If you have come here, it means that you are looking for the most profitable and suitable deposit for your needs. And what is the ideal contribution in your concept? Most likely, it will be different for everyone. And in order to make it easier to make your choice, you need to find out what is offered today. various banks and what contributions exist. This is what will be discussed in our article.

What are the types and types of deposits

Among the huge variety of deposit programs, you can find deposits aimed at implementing their own plans that can satisfy the most demanding depositors. What are you more interested in? Maybe save up or multiply, or maybe you need a deposit as a means of preserving capital, or use unique conditions? Everyone will find something to their liking. And here are the main deposits that almost all banks offer us:

With capitalization- this most common type of deposit involves the possibility of increasing the main body of the deposit at the expense of the interest received. What does this mean: while the deposit is in the bank, interest is accrued on it, you do not withdraw it monthly or quarterly, and the bank automatically transfers it to your deposit account, thereby increasing its size. After that, new interest is charged on the increased deposit amount. At first glance, this is an ideal way to increase your own money, but here banks also find certain tricks. An example of this can be a floating interest rate, which in the second half of the term of the deposit can change significantly downwards. It should be noted right away that deposits with capitalization are most profitable when the deposit amount is large, then the interest will be more noticeable.

Poste restante- the next type of deposit, which is most often assigned after the expiration of the main deposit. Its essence is that the client can withdraw at any time all his capital in in full. And since the bank does not know when this day of deposit demand will come, the interest rate is usually no more than 0.1%. Of course, you can just leave the money in the bank on such terms, but then only the bank will benefit from their use.

Term deposits - this is the generalized name of deposits that are issued by the bank for a certain period. The term is chosen directly by the client: one, three, six, twelve or more months, up to 3 years. Proceeding from this, it should be noted that the client, who has put money on a term deposit, undertakes not to withdraw it until the expiration of the deposit. If this condition is not met, even if minimum term(the client did not wait just a few days before the end of the program), then the interest already accumulated earlier will be written off, and the rate will not exceed the one prescribed by the demand deposit agreement. Therefore, when planning to put money on a term deposit, you need to be sure that they will be able to lie for the entire term.

Savings deposits are represented by programs that allow the client to deposit his own money throughout the entire term of the deposit, that is, to replenish the main deposit. Most often, such deposits are issued at a low percentage, and for long term. The minimum replenishment amount can also be regulated from 500 to 1000 rubles or more. Such deposits are most suitable for people who cannot save a certain amount at home, and at the same time want to receive a small compensation and protect their own money from inflation. If there is no race to make super profits and one long-term goal is to accumulate, then this is the perfect investment for you.

Settlement deposits are intended for those clients who cannot guarantee that they will not need their money in the near future. The principle of operation of such a deposit is that the client can withdraw a certain amount at any time, leaving the minimum allowable deposit amount on the account. In this case, the established interest rate does not burn out, and interest will be charged on the balance of funds in the bank. It should be noted right away that the rate in this case will be very small, compared to other programs that are more stringent in terms of requirements. If at the same time it is acceptable that the client will be able to return the entire amount or part of it to the account, then such a deposit will already receive the name of an expense-replenished deposit.

Winning deposits represent a promotional offer of the bank, which promises depositors that in case of winning, the profit is much higher than from ordinary deposit. What does it mean: the client invests his money, and at the end of the term he can receive one of the guaranteed valuable prizes, for example, a gold bar or a profit of 200% of the expected on another deposit expressed as a percentage of the deposit. Most often, such deposits have certain conditions for the amount of funds raised and the period of storage in the amount of 3-6 months.

Target on children- these deposits are most often opened for long periods: 5-10 years. Both a parent and a guardian or other adult depositor can open such a deposit. In this case, the recipient of the contribution will be directly the child upon reaching a certain age. If the deposit has a term of no more than 3 years, then further prolongation is possible under the same conditions as before. However, such deposits are not very popular, because it is difficult to plan something for such a long period, and even with such inflation as it is now.

Numbered deposits opened by those contributors who want to maintain confidentiality. Most often, such operations are carried out in a separate window or room, to hide the identity of the applicant from others. On the documents, after signing all the papers, instead of the full name of the depositor, only the number of the deposit appears. You can receive payment on the deposit with a special savings book. Interest on such deposits is transferred to the main account automatically after they are paid.

Currency deposits, as the name implies, open in a specific currency. Moreover, it does not matter at all whether the client has this currency, you can simply convert it at the current rate from the national currency. As a rule, the rate on such deposit operations is quite low, about 1-3% per annum, but at the same time, the risks of loss are reduced. own money by increasing inflation. One of the types of such deposits are multicurrency: they allow you to choose any currency yourself throughout the entire term of the deposit agreement using your personal account.

