%-12% per annum. This is less than the profitability of development closed-end mutual funds launched later, but you need to understand that this happened against the backdrop of the introduction of sanctions, a fall in GDP and a general decline in the real estate market over the past two-plus years. If we compare it with the results of investments in stocks, bonds, and even with direct investments in housing, then this is a very good result.

Moreover, now the situation in the housing market is more optimistic, and the expected return on development closed-end mutual funds, if invested today, is already 14-16% per annum.

Which properties do you think perform the best?

If we talk about housing, today we give preference to economy and comfort class projects in Moscow, as we consider them a reliable investment for shareholders. Among our Moscow projects we can highlight such projects as “River Park”, “Savelovsky City”, “Novoe Butovo”.

At the same time, the direction of mutual funds for commercial rental real estate is very promising, which we recently decided to revive by creating a closed-end mutual fund "Sberbank - rental business" (the first closed-end mutual fund investing in commercial real estate, Troika Dialog Management Company was created in 2004, approx. ed.). As part of this project, we are investing in warehouse properties that can generate stable rental income.

In particular, with the funds of the shareholders of our new fund, we plan to purchase a ready-made warehouse in Novosibirsk with an already established pool of tenants, including such leading retailers as Auchan and Okey. Tenants have long-term lease agreements that will ensure the profitability of closed mutual fund shareholders.

The format turned out to be very popular among private investors. As part of this placement, in just one month we raised from individuals through the bank's retail network about 2.5 billion rubles.

What is the entry threshold and expected profitability for this format? And are you planning to use a crowdfunding tool to attract funds to closed mutual funds?

The minimum investment amount in a rental property fund is from 330 thousand rubles. The expected target return is about 15% per annum.

As for crowdfunding, it may well become additional way collecting money. We now have plans to develop an online platform where clients could learn about promising investment objects, and through it we can record consumer leads (registration acts, questionnaires and requests from potential clients, editor’s note) and call clients using them, offering to join one or another project. However, in our opinion, physical channels for collecting money are still more effective than virtual ones.

We can say that IIS and closed mutual funds are relatively new, and to some extent experimental, formats for you. What is the situation with traditional products - stocks, bonds?

Of course, stocks and bonds remain the flagship products for stock market operators. If we talk about the demand from private investors for both, then it is distributed almost equally between them.

As for trends, there are two main ones. The first one is in Lately Russian clients increasingly prefer products placed on global markets. During the crisis, foreign exchange products became more popular. Thus, a large number of clients exchanged ruble bonds for foreign currency ones. In the equity segment, many have also moved to more stable developed markets funds as they are tired of oil risk, which is highly correlated with the Russian economy.

The second trend is that more and more people began to invest in high-tech sectors, in particular those related to biotechnology, medicine, IT, etc.

Taking these trends into account, in 2014 we expanded our line of mutual funds with global investment funds. Some of them provide indirect access for Russian private investors to American, European and some emerging markets, global market debt bonds. Thanks to the fact that many clients refocused on these funds, we managed to prevent a strong outflow of funds during the crisis period of 2014.

Funds related to innovative industries are also in high demand. In particular, our open investment fund “Sberbank – Biotechnologies” became the leader in collections last year: we launched it in May 2015 and collected about 4 billion rubles by the end of December.

We have divided clients who invest in stocks and bonds into three risk-return (based on the ratio of risk and return) segments - from conservative to aggressive. And for each of these groups we form separate model portfolios made up of our funds. We periodically hold investment committees where portfolios are reviewed. This is convenient for client managers because, having roughly determined the client’s risk profile, they can immediately offer him a ready-made package solution.

This is also very useful for clients, since most of them do not have high financial literacy - it is quite difficult for them to understand all the vicissitudes of the market, since products differ by sector, currency, and capitalization.

If possible, please state the numbers here too.

To buy a minimum portfolio, which consists of securities of four funds, a minimum of 60 thousand rubles is required.

With profitability it is more difficult. Last year, for example, stocks and bonds grew by an average of 30-40% in the market. The corresponding profitability, after reaching the “bottom” in 2014, was shown in 2015 by both conservative and aggressive portfolios, including ours. However, these are by no means indicative figures.

It is more correct to take the results of comprehensive analysis, which we have been leading since the early 2000s, including all crises and periods of growth. According to these data, the average three-year return on a conservative portfolio is about 12% per annum, on an aggressive one – 15-16%. This is the kind of profitability we are targeting investors with today. At the same time, we warn that they must be prepared for volatility in financial markets and maintain long-term investments.

What hinders the development of the market for retail investments in the stock market and shares?

The underlying key reason for underdevelopment is low levels of financial literacy. Although consumers can be understood if you look at the “performance” recent years, when the stock market was at zero over a five-year period.

Second important factor – bank rates deposits have been in the positive real return zone for quite a long time. At the moment, if we look at the long term, Sberbank deposits offer clients an interesting balance of risk and return, therefore investment companies Now it’s not easy to compete with them, although some of their products have their own clear advantages.

Banks, in turn, were quite satisfied with the situation with market growth in previous years consumer lending, and they placed their main bet on this direction. They used the lion's share of their fees to issue loans to the population. Retail banking networks have not previously paid enough attention to the development of non-bank financial products.

Now the situation is changing, the growth rate loan portfolio for banks are decreasing. Rates are starting to fall. Accordingly, they have a need for diversification, that is, in addition to traditional interest income, to receive more commission income. We see this in the example of Sberbank and other credit organizations.

A further reduction by the Bank of Russia will help greatly change the situation key rate, if it happens. On the one hand, this will lead to a reduction in deposit rates. As soon as they fall and it becomes clear that they cannot cover inflation, clients will begin to switch to riskier products.

On the other hand, a decrease in the Central Bank key rate will have a positive impact on the profitability of investment products - it will lead to an increase in the cost of corporate bonds, as well as a decrease in the required return on shares Russian issuers, and increasing prices for them.

Accordingly, the reduction of the rate by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is our chance - a driver of growth for investment companies.

At the beginning of the conversation, you spoke about a certain elite category of investors who are also active market participants, but with their own specifics. What trends can be noted for them?

I would characterize the behavior of premium investors as follows: the desire for independence. Most dollar millionaires are people who have been investing for a long time and professionally, and have gone through numerous ups and downs in this market.

Recently, the wealthiest clients want to invest less and less in individual stocks and bonds and are more eager to buy complex products that include various options, trying to structure their investments through quite complex financial instruments. At the same time, they are increasingly striving to control their money themselves, choosing advisory-type products (consulting brokerage services).

Many premium investors now have a personal brokerage account, have their own sales trader, who periodically offers various investment ideas, and asset owners say “yes” or “no”. The richest clients, who are able to invest tens of millions of dollars, create their own family offices, hire personal managers who select providers of various products for them.

Accordingly, the demand for trust management, when the investor’s assets (within the framework of the investment declaration, but with a large degree of his own powers) are managed by a portfolio manager, is falling.

The scale of the category of millionaire players can only be estimated approximately – there are from 100 thousand to 200 thousand people. But there are no exact statistics - this is a completely non-public category. Inside, it is also heterogeneous: some invest millions, others tens and hundreds of millions.

This is probably how we can generally describe consumer preferences in the market mutual funds, trust management, IIS.

A significant part of the country's population has free material means. However, not all of them seek to invest them to increase their capital. Many people consider keeping money in a home safe a safer option than, for example, investing in investment goods, products or services. This situation is explained by the lack of awareness among residents Russian Federation about theory and practice investment activities. Limited knowledge of financing forces owners of free capital to invest money in banking organizations, which, in their opinion, are characterized by high reliability and can provide good dividends.

What are investment goods

The capitalist world for modern man dictates special requirements that are directly related to in cash. So, the basic rule is to use rationally material resources, which were accumulated during a specific period of activity. The principle of operation involves the use of free capital to increase assets and generate additional income.

For this there are various investment directions, among which the investor can choose the most effective option for himself. For example, invest in deposits or shares of a large and actively developing company. Today, a huge selection of goods, products and services are offered that can bring high income. Each of them has its own characteristics, advantages and level of profitability.

Investment product is one of the fundamental terms in general economic practice. According to experts, this concept is intended to be taken literally, which means it defines goods that were purchased on financial resources from investing. Their main goal is to replace, renew and improve the quality of basic resources. Investors use such methods to improve production technologies. Products most often include funds received as a result of construction and engineering activities.

With the help of investment goods, the enterprise is modernized, production capacity is increased, and the number of manufactured products is increased. Among them it is worth highlighting the main varieties:

1. Constructions and buildings of various designs and technical characteristics. These can be workshops, factories, electrical installations, warehouses, offices and others. The group includes multifunctional buildings that provide conditions for the full functioning of the enterprise.
2. Transport routes. TO this species communications include roads for road and rail transport, as well as pipelines for pumping oil, gas and petroleum products.
3. Production Possibility Lines. This category includes a complex of industrial equipment and mechanical components used in the enterprise for the production of products.
4. Source materials and raw materials. The group includes all kinds of resources that a plant or workshop accepts for the production of final consumer goods.

You can start investing in goods only after learning the basic concepts financial sector. Lack of skills and practice can lead to unprofitable investments and loss of capital. Also, the investor’s task is to familiarize himself with the key characteristics of the objects of the activity under consideration, in particular the industries in which it is intended to invest funds.

Once the definition of goods of investment activity has been established, it is possible to approach the products of this area. They represent resources that act as an investment tool. That is, they can be any objects that an investor can finance with the money at his disposal.

Investment products are the main assets for many commercial investors. These include the following resources:

• deposits and contributions to banking organizations;
• shares in mutual investment funds;
• PAMM accounts;
• all types of securities (stocks, futures, bonds and others).

The investor has the right to finance those areas financial market, which suit his requirements, and also have a balance between levels of profitability and riskiness. That is why the choice of a specific investment product should be approached with special responsibility and attention.

An investor must have a cool mind and calculate all steps, given the presence of many unscrupulous projects and companies that can carry out illegal manipulations. Consequently, for this purpose, experts have created a number of rules that are recommended to be relied on when choosing an object of financing:

1. Assess the reliability and existing guarantees of the issuing company. The investor should study the reputation of the bank, mutual funds, microfinance institutions and brokerage platforms with which the transaction is planned. You should not invest in projects that do not seem safe enough.
2. The investor should review the official documents relating to the investment product. Such a memorandum must indicate the features of the object that reflect their attractiveness to a potential investor. In addition, the document must be legislated and have the capabilities to carry out technical analysis obvious risks. Registration of investment memorandums is carried out by state authorities of supervision and control.
3. Pay attention to the quality of services. The service indicator in banks or investment funds is of particular importance, since good service leads to friendly and trusting relationships. If employees financial organization allowed to behave incorrectly, then it is better to abandon the idea of ​​investing money in such a company.

Each client should take into account that investment products are not insured by states. It follows that they may lose value, and therefore lead to a loss of the principal investment. The investor should also remember that impressive investment returns in the past period do not guarantee profitability in the current time.

Basic concept and subjects of investment services

Recently, there are many types of services in the field of capital investment. Investment services imply a set of operations aimed at improving the management of financial activities subjects of the considered direction of the financial market. The service may include various aspects and be carried out depending on the specific goals of the investor. Organizations that provide investment services may include advisory companies, banking institutions and brokerage houses.

The purpose of consulting agencies is to collect, evaluate and provide information about the financial asset or company of interest. Such firms can provide a wide range of services, for example, highly qualified specialists are ready to produce the results of the development of a certain investment strategy, which includes indicators such as the level of probable risks, analysis of the characteristics of the invested industry and other values.

Banking organizations provide a separate list of services, which is completely different from the previous institution. For example, creating the most comfortable conditions for the purchase or resale of shares, bonds and other securities. In this case, a state financial institution can act as an intermediary or guarantor of one of the parties to the transaction, since investing is a rather risky process. TO banking services also include:

1. Redemption of shares on a financial exchange and resale to their first owner.
2. Trust management, which implies the transfer by the client to the bank of powers related to management portfolio investments. The institution’s task is to study the market situation, as well as analyze trend movements and fluctuations in the level of risk.
3. Taking part in the merger large companies and their modifications. It follows from this that upon obtaining permission to manage the client’s assets, the bank can look for buyers for securities, formulate strategies and projects to transform the organizational structure.

Another subject of provision investment services is a brokerage office whose activities are aimed at servicing commercial capital depositors. Their responsibilities include creating investment portfolio, as well as the implementation of trust management of client funds. The list of service obligations between the parties is immutably fixed in the cooperation agreement. Since the brokerage service is provided on a paid basis, a commission for the work is also included in the agreement.

Based on the above information, it is worth noting, despite various nuances, investments are a profitable investment that requires guarantees to maximize returns. However, understanding which direction of the financial market is effective and reliable is only possible with the help of practice and invaluable experience. A blind and thoughtless investment decision in an unfamiliar field of activity can lead to losses and bankruptcy.