Introduction
1. Project development assignment and composition course work…..…...5
1.1. Project objectives………………………………………………………5
1.2. Architectural planning task for project development…….6
1.3. Composition of initial data and materials……………………………...9
1.4. Composition of the course work………………………………………………………..10
2. Pre-project comprehensive analysis of the design object……...11
2.1. Analysis of the architectural and planning situation…………………..11
2.2. Landscape and insolation analysis…………………………...11
2.3. Analysis of coverage areas of underground communications and above-ground structures…………………………………………………………..13
2.4. Analysis of pedestrian and vehicle traffic………………….14
2.4.1. Travel system. Garages and parking lots…………………...16
2.5. Functional analysis……………………………………………………….18
2.6. Calculation of territories of improvement elements……………………19
3. Design……………………………………………………….20
3.1. Children's playgrounds…………………………………………………….20
3.2. Recreational areas for adults…………………………………….23
3.3. Areas for utility purposes and for walking dogs………24
3.4. Small architectural forms……………………………………25
3.5. Landscaping……………………………………………………………26
3.5.1. House strips………………………………………………………26
3.5.2. Children's playgrounds………………………………………………………...27
3.5.3. Economic sites……………………………………...28
3.6. Norms for the density of green spaces……………...28
3.7. Development of special drawings………………………………….30
4. Explanatory note…………………………………………………………….32
Bibliography
Application
Introduction
Green areas are an integral part of urban development, its architectural ensembles, and have great sanitary, hygienic, recreational, landscape, architectural and scientific significance.
Green areas of the city - boulevards and squares, parks and gardens, forest parks, residential and industrial areas - are located in difficult environmental conditions and are constantly exposed to high concentrations of exhaust gases, dust, soot from vehicles, increased recreational loads, and changes in air temperature .
One of the areas of modern urban planning practice in the field of organizing the living environment is its improvement based on the complexity of architectural solutions. This means a high level of improvement external environment residential development.
Simultaneously with the development of society, the functional complex of housing changes. Many functions that previously belonged only to housing are moving to public sphere service and to the territory of the yard, residential group, residential area- places for the implementation of social contacts of residents.
Vegetation in the green areas of the city, as a living component of nature, is constantly transformed in space and time. In the process of growth and development, woody plants constantly age, lose their beneficial qualities, and die. Currently, a significant part of plantings in green urban areas requires the implementation of certain forms of restoration - overhaul and complete reconstruction, improving the aesthetic appearance and environmental conditions, creating a space comparable to a person.
Project development assignment
And the composition of the course work
1.1. Project objectives
During the design process, the student must gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex of landscaping and landscaping of the territory of a residential group in the microdistrict system, as well as acquire the skill of working with elements of external improvement to create comfortable living conditions in an aesthetically formed environment.
The objective of the project is to organize the territory of residential education to meet the daily needs of recreational areas for adults and children’s play, to fulfill economic needs while providing pedestrian and transport approaches and entrances. The solution to the problem must meet functional, sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic requirements.
When developing a project, it is necessary to resolve the following issues:
Adjust the development of the residential group from the point of view of clarifying the plans in accordance with standard or individual projects, link the development of the residential group with the adjacent development of the microdistrict;
Conduct a comprehensive analysis of the territory of a residential group, on the basis of which to draw a conclusion about rational functional zoning;
Place landscaping elements and green spaces, linking them with a system of sites, a network of pedestrian passages and transport connections within the territory of the residential group;
Solve engineering issues of improvement: the dendrological part of the project, as well as the organization of the relief of the designed territory.
1.2. Architectural and planning assignment for project development
As a result of studying the architectural planning assignment, the student should gain an understanding of the goals and objectives of the project being developed, the composition and timing of the work performed, and study the source data. The source data contains:
Characteristics of natural, climatic and landscape conditions;
Information about the road network, transport and available engineering equipment systems;
Topographical information;
Characteristics of the planning structure of the microdistrict, indicating the location of cultural and public service facilities;
Indications for typical or individual projects residential buildings forming the group and their technical and economic indicators.
The architectural and planning task is drawn up by the student independently, based on the received object and is drawn up in the form of a table, according to the form (Table 1.1.).
Table 1.1.
Architectural planning assignment for the development of a project for external improvement and landscaping of part of the Balatovo microdistrict of the Industrial District of Perm
| № | Section name | Section Contents |
| Grounds for issuing an architectural and planning assignment | Letter from the administration of the Industrial District of Perm dated October 15, 2005. | |
| Object area, location, boundaries | 2.1. Area of the design object 1.2 hectares 2.2. The facility is located on the territory of the Industrial District. 2.3. Borders of the object: - Eastern passes along the intra-block passage along the street. 7th Parkovaya, near house No. 27 - Southern runs along the ends of houses No. 25 and No. 25 a - Western runs along the sports ground of the high school, near house No. 27 - Northern runs along the roadway of Lilac Boulevard, along building No. 22 (see. drawing No. 1) | |
| Availability of raw materials | Topogeodetic survey materials are included M 1:500 and 1:2000 | |
| Demolition of buildings and plantings | There are no buildings, structures or plantings available for demolition | |
| Types of construction | 5.1. New green building or reconstructive construction 5.2. Design stage – preliminary design(sketch combined with a dendroplane) 5.3. Construction start date (spring 2006) | |
| Purpose of the object, mode of use, categories of visitors. | 6.1. Territory for year-round use 6.2. Inter-house territories are used for short-term recreation of various age groups of the population and their economic activities. 6.3. Take into account the nature of the exploitation of the territory within the boundaries of the red development line with the organization of transit pedestrian traffic and public transport stops. | |
| Buildings and structures on the territory of the facility (Purpose, area, capacity.) | Residential buildings: No. 22, No. 27 a, No. 27 b, brick, 5-story, residential. Year of construction 1950. Area of houses: No. 27 a - 0.0425 hectares; No. 27 b – 0.0425 ha; No. 22 – 0.1052 ha. The estimated number of inhabitants is 720 people. | |
| Basic requirements for architectural planning solutions (APS) | 8.1. APR should be developed on the basis of a comprehensive design specification for the design object: 1. Analysis of the architectural and planning situation 2. Landscape analysis 3. Insolation analysis 4. Analysis of pedestrian and vehicle traffic 5. Analysis according to SNiP or MGSN It is allowed to combine landscape and insolation analysis and landscape- transport and functional analysis. 8.2. Develop external landscaping of the territory in accordance with the data of the pre-project analysis and the functional orientation of the object in general and its functional areas in particular. | |
| Requirements for landscaping | 9.1. External landscaping of the facility is developed taking into account section No. 8. 9.2. Develop a complex of areas for adults to relax and play for children. 9.3. Develop utility sites taking into account the requirements for their location and equipment. 9.4. The designed road network should provide transit traffic for pedestrians and minimal walking routes in the yard. 9.5. Develop external improvements to public transport stops. 9.6. Develop a proposal for organizing area lighting at night, without developing a technical project. | |
| Landscape organization of the territory | 10.1. Landscaping of the territory should be developed taking into account the functional orientation of each zone and site in subordination to a single compositional design. 10.2. Provide for the organization of plantings on the side of the main roadways. 10.3. To improve the sanitary, hygienic and microclimatic indicators of the territory, the composition of plantings should be based on alternating open and closed spaces, taking into account the main standard indicators for balances. 10.4. The composition of plantings should be based on a combination of landscape and regular planning techniques. 10.5. The facility’s plantings use an assortment of plants adapted to local conditions indicating the source of planting material. | |
| Small architectural forms (SAF) | 11.1. When designing, use a variety of modern materials to cover paths and platforms: concrete tiles of various modifications and colors, soft coverings, combined coverings. 11.2. The selection of MAFs for equipping sites for various purposes is carried out according to recommended catalogs. | |
| Project composition | 12.1. Drawings of pre-design comprehensive analysis 1. Analysis of the architectural and planning situation M 1:2000 2. Landscape analysis and insolation analysis M 1:500 3. Analysis according to SNiP 2.07.01 - 91; MGSN – 1.01 – 99 – 2000 M 1:500 4. Analysis of pedestrian and transport traffic and functional analysis. 12. 2. Sketch of the general plan combined with a dendroplan M 1:500 12.3. Explanatory note with analysis of the design object and analysis decision taken in composition and assortment. |
Customer: Contractor:
______________ _____________
Administration Ivanov A.A.
Industrial district
1.3. Composition of initial data and materials:
The basic plan of the object is a drawing on a scale of 1:2000, indicating the boundaries of the object, orientation to the cardinal points, road network, parking lots, garages, etc.
Data on the type of development and number of storeys of buildings, population and its age structure;
Geodetic plan of the territory (geobase) - drawing in M 1:500 with existing underground communications, structures, existing road network;
Inventory plan of existing plantings with assessment sheets of plant elements - trees, shrubs, lawns, flower beds, vertical gardening (drawing in M 1:500);
Lists of defects for elements of landscaping and landscaping of the territory based on the results of the survey;
Landscape analysis of the territory of the object, reflecting the features of the relief, the relationship between the types of volumetric-spatial structure (TOPS) and the presence of types of landscape gardening (TSPN);
Technical specifications for the design of a reconstruction facility.
It is allowed to combine individual diagrams and plans on one drawing, taking into account the density of graphic images and the purpose of types of situation analysis.
1.4. Composition of the course work
The work includes the following materials:
1) Architectural and planning assignment for the development of the project;
2) Analysis of the architectural and planning situation M 1:2000;
3) Landscape and insolation analysis M 1:500;
4) Analysis of the coverage areas of underground communications and above-ground structures M 1:500;
5) Analysis of pedestrian and vehicle traffic. Functional analysis M 1:500;
6) Calculation of sites for various purposes;
7) Sketches (search for a compositional solution);
8) General plan combined with dendroplan. View points from the plan of the designed object
9) Explanatory note
Pre-design comprehensive analysis of the design object
2.1. Analysis of the architectural and planning situation
The supporting material for the analysis is the microdistrict development scheme M 1:2000. During the study and analysis, attention is paid to the following points:
The system of highways and streets that border the microdistrict, the class of highways, the location of public transport stops;
Location of public centers or individual buildings for commercial and cultural purposes;
The system of landscaping and improvement of the microdistrict, including the direction of the general microdistrict alleys, green pedestrian paths, the position of the microdistrict garden. Landscaping objects of general, limited use and special purpose. Determine the need for an inventory of green spaces (Appendix 7, Tables 1-7 in Appendix 7).
On the corresponding drawing, the identified territories and objects are marked in symbols.
2.2. Landscape and insolation analysis
Determining the nature of the relief makes it possible to identify its capabilities when designing a landscaping facility and establish the need for constructing retaining walls and staircases.
The shape of the relief and surface features of the site, the exposure of the slope are determined. To determine the steepness of the slopes, the slope is calculated.
In the architectural and planning decision of the park, the relief, like green forms, is of great importance. Relief plasticity can be used in a project in its natural form, emphasized or modified to varying degrees. Changing the relief usually goes along the lines of enhancing its natural qualities. For example, pronounced forms of relief can be emphasized by the placement of architectural structures, high plantings, terracing, clearing slopes, etc.
In addition to the relief features, the microclimatic conditions of the territory are studied (temperature minimums and maximums, the period of the beginning and end of the growing season, the last and first frost on the soil, the provision of precipitation by season, the strength and direction of the wind, the depth of soil freezing). It is necessary to determine the geographic latitude and building-climatic region in which the design object is located, the average speeds and directions of the prevailing winds. Taking into account these data, direct solar radiation (insolation) is analyzed using special techniques.
The insolation mode of an object allows you to determine well-lit areas and areas with partial or complete shading. This makes it possible to determine locations for plantings taking into account their environmental characteristics. In addition, locations for possible or undesirable placement of children's playgrounds, adult recreation areas and utility areas are established. The construction of the shadow envelope is carried out using Dunaev's architectural insulation ruler; calculations are made for objects of year-round use, for the days of the spring and autumn equinox. Dunaev's architectural and insulation line is designed for M 1:500.
2.3. Analysis of coverage areas of underground communications and above-ground structures
Availability large quantity communications in intra-block residential development leaves an imprint on the placement of green spaces. During the growth and development of trees and shrubs, plants can not only destroy underground communications and structures, but also create significant shading. To prevent undesirable effects of plants during their growth and development, standards have been developed for the placement of plantings in relation to above-ground and underground structures (Table 2.1).
SNiP standards 2.07.01 – 91; MGSN – 1.01 – 99 – 2000
Table 2.1.
Minimum distance from construction sites to green spaces.
| Structures, buildings, communications | Distance to plant axis, m | |
| tree | bush | |
| From the external walls of buildings and structures | 5,0 | 1,5 |
| From the external walls of a school building or kindergarten building | 10,0 | 1,5 |
| From the axes of tram tracks | 5,0 | 3,0 |
| From the edge of sidewalks and garden paths | 0,7 | 0,5 |
| From the edge of the roadway, streets, edges of reinforced strips, roadsides and ditch edges | 2,0 | 1,0 |
| From masts and supports of the lighting network, trams, columns of galleries and overpasses | 4,0 | - |
| From the bottom of slopes, terraces, etc. | 1,0 | 0,5 |
| From the sole and the inner edge of the retaining walls | 3,0 | 1,0 |
| From underground networks: Gas pipeline, sewerage Heating pipeline, pipeline, heating networks Water supply, drainage Power cables and communication cables | 1,5 2,0 2,0 2,0 | - 1,0 - 0,7 |
Notes:
1. The given standards apply to trees with a crown diameter of no more than 5 m and should be increased accordingly for trees of larger diameter.
2. When planting green spaces near the external networks of buildings, structures, and children's institutions, it is necessary to take into account and comply with standard levels of insolation and natural light.
Taking into account the above standards, the coverage areas of above-ground and underground structures on the territory of the designated area are marked. In the case of frequent underground communications, the use of trees in plantings is extremely limited; it is possible to place single plantings or small groups (no more than 3 pieces) of woody plants. The main emphasis in landscaping in this case is on shrub plants that have a poorly developed bark system. In front gardens it is possible to place only shrubs, flower beds and lawn coverings (MGSN standards).
In areas covered by communications, in particular heating mains, the microclimate of the soil layer and its warming up, which affects the growing season of plants, should be taken into account. The growing season near heating mains begins earlier than usual and ends late. Linden, maple, lilac, and honeysuckle plants should not be placed near heating mains (no closer than 2 m); types of poplar, hawthorn, cotoneaster, turf, larch, birch (no closer than 3-4 m). Due to high humidity, water supply and sewer pipes easily become overgrown with roots and wear out quickly. It is better if these communications are located outside the projection of the plant crowns.
2.4. Pedestrian and vehicle traffic analysis
In the improvement of a residential group, an important place belongs to the system of pedestrian connections. This system is predetermined by the nature of the location of the main zones of the residential group and should ensure the free and convenient movement of pedestrians in all directions. Pedestrian paths should be designed taking into account the intensity of their use. Depending on the intensity, they are divided into main, secondary and occasional use paths.
The main pedestrian paths are laid to highways, public transport stops, service institutions, green areas and play complexes.
Secondary ones - to recreation areas, to playgrounds for children under 6 years old, to a site for garbage disposals.
Paths for periodic use are arranged for areas for drying clothes, cleaning things, and places for quiet rest.
Residents often move in a straight line - to public transport stops, shops, kindergartens, nurseries, schools, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the main and secondary points of gravity.
Traffic analysis is performed to ensure pedestrian safety. To do this, lateral visibility triangles are built, using data on the maximum permissible speed of traffic (Appendix 4). Triangles are built along the axial direction of the first strip. For intra-block passages along travel axes (Appendix 5). In lateral visibility triangles, planting trees with low crowns is prohibited; planting high-standard trees with a standard height of 5 m and shrubs no higher than 0.5 - 0.8 m is permitted.
The width and location of the paths in plan is determined depending on their purpose and traffic intensity within 1.5-2.5 m for the main ones; 1-1.25 m for minor ones and 0.5-0.8 m for periodic use. Typically, the size of the paths is also set based on the following calculation: width with one lane - 0.75 m, with two-way traffic - 1.5 m. The total area of pedestrian paths, sidewalks and rest areas on pedestrian alleys should not occupy more than 30% total area green areas.
In the project, it is necessary to determine the types of coverage of individual paths and areas, which relate not only to the most important elements of landscaping, but also play a large role in the architectural and artistic formation of the appearance of the residential group. By using coatings of different textures and colors, it is possible, for example, to highlight the main pedestrian alley of a residential group. Sometimes pedestrian paths emphasize the expressiveness and picturesqueness of the landscape and enhance the compositional meaning of a particular area, etc. The type of coating should also be selected in accordance with the purpose and intensity of use of pedestrian roads and sites.
2.4.1. Travel system. Garages and parking lots
When organizing a transport system for a residential group, access to residential buildings, child care institutions, cultural and community service facilities, and utility sites must be ensured. Depending on the nature of traffic and purpose, passages should be divided into main ones with a carriageway width of 5.5 m and secondary ones with a width of 3.5 m and one-way traffic. For main driveways, it is necessary to separate vehicle and pedestrian traffic with a sidewalk at least 1 m wide. For secondary driveways, the width of the pedestrian part is 0.75 m. On driveways leading to individual houses, it is possible to combine two types of traffic.
Entrances to residential buildings and service facilities for the residential group are arranged from the main passages and residential streets. Passages leading to the entrances to residential buildings, should be placed parallel to buildings no closer than 5 m from the walls, and no less than 1.5 m from the blind ends.
On single-lane driveways, passing platforms should be provided 2 - 2.5 meters wide, 12-15 meters long, at a distance of no more than 75 meters.
On the territory of a residential group, through, direct driveways are not allowed, as they can be used for transit traffic. It is advisable to solve transport services on the principle of branched dead-end driveways. The length of dead ends should not exceed 150 meters. At the ends of dead ends, turning areas are arranged for turning around garbage trucks, cleaning vehicles and fire trucks. Minimum size platforms - 12 x 12 meters.
On the territory of the microdistrict and residential group there must be places for short-term storage of individual passenger cars - parking lots and permanent storage - garages. Options for placing parking lots and garages in a residential group: in free territory, in underground parts of buildings, underground in the courtyard area (Appendix 2).
It is advisable to arrange underground garages and parking lots with exploitable roofs and use them as utility platforms and dog walking areas. The placement of sports fields and recreation areas is possible subject to the requirements of SNiP to remove them from external ventilation outlets from garages.
Parking lots and garages should not be located directly next to buildings. The recommended radius of accessibility to parking lots is no more than 100 m, and to garages – 500 m. This makes it possible to remove garages from the territory of a residential group and concentrate them in several zones in a macrodistrict that is least favorable in terms of sanitary and hygienic conditions (near a highway). According to the design assignment, garages for the disabled may be provided on the territory of the residential group.
Open parking lots are located away from playgrounds for children and recreational areas and, if possible, are located on the periphery of the site, at the blind ends of buildings, combined with turning areas (Appendix 7).
When placing parking lots and garages, it is necessary to comply with regulatory gaps from residential buildings. Protective landscaping will be provided along the perimeter of parking lots and garage areas.
2.5. Functional analysis
The purpose of functional zoning is to select the most rational use of the territory for the purposes of recreation, sports, raising children, and economic needs. The basis of functional zoning is the characteristics of the potential capabilities of individual territories of a residential group, obtained by comprehensive architectural, planning and natural-climatic analysis.
Functional zoning involves the separation of separate territories from the general space of a residential group with a specific functional use. Zoning is based on complex analysis data; functional zoning can be performed together on a pedestrian traffic plan on a scale of 1:500.
When developing the scheme, the following landscaping elements should be taken into account: children's playgrounds for children of different ages; recreation areas for adults; areas for physical education and sports; sites for economic purposes; parking places for vehicles and storage of personal vehicles.
When carrying out functional zoning, in addition to landscape-climate analysis data, the directions of entrances to the territory of a residential group should also be taken into account, and a system of basic pedestrian connections should be proposed. The functional zoning scheme for the territory involves the development and selection of the most successful option.
2.6. Calculation of territories of improvement elements
For detailed development of individual zones and sites, it is necessary to calculate the need for them, depending on the population of the designed residential group. The population should be determined from technical and economic data standard projects applied in the development, or approximately, using the calculations given below (Table 2.2.).
The number of residents is calculated using the formula:
Σ = 5 floors x 9 (number of serviced entrances) x 4 (2-room apartments - average) x 4 (average number of residents in an apartment)
Σ = 5 x 9 x 4 x 4 =720 people
Table 2.2.
Calculation of areas of sites for various purposes
for part of a residential area
| Mailing address | Building series | Population, people | Adult recreation areas | Children's sectional complex | Business sites | Parking | Dog walking areas | |||||||||||||
| At the entrance to the house | Quiet rest | For board games | For drying | For cleaning | Garbage bin | |||||||||||||||
| Norm per 1 resident, m2 | Estimated area m2 | Norm per 1 resident, m2 | Estimated area m2 | Norm per 1 resident, m2 | Estimated area m2 | Norm per 1 resident, m2 | Estimated area m2 | Norm per 1 resident, m2 | Estimated area m2 | Norm per 1 resident, m2 | Estimated area m2 | Norm per 1 resident, m2 | Estimated area m2 | Norm per 1 resident, m2 | Estimated area m2 | Norm of the number of dogs per 1000 inhabitants, S, m2 | Number of dogs, pcs, Sm 2 | |||
| MGSN standards 2000 01/1/99. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| * | ** | 0,35 | 0,18 | 0,17 | 0,7 | 0,1 | 0,02 | 14,4 | 0,02 | 14,4 | 0,7 | 25 dogs 400-500 | ||||||||
| LenZNIIEP standards | ||||||||||||||||||||
| * | ** | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,05 | 0,3 | 0,1 | 0,02 | 14,4 | 0,02 | 14,4 | 0,7 | 25 dogs 400-500 |
* Sirenevy Boulevard No. 22, 27 a, 27 b, ** 5-storey, brick.
Calculations are given according to the standards of MGSN and LenZNIIEP. Initially, calculations are carried out according to MGSN standards; if it is impossible to place platforms for various purposes in the yard, due to its small area, a large number of underground communications and above-ground structures that limit the placement of sites, it is advisable to carry out calculations and place sites for various purposes in accordance with the standards of LenZNIIEP, o what should be noted in the explanatory note.
Design
Development of landscaping is carried out on a scale of 1:500. The development involves drawing the dimensions of all landscaping elements, determining the type of coating, depending on the solution - paving pattern, applying equipment, and various types of landscaping.
When drawing in detail, you should focus on the estimated needs of the territories for various types of activities.
The work is carried out on tracing paper to a given scale. The agreed upon version is transferred to the plan, where it is refined in pencil and prepared for graphic design.
When developing individual zones, you should focus on the following recommendations.
3.1. Children's playgrounds
Depending on the planning decision and the size of the space of the residential group, children's playgrounds can be adjacent to the house, in the general yard, or in the residential group, designed for a certain age group of children. Playgrounds and their equipment must be designed to accommodate children under 12 years of age. In accordance with the different gaming interests of children of different ages, the following areas are distinguished:
For children under 3 years old,
For children 4-6 years old,
For children 7-12 years old.
It is permissible to organize a complex playground, but with the obligatory allocation of zones for each age group.
The following requirements are imposed on the architectural and planning organization and improvement of places for children's games and activities: convenient placement and accessibility; isolation from transport and economic areas, comfortable microclimate, provision of noise protection, including the territories adjacent to the site (in relation to sites designed for visits by children of school and high school age); correspondence of parameters, topics and degree of complexity of equipment to the age group of children; multifunctionality of the equipment, year-round availability and ease of use.
For children from 1.5 to 3 years old, as well as for toddlers, the following equipment should be included in one combination or another: sandboxes, swings, devices for the development of movement (ladders, climbing walls, ball walls), paths for cycling. In these areas it is mandatory to place benches for adults or combine separate recreation areas for adults with areas for children to play.
Sun and wind protection of sites must be formed taking into account climatic conditions.
For children of older preschool age (4-6 years old), playgrounds and quiet play areas should be provided. Playgrounds are equipped in a more diverse manner with a predominance of physical education and health equipment: walls, ropes, slides and other devices for climbing and playing ball, swings, universal areas for group games, paths for riding scooters and bicycles; in winter - hills for skiing and sledding.
Areas for quiet games and quiet activities should include opportunities for drawing with crayons, modeling, etc. To do this, you need the appropriate equipment: walls for drawing, tables, benches, a set of simple prefabricated elements that allow you to transform the area for various games and activities at the discretion of the children.
For school-age children (7-12 years old), areas for outdoor games are allocated on the territory of the complex public space. It is advisable to combine them with the physical education and recreation area of the residential group. It is possible to include such sites in the recreational running route within the microdistrict. As the noisiest site in the development, it must be located at a sufficient distance from housing, isolated by green spaces and, if possible, embankments. The slopes can be used as slides or play terraces.
All sites must be isolated from vehicle passages, parking lots, and utility areas using landscaping and “small” architecture. The placement and layout of play complexes and playgrounds must exclude active through pedestrian traffic.
To protect children from overheating, 35% of the site is shaded.
Children's playgrounds should have different surfaces depending on their use. A hard surface of tiles is installed around the splash pools and in front of the benches. Asphalt concrete coatings are used on areas and paths for riding bicycles and scooters; sand, ASG and gravel in places of mass games. Grass lawn is the best surface for children's playgrounds - the most hygienic and safe. Grass is used in combination with hard surfaces. If only lawn is used in active zones, then a priority should be established for its use to restore it.
3.2. Recreational areas for adults
Recreational areas for adults are divided into the following:
Areas close to the entrances to residential buildings;
Areas for quiet relaxation;
Areas for board games.
The location of the sites and their equipment depend on the purpose and nature of use.
The areas at the entrance to the house are intended for elderly residents. Playgrounds are set up in adjacent areas and in courtyard areas. Equipped with benches and shade canopies.
Areas for quiet recreation are located mainly in courtyards or on walking alleys of the microdistrict, in complex social and play areas. The sites are equipped with benches, shady canopies, and actively landscaped.
Areas for board games (dominoes, checkers, chess, etc.) are located in residential courtyards, in complex public play areas, adjacent to physical education and sports grounds. These playgrounds should, if possible, be kept 10 m away from children's and utility playgrounds and placed no closer than 20 m from residential buildings.
The size of areas for quiet relaxation and board games can vary: from small areas with one or two benches to large areas with canopies and gazebos. Playgrounds for adults have free orientation. The perimeter is planted with bushes and trees in groups. The planting composition should provide an optimal regime of insolation and aeration of the territory, i.e. create shading for recreational areas and protect the area from prevailing winds.
The covering of adult recreation areas should be grass, crushed stone or tiles, depending on the mode of use and architectural planning solution.
3.3. Areas for utility purposes and for walking dogs
In the microdistrict, each group of residential buildings must have specially equipped utility areas:
For drying clothes;
For cleaning carpets and household items;
For garbage bins.
The number and placement of sites depends on the overall architectural and planning solution of the residential group and the size of the yard space. Areas for drying clothes should be located separately from driveways and areas for cleaning things. Sunny and well-ventilated areas are chosen for sites.
Areas for drying clothes should be at least 20 m away from the windows of residential buildings, 70 m away from garages and highways, and protected from active recreation areas by planting shrubs or a through decorative fence.
It is better to place the sites on the lawn, and to avoid trampling of the lawn, tiles are laid on the approaches to the site and around it. Surfaces can be compacted gravel or asphalt. They are equipped with devices for hanging laundry of various designs in the form of racks, frames, and umbrellas.
Areas for cleaning household items and carpets are provided one or two per yard, taking into account an accessibility radius of 100 m. They are located at the ends of buildings adjacent to waste disposal areas. The sites are fenced with a hedge of trees and medium-sized shrubs. The equipment consists of a device for hanging and laying things out. The surfaces of the sites are made of concrete slabs or asphalt.
Garbage collection sites should be located near transport entrances to courtyards to ensure waste removal by special vehicles. Shaded areas are chosen for sites. There are two types of waste disposal areas; open, framed by a hedge or wall and covered in the form of a canopy. Platforms are located no further than 100 m from the staircase and no closer than 10 m from the windows of residential buildings.
The covering of the platforms should make them easy to clean. For this purpose, seamless coatings made of asphalt concrete or large-sized concrete slabs will be used. For a through driveway, the areas for stopping a garbage truck should be 3.5-8 m wide, and for a dead-end driveway - 12x12 m.
Dog walking areas are areas fenced with a grid on the territory of a residential group.
3.4. Small architectural forms
The architectural and artistic qualities and design features of landscaping elements are determined by the rationality of the structures, their compliance with certain types and duration of play and other activities, microclimate characteristics, the scale of the organized space, as well as the requirements of stylistic and color unity with the building, connection with the environment and landscape features.
When designing, natural opportunities should be used to create natural and artificial reservoirs, install fountains, processed relief surfaces, retaining walls, sculptures and other small architectural forms.
3.5. landscaping
In the system of development and improvement of a residential group, green spaces perform an important sanitary and hygienic function: they are means of protection from wind, noise, dust and sun, and regulate the temperature and humidity conditions of the territory of the residential group.
The functional significance of plants is revealed in their ability to dismember or unite the space of the yard, emphasize the rhythm of architectural volumes, identify and highlight pedestrian and transport connections, isolate utility and utility structures, design the overall landscape composition in contrast to planar techniques for forming plantings with the volumes of buildings or on the effect of harmony .
Green spaces in a residential group serve to enrich the architectural and artistic appearance of the development, promoting an understanding of composition, scale, proportionality, and balance of masses. The objective of the work is to acquire the skills of incorporating living material of green spaces into the planning and volumetric-spatial composition of the designed residential group, using the sanitary, hygienic, functional and aesthetic properties of green spaces. According to the current rules of urban planning and development, up to 60% of the intra-block area is allocated for green spaces, which obliges the gaps between houses and all areas free from buildings, driveways and utility areas to be planted with greenery.
3.5.1. House strips
Household strips are characterized by an open area of lawn and freely located compact groups of shrubs average size and, sporadically, trees of the second size (garden forms); Flower beds near the entrance to the entrances (in flowerpots) are appropriate. The main task is to make the areas of the adjacent strips attractive, emphasizing the entrance to the house. In some cases, it is possible to place low shrubs (barberry, cotoneaster) or a clean lawn, divided into “modules” of tiles with flower beds of perennial plants interspersed in these modules. Trees in house strips should be placed no closer than 5 m from the blind area of the building and bushes - no closer than 1.5 m.
3.5.2. Playgrounds
The placement of vegetation around playgrounds for preschool children should be carried out taking into account ensuring their sufficient illumination and warming by the sun, ventilation and elimination of air stagnation, protection from dust from driveways. To isolate children's playgrounds from the vehicle passage, a linear type is provided - a strip of lawn, at least 3 m wide, with a regular hedge of bushes. It is recommended to place groups of trees and shrubs along the perimeter of the playground. In the south and southwest, partial protection from sunlight should be provided in hot weather using plants with a dense crown (linden, maple) in combination with plants with an openwork crown (birch, ash). This combination creates conditions for air movement and aeration of space. From the east, the territory of the playground should be shaded so that the morning rays of the sun, rich in ultraviolet light, which kills pathogenic bacteria, freely penetrate the playground and warm its surface. Therefore, it is appropriate to place low forms of shrubs in combination with single trees of the second size (rowan, apple, bird cherry) with breaks in the lawn. When placing trees and shrubs near sites, it is necessary to maintain certain distances from the border of the site to the tree trunk, branches of the above-ground part of the bush in accordance with general rules. It is recommended to fence the sites themselves in order to protect the plantings; fences can be light structures made of metal and concrete (0.3-0.4 m high) with the installation of benches and trellises to limit penetration into green areas.
3.5.3. Business sites
Around utility areas for cleaning and drying things, hedges made of dust-resistant species of shrubs or trees (bush form) are provided; areas should be lighted and aerated, so hedges should be limited in their growth and development by appropriate pruning and shaping. Conversely, areas for installing waste bins are shaded by species of woody plants with a dense crown (linden, maple, elm) for sanitary reasons.
In the courtyards of a residential group, vertical landscaping can be introduced at the entrances to buildings, the walls of the internal facades of houses, balconies and window sills.
Along the driveways, in sections of pedestrian traffic routes, it is possible to construct alleys of various types of trees (birch, linden, maple, larch alleys) or hedges of shrubs.
3.6. Green space density standards
3.6.1. When reconstructing certain objects, it is necessary to take into account the density (density) of trees and shrubs per 1 hectare of landscaped area.
3.6.2. In residential areas. The total number of trees per 1 hectare of area is recommended within 100 pieces. The ratio of trees and shrubs is 1:8... 1:10. School sites -100... 120 pcs. trees, 1500 pcs. bushes. Sites for kindergartens, nurseries - 140... 160 pcs. trees and 1400... 1600 shrubs, areas of hospitals and medical institutions - 140... 150 trees and up to 1000 shrubs.
3.6.3. On the territory of public gardens, the number of trees is expected to range from 120 to 150. In some cases, in parks on open ground areas of architectural ensembles, the number of trees should be reduced to 80...50, with the main place given to trees of the 3rd size. The number of shrubs can be increased to 1500 pieces due to plants small sizes, intended as trimmed borders.
3.6.4. On the territory of boulevards, the density of trees per 1 hectare ranges from 120...150 pcs., and shrubs - 1500...2000 pcs. The number of trees and shrubs increases on the territory of boulevards in comparison with the territory of public gardens due to the row placement of plants along the boundaries of the boulevards.
3.6.5. In the territories of highways and streets, the density of trees is, as a rule, in the range of 150...200 pcs per 1 hectare and the number of shrubs is 1500...2000 pcs. Typically, trees and shrubs are placed in rows in stripes along roadways and sidewalks.
3.6.6. In park areas, the norm for the placement of trees and shrubs is determined depending on the compositional characteristics of certain areas. In the central parts of parks, in areas of mass visits, the norm for placing trees is on average 90... 100 pieces, and shrubs - 1000... 1500 pieces. for 1 hectare. Linear plantings of trees in the form of alleys, borders, and hedges predominate here. The walking parts of the parks are characterized by the predominance of dense groups, curtains, and massifs. The average plant density per 1 hectare is: trees - 170...200 pcs., shrubs - 800...1200 pcs. In the arrays, it is planned to plant seedlings of the 1st or 2nd group, placing them at a distance of 5x5 m or 400 pcs per 1 hectare. Thinned (loose) plantings are carried out with seedlings of the 2nd group with an increase in distance to 6x8 m or 230 pcs per 1 hectare. Open landscapes are formed by single specimens of trees at the rate of 50 trees per 1 hectare, and by plants of the 3rd group (large seedlings). The ratio of trees and shrubs is accepted within 1:4__1:10
3.6.7. On the sites of industrial enterprises, it is recommended to provide up to 150 trees and 900 shrubs, depending on the compositional characteristics of the territory.
3.6.8. In the territories of sanitary protection zones in the gaps between industrial enterprises and residential areas protective plantings are provided in the form of strips created by the method of forest crops. On average, the plant density should be up to 1000 trees and 2200 shrubs per 1 hectare.
3.7. Development of special drawings
After completing the main version of the master plan, they begin to develop a dendrological plan.
3.7.1. Dendrological drawing
The dendrological plan determines the spatial composition and characteristics of of this object features of green spaces, solves fundamental issues of landscaping.
The dendrological plan is carried out on tracing paper on a scale of 1:500, based on the general plan or together with the general plan on one drawing. The location and outlines of groves, groups, alleys, single trees, shrubs and floral design are applied to the plan in conventional symbols, which allows one to read the final character of the landscape and the landscapes included in it. In the explanation, each symbol must correspond to the name of the breed (Appendix 3).
3.7.2. Landscaping plan
On a drawing of a scale of 1:500, buildings, structures, roads, sidewalks, platforms and paths to be preserved are drawn and indicated; designed buildings, structures, roads, sites, roads, and most importantly - designed landscaping elements.
Callouts are made on the images of the elements, showing their characteristics in the form of a fraction: in the numerator - the number assigned to the species or type of planting according to the plan, in the denominator - the number of pieces.
The drawing provides textual instructions regarding the conditions for planting trees, shrubs, and arranging flower beds and lawns. The drawing provides a list of landscaping elements and links the plants.
3.7.3. Improvement plan
The territory improvement plan is carried out in order to transfer landscaping elements (pedestrian paths, areas for various purposes) from the plan to the territory “in nature”. All dimensions are recorded in meters with accuracy ± 0.05 m. For complex curvilinear outlines of plan elements, it is more convenient to use the square method to draw up this drawing. The coordinate grid is tied to the axes of the building, the side of the square is taken to be no more than 5-10 m. The main elements of the plan are tied in two directions (meridional and latitudinal) to the sides of the square or the axes of the building.
On the drawing of scale M 1:500 the following is applied and indicated:
Preserved buildings, structures, roads, sidewalks, etc.;
Designed buildings, structures, roads (driveways), sidewalks, paths, platforms, retaining walls, stairs, slopes, small architectural forms and portable equipment (unless a separate drawing “Plan for the location of small forms of architecture” is performed).
The drawing indicates the linear connections of sidewalks, paths, platforms and other landscaping elements. References are given from the walls of buildings, the edge of the roadway, from fences and other capital structures and landscaping elements.
Explanatory note
4.1. Compound explanatory note
The explanatory note consists of three chapters.
1. The architectural and planning task for the development of the project is carried out in the form of a table (Table 1.1.).
Includes a description of the object according to the architectural and planning specifications.
2. Pre-design comprehensive analysis of the design object.
Analysis of the plan and the surrounding situation (terrain, surrounding buildings, streets, etc.), i.e. it is necessary to give a verbal description of the site.
Here it is necessary to give brief description of the designed landscaping object, its functional purpose, recommended territory balance. Includes:
Analysis of the architectural and planning situation
Landscape and insolation analysis
Analysis of coverage areas of underground communications and above-ground structures
Pedestrian and vehicle traffic analysis
Functional analysis
Calculation of territories of improvement elements
3. Composition solution
Justification of the compositional solution based on the functional zoning scheme of the territory. Definition of composition in a combination of techniques of regular and landscape planning.
The rationale for choosing the assortment with the assortment list is indicated.
4.2. Requirements for the preparation of an explanatory note
The title page for the explanatory note of the course project is drawn up in accordance with in the prescribed form(Appendix 1).
The text of the explanatory note must be typed on a computer in the Word editor with one and a half spacing, font 14, and printed on one side of a sheet of white A4 paper.
The text of the explanatory note should be prepared in compliance with the following requirements:
Margin sizes: left - no less than 30 mm, right - no less than 10 mm, top - no less than 20 mm, bottom - no less than 25 mm;
The paragraph indentation must be the same on all pages and equal to five characters;
Section headings are placed at the beginning of a new page and separated from the text by two blank lines, subsection headings are separated from the text at the top and bottom by one blank line;
If it is necessary to divide subsections into paragraphs, the headings of these paragraphs are written in subtext to the main text;
Section headings are placed in the middle of the page symmetrically to the main text; subsection and paragraph headings should begin with a paragraph indentation; the second and subsequent lines of subsection and paragraph headings begin from the edge of the left margin; There is no period at the end of the title; underlining and hyphenation of heading words are not allowed;
Sections of the project must have sequential numbering throughout the text in the form of Arabic numerals with a dot;
Subsections are numbered in Arabic numerals within each section, the subsection number consists of the section number and the subsection number, separated by a dot; there must be a dot at the end of the subsection number;
Items within the subsection are numbered with three numbers separated by dots; section number, subsection number and item number with a period at the end;
The headings of the structural elements: abstract, content, introduction, conclusion, list of sources used and appendices are not numbered, they are placed in the middle of the line without a dot at the end, without underlining;
Tables, pictures, drawings, diagrams, graphs, photographs in the main text of the explanatory note and in the appendix must be made on sheets of standard sizes (A4 - 210 x 297 mm) or pasted on these sheets, which are located so that they can be viewed without turning the sheet or turning it 90° clockwise; in the text, all tables and illustrations are placed on the next page after the first reference to them in the text;
Tables and illustrations are numbered within each section;
Above the table title in the upper right corner is its serial number with the word “Table” (for example, “Table 1.5” is the fifth table in the first section). If the table is placed on several pages, then on each subsequent page in the upper right corner write “Continuation of the table. ” indicating its number. On the last page, instead of the word “Continuation”, write the words “End of the table.”;
The illustration is given a number in numbers. After the abbreviated spelling of the word “figure”, its name is placed (for example, “Fig. 2.3” - the third figure, in the second section, etc.),
The list of sources used includes all literary and other sources that the student used when performing the work. Literature sources are placed in alphabetical order by the names of their authors or titles. Information about sources included in the list must be provided in accordance with the requirements of current GOSTs.
Bibliography:
1. Balatskaya L.V. Guidelines to complete a course project on the topic: “Improvement and landscaping of the territory of a residential group.” – Ekaterinburg: Architecton, 1992. – 38 p.
2. Bogovaya I.O., Fursova L.M. Landscape art. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1988. – 223 p.
3. Vasilenko V.V. Tree and shrub groups (part 2). - Perm: Perm State Agricultural Academy, 2005. - 46 p.
4. Gavrilyuk G.M., Ignatenko M.M. Improvement of forest parks. -M.: Agropromizdat, 1987.- 183 p.
5. Zherebtsova G.P., Teodoronsky V.S. and others. Recommendations for the reconstruction and restoration of green spaces in Moscow. – M.: MGUL, 2000. – 75 p.
6. Zherebtsova G.P., Teodoronsky V.S. Instructions for conducting inventory and certification of urban green areas. – M.: MGUL, 2002. – 22 p.
7. Zalesskaya L.S., Mikulina E.M. Landscape architecture. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1979. – 240 p.
8. Lunts L.B. Urban green building. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1974. - 275 p.
9. Mamaev S.A., Semkina L.A. Assortment of woody plants for landscaping populated areas of the Middle Urals. – Sverdlovsk: Asbest, 1991. – 35 p.
10. Teodoronsky V.S., Kabaeva I.A. Methodological guidance and technical specifications on the reconstruction of urban green spaces - M.: MGUL, 2002. - 62 p.
11. Cherkasov M.I. Composition of green spaces. – M.: Goslesbumizdat, 1954. – 280 p.
Annex 1
Sample title page
Ministry Agriculture Russian Federation
Perm State Agricultural Academy
named after academician D.N. Pryanishnikova
Department of Forestry and Landscape Construction
COURSE PROJECT
in the subject Landscape design
on the topic: “Project of landscaping and improvement of part of a residential building in Perm”
Completed by: student gr. L – 41a Ivanov A.A.
Head: Associate Professor Vasilenko V.V.
Appendix 2
Standards for calculating parking lots for temporary storage
passenger cars, per 100 one-time visitors
The final sizes of the plots are determined by the ways of placing cars
Appendix 3
Assortment list of planting material
| № | Plant name | Quantity, pcs. | Age at time of landing, years | Plant height, cm | Note | ||
| Russian | Latin | ||||||
| coniferous trees | |||||||
| deciduous trees | |||||||
| coniferous shrubs | |||||||
| deciduous shrubs | |||||||
| vines | |||||||
| flower crops | |||||||
Appendix 4
Design parameters of streets and roads of cities
up
Until recently, Soft Culture did not have courses related to urban exploration. A couple of years ago, as part of the Information Modeling direction, we began conducting workshops on working with GIS, because we felt that this tool was necessary. This was just the beginning: after several workshops, it became clear that working with a geographic information system only as an application tool is impossible - it must be part of a more comprehensive view of the city.
Working on a city scale is a separate task: an architect does not always design the urban environment, but must understand it, because the fabric of the city and architecture are directly related. That's why we came up with a course that combines two scales: the building and the city.
The main tool for working on this scale is GIS tools; other usual architect tools are stalled here. Geographic information systems, or GIS, is a technology that allows you to collect, store and process data that has a specific location on the Earth's surface. GIS tools, such as QGIS, allow you to analyze this data: in addition to geometric information, each object on the map contains many parameters. For example, a building may have its year of construction, height, or protection status indicated. This data can be visualized automatically—no need to colorize it manually.
GIS is directly related to research, and research results require visualization - therefore, in addition to working with GIS tools, we also included a research part and working with map graphics in the course “GIS: Pre-Project Analysis”.
So far we don’t see the point in a massive course that would cover all the cases encountered in working with the city. We concentrated on a basic set of tools, a certain Starter Pack, which everyone can then develop in the right direction - in educational projects and real practice.
“Cartography is a field of work in its own right that is often overlooked in the architect’s training process.
A map is a language of communication. To be understood, it is important for an architect not only to clearly see the purpose of the research and to have convenient tools, but also to have good pronunciation.”
When we determined our main directions, we quickly realized: in order to get a comprehensive answer to such a complex request, we need several experts. First, we decided to divide the course into three blocks that would focus on different skills - research, working with GIS tools, data visualization and graphics. Then we realized that geoinformatics is a separate section within working with GIS, and we moved this work into a separate block.
The study must be carried out on a specific site: we conducted it in the Moscow Airport district and presented the process in the form of a course. Each of the four teachers viewed the area from different angles. The result is desk research that can be completed remotely from anywhere in the world and then applied to another area.
The teachers are a team of experts who, in their practice, are constantly faced with city research, as well as with the search, analysis and visualization of data: Andrey Elbaev (Strelka KB), Evgeny Shirinyan (MArchI, PROSAPR), Yulia Tuvaleva (Megafon, Habidatum) and Taya Lavrinenko (Yandex.Maps, Urbica).
Block "City Exploration"
The course begins with a block that covers the purpose of the study, the formulation of a hypothesis, and the work plan.
Architect Andrey Elbaev systematized the approach to pre-design analysis and compiled a consistent structure, a kind of “road map” that an architect can refer to in his practice.
Andrey Elbaev:
“There is no universal plan for analysis - it will always depend on the site. If you do not pay enough attention to pre-project analysis, you can do good project, inappropriate for a specific territory - this is called„ creator's mistake“ , and should be avoided, it is very unprofessional.”
Block “Using GIS to work with data”
The core of the course is devoted to the correct work with GIS tools, as well as their integration into the usual architect’s tools.
Architect Evgeny Shirinyan will talk about what geographic information systems are, where exactly GIS is located within the architect’s pre-design research, and what the set of tools for a successful start consists of.
Evgeny Shirinyan:
« You're already using GIS, even if you didn't know it, so there's nothing to be afraid of. You start working with the project by opening Google or Yandex maps, OpenStreetMap or Wikimapia - this happens automatically: different services provide different sets of information, in some places you can find out about the age of a building, and in others you can build a route without traffic jams.
You can drown in this amount of data, but GIS tools allow you to quickly organize it. With these tools, we can analyze the city, create our own maps with the graphics we need - and then use that as context for design."
Block “Search and processing of geodata”
GIS technologies are based on geography - to understand the details of the work, you need to look at them from the point of view of specialists who often use these tools for analytics.
Cartographer and analyst Yulia Tuvaleva will share the basic theory that is needed to work with spatial data: geoinformatics makes it possible to understand data from open sources, as well as learn to work with coordinate systems and map projections.
Yulia Tuvaleva
“Today there are no problems with finding data, there is quite a lot of it. But there is another problem - their quality: quite often the data is not structured. To put them in order, you need to understand how they can be transformed.”
Block “Map graphics and data visualization”
The final block of the course is devoted to methods of graphical presentation and presentation of cartographic data obtained during the study.
Designer-cartographer Taya Lavrinenko, who worked on cartographic tools for the Dvorulitsa project and on the map of the history of the Gulag, will talk about basic principles creating maps, types of urban data and ways of perceiving them, as well as the connection of design with the goals of the future user, features of color perception, methods of designing and checking maps.
Taya Lavrinenko
“The main goal in all projects is to convey information to the user in a clear, informative and beautiful way.”
A huge team participated in the development of the course. Here are the names of all participants - from curators and teachers to editors and editors: Arseny Afonin, Oleg Sazonov, Nastya Ovsyannikova, Inna Pykhova, Arseny Volkov, Andrey Elbaev, Evgeny Shirinyan, Yulia Tuvaleva, Taya Lavrinenko, Nadya Klevakina, Nadya Panina, Asel Turgunbekova, Sasha Salman, Victor Timofeev, Maria Herts, Victoria Terentyeva, Lena Borisova, Polina Sokolova, Rita Barchuk, Vsevolod Olenin, Vlad Rakitin, Polina Patimova, Ksenia Butuzova.
- Pre-project proposal, survey, development of engineering support for the development site, analysis of the construction site, soil properties, groundwater, foundation location. Services for coordination of projects and facades. Procedure and norms for the approval of documents.
Stage "Pre-project proposal" (AGR / AGO album - booklet)
Pre-design work average price:
Cost of design work for main sections from 1,000 m2
- AGR – from 99 rub./m2 (AGR composition for Moscow)
- AGO – from 149 rub./m2, (AGO composition for Moscow region)
- Explanatory note with technical information - economic indicators and justifications for decisions made
- Situation plan M 1:2000 with adjacent territories
- Master plan diagram M 1:500 / Transport scheme
- Plans / Sections / Facades / Visualization
The beginning of any construction project is a set of activities that are aimed at complying with the necessary construction and fire safety standards. When drawing up a project, it is necessary to take into account all the wishes of the customer, as well as the territorial features of the area where construction is expected to take place - this is the pre-design stage.
The pre-project stage is an assessment of the site. A pan of research is being compiled, which in this case will be needed and how much will they cost:
1) Topographic survey M 1:100 - 1:1000 - from 180,000 rub. Needed to get a clear idea of the topography of the site, including the vegetation present in this area. All received data is plotted on a topographic plan, taking into account which further plans are designed. engineering work;
2) Situation plan - from 15,000 rubles. follows from topographic survey. This is a very important document, on the basis of which all future buildings on the territory are planned, including communications;
3) Engineering and environmental surveys for construction - from 200,000 rubles. Chemical analysis is an in-depth study of the soil to identify suitable vegetation that will be planted after construction is completed. If necessary, the composition of the soil is changed to obtain suitable characteristics;
4) Engineering surveys for construction - estimate from 215,000 rubles. Hydrological analysis - study of water supply, including the depth of groundwater, the level of soil waterlogging. This type analysis is also necessary for the selection of plantings;
5) Technical inspection of buildings and structures, examination of structures - from 250,000 rubles. Inventory - an examination of all buildings present on the site of the proposed construction before the start of work. Based on this data, a decision is made on the advisability of preservation or demolition;
6) Insolation analysis - from 105,000 rub. Determines the level of illumination of the territory at different times of the day. Only after preparing all the above data and collecting the necessary documents can you begin preliminary design (color selection, 3D model), etc.
Probably, many people paid attention to the typical dense buildings of cottages along the street, the so-called blocked houses.
Their feature is a single solution to plans and development and, as a rule, a single foundation.
But here is a small error in the calculations, and 2-3 houses stand askew, standing out from the orderly row of cottages of the same age. This is possible when the soil properties have not been analyzed for each specific house. It is no secret that soil characteristics can differ significantly from the soil properties of neighbors.
Check soil properties
It is important to study in detail and carefully the geophysical properties of the site on which it is planned to build a house.
The main characteristics to pay attention to are the following:
- soil properties (heaving, non-heaving);
- groundwater flow level;
- soil saturation with water and its chemical composition;
- depth of soil freezing.
An indispensable condition for the study should be samples taken at the locations of the corners of the future building and its heavy load-bearing structures.
In soil properties, such characteristics as heaving, strength, and rock mobility are important. All of them determine the bearing capacity of the soil. Depending on the degree of bearing capacity, a decision will be made on the type of foundation and methods of strengthening the soil.
The danger of high groundwater levels can be not only an increase in the mobility of the soil and foundation, respectively.
Increased humidity in the constructed premises and even flooding under the influence of groundwater pressure. Therefore, the solution to the problem must go in several directions at once:
- strengthening the soil using the above methods;
- waterproofing the foundation (must be carried out in parallel with thermal insulation);
- carrying out measures to resist the foundation to groundwater pressure;
- drainage of water using drainage structures.
Chemical analysis of groundwater plays an important role. Since water can be quite aggressive towards foundation materials, knowing its impurities, you can choose a more durable material that neutralizes the harmful effects of water on the foundation. As an option, you can impregnate the foundation blocks with special waterproofing solutions, mastics, or use rolled materials. However, you should remember that some of them can crack in the cold, so choose your waterproofing material carefully. At this stage, it is advisable to pay attention to protecting the foundation from corrosion.
In most regions of Russia, the soil has a large freezing depth, which is caused not only by low temperatures in winter, but also by high soil moisture and high groundwater levels. The impact of frost heaving is quite strong (3-5 tons per square meter). An effective solution is to lay the foundation below the freezing level and weaken the tangential forces of frost heaving at side surfaces foundation due to the reinforcement of foundation pillars and a support expanding downward.
Heaving soil is soil that is susceptible to heaving due to its saturation with moisture and its high ability to retain it.
Clay, soil with admixtures of clay, peat, silt, etc. have these properties.
Water, freezing and thawing, moves the soil and with it the foundation with the building standing on it. Another negative property that a load-bearing base may have is erosion. This property is typical for fine sandy and dusty soil, especially with high level groundwater. Such soils are called quicksand. Their load-bearing capacity is extremely low.
Depending on how mobile the soil is, the problem of building stability can be solved in the following ways:
- location of the foundation at a shallow depth;
- sand cushion device;
- the use of reinforcement in strip or column foundations;
- use of a solid foundation;
- use of pile foundation.
Non-heaving soils with high bearing capacity and strength, such as rocks, conglomerate and coarse sand, do not require additional strengthening. As a rule, on such sites a shallowly buried belt or columnar foundations. But even here, final approval of the type of foundation, especially on sandy soils, should only be made after studying the groundwater level.
Currently, pre-design studies of options in the field of engineering support for development are not provided for in the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of design.
The only document that complies with the Town Planning Code is the territory planning project.
It includes mandatory a preparation and vertical layout scheme must be developed. However, practice shows that not enough attention is paid to a detailed elaboration of the engineering training scheme.
Usually, instead of pre-design studies, they are used traditional methods, which in no way can ensure the normal use of resources, such as material, financial, temporary and natural. All this can be explained logically. In such organizations, as a rule, there are no qualified specialists who could take into account all the significant factors to select the most optimal scheme engineering training. It is also of great importance that engineering training is an auxiliary activity in relation to many decisions in architecture and construction. As a result, the finances spent by the investor increase significantly, and all this leads to an increased level of financial risks and threat to reputation.
Therefore, any customer has the right to have the contractor ensure the development of pre-design options in order to reduce the level of all possible risks. To do this, it is necessary to make informed decisions about the engineering support of the development. Work should begin after the basic parameters of the development have been determined. That is, in the planning process. All this is so that the customer, based on pre-design study, can always choose the most optimal option.
The main factors that can significantly influence the choice of one option or another are:
- Magnitude financial investments, which must be correlated with deadlines.
- The period during which the costs will be repaid.
- Reliability and safety requirements.
- Landscape and aesthetics of the surrounding area.
Pre-project proposal - kit primary documents, which gives the right to go through the regulations, receive initial permitting documentation and architectural and planning assignments - this is a pre-design proposal.
The collected materials fully characterize the project and form the objective requirements for further design.
The formation and development of pre-design proposal documentation carried out in advance is the best and only way to assess and get an idea of the upcoming design of the facility.
A pre-design proposal is very important for large objects, as it makes it possible to eliminate the consequences of unforeseen complications during further design. The pre-project proposal is the basis and makes it possible to accurately formulate technical task further processing of plans, elevations and sections of the entire volume of the selected project.
If it is necessary to reconstruct structures, first an inspection and certification of existing objects is carried out and conclusions are given on their condition. In principle, at this early stage, the condition of all structures is determined, the layout, number of floors, and materials are taken into account, technological equipment and architectural solutions are determined; all this gives a complete picture of the creation of the plan, its scope and appearance structures.
Detailed clarification and bringing the sketches to the final stage of completion during the design process makes it possible to carry out design drawings. Based on the documentation generated in the pre-project proposal, negotiations are held with tenants and possible buyers of buildings. When preparing the initial permitting documentation, based on existing agreements, it is very important to eliminate errors that could affect the increase in losses during subsequent design.
Contents of pre-sale offer documents:
- computer model of the object and surrounding area (3D format - makes it possible to display different angles);
- linking existing objects on the site (with photomontage, perspective and axonometry);
- sketches of plans, facades in axes, layouts and sections of buildings;
- documentation of proposals for the use of materials (with a list of suppliers);
- sketches of the proposed foundations (based on the conclusions of “geology”);
- proposals for organizing optimal utility networks, including heating, water supply, sewerage and those associated with this object.
Pre-project inspection of the facility
Pre-design inspection of an object is a set of various activities and studies necessary to determine the state of operation of the various parts of the object.
To conduct a competent, high-quality examination, it would be advisable to use the services of a qualified specialist.
The examination process will also require the use of specialized equipment. This type of examination is important preparatory stage during the preparation of design documentation necessary for repair or reconstruction of a facility, as well as in a number of other cases. The purpose of the pre-design inspection of an object is to determine the technical condition of the object, identify defects, find out the performance characteristics and predict the behavior of the object’s structure in the future. The volume and nature of work to survey an object varies and depends on the tasks assigned.
The need for this type of examination may arise for a number of reasons:
- the object is damaged as a result of an accident, catastrophe, fire;
- a reconstruction project is needed;
- there is no design and technical documentation;
- there are deviations from the project that reduce the operational qualities of the facility;
- a major overhaul of the facility is planned;
- it is necessary to determine the real condition of the object in connection with its purchase, etc.
As a rule, the examination is carried out in three stages.
Pre-project analysis of the territory is carried out with the aim of identifying the merits of each site and the territory as a whole, as well as selecting the best solution for its use, in order to, on this basis, determine planning and compositional solutions and types of work to implement the project in kind.
Objects of landscape art are formed by the interaction and interrelation of the following factors: aesthetic, sanitary and hygienic, functional, environmental and technological. Each of these factors reflects the advantages of the territory from its own perspective. Aesthetic characterizes the beauty of the site, sanitary and hygienic characterizes its comfort for people, functional characterizes compliance with the designed purpose of the object, the possibility of organizing certain types of recreation, transport and structural relationships with surrounding areas, the environmental factor is determined by the site’s resistance to anthropogenic impact. The technological factor characterizes the possibilities of landscaping the territory, conducting communications, and shaping landscapes. The territory should be assessed from the perspective of the factors considered. Each of the factors has its own set of evaluation criteria and evaluation indicators.
Evaluation of an object by aesthetic factor is one of the most difficult. In landscape art, it is not so much individual objects (plants, landforms, stones, ponds, etc.) that are assessed, but the harmony of their interrelation, the perception of color and spatial relationships. However, it is impossible to evaluate this harmony without evaluating the objects themselves: for example, the decorative advantages of a tree and shrub group depend on how well each tree or shrub included in it expresses the characteristic features of its species, as well as on how harmoniously they coexist with each other throughout the year.
The assessment of the aesthetic merits of spaces is carried out according to the following criteria: shape (geometric, free), the nature of the surface (determined by the slopes of the relief - a horizontal plane, a gentle slope, the degree of disturbance - the presence of hummocks, holes, ditches, hillocks), the quality of the grass cover (meadow, weed , absent), the quality of surrounding plantings (composition of tree species, characteristics of their decorative properties), the quality of vegetation on the site (trees, shrubs, thickets of young growth), the presence of formed internal species.
Ponds, lakes, rivers and streams are assessed on the aesthetic qualities of the water surface - its shape and cleanliness, the quality of surrounding plantings, structures, landforms, open spaces, and the presence of internal views.
Landforms are ranked according to their importance for any given feature.
When assessed by sanitary and hygienic factor taken into account first microclimatic conditions- they are assessed based on temperature, air humidity and wind conditions, as well as solar radiation. Taken together, all of the above data should provide favorable conditions for a person’s stay.
At the request of the customer can be taken into account telluric conditions- features of the air composition that affect the body primarily through the respiratory tract: the presence of phytoncides, aromatic substances, air ionization. Here the main role is played by the species composition of plantings, as well as the direction and frequency of prevailing winds.
Functional Factor Score determines the suitability of the object for the arrangement of objects and exterior elements and the possibility of organizing recreation. Rating by technological factor determined by the volume of development of the facility; this factor has its own specificity: it is final in general complex ratings.
Based on the results of the pre-project analysis of the territory, we receive a set of drawings and explanatory notes:
- Topographic plan of the territory- based on the results of the topographic survey, a detailed plan is drawn up with the boundaries of the site, the natural topography of the area, the presence and nature of natural reservoirs and existing green spaces.
- Situational planterritories- based on topographic plan. It indicates all existing buildings, structures and structures, access roads both on the site itself and in the adjacent territory.
- Plan engineering communications . All construction and engineering work on the site is carried out taking into account existing communications: water supply, sewer, electrical and cable networks. The presence of underground communications and their characteristics should also be taken into account when placing green spaces and constructing small architectural forms.
- Insolation plan- is a study of the natural level of illumination of the site. When planning a site, data on its illumination are used to the right choice assortment of plants, construction of artificial reservoirs, creation of recreation areas, playgrounds and sports grounds. Smartly designed landscape design should look aesthetically pleasing in any lighting, and the insolation plan allows you to take into account light levels already at the design stage of the future garden.
- Inventory of existing green spaces- on the basis of this study, a tally sheet of trees and shrubs is prepared indicating the species, decorativeness, approximate age, size and condition of green spaces. Based on the results of the study, a decision is made to preserve or replace existing vegetation.
- Agrochemical soil analysis- P Allows you to obtain characteristics of the existing soils on the site, analyze soil fertility, its mechanical composition, and level of contamination. In accordance with the results obtained, a set of measures is being developed to minimize or eliminate negative factors and create optimal conditions for planted plants. Based on the results of the soil analysis, the assortment list of plants suitable for the existing soil conditions can be adjusted.
- Hydrological analysis- recommended in the presence of natural reservoirs on the site, as well as for studying the level and condition of groundwater. All drainage work on the site is carried out on the basis of a hydrological analysis, taking into account the identified level of groundwater, the direction of flow, and the quantitative fluctuations of groundwater depending on the season. This analysis, together with soil analysis, allows us to draw conclusions about the feasibility and scale of building an automatic irrigation system for the site.
Upon completion of pre-design work on the site and receipt of the relevant conclusions, a architectural and planning solution And sketch of landscaping and landscaping .
1. General provisions…………………………………………………….4
2. Selection of topic and pre-project analysis of the course project…………5
3. Structure and content of the course project……………………….6
4. Technical requirements for the course project………………………11
5. Defense of the course project and criteria for its evaluation………….…….12
Applications……………………………………………………………..…………….16
General provisions
IN methodological recommendations presented the requirements for writing and designing coursework No. 2, which must be completed in the form of a project and be based on the knowledge acquired within the discipline “Project Management”
Purpose of the course project– contribute to the development of design skills in students in the process of developing an original educational project on a chosen topic related to the management profile of education. Tasks:
· mastery of scientific research methods;
· in-depth study of project activities using the example of specific cultural industries;
· development of students’ skills in independent creative work and self-management.
The planned results of preparing the course project are presented in Table. 1.
Table 1
Formed competencies and planned results
| Competency code and statement | Competency indicators |
| The ability to use the basic principles and methods of social and human sciences in solving social and professional problems, to analyze socially significant phenomena and processes (GPC-4) The ability to develop and implement projects of various types in educational organizations and cultural and educational institutions, in the social and pedagogical, humanitarian and organizational, book publishing, mass media and communication spheres (PC-9) | know: the basic elements of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of design research; development and project management technologies |
| be able to: choose a topic for a course project and justify its relevance; determine the object, subject, purpose of design; carry out pre-project research based on the analysis of specialized scientific literature and other sources ( regulations, official website and other working documentation, forums, etc.) related to the activities of the project’s organizational base | |
| have the skills to develop a project concept and implement them in practice; formatting the text in accordance with the requirements for the structure, content and technical design of the project; public defense of the course project within the established deadlines |
The methodological basis of course design is the content of the academic discipline “Project Management”. Mastering lecture material should be accompanied by familiarity with various theoretical and applied sources reflecting development and project management technologies. When studying scientific literature, the student should become familiar with various versions of the structuring of the project cycle, the main aspects of systematization of project activities and project management. The result of studying the academic discipline “Project Management” should be a logically structured system of knowledge in the field project management.
The schedule for preparing coursework is presented in Table. 2
table 2
Schedule
| Stage | Stage name | Activities | Deadlines |
| 1. | Selecting a topic and empirical basis, carrying out pre-project analysis | Collecting information using theoretical and empirical methods, identifying scientific and practical problems requiring design solutions | 2 weeks |
| 2. | Project concept development | Setting the goals and objectives of the project, methods for its implementation, assessing the necessary resources and possible risks. | 2 weeks |
| 3. | Project implementation | Implementation of planned actions | 2 weeks |
| 4. | Course project defense | Formatting the course project text, preparing a report and presentation | 2 weeks |
2. Selection of topic and pre-project analysis of the project
Choosing a theme The project is carried out by the student independently, but subject to the following restrictions:
· the topic of the project must correspond to the profile of the management specialty;
· the topic of the course project must be linked to the topic of the future final qualifying work (the course project may be included in the final qualifying work as author's recommendations based on the research results);
· the topic of the project must be relevant and appropriate for the organizational basis of the project;
· the project should contribute to the achievement of strategic priorities of cultural institutions.
The organizational (empirical) base of the project is the institution within which and for which the educational project will be developed. The choice of organizational base is carried out by the student independently, taking into account the place of internship, place of professional activity or organization within which the graduate’s production (pre-graduate) practice will be carried out.
Clarifying the topic is the end result pre-project analysis project. For a list of sample topics for course projects, see below: paragraph 6.
Pre-project analysis is a mandatory stage of project activities. Pre-project analysis is subject to inductive logic: from the particular to the general. Based on particular problems and needs identified in the example of a specific cultural institution, it is necessary to identify and generalize the management problem characteristic of institutions of the type under consideration. Pre-project analysis is carried out on the basis of theoretical (scientific literature) and empirical sources and assumes:
· analysis of the basic concepts and management processes stated in the topic, object, subject of design;
· analysis current state organizational base of the project (the enterprise as a whole or its structural unit) using methods of economic, statistical, marketing analysis;
· building a “tree of goals” in relation to the organizational base of the project;
· choosing a specific problem, identifying the causes of the current situation and developing alternative ways to solve it within the framework of the proposed project;
· identification and characteristics of project target groups;
· choice of topic and justification of the relevance of the project.
The results of the pre-project analysis must be reflected in the text of the project in the appropriate structural section of the project (see below).
Structure and content of the course project
The course project must have the following structure:
· title page;
· introduction;
· main part;
· conclusion;
· bibliography;
· applications.
Title page drawn up according to the established template (see: Appendix 1). It must contain names educational institution, faculty, graduating department; surname and initials of the manager. departments; topic of the course project, training profile; academic degree, position, surname and initials of the supervisor; the student’s surname and initials, group number, “grade” column, as well as the place and year of writing the course project.
On the title page Signatures are required leader, student and head of the department.
After the title page comes table of contents , containing the names of the sections of the course project and the corresponding pages. Options for a standard table of contents and its design see: Appendix 2.
In the introduction should be indicated:
· the relevance of the chosen topic at the level of the object, subject, purpose of the project activity (not to be confused with the justification of the relevance of the project itself for a specific organization);
· the degree of study of this subject area in science and representation in the regulatory framework;
· research problem, object and subject of the course project;
· purpose and objectives of the project;
· theoretical and empirical methods (including design and modeling methods, economic, statistical, survey, etc.) used in the development of the project;
· empirical basis of the project;
· practical significance of the project;
· description of the structure of the course project.
All specified structural elements of the introduction must be highlighted in the text in bold.
Object course project are management processes, activities of various types of cultural institutions; V subject should be reflected characteristics of management processes in cultural institutions.
Target course design is of an applied nature and is associated with the development and justification of the project in accordance with the chosen topic and the formulated problem.
Tasks course design (necessarily numbered!) usually correspond to the main stages life cycle project, but these stages in the formulation of tasks can be combined:
1. Pre-project analysis and formulation of the project concept.
2. Mobilization of resources and implementation of the project.
3. Project monitoring.
In the formulation of tasks, it is necessary to indicate the name of the project and the basis for its implementation. It is optimal to have 3-4 tasks. Overall volume introduction– 2-4 pages.
Main part of the project should disclose and justify the above-mentioned tasks to the following extent:
1. Pre-project analysis(if this is one paragraph, then at least 6 pages of text, and if the entire Chapter 1 is devoted to this, then about 15-20 pages; see Appendix 2) should contain the points indicated above: definition of key concepts(required links to sources, including regulations), analysis of the current state of the project’s organizational base, construction of a “tree of goals,” selection of a goal to solve a specific problem within the project, etc.
Depending on the topic of the project and the design object, when identifying the problem, various methods and types of theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, classification, modeling, design) and empirical analysis (document analysis, economic, statistical, marketing analysis, SWOT) should be used. analysis, survey methods, methods of mathematical and graphical processing of results, etc.). Pre-project analysis, in addition to a text description supported by links to sources, must contain statistical material on the problem under study, presented in tabular form, graphs, charts, diagrams. The main task of pre-project analysis is to prove the necessity and relevance of the project being developed.
2. Concept formulation reveals the strategic intent of the project, its main priorities. The second stage of the project life cycle is represented by two substantive elements:
2.1. Development of a strategic plan for the project.
2.2. Development of the target structure of the project.
Development of a strategic plan for the project. This position describes the main strategic priorities of the project. In addition to the text description, the strategic plan of the project must be represented by two final documents: “Project Charter” and “Project Management Plan”, which should be placed in the Appendix, and their contents should be described in coherent text in the main text.
The project charter includes the name of the project, its initiators, justification of business needs for initiating the project, the purpose and objectives of the project, project results, project products, environment, restrictions, time frames, targets and criteria for the success of the project, its total budget.
Project management plan is a summary document that briefly describes the main subsystems of the project (time management plan, cost management plan, personnel management plan, risk management plan).
Development of the target structure of the project. The graphical model “Tree of Goals” must be accompanied by a text description.
3. Mobilization of resources. Analysis of project resource support includes the following items:
3.1. Characteristics of resource types.
3.2. Analysis of resources from the point of view of their availability and ways of converting potential resources into actual ones.
3.3. Correlation of resources with the main cooperating subjects.
3.4. Development of project communication structures.
(the indicated positions in the text of the project are not numbered)
The analysis of resource provision is presented in tabular or graphical form with mandatory text comments.
4. Project implementation. This section should describe the main institutional subsystems of the project:
4.1. Team management.
4.2. Organizational modeling of the project.
4.3. Time management.
4.4. Cost management.
4.5. Management of risks.
(the indicated positions in the text of the project are not numbered)
4.1. Team management describes the processes of forming and developing a project team. This position should present and justify the composition and characteristics of the project management team, the project manager, the team’s staffing table, responsibility matrix, personnel management plan (methods for recruiting a team and criteria for releasing human resources, a schedule with a set of work tasks for each performer, the need in training and a plan for improving the qualifications of team members, a system of rewards and motivation, safety issues).
4.2. Organizational modeling of the project contains the rationale for choosing the type organizational structure project, principles of its construction, organizational structure diagram, its description, project management model with characteristics of administrative and technological connections between team members.
4.3. Time management describes the definition of work, the sequencing of work, estimating the duration of work, and also includes the development of a project schedule and activity schedule. The schedule should be presented in a table and placed in the Appendix, but it should be briefly described in the text.
When planning activities, the characteristics of the project's critical path, time reserves, methods of compression and leveling of resources are given, a diagram of project control points is developed, and the total duration of the project is calculated and justified.
4.4. Cost management. This section involves choosing a method for valuing resources, conducting a cost analysis, developing an estimate and budget for the project, and its justification.
4.5. Management of risks. Risk management technology includes identification of risks (output document - a register of project risks), identification and assessment of types of damage, qualitative risk analysis (output document - a list of ranked risks with an assessment of the magnitude of risks), ABC analysis, construction of a risk distribution matrix, quantitative risk analysis ( construction of a “decision tree”, PERT analysis, sensitivity analysis), selection of strategies and methods for responding to risks, their justification; risk response plan with a set of measures to minimize the risks of their cost. The final document is a risk management plan.
5. Project monitoring. This section describes the technology of the assessment procedure (subjects, criteria, methods) of the preliminary examination of the project, the median assessment and the final assessment of the project’s effectiveness. Given economic assessment the effectiveness of the project, describes the economic and social consequences (significance) of the project.
The text of the project, especially its first chapter, should contain many links to sources of information. Only used in work in-text links. When making a reference in the text, the indicated source number from the list is enclosed in square brackets, indicating the page number of the publication if necessary. Examples: , , , . For more information about the rules for issuing links, see: “Regulations on the registration of all types of educational and certification works of the EASI. Ekaterinburg, 2016" (paragraph 9).
IN Conclusion (volume 1-3 pages) opens summary project in accordance with the objectives formulated in the introduction, including determining the type of project developed (according to all bases for classifying projects), presenting its summary (including place and time, number of participants, etc.), its products and results, emphasizing practical significance of the project,
Bibliography drawn up in accordance with GOST 7.0.5-2008 “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description" (For examples of bibliographic descriptions of sources, see: Appendix 5). All literary and electronic sources must be arranged in alphabetical order and numbered sequentially. The bibliography may contain literature on project management, as well as sources reflecting the characteristics of the design object. Total at least 20 sources, studied by the author, quoted or mentioned in the text of the work.
The total volume of the course project, excluding the list of references and applications, should be 35 pages
Applications are placed after the list of references. Each application must start on a new page, have a serial number and a title. Applications must have continuous page numbering in common with other sections of the course project. All documents presented in the appendices must be referenced in the main part of the work; for this purpose the following is written in the text: “….see: Appendix 1.”
The applications contain a Gantt chart, network diagram and other voluminous (more than 1.5 pages) tables and figures. Applications may contain information about the organizational basis of the project, internal regulations, reporting, as well as various kinds of documents - expert reviews, photos, screenshots, scans of thanks, etc.
In general, the text of the work is presented in the third person in scientific language, using impersonal constructions or third-person phrases, for example: “the author of the work believes that...”, “this conclusion was made on the basis of...”, etc.
The text must use scientific terms, designations and definitions, established by the requirements standards of professional activity, and in their absence - generally accepted in the scientific literature.