Special deposit programs intended for certain categories of customers. These may include veterans, retirees, employees of certain organizations, or the bank's own employees. In addition, this includes the category VIP clients, for which exceptional conditions of deposit programs are offered. These conditions include: high rate percent, more favorable seasonal offers, attractive terms of the contract. Most often, for such "special" clients, a personal offer is made on the possibility of obtaining favorable conditions for a deposit agreement by phone or at the next contact with the bank.

For pensioners, especially those who are served by this particular bank, are most often offered unique programs With maximum rates percent. The thing is that the bank has a much higher threshold of loyalty to such clients, they become reliable. In addition, the bank can offer them replenishable deposits, because it knows what pensioners' income is and whether they spend it in full. To open such a deposit, you must have a pension certificate. And as a rule, they have a significantly reduced entry fee. Another bonus: the withdrawal of accumulated interest can be carried out on pension card automatic, if it is intended to receive them throughout the entire period in the form of Money.

For legal entities deposits are opened for enterprises and organizations. Their purpose is to receive a small profit at the expense of free funds not involved in the turnover of the enterprise. A significant drawback of such deposits is their insurance, as a rule, organizations can invest serious amounts. But as you know, in case of bankruptcy, it will be possible to return the amount only within 1.4 million rubles. At the same time, such deposits are opened on short terms, up to six months, although there may be exceptions. The interest rate is at the middle level.

But if an enterprise attracts its salary projects, then one can get additional privileges and higher rates.

Other types of deposits also exist. These include:

Deposits for individual entrepreneurs - opened both in national currency and in foreign;
Salary - intended for employees of certain organizations and their own staff;
Target - may take the form of a cumulative or child;
Profile - for the purchase of a certain purchase, that is, until a certain amount is accumulated.

Types of deposits in Sberbank

One of the most popular banks for maintaining current accounts and opening deposit programs is Sberbank. Such loyalty is justified, because the bank has the status of a state bank and can provide customers with guarantees for the return of savings. Among the deposit programs there are targeted ones for both individuals and legal entities.

For individuals Sberbank can offer such contributions:

save- where the main goal is to preserve and protect the already accumulated amount from inflation own funds. The interest rate in this case can reach a maximum of 5.5% per annum;
Replenish- a contribution aimed at people who want to make replenishment and accumulate money on their own. For them, a rate of up to 4.5% is provided;
drive- a deposit for those who want to be able to withdraw their own money without losing the interest rate, which today is about 4.7% for opening a deposit online and up to 4.2% when contacting the bank in person;
gift a life- from where quarterly 0.3% per annum are transferred to charity, while the interest rate is set at 4.95%;
And social and pension programs, For separate category contributors.

For legal entities, there are several deposits, including: "Classic", "Replenished", "Recallable", and each of them can be issued both at the bank and online. Important feature such deposits in that the interest rate is assigned only after determining the desired amount of the deposit and designating the terms of its savings.

Deposits can be opened both in national and international currencies, and this will also affect the size of the interest rate.

Types of deposits in VTB

VTB, as one of the largest banks in Russia, occupies a serious niche in financial market. He can offer his clients 3 main deposits, which are listed in his deposit portfolio in 2018:

"Profitable"- on it, the interest rate can reach 6.2% per annum, but the deposit term is set quite modest - 3 months. In addition to a ruble account, it is possible to open currency deposit. The same deposit can be opened online, and then the interest rate will automatically increase by 0.49%
"Comfortable"- this deposit can also be opened in two ways: online and offline. Its distinguishing feature in that it allows both partial withdrawal of the deposit and its monthly replenishment. Only the client himself can decide what to do with his own contribution. But the interest is much lower: 3.82% per annum.
"refillable"- does not provide for the withdrawal of money before the expiration of the contract, but allows its owner to accumulate at the expense of his own funds, additionally invested in the deposit. Its term cannot exceed 3 months, and the rate is 5.82%.

Types of deposits in BIN Bank

BIN Bank is one of the few who is a reliable representative banking sector offering its customers really worthy interest rates on your contributions. Compared to Sberbank, its average rate is 2% higher for all deposit agreements.

Among the main products:

Contribution" The Magnificent Seven"with the possibility of withdrawing part of the funds and replenishing. The rate is set to 6.0%;
"Investing in the future (ILI) and (UI)"for up to six months. From increased rate percent at 8 and 8.5%, respectively. Agree, a rather attractive offer, given that the entrance fee is from 50 thousand rubles on a deposit (NSZh).
"Monthly income"- guaranteeing the issuance of interest every month and allowing you to replenish the main body of the deposit. The interest is also very attractive - 6.5% per annum.
Contribution" Max percentage "Almost everyone can afford it, because the minimum deposit amount is only 10 thousand rubles, and the rate is 7.2% per annum. True, its period cannot exceed six months.
And last - " Multicurrency". As already mentioned, the client himself chooses the currency during the deposit period. In rubles, the rate will be 6%, in dollars - 0.7%, and in euros - 0.01%.

Types of deposits in Rosselkhozbank

Rosselkhozbank is the most enterprising and tries to cover all categories of depositors. So, he has more than 25 deposit programs with completely different interest rates and terms of service. Most deposits can be opened both in rubles and in dollars. Among the most popular and sensational:

"Amur tiger"with a rate of up to 6.3% per annum;
"Your income", which allows you to open a deposit for 2 years and get an interest rate of up to 6.75%. And when you open it with monthly payment or interest capitalization, the rate will be 6.35%;
Contributions " Your opportunities" And " Your savings";
"Your conditions" with a term of only one month and a rate of up to 6%;
More than 4 types of "Profitable" deposit with different ways its discovery and interest payments" up to 6.7% per annum.

And this is not the whole list.

Each deposit is interesting in its own way and can be opened as soon as possible and on the most favorable terms.

Varieties of deposits in Alfa Bank

Alfa Bank also does not lag behind and offers its customers average statistical interest rates, but cooperates exclusively with large depositors. So, in order to open a deposit, you must have a minimum deposit amount of 5 million rubles, which is too much for most depositors.

Alfa Bank currently has 3 main deposits: "Victory", "Potential" and "Premier" with rates from 5.6 to 6.1%. The first involves capitalization of interest, the second allows partial withdrawal and replenishment of the deposit, and the third allows only the replenishment of the deposit. As you can see, the programs of all banks are almost identical.

Types of deposits in Post Bank

Post Bank is one of the modern banks trying to attract customers by more favorable conditions than most other competitors. Its interest rates are in the category above average, which is what wins the loyalty of customers.

Today Post Bank is ready to offer the following programs to its customers:

Contributions " Profitable" And " Cumulative"- where a minimum introductory amount of 500 thousand rubles is required, and the rate is 6.85 and 6.65%, respectively. But in the first case, only replenishment of the main account is allowed, and in the second case, capitalization of interest, without reducing the interest rate for all period.
The other two contributions" Mail" And " Capital"are more similar in terms. They both allow you to make a deposit of 50 thousand rubles at a rate of 6.95%. But their differences are different: the first can be afforded by employees of the bank and the Post Office, and the second is intended for all other citizens of the country.

conclusions

After analyzing the programs of most of the largest banks, I would like to note that they are all similar, and the choice lies solely with depositors. Sberbank is closer to someone, but its rates are average, someone is ready to invest a serious amount in Alfa Bank, and for someone Post Bank is more interesting. Everything is purely individual. It should be understood that all banks have 3 main programs: for accumulation with replenishment, for preservation and, if possible, early withdrawal. The rest is just a matter of taste and needs.

Today, the most conservative and less risky method of investing money is a bank deposit. Its essence lies in the fact that you enter into an agreement with a bank, according to which you invest a certain amount of money for a specific period (term deposits) or without a period (demand deposit), respectively, at a specified interest. By using bank deposits, you have the opportunity to receive not high, but guaranteed income received by investing your own capital.

Now on the market banking services, quite a lot of offers to open all kinds of deposits. Banks, all possible ways they try to lure customers to them: high interest rates, unique profitable programs, prize drawings and gifts. And all this in order for you to make your deposits with them. But what are the deposits and how to choose a deposit that is right for you?

All deposits are divided into two groups: urgent and on demand.

Term deposit

Term deposits are opened for a fixed term: 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months. The longer the period for which you put your savings, the higher the interest rate on the deposit. To date, interest rates on deposits are: in rubles - 9-13% and in dollars / euros - 5-8%. But you still have the right to receive funds on demand, but in this case the bank charges interest at the demand deposit rate, which is from 0.2% to 1% per annum.

Also, term deposits are divided into several types:

Standard deposit. At the end of the deposit period, interest is charged to a separate demand account. For example, by depositing 200,000 rubles into the account for 12 months, at 11% per annum, in a year you will be able to withdraw 222,000 (200,000 from the main account and 22,000 from the demand account.
Deposit with capitalization. On the principal amount, the bank calculates interest, once a month or once a quarter, while the interest is added to the principal amount of the deposit. In the next period, interest will no longer be accrued on the initial deposit amount, but on the amount with accrued income for previous period. For example, you invested 200,000 rubles, at 10% per annum. After 3 months, the bank charges 10% per annum for the first 3 months, i.e. approximately 2.5% - this comes out to 5000 rubles, and plus them to the main amount. In the next 3 months, the bank is already accruing interest in the amount of 205,000 rubles. etc. before the end of the contract.
Multicurrency deposit. This deposit allows you to open accounts simultaneously in different currencies and before the expiration of the contract, freely distribute funds between them. For example, if in the financial market, one of the currencies began to fall sharply in price, then you can transfer funds to an account in another currency, thus you will save your savings.

Another difference between time deposits is that in some deposits you can withdraw money, but leaving a limit on the account, discussed in the agreement, while in others you cannot withdraw money at all before the expiration of the agreement. It is also possible to deposit additional funds to the account with certain restrictions specified in the agreement.

Demand deposit

Another thing is demand deposits. Here you get the opportunity to keep your savings on a personal account and receive accrued interest and, on demand, receive the necessary amount in hand, it is also possible to replenish your account. But interest rates on demand deposits are minimal and they vary from 0.2% to 1% in rubles, because. this type of deposit is not very profitable for banks, because of the possibility of calling funds at any time. Yes, and for investors, such a contribution is also not very profitable because this type of income is not profitable enough, and it will not save money from inflation.

Typically, demand deposits are used to transfer and receive funds (salary, pension and student accruals) or for their temporary storage, so that you can receive your savings at any moment.

Perhaps this information will help you not to get confused when choosing a deposit and choose the bank deposit that suits you.

Any adult person at least once, but visited the idea of the possibility of investing in a bank at interest. But choosing a bank and a deposit condition can be difficult.

A deposit is money deposited in a bank for their storage or increase.

Types of deposits. Demand deposits.

Wherein contribution You can deposit any amount of money, but not less than the established minimum. For the use of these funds, the bank charges interest, but often the minimum, as a rule, is not more than 1%. The bank undertakes to issue to the depositor his funds at the first request. This type of deposits is concluded without specifying the validity period (unlimited).

Term deposits.

The depositor pays the minimum amount set by the bank for the period specified in the agreement. The main difference between time deposits is that you cannot withdraw money until the term of the agreement expires. In isolated cases, you can still get your money back, but in such circumstances a fine will be charged. Moreover, the earlier the money is withdrawn, the greater the amount of the fine. But with a term deposit, the interest rate is quite high and than longer term contribution, the higher the percentage. Term deposits are without the possibility of replenishing the account and vice versa.

Types of term deposits. Savings deposits.

This is the easiest and most profitable type of term deposits. With such a contribution, it cannot be replenished. And the withdrawal of funds always takes place with a loss of interest. The interest specified in the agreement can only be received at the end of the deposit term. It will place funds for a long time and, as a rule, under the most high interest.

Savings deposits.

As the name suggests, such a deposit is intended to accumulate funds for some expensive purchase, for example, an apartment or a car. The depositor has the right to replenish the account in compliance with the minimum replenishment condition, but withdrawals before the expiration date are prohibited. The interest rate of such deposits is slightly lower than that of savings deposits.

Estimated deposits.

Settlement deposits are in turn divided into expense-replenished and expense deposits.

On account-replenished, you can perform both expense and replenishment operations. You can only withdraw funds from spending accounts, up to the established minimum limit. After the withdrawal of funds from the account, interest continues to accrue on the balance.

Special contributions.

Deposits that can be developed by the bank for narrower circles of the population (pensioners, students, children).

Some types of special deposits.

Target deposits are usually made in the name of a minor citizen with a delayed receipt date. The parent (contributor) makes a deposit for the benefit of the child and manages the account until the rights to the deposit are transferred. Complete re-registration of documents for a child occurs upon reaching the age of majority. It is also possible to re-register the rights to a child aged 14 to 18 years with a written agreement of the contributor.

Conditional deposits are made in the name of another person who can dispose of the funds at his own discretion, but only under the conditions specified by the depositor.

Metal deposits- these are bank accounts in which not money is taken into account, but grams or kilograms precious metals. The client buys the precious metal and deposits it in the bank, following its price on the world market. When closing the deposit, the bank pays the client the cost precious metal at the current price.

Also, bank deposits can be divided into different types by the currency in which they are generated and stored. Thus, there are contributions to national currencies, US dollars or euros. In addition to them, I exist multicurrency deposits- combining several types of currencies in one deposit.

Choice of bank deposit- is an individual matter. But the variety of offers in banks allows potential depositors to choose the most suitable option for investing money.

A bank deposit is the most popular way to save money. It attracts with its clarity and accessibility, in addition, funds on deposits up to 1.4 million rubles are insured by the state. Exist different kinds deposits in banks, with different conditions and different rates, and to understand which deposits are the most profitable, you need to know some subtleties.

Further, in the deposit parameters section, we find the items: “replenishment”, “partial withdrawal”, and “preferential termination”. To understand what is more convenient and profitable for you, let's take a closer look at the types of deposits in banks according to these parameters.

Types of deposits

1 Savings deposit. This is a classic bank deposit, which appeared earlier than others, probably from the very beginning of deposits. It does not allow replenishment or partial withdrawal. However, this deposit will have the most favorable interest by deposit. It will suit you if you have some large amount of money, which you definitely do not plan to use in the near future. Since the conditions early termination with products that offer good deposit rates are usually extremely disadvantageous. And, most likely, you will not receive any interest at all upon termination of the deposit agreement. Usually, such a deposit is opened for a year or six months.

Moreover, a person considers the impossibility of partial withdrawal from the deposit as a huge advantage. Because in this case, he has no extra temptations to spend part of his savings on some nonsense. This is simply impossible to do without terminating the contract, and of course with the loss of accrued interest. Therefore, a person will think 100 times whether he really needs money urgently, and will not make unnecessary impulsive spending.

When choosing a savings deposit, in addition to the interest rate, do not miss the point about the timing and frequency of interest accrual. Naturally, the more often interest is charged to you, the better. Deposit with interest every month more profitable than a deposit, where interest is accrued 1 time at the end of the term. And, of course, remember about interest capitalization.

3 Term deposits are also available with the possibility of partial withdrawal and replenishment. This so-called settlement deposit, which allows you to manage part of the contribution at any time. Usually there is a minimum balance that you cannot withdraw, but what you can use in excess of this amount is at your discretion.

Pay close attention to ensure that the contract states that you do not lose the previously accrued interest on the partially withdrawn amount (read more about this in the article: ""). Otherwise, such a settlement contribution simply loses all its advantages.

If we compare all types of deposits, then the settlement deposit leads in my personal rating. In our time, very often there are new profitable investment proposals. For example, in December 2014, deposits in Russia began to offer very favorable rates by deposits. And in the presence of a deposit with the possibility of partial withdrawal, I was able to quickly transfer my money to more high deposits. Moreover, without closing the previous deposits, and, accordingly, without losing interest.

Moreover, it was clear that soon such high interest rates on deposits would not be offered. Accordingly, there was no time to wait for the previous deposits to end. And many did not have time to take advantage of this advantageous offer due to the possibility of losing previously accumulated interest. And so I managed to instantly shift my savings at 20% in rubles and at 10% in dollars and euros.

Thus, deposits with the possibility of partial replenishment and withdrawal have shown their advantage over savings and savings deposits. In my opinion, it makes sense to pay attention to them only in a calm and stable time, which is not foreseen either now or in the near future.

4 There are more demand deposits, which can also be replenished and from which you can withdraw money. But the interest rate on them is extremely low, usually it is hundredths of a percent per annum, i.e. We can say that there are no percentages at all. Typically, demand deposits are used before a major purchase, so as not to simply keep money at home or rent a safe deposit box. However, this is rather stupid, for these purposes you can pick up a good settlement deposit and not lose interest for a day.

As a result, after analyzing all types of bank deposits according to the possibility of replenishment and withdrawal, it became clear that the most favorable rates on deposits are offered by the savings deposit, the best opportunities for capital management are offered by the settlement deposit, and savings deposit convenient for those who collect for global purchases and are afraid to keep money in easy reach, so as not to waste it on unnecessary nonsense. And the deposit "on demand" is generally absolutely useless.

What do you think, which deposits are the most profitable?

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Introduction

1. Deposit operations as a source of resources for commercial banks

1.3 Classification of deposits

1.4 Organization of work with deposits in commercial bank

2. Analysis of deposit operations of a commercial bank on the example of Alfa-Bank

2.1 general characteristics activities of Alfa-Bank

2.2 Evaluation of the effectiveness of a commercial bank in attracting deposits

2.3 Status and dynamics of Alfa-Bank deposits

Conclusion

Bibliography

Application

INTRODUCTION

Initially, savings institutions were involved in attracting deposits from the population: banks, trusts and others. At the same time, commercial banks worked more on non-cash payments of enterprises and the state, as well as settlements by checks. Over time, they began to offer these clients to put money on deposit for a certain time at a good percentage. Later, commercial banks also began to work with the population. In turn, savings institutions began to open current accounts for organizations. In the future, especially with the advent of bank cards, the differences between savings, current and checking accounts practically disappeared. Money from one can, at the request of the client, be transferred to another. One and the same client can own a whole system of interconnected accounts: card, checking, current, savings. For the money on the card account, the depositor may be charged interest, as on a savings account.

So the contributions are sums of money included in commercial Bank for storage under certain conditions or transfer of money to a less liquid form (for example, shares or bonds of enterprises, own business ...) in order to make a profit or obtain a guarantee. Placement of deposits for storage in commercial banks is carried out on a contractual, returnable basis. The terms of deposit storage, the amount of profitability in the form of interest and winnings are stipulated in the contracts.

A deposit is your money, which you deposit with the most reliable bank and which is subject to return at a predetermined date or under certain conditions. If you have a certain amount of money that is lying uselessly in a bank, under a mattress or on a shelf in a closet under things, then you should know: “Your money at this time decreases in the amount of its value, as inflation eats it up in small pieces, for which the money that is in your house is just a tidbit.

In order for money not to lose its value, it must make itself, and let it be a small percentage that the bank offers us when we want to make a deposit, but you will be sure that inflation will not get to them.

Any person who has already been issued a passport and, of course, who has money can make a deposit. In order for you to have a guarantee of the return of your money with a deposit interest, try to choose the most suitable bank. In this case, such a criterion as the proximity of the bank to your home or a good transport interchange simply will not work. Do not chase slightly higher interest rates of young banks, choose a stable bank that has been in this service market for many years and has an impeccable reputation.

So choose reliable bank, and do not provide a dish of your money for inflation on the dinner table. Money must bring income!

The more stable the economy in the country, the greater the confidence of persons who own temporarily free funds, and the more they are inclined to conclude deposit agreements and place their capital in bank accounts.

It should be noted that the formation of the deposit policy in our country has not been given due attention. This was due to the fact that the demand for banking services significantly exceeded supply, high inflation, the availability of cheap resources, a constantly growing dollar - all these conditions provided a high rate of return for banking operations, changing the very nature of their risk. And the presence of the interbank lending market, which perfectly coped with the function of refinancing "long" operations, allowed banks not to worry too much about the structure of their borrowed funds. The decline in the rate of return and the disappearance of such traditional sources of income as interbank loans and fixed-term transactions foreign exchange market made the formation of the deposit policy of commercial banks in terms of optimizing the structure of funds attracted by them and reducing interest costs on them the number one issue. The subsequent development of the banking system of Ukraine confirmed the need to increase the role of the deposit policy of a commercial bank, and consequently, its improvement.

Based on the foregoing, the relevance of the research topic is due to: firstly, a significant increase in the role of deposit policy in ensuring the sustainability of a commercial bank and, secondly, the need for comprehensive research of a commercial bank's deposit policy in relations with customers.

Target term paper- to study and analyze deposit operations in a commercial bank at the present stage and consider ways to improve them.

The object of study of this work is the deposit operations of a commercial bank.

The subject of the study is the relationship between commercial and other entities that provide temporary available funds commercial bank.

1. Theoretical aspects deposit operations

1.1 Theoretical basis conducting deposit operations

Under a bank deposit (deposit) agreement, one party (bank), which has accepted the amount of money (deposit) received from the other party (depositor) or received for it, undertakes to return the deposit amount and pay interest on it on the terms and in the manner prescribed by the agreement.

Deposit sources of raising funds occupy the main place in the structure of resources and activities of credit institutions. At the same time, they differ in significant diversity, which necessitates their classification. As criteria for classification, we single out:

Claim period;

Type of contract used;

Deposit condition;

Cost level for a commercial bank.

Accordingly, the attracted funds are divided according to the terms of attraction:

On demand funds;

Term deposits and deposits.

The depositor concludes an agreement with the bank, under which the bank undertakes to return the deposit amount and interest accrued in accordance with the conditions stipulated by the agreement. Such an agreement is considered public, i.e. the bank cannot refuse to accept a deposit from a client, the bank is not entitled to give preference to some depositors over others, for example, to charge higher interest on the deposits of its employees (compared to the deposits of other citizens). This rule applies to deposits transferred under the same conditions. The Bank has the right to set different rates depending on the term of the agreements, the amount of deposits and the terms of return. In the nomenclature of bank deposits, there are usually several types of deposits with different terms, rates, and other conditions.

A bank deposit agreement is concluded in writing, and the deposit is certified by a personal savings book or a bearer savings book. The latter is a security. It must indicate and be certified by the bank the name and location of the bank (branch), the deposit account number, as well as all amounts of funds credited and debited from the account, the balance of funds on the account at the time the savings book is presented to the bank.

Depending on the term for which the bank deposit agreement is concluded, there are demand deposits, time deposits and savings deposits.

Demand deposits by customers include balances on customers' settlement and current accounts and actual demand deposits. These cash balances can be deposited and withdrawn by the bank's customers on demand and generally generate low income for the customer.

Term deposits are funds deposited for a period specified in an agreement between a bank and an individual or legal entity. Credit institutions can also enter into agreements with individuals savings deposit, however, under bank deposit agreements with individuals, the law establishes the right of the depositor to claim funds earlier due date, but in case of early withdrawal of all or part of the funds, interest is usually paid at the rate of demand deposit. On the contrary, for time deposits with legal entities, the bank returns the funds upon the expiration of the deposit period, unless otherwise provided by the agreement between the parties. If the depositor does not withdraw the deposit at the end of the term, it can be extended (prolonged) either on the terms of a demand deposit or on the terms of the current agreement. The contract may provide for a finite or innumerable number of extensions.

Interest on the amount of the bank deposit is accrued from the day following the day of its receipt by the bank, until the day of return to the depositor, inclusive. Interest can be added to the principal amount of the deposit (capitalization of interest) or transferred to a demand account, from where the depositor can withdraw it. Depending on the conditions of the deposit, the choice of one or another option is determined by the agreement or left to the discretion of the depositor.

The agreement provides for different schemes for calculating interest. So, for example, interest can be accrued at the end of the deposit term, monthly or daily. When monthly accrual Interest is calculated using the compound interest formula.

In addition to making the principal amount of the deposit, the agreement may provide for the possibility of additional contributions to the deposit. This allows the depositor to place free funds for a shorter period at the rate applicable to longer deposits, and makes deposits more attractive to clients. Such an opportunity is usually limited by the minimum allowable amount of additional contribution and the deadline until which contributions are allowed (for example, no later than some date between the opening date and the end of the deposit).

Deposit data is the basis for deposit settlements between the bank and the depositor. The issuance of a deposit, the payment of interest and the execution of the depositor's orders to transfer funds from the deposit account to other persons are carried out by the bank upon presentation of the savings book.

Features of term deposits are:

The impossibility of using them for settlements and issuing settlement documents on them;

Slow cash turnover;

Their cost - for the bank and profitability - for the client.

Savings deposits are opened only to individuals. In the competition for a depositor, commercial banks offer different conditions for opening and maintaining a deposit, the level of interest paid.

The following can also be distinguished as criteria for classifying deposit sources of raising funds:

Cost for the bank;

Impact on the liquidity of a credit institution;

The likelihood of a risk of early withdrawal.

From the point of view of the costs incurred by the bank for servicing deposits, the most expensive are term deposits, which, according to formal signs, have a positive effect on the liquidity of the credit institution, since they cannot be claimed by the client earlier than the term specified in the agreement (except for deposits of individuals). However, despite stated advantage, this group of deposit sources is very sensitive to changes in interest rates in the market, since the client's interest in placing funds is due to the desire to receive income. It may follow from this that in the case of an inflexible interest rate policy, for example, when a bank does not increase interest rates on term deposits in the face of rising inflation and a limited supply of resources, its customers may not renew their contractual relationship with it upon expiration. Such a policy will certainly lead to an increase in interest expenses of a credit institution due to the need to replace the outflow of funds from term deposits with new sources of funds raised, usually in the interbank market. It should be noted that term deposits formally, given that legal entities cannot claim funds earlier than the term stipulated by the agreement, have a positive effect on the liquidity of a credit institution. However, their maintenance (payment of interest to the client) is quite expensive, and the client's refusal to renew the term deposit (mainly this applies to deposits placed in large sums) may adversely affect the liquidity of the credit institution.

Demand deposits have high liquidity for the client and low liquidity for the bank. Bank customers can at any time claim their funds, and the bank can execute their orders. This condition of relations formally negatively affects the liquidity of a commercial bank, since the funds raised, including those on demand, have already been placed in active operations, the maturity of which, as a rule, is longer than the term of the funds raised. At the same time, demand deposits include balances on settlement and current accounts of customers, and the credit institution tries to open as many of these accounts as possible. Recall that the current account is the main account of the client, which reflects all his transactions (cash flows). In other words, the movement of funds on the client's current account can be predicted, since the bank has all the necessary information about the buyers and sellers of the client, the timing and amounts of salary payments, tax deductions. It follows from this that, in aggregate, the balances on the settlement and current accounts of bank customers are predictable; moreover, a credit institution can calculate the minimum minimum balance in general for all settlement accounts of customers, i. below the level of this balance, there is no outflow of funds from the bank. This means that the minimum minimum balance does not have a negative impact on the liquidity of the credit institution, in addition, the maintenance of these funds is associated with minimal costs.

A special group of attracted deposit sources of funds are deposits of individuals, which, according to the terms of their withdrawal, can be deposits both on demand and term. Maintenance of such deposits is expensive for the credit institution. The volume of funds attracted by a credit institution from private depositors may lead to liquidity problems, the risk of their withdrawal is high and may be triggered by various reasons, incl. non-economic nature (for example, loss of reputation, market panic, etc.). in order to prevent spontaneous withdrawal of funds from accounts in credit institutions by private depositors around the world, incl. and in our country, measures are being taken to protect their interests. Such measures include specially adopted legislative acts that guarantee the payment of compensation to individuals in the event of a bank failure within the amount specified by law. In addition, credit institutions can also carry out voluntary insurance of deposits of individuals.

1.2 Types of deposits and their characteristics

Deposits of Ukrainian banks are divided into three main categories: urgent, conditional and demand.

Conditional deposits imply the payment to the depositor of the amount of the deposit with accrued interest upon the occurrence (non-occurrence) of an event specified in the agreement. Such deposits for individuals are rarely used.

Demand deposits do not have a specific retention period. Any amount can be withdrawn from the deposit at any time. All banks provide this type of deposit, and you can open it in any currency with which the bank works. But the interest rate is small. A deposit of this type is suitable for those who do not want to keep money at home, but at the same time want to be able to quickly use the money, if necessary, to conduct a one-time settlement transaction.

Urgent bank deposits open for a certain period of time. During this period, it is assumed that the client will not take the money. The profitability of the deposit depends on the term, the amount (the larger it is, the more interest on deposit) and the frequency with which interest is charged. Upon expiration of the term, the client is given the entire amount of the deposit with or without interest (if interest payments were made during the term). Interest on deposits of this type is quite high. Opening a term deposit is recommended for those who want to significantly increase the total amount.

It should be noted that it is possible to withdraw funds from a term deposit, but in this case, the deposit interest in the bank will be charged at the “on demand” (minimum) rate. But today some Ukrainian banks offer more profitable deposit, under the terms of which even in case of early withdrawal, interest on deposits will be increased. And although the probability of early withdrawal is small, taking such a deposit, you will receive additional guarantees.

If you do not withdraw money on time, the bank transfers it to your demand deposit account or prolongs (extends) the term of the agreement. Deposit rates are charged according to the concluded agreement.

Depending on the possibility or impossibility of replenishment, time deposits are divided into accumulative and savings.

Note that this classification of deposits is conditional, since in practice there are often deposits that combine different characteristics.

A savings deposit is a deposit in the traditional sense. Provides a minimum of functions, in some cases capitalization of interest is possible.

A savings deposit should be opened if it is not fundamentally important for you to receive additional income every month. In most cases, the contract does not provide for the possibility of depositing money during the period of the contract. But this is a very convenient and profitable way to save your savings. The scheme is simple: you bring the amount to the bank, choose the most suitable interest payment mode. With a savings deposit, the payment is made at the end of the term or even in advance (monthly, quarterly). However, you cannot deposit additional money into the account.

It is worth noting that deposits with interest capitalization give an additional gain in the final amount. Every month interest on the deposit is added to the amount of the deposit, and further accrual takes place taking into account the previously capitalized interest. When calculating the final payout, the benefit.ua deposit calculator takes this into account, which is a very convenient feature.

Cumulative deposits imply the ability to deposit additional money during the term of the contract. Such deposits are very convenient when you need to accumulate an amount for a large purchase. Their main advantage is that such deposit operations of banks can significantly increase the total amount. Interest will also accrue on the increased amount. Opening such a deposit, many are in no hurry to withdraw interest, trying to save more.

Often such deposit rates in Ukrainian banks are offered as part of a comprehensive program. So, for example, with the help of a deposit, a client can accumulate a part of the cost of housing. After some time, the bank will issue a loan for the remaining amount.

Deposit rates of banks on savings deposits are usually lower than on savings deposits. Since the bank cannot predict how much money will be in the account at a certain point in time. If the client does not have a large amount for the down payment, then the loan interest for the bank is of secondary importance.

In most cases, deposit rates in banks for the amount of replenishment of the deposit do not differ from the main ones. But in some cases, various restrictions may be prescribed in the deposit agreement that will not allow the depositor to use the savings account with maximum efficiency.

First, there may be limits on the amount of the total deposit (for example, you can only replenish up to a certain level) or on the amount of the additional contribution.

Secondly, restrictions on the term of replenishment can be introduced. For example, the deposit can be replenished only for the first six months or cannot be replenished in the last month of the contract. The reason for this is obvious: it is unprofitable for a bank to pay annual interest on a deposit for an amount that has lain on the account for only a month.

There are also bank deposits that you can not only replenish, but also withdraw money from them without losing interest. But at the same time, the contract clearly stipulates the size of the minimum payment and the terms of contributions. That is, you can withdraw money only up to a certain threshold - an irreducible balance. As a rule, the deposit rates of Ukrainian banks in this category of deposits are slightly lower than traditional term deposits.

It should also be noted what other deposits exist in Ukrainian banks.

Settlement - suitable for those who want to maintain control over funds. Such deposits in banks most often involve the creation of a plastic card. Deposits can be replenished, interest is paid to an account or a card, while there is an opportunity to freely use funds. There is also a minimum balance, above which the payout rate is reduced.

Multicurrency - such deposits of Ukrainian banks imply the storage of money in several currencies at once. Each one has a different interest rate. There is a minimum balance for each currency. The remaining amount can be withdrawn or transferred to another currency at the rate of the bank.

Specialized - such deposits in Ukraine are provided to certain categories of citizens: veterans, employees of a number of enterprises, children, bank customers.