The engineering industry remains one of the most important in the Russian economy. Development of mechanical engineering in Russia will have a positive impact on other industrial segments, but this will require the introduction of a number of new scientific and technological developments. In August 2017, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedem signed a strategy for the development of mechanical engineering until 2030; this document reflects the main prospects of this segment.

Development of mechanical engineering in Russia: areas of work

The increased attention is due to a new look at the economy: the country must get rid of its dependence on raw materials and develop its own production. Since 1991, the advanced engineering complex has been virtually destroyed, and many formerly leading manufacturers have closed. In 2013, the Government approved a new strategy for the development of mechanical engineering in order to strengthen the military-defense complex. The program, designed for 3 years, involved large investments in the defense segment, as well as in related areas.

The focus is on three sectors:

Transport. It is intended to recreate the construction of modern vehicles that will be able to compete in the export market.
Machine tool manufacturing. Today, new factories for the production of machine tools are opening in Perm and Ryazan, in Azov, in Sverdlovsk region. In just one year, the cost of manufactured products in annual volume increased by three billion rubles.
Agricultural. About 3 trillion rubles have been allocated from the budget to restore the production of agricultural machinery necessary for the growing agro-industrial complex.

These are just some of the areas in which big changes are expected. The government is looking for an opportunity to modernize production so that the products can compete with foreign analogues.

Prospects for the development of mechanical engineering

Cash investments are only one of the conditions for the successful development of mechanical engineering. It is necessary to intelligently introduce modern IT technologies, which should increase the efficiency of the production complex and create conditions for increasing labor productivity. So far, the introduction of digital technologies in enterprises is just beginning, and it does not always give the expected results.

Nowadays, enterprises invest large sums in purchasing modern equipment, however, it must be used as efficiently as possible. For this purpose, IT systems are installed and implemented, aimed at interconnection between departments.

An example of an effective solution to the problem is the modernization of the KAMAZ enterprise, which remains one of the largest in Russia. The modernization strategy is designed until 2020 and involves the introduction of 900 robotic systems into practice. As a result, most of the production cycle will become automated.

Development problems

The mechanical engineering industry is not developing at the pace required to quickly increase production and increase the competitiveness of products. The development of mechanical engineering is hampered due to a number of systemic problems associated with the following factors:

Science intensity. Enterprises are experiencing an acute shortage of personnel: the shortage of qualified engineers is associated with an education crisis.
Labor intensity. The development of mechanical engineering requires an influx of qualified labor, and this requires a reconsideration of the attitude to the organization of labor.
Metal consumption. The development of mechanical engineering requires a large amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and metallurgical complex also suffered greatly during the liberal reforms of past years.

These are just some of the difficulties that the country's leadership will have to overcome in the coming years. The revival of giant enterprises in a changed economy is becoming unpromising; they are being replaced by smaller enterprises, but they must have a more flexible structure and easily adapt to changing circumstances.

What does the industry expect in the coming years?

The development of mechanical engineering should become a priority direction of state policy. It will require considerable financial investments in modernization, as well as support at the state level to ensure Russian products have a path to the market. So far, Russia is just beginning to move in this direction, and the successes achieved are only the first step towards the goal.

The industry will develop if the strategy of abandoning raw material income is fully and consistently implemented. It is still difficult to predict what the market situation will be in the next 5 years.

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Content
1. COMPOSITION, IMPORTANCE IN THE ECONOMY, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL INDUSTRIES
2. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOCATION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
4. PROBLEMS AND PROMISING DIRECTIONS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST

1. COMPOSITION, IMPORTANCE IN THE ECONOMY, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL INDUSTRIES

The machine-building complex is the leading among inter-industry complexes and reflects the level scientific and technological progress and the country's defense capability, determines the development of other sectors of the economy. This is due to several reasons:

The machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, accounting for almost 25% of the value of manufactured products and almost 35% of all workers in the Russian economy, as well as about 25% of the value of fixed industrial production assets. In our country this complex is underdeveloped. In economically high developed countries the products of the engineering industry account for 35-40% of the cost of industrial production and 25-35% of those employed in industry; in developing countries it is much less.

Compared to industry as a whole, mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprise sizes ( the average size enterprises in the industry have a workforce of about 1,700 people, compared to less than 850 in the industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products. Complex mechanical engineering products require a diverse and highly qualified workforce.

Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of its share in gross output and industrial production personnel, and second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial production assets, as well as in the structure of exports.

Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, everyday life, and transport. Therefore, scientifically technical progress in all sectors of the national economy is materialized through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and production of electronic computer equipment. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out.

Therefore, its industries are developing at an accelerated pace, and their number is constantly growing. Based on their role and importance in the national economy, they can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:

1. The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution throughout the national economy are instrument engineering, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.

2. The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering are the machine tool industry and the tool industry.

3. Industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy are road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive industry, etc.

Over the past decades, a number of new industries have emerged related to the production of automation equipment, electronics and telemechanics, equipment for nuclear energy, jet aircraft, and household cars. The nature of products in the old branches of mechanical engineering has changed radically.

The main economic purpose of mechanical engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the manufacturing industry. It is this industry that reflects the level of scientific and technological progress of the country and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. Modern mechanical engineering consists of a large number of industries and industries. Enterprises in the industry are closely connected with each other, as well as with enterprises in other sectors of the economy. Mechanical engineering, as a large consumer of metal, has extensive connections, primarily with ferrous metallurgy. The territorial proximity of these industries makes it possible for metallurgical plants to use waste from mechanical engineering and specialize in accordance with its needs. Mechanical engineering is also closely related to non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical industry and many other industries. Mechanical engineering products are consumed by all sectors of the national economy, without exception.

Currently, the structure of mechanical engineering includes 19 independent industries, which include over 100 specialized sub-sectors and industries. Complex independent industries include: heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine tool and tool industry; instrument making; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc.

Heavy engineering. Factories in this industry are characterized by high consumption of metal and provide machinery and equipment to enterprises of the metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining chemical complexes. Enterprises in the industry produce both parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) and individual types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators).

The production of metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of product value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large steel and rolled products production. The sub-industry produces equipment for sintering factories, blast furnaces and electric melting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.

Profile of mining engineering plants - machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and beneficiation of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and industry building materials, transport construction. Mining engineering enterprises produce mining and shearers, rotary and walking excavators.

Material handling equipment products have a large economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy, moreover, more than half do manual labor. The sub-industry produces electric overhead cranes, stationary and belt conveyors, and equipment for complex mechanization of warehouses.

Diesel locomotive building, carriage building and track engineering provide railway transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc.

This sub-industry also produces track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow clearing, etc.).

Turbine manufacturing, supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the energy sector. Sub-industry factories produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and recycling equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Nuclear engineering specializes in the production of pressure vessel reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants.

The printing engineering industry has the smallest volume of commercial products in the industry and produces printing presses, conveyors for printing houses, etc.

Electrical industry. The industry produces more than 100 thousand types of products, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds all sub-sectors of heavy engineering in total. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes. The main range of production consists of: generators for steam, gas and hydraulic turbines, electric machines, electric motors; transformers and converters, lighting, electric welding and electrothermal equipment.

The machine tool industry includes the production of metal-cutting machines, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. About half of the production volume comes from metal-cutting machines.

Instrumentation. The products of this industry are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires highly qualified labor and research personnel. Factories in the industry specialize in the installation and commissioning of automation equipment, software development, design and production of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, and office equipment. These high-tech products are the main element of automation systems for process control, as well as management and engineering work, information systems.

Mechanical engineering for light and food industries. This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitting, clothing, footwear, leather, fur industries, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main factor of placement is proximity to the consumer.

Aviation industry. In the aviation industry, enterprises from almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and operating personnel. The industry produces modern passenger and cargo aircraft and helicopters of various modifications.

The rocket and space industry produces orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and manned ships and reusable ships of the Buran type, combining high tech with a wide intersectoral complexity of production.

Automotive industry. In terms of production volume, as well as in terms of the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of mechanical engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular goods in the world. retail trade.

Agricultural and tractor engineering. In agricultural engineering, subject and detail specialization is carried out; significantly fewer plants are specialized at certain stages technological process or major renovation equipment. The industry produces various types of combines: grain harvesters, flax harvesters, potato harvesters, corn harvesters, cotton harvesters, etc. As well as various modifications of tractors: wheeled row-crop, wheeled arable, tracked row-crop, etc.

Shipbuilding industry. Most enterprises in the industry, despite consuming a significant amount of metal of large parameters, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the presence of cooperative ties with enterprises in other sectors of the national economy.

The distribution of industries in countries around the world has developed under the influence of a large number of reasons, the main one of which is the labor factor. The focus on labor determines the main shifts in the location of the industry: it has moved to areas with “cheap” labor. After the war, mechanical engineering developed especially rapidly in Japan, Italy, and subsequently in South Korea, in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and also in some “new industrialization” countries.

The second most important factor influencing the location of mechanical engineering is scientific and technological progress. NTP determines structural changes in mechanical engineering. General economic trends caused by scientific and technological revolution, predetermined the increase in the share of labor in the cost of production. Thus, the position of countries with cheap labor became preferable compared to countries with resources.

Thirdly, there is a systematic complication of mechanical engineering production, which predetermined the division of countries into producers of mass products and producers of highly qualified, knowledge-intensive products, as well as the emergence of a tendency to “transfer” mass production, but not requiring the expenditure of skilled labor, to “new” countries and the preservation of highly qualified production in old countries that are “monopolists” of scientific and technological progress.

All of the above processes are superimposed on the tendency of increased specialization and cooperation in the mechanical engineering of individual countries and the whole world. This trend is driven primarily by the benefits of increased production scale. In this regard, it can be argued that the practice of TNCs, creating a production and cooperation network designed for the markets of entire continents, has certain technical and economic grounds.

Determine the level of development of mechanical engineering in different countries very difficult. However, based on the sum of characteristics, the following groups of countries can be distinguished:

1. Countries with a full range of engineering production. Examples: USA, Germany, Japan. Russia also belongs to this group.

2. Countries with insignificant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - England.

3. Countries with significant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - Italy.

4. Countries are forced to import part of their engineering products from abroad.

5. Countries with uneven development of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering: machine exports cover less than half of imports. (Canada, Brazil).

This typology can be used to regionalize the global economic system and determining the role of individual regions in the location of global mechanical engineering.

The North America region (USA, Canada, Mexico) accounts for 1/3 of global engineering production.

This region acts on world markets primarily as an exporter of highly complex products, heavy engineering products and knowledge-intensive industries.

The Western Europe region accounts for 25 to 30% of global mechanical engineering production.

The third region is “East and Southeast Asia” (about 20% of mechanical engineering products), the leader of which is Japan.

The fourth region of world mechanical engