Intangible assets are property that does not have a physical form, but represents for the enterprise. In addition, they, like fixed assets, are aimed at generating profit in the course of financial activities. Accounting for this group of funds is somewhat different from collecting information about the rest of the property. We will get acquainted with the features of its organization and the structure of the assets themselves in this article.

Specific signs

What is it intangible assets? What does this mean? A novice accountant is probably tormented by such questions. If the image of material property emerges immediately, then how can one imagine something else?

Let us analyze the main conditions for classifying funds into the group of intangible assets. So, representatives of this category must meet the following criteria:

• lack physical fitness;
• used in the production and sales processes of the enterprise or for management needs;
• be in circulation for 12 months or more;
• bring profit in the present or forecast time;
• comply with legal documentation requirements;
• have the opportunity to transfer ownership to another individual or legal entity.

In order to use intangible assets in its activities, the enterprise itself must have ownership rights to them.

Classification of intangible assets by type

With the growth of scientific technologies, the number of types of intangible forms of property increases. A dozen years ago, only exclusive copyrights were included here, but now the group has about 7 categories, which include:

1. Right to use natural resources.
2. Property rights.
3. Commercial designations (use of brand, name).
4. Property objects in the industrial sector.
5. Copyright.
6. Goodwill.
7. Other intangible assets (in particular, some costs).

It is worth considering that what is recognized as intangible material is not the result of research and intellectual work, but the exclusive right to use it for commercial purposes.

Intellectual property

The results of intellectual activity are also intangible assets. What does this mean? Mainly patent or copyright assets. The first category includes rights arising in the scientific and design field. This:

• new inventions;
• industrial designs;
• technical models;
• names and trademarks.

The second category includes property created on the basis of the objective views of a specific author. These are works of art software, databases, integrated circuit topologies and other assets.

The main difference between copyright and patent law is the method of its recognition, which is reminiscent of in this case relation of part to whole. If a patent is issued for any invention and protects the work itself, then copyright is assigned only to the form of expressing the subjective view of different owners on the same idea.

Costs of organizing a legal entity

It would seem that what is common between the costs and assets of an enterprise? In some cases, they may be reflected as part of intangible assets. To do this, it is enough to meet several conditions:

• expenses must be incurred during the preparation of documents when creating an enterprise until its registration with the regulatory authorities;
• they are aimed at paying legal consultants, paying registration fees and other costs for the legal opening of a legal entity;
• the amount of expenses must be included in authorized capital organizations.

Funds that meet these criteria can be confidently included in intangible assets. All further costs for the change accounting policy, stamps, seals and other documents are classified as general business expenses.

Goodwill

The classification of intangible assets provides for the formation of such property as business reputation. It is considered only if the company is sold. Goodwill is understood as the difference between the market and the company, taking into account the accumulated reputation (positive or negative). It turns out that goodwill has its own price, which means it is bought and sold in the same way as any other property.

In the case of the formation of a positive business reputation, they speak of an additional amount of premium that must be paid to the seller, since in the future the presence of goodwill will bring economic benefits to the new owner. Negative characteristics of a company in the market can lead to problems and difficulties that hinder activity and profit. This happens due to poor management, lack of an established sales system, marketing plan, regular customers and connections, and other reasons. This situation reduces the value of the enterprise and requires a discount from the seller.

Rules for calculating depreciation

It has already been clarified what intangible assets are, what relates to them, and what their specific characteristics are. Having realized that this property is equivalent to fixed assets, one should ask the question: is it depreciable? Since intangible assets do not have a physical form, how will they wear out? Basically, depreciation takes the form of obsolescence. When determining the amount of deductions, you should rely on the following rules:

1. Assess cost and duration beneficial use intangible assets.
2. Depending on the specific situation and accounting policy provisions, calculate the amount using one of three methods: linear, reducing balance, production.
3. Deductions are made from the 1st day of the month following the acceptance of the asset for registration.
4. Depreciation is not charged on intangible assets of non-profit organizations.

To collect accumulated depreciation amounts, account 05 is used. This is a passive accounting account: credit is accrued, and debit is written off. When drawing up a balance sheet, the credit balance is used to calculate the intangible asset indicator.

Characteristics of depreciation methods

Different types of intangible assets require an individual approach to their assessment and depreciation. The linear method is universal for any property, regardless of its useful life, the amount of profit generated and other indicators. The method is often used in cases where it is impossible to determine the exact operating period, and predicting possible economic benefits in the future is difficult. The method assumes an even distribution across months total amount depreciation.

Used for intangible assets, the profit from which will be greatest in the first years of operation. The amounts are distributed unevenly but remain constant during one period. For calculations, an acceleration coefficient is used, which is adjusted accounting policy. Residual or market value multiplied by a fraction: the numerator is the coefficient, the denominator is the remaining service life, determined in months.

The production method is the most flexible approach depending on the financial result obtained. The amounts are calculated directly proportional to the volume of manufactured/sold products with the participation of intangible assets.

Historical cost of intangible assets

To register property, you must know exactly its value. Like other non-current assets, intangible assets are reflected in accounting at their original cost, identified as of a certain date. The actual amount that had to be spent on the production or acquisition of intangible assets includes:

• accounts payable directly related to the creation/purchase of property;
• the net value of the asset itself.

If there are difficulties in assessing independently produced intangible assets, you should carry out comparative analysis with similar products on the market.

In the future, the enterprise has the right to revaluate property in accordance with the instructions of its accounting policies. If the price of an intangible asset decreases, the initial cost. The difference between market and actual cost attributed to the financial results of the enterprise.

Service life of intangible equipment

After determining the initial cost, it is necessary to establish the useful life of intangible assets. The duration of the property rights to own intangible assets is taken as a basis. In other cases, they rely on possible deadline bringing profit. Basic intangible assets are divided into two categories:

• with an indefinite operational life;
• with a limited period of use.

If everything is clear with the second type, then for the first it is recommended to stop at 20 years. Determining the operating life must necessarily be based on an analysis of possible profit, since the period is used to calculate depreciation.

Accounting for intangible assets

To collect and group information about property that does not have a material form, two accounts are used: 04 and 05. The latter, as is already known, is created for accumulation depreciation charges. Account 04 collects all data on the types, costs and processes occurring with intangible assets. This is an active inventory account, the debit balance of which is reflected in financial statements. In addition, the enterprise uses accounts 19.2 and 48 to characterize VAT and the sale of intangible assets.

A prerequisite for organizing accounting for intangible assets is maintaining analytical accounts for each group or individual units of property. The following subaccounts can be used as an example:

• 04.1 "Intellectual Property".
• 04.2 “Right to use natural resources.”
• 04.3 “Deferred costs”.
• 04.4 "Goodwill".
• 04.5 "Commercial designations".
• 04.6 “Other objects of intangible assets.”

Data analytical accounting must be indicated in annual reports(Form No. 5) in the section characterizing the composition of intangible property.

Correspondence with other accounts

Knowing what intangible assets are and what relates to them, we can assume which accounting accounts account 04 will interact with. Based on the characteristics of the active account, debit transactions characterize the acceptance of intangible assets for accounting through purchase, receipt, exchange. The interconnected accounts become 04 and 08, 50-52, 55, 75-76, 87-88. The write-off of intangible assets in particular cases of sale, liquidation, exchange leads to an entry in the credit of account 04. In this case, interaction occurs with the debit of accounts 06, 48, 58, 87.

Accounting for receipt of intangible assets

The act of acceptance of intangible assets is a document on the basis of which the receipt of property is recorded. The order of reflection of intangible assets differs depending on the method of their preparation:

1. Purchase is the acquisition of assets for a fee agreed upon between the seller and the buyer. Expenses that must be included in the initial cost are collected in the debit of account 08. After intangible assets are ready for commissioning, the data is written off to account 04 by posting Dt 04 Kt 08.
2. Barter is mutually beneficial and equivalent exchange between subjects economic relations. The accountant records account assignment Dt 08 Kt 60/76, which characterizes the receipt of intangible assets through the fulfillment of obligations to the other party to the exchange. If the process is accompanied by an additional payment or additional expenses, they are reflected in the debit of account 08. After calculation and start of use, the posting is similar to the first point: Dt 04 Kt 08. The transfer of intangible assets is recorded in the credit of the inventory or inventory accounts and the debit of account 46, 47 or 48.
3. In the process of organizing an enterprise, intangible assets can be received from the founders. An example of wiring design looks like this: Dt 04 Kt 75.1.
4. When transferring intangible assets into the possession of a company free of charge, the amounts are credited to account 87.3 at the current market value of the object. Account 04 is debited.
5. A prerequisite is the allocation of VAT, which occurs on accounts 68 “VAT” and 19.2. The process of acquiring intangible assets is accompanied by posting Dt 19.2 Kt 60/76 or other current accounts. After taking over the assets accounting the amount of VAT is written off in equal installments over six months: Dt 68 “VAT” Kt 19.2.
6. VAT on intangible assets acquired for economic and other needs outside of production is taken into account somewhat differently. The tax is covered by own sources financing: Dt 29, 88, 96 Kt 19.2.
7. Acquired intangible assets for production needs, exempt from VAT, include the tax amount in the initial cost.

Disposal of intangible assets in accounting

Property of this type can be written off from account 04 in cases of sale, gratuitous transfer, liquidation or redirection to the capital of other enterprises. These are the main reasons why intangible assets are disposed of. Regardless of the write-off method, the 48th account with an active-passive structure is used. The debit records the amount of the initial cost of intangible assets, the amount of VAT on them, as well as disposal costs. The loan indicates the accumulated depreciation, as well as the amount of income from the sale or other benefits.

Turns on count 48 allow you to highlight financial results from the process: income if credit turnover exceeds debit turnover and vice versa. The data is written off to the appropriate account - 80, 84, 83, 98 (depending on the reason for the intangible asset leaving the balance sheet).

Intangible assets: example of drawing up standard disposal transactions

		Characteristics of a business transaction
		Income from the sale of intangible assets is attributed to the increase in the authorized capital.
		The loss from the sale of property rights is attributed to the reduction of the initial capital.
		Income from the gratuitous receipt of intangible assets is included.
		On account uncovered loss a patent for production purposes was transferred free of charge.
		A positive difference is reflected between the contractual and book value of intangible assets subject to transfer as a contribution to the capital of a third-party company.
		Income from investing intangible assets in another organization is written off in equal shares to the authorized capital.

Intangible assets are no less important for the successful operation of an enterprise than other types of non-current assets. It is this type of ownership that becomes a unique advantage in the market for a company over its competitors.

Money companies are that part own resources, which has a material-property form. Such objects have a monetary value, are repeatedly used in activities or are intended for sale in an unchanged form. For example, these are buildings, sites, structures, working machines/equipment, inventory, transport, inventories, finished products and other objects. Let us consider in detail the regulatory features of accounting for tangible assets and typical wiring reflection of transactions.

What refers to tangible assets

The property assets of an organization are usually divided into 2 main groups – non-current (NCA) and current. The first includes objects withdrawn from the turnover of the enterprise in order to achieve specified operational goals. The second category includes those resources that complete a full cycle in reporting period in 1 calendar year and participate in daily activities.

Grouping of non-current assets:

1. Fixed assets – buildings for production/non-production purposes; land rights and land; administrative buildings; production equipment, including those not put into operation; vehicles etc. Objects provided for rent are included.
2. Material exploration objects - according to PBU 24/2011, such assets include various structures, equipment and vehicles used in the search and/or development of natural resources. For example, these are drilling rigs and pipelines.
3. Investments in material projects - include material resources provided to other organizations for a fee for temporary possession. These are rental agreements, rental agreements, leasing agreements.
4. Other types of SAI.

Grouping of current assets:

1. Inventories - raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products, materials, goods, finished products, work in progress.
2. Other types of assets.

All types of tangible assets of an enterprise are subject to reflection in financial statements on given date with coding revealed by article. The cost expression is based on accepted methods for assessing MA upon admission and departure.

Note! Do not relate to tangible assets of intangible assets, financial investments long-term/short-term nature, cash resources and equivalents, securities, accounts receivable.

Accounting for tangible assets

Accounting for property assets of an enterprise is carried out by reflecting business transactions on work accounts. The main ones include accounts from 01 to 26, 40, 41, 45, 29, 44. Accounting for inventories is carried out in accordance with PBU 5/01, fixed assets - in accordance with PBU 6/01. The procedure for generating transactions and value expression are determined in accordance with Order No. 34n dated July 29, 1998. In this case, the assessment rules various types material resources regulates in detail clause 23 of the Order:

• For objects received for a fee, the cost is the sum of all actual expenses.
• For objects received free of charge, the property is assessed on the basis market prices at the time of posting.
• For objects manufactured in the company, the cost of production is taken into account.

Attention! An enterprise has the right to use other valuation methods, including the reservation method, if provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Tangible assets in the balance sheet are reflected in the corresponding lines as of the reporting date:

• Page 1140 – material search objects.
• Page 1150 – fixed assets.
• Page 1160 – investments in material assets.
• Page 1190 – other types of SAI.
• Page 1210 – inventory and materials.
• Page 1260 – other types of OA.

Basic standard entries for accounting for tangible assets:

Business operation	Debit	Credit
Equipment purchased for a fee
VAT allocated in the cost of the asset
The initial cost of received equipment is reflected
Received goods and materials from the warehouse of the enterprise
VAT allocated
Accrued depreciation on equipment	20, 44, 23, 25, 29, 26
The costs of modernizing the OS facility are reflected
The sale of fixed assets was carried out, the amount of VAT was allocated separately
Recorded write-off of accrued depreciation
The write-off of the residual value of the sold fixed asset is reflected

Enterprise assets- a set of property rights owned by an enterprise, in the form of fixed assets, inventories, financial deposits, monetary claims to other individuals and legal entities. In other words: assets are investments and claims. The term "assets" is also used to refer to any property of an organization.

Assets are usually divided into tangible and intangible. Intangible assets include non-monetary assets that do not have physical form and satisfy the following conditions:

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Intangible assets may include the organization's business reputation (goodwill) and intellectual property. In turn, objects of intellectual property (exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity) include:

• The exclusive right of the patent holder to an invention, industrial design, utility model.
• Exclusive copyright for computer programs and databases.
• Property right of the author or other copyright holder.
• The exclusive right of the owner to a trademark and service mark, the name of the place of origin of goods.
• The exclusive right of the patent holder to selection achievements.

Asset liquidity and asset structure

Assets are grouped according to the degree of their liquidity (ability to be sold at a price close to the market): highly liquid, medium liquid, low liquid and illiquid assets. The most highly liquid asset is money in cash and in current accounts. See Structure of assets by liquidity groups.

The ratio of an organization's assets and liabilities determines its financial condition, and in particular, its solvency. There is an assessment method financial condition enterprises for financial ratios, the most important of which are calculated based on the size of assets and the degree of their liquidity.

Reflection of enterprise assets in accounting

Assets in accounting are reflected in the asset (on the left side) of the balance sheet.

Other non-current assets on the balance sheet are

Operating in Russian Federation form balance sheet includes two sections of assets: current and non-current assets:

• Current assets (current assets) are used in the daily process economic activity. For example: inventories, accounts receivable, cash.
• Non-current assets - assets withdrawn from economic circulation, but reflected in accounting. For example: fixed assets, intangible assets, long-term investments.

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Enterprise assets represent economic resources controlled by the enterprise. The assets of an enterprise are a combination of property and Money belonging to an enterprise, firm, company in which the funds of the owners and owners are invested.

Assets are formed from the capital invested in them; characterized by deterministic cost, productivity and ability to generate income. The constant turnover of assets in the process of their use is associated with the factor of time, risk and liquidity.

The assets of the enterprise include:

- property of a legal entity (enterprise) that has monetary value;

— property of a legal entity and funds raised;

- securities;

— inventory items;

— fixed assets;

— financial investments, invested in enterprises of other entities;

— own patents;

— inventions;

- “know-how”;

— rights to use land and natural resources;

- any other property of an economic entity (enterprise, firm, company, etc.) that can be used to carry out business activities.

Distinguish tangible assets,assetsintangible, and financial assets(Fig. 4.1).

Material assets- is the property of legal or individuals, having a material form and a monetary value.

Material assets

- owned land;

— buildings and structures for production and non-production purposes;

- administrative buildings;

- non-industrial facilities on the balance sheet of the enterprise ( residential buildings, educational, children's, medical, health, sports and other institutions, premises that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise);

— installed and uninstalled production equipment;

— movable property non-production purposes;

— stocks of raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products (in warehouses, workshops and in transit), finished products;

- property, fixed assets, leased land plots that belong to the enterprise; branches; subsidiaries, if they do not have the status of a legal entity and their balance sheets are not separated from the balance sheet of the parent company.

Tangible assets are divided into reproducible(inventories, fixed assets, material and artistic assets) and irreproducible(earth, subsoil).

In addition to the material resources of the enterprise, which include fixed assets and working capital, the effectiveness of its activities depends on the availability and degree of use of intangible resources.

TO intangible resources These are those resources that do not have a material basis, but are capable of bringing profit or benefit to the enterprise (firm) for quite a long time. The main feature of such resources is the inability to determine the overall amount of benefit they bring.

Intangible assets- the conditional value of objects of industrial and intellectual property, other similar property rights recognized as the object of property rights of a specific individual or legal entity, which generate income for him.

Intangible assets- these are assets that do not have a material structure, a new category in the composition of the enterprise’s property.

Basic character traits intangible assets:

— lack of material-material (physical) structure;

- use for a long time;

— the ability to benefit the enterprise;

— a high degree of uncertainty regarding the size of possible future profits from their use.

All intangible resources are divided into objects of industrial and intellectual property.

TO objects of industrial property relate:

— inventions;

— industrial designs;

— rationalization proposals;

— know-how;

— trade marks and trademarks;

- goodwill.

Invention called fundamentally new technical solution existing production problem, giving a positive effect for the national economy.

Industrial design is a model of a product developed by an author or a team of authors that will be produced on this enterprise. An industrial design can be three-dimensional, flat (drawing) or combined and is intended for demonstrating products at presentations and exhibitions. A sample is considered new if the set of properties of the new product is not known in any of the countries to fix its priority.

Rationalization proposal- This useful recommendation regarding equipment and technology used in a particular enterprise. Unlike inventions, it may already be known at other enterprises or in areas of the national economy, but at this enterprise it is used for the first time: this is an improvement in the equipment used, manufactured products, methods of control, observation and research; improving safety practices; increasing labor productivity, efficiency in the use of energy, materials, etc.

Know-how (“know how to do”) is certain knowledge and experience of an enterprise in any field of its activity: scientific, technical, production, managerial, commercial, financial, for which the enterprise has spent significant funds. The know-how is not protected by security documents, but is not disclosed.

Trademarks and trademarks- these are original symbols that distinguish the product of a given company from the products of competitors.

Goodwill this is the formed image of the company, the components of which are experience, business connections, the prestige of trademarks, regular clientele, goodwill and favor of consumers, etc.

To objects of intellectual property relate:

— information activities related to the receipt of information materials, their processing, storage, use and distribution;

— software - characterized by a set of software, organizational and technical tools intended for the centralized accumulation and use of information;

- Database;

— a knowledge base, as well as works of literature and art.

Rights to use industrial and intellectual property objects are called intangible assets enterprises. Individual elements intangible assets have legal protection in the form of patents and copyrights.

Patent - This is a document issued by the state (state body) to a person or enterprise granting them the exclusive right to use the invention or innovation proposal specified in the patent. The patent owner creates a monopoly on the industrial or other commercial use of intangible resources and, if necessary, can prevent anyone from using them without specific permission.

Ownership rights to intangible resources can be exercised either by the owner himself, or by an authorized representative, or by an enterprise.

Permission to use intangible resources is called license. It provides that the user (licensee) will use objects of industrial or intellectual property for the period specified in the license and will pay a fee to the owner (licensor).

Such remuneration can be paid in the form of established specific rates to the volume of net sales, production costs, to the cost of a unit of licensed products (royalties) or as a one-time payment for the entire period of use (lump sum payment). In fact, the lump sum payment is a license fee.

Financial assets- means of physical or legal entities in objects from which profit is expected in the future:

- cash on hand;

— deposits in banks;

— contributions;

— insurance policies;

— investments in securities;

— consumer loan;

— shares of other enterprises that give the right of control;

— specific assets (monetary gold and special drawing rights).

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Any enterprise operates for its own benefit. It cannot make a profit out of nothing, so it has certain economic resources. Such resources are necessary for investments, purchases, sales and other manipulations from which financial benefits are expected in the future. Economic resources in science they are called assets. They need to be taken into account, their turnover monitored, indicators compared, and so on. There are several types of them, we will talk about them below.

What are the assets of an organization?

These are all rights to property that the enterprise has (fixed assets, inventories, financial deposits, monetary claims against legal entities and individuals). The concept of tangible assets or assets in general is used to refer to any kind of property. This economic concept contains 4 types:

How are they taken into account?

Accounting for intangible assets goes on the principle of current and non-current assets. Negotiable assets are endowed with a property that implies their constant use in the production process or other activities of the enterprise. Non-current are reflected in accounting documents, even if they have already been removed from the economic management of the enterprise (turnover). Material assets are accounted for by specially trained people - accountants. They see where the funds were spent, on what and what profit the company received from it.

Tangible production assets

Production economic resources can be owned, leased or for free use. Tangible assets acquired on rights financial leasing, are defined not as their own, but as being under the control of this company.

Intangible assets of the enterprise

TO this species assets include goodwill, that is, the business reputation of the company, objects of intellectual work (intellectual property - IP). The owner of the IP has exclusive right(IP) for the object of intellectual work:

How is asset accounting carried out at an enterprise?

Depending on the type of activity there are different types accounting. Also, financial analysis depends on the taxation system applied to the enterprise. In small companies, the director himself often keeps records; it is not uncommon to turn to specialists who work on an ad hoc basis for help.

IN Lately Outsourcing services have become popular. Specialists in this field clearly and promptly monitor various changes in legislation and, therefore, are aware of all innovative introductions. This means that such a specialist will be able to provide high-quality and qualified support for accounting for production assets or taking into account the material assets of other enterprise resources.

Outsourcing services are not neglected and big companies, since an employee working as usual does not always have time to attend all advanced training courses or relevant seminars.

When the work is in the hands of professionals, the manager can be sure that his company is in order regarding documentation. This means that he can effectively plan his day and react to weaknesses in time.

Accounting for the costs of searching for various natural resources

MPA, or tangible prospecting assets, are needed to carry out prospecting work and processes for assessing natural resources (places of fossil deposits and others). The funds spent on the search are of a material nature (expression):

• various systems of structures (pipelines);
• special equipment (drilling rig, pump, tank, etc.);
• transport.

In accounting, tangible search assets have separate line(balance sheet), where they are recorded. There is also a separate account for non-current assets (their investments). The firm determines the types of search costs. The remaining tangible and intangible assets are accounted for by type ordinary activities. Non-current assets relate to a separate subsoil area for which there is a license, and are hereinafter referred to as “exploration assets”.

Search costs are attributed to the creation (purchase) of an object and are called MPA, and all others are intangible search economic resources:

• the right to carry out prospecting work, evaluate and conduct exploration of deposits;
• topography;
• exploration results from drilling and sampling;
• various other geological information about the subsoil;
• assessment of the commercial feasibility of a mining project.

Tangible and intangible funds related to search funds are accounted for in different subaccounts. The accounting unit that takes into account tangible and intangible assets of search directions is determined taking into account fixed assets and intangible resources, respectively.

Valuation of tangible assets

When assessing material economic assets, use the calculation method net worth(balance sheet). It is the simplest, but has its drawbacks. There are other methods.

To obtain a net value that takes into account tangible production assets, all short-term and long term duties companies. Yes, the cost is included equity companies. This is the net worth value.

The main drawback in this calculation is the lack of reflection of the potential profit that can be obtained from the assets. In the presence of a high inflation rate, the result of this technique quickly ceases to be realistic. In addition, when valuing fixed assets using this method, the initial cost of tangible assets becomes less by the amount of depreciation. This analysis of the value of funds on the balance sheet, which is taken into account and called residual value, differs significantly from the market value.

Another drawback is revealed when accounting for tangible assets using this method - the book value also includes assets with a high valuation. This is due to their repeated revaluation. At this liquidity turns out to be small, since assets are difficult to sell or their sale is impossible. Such economic resources do not have market valuation, although included in book value companies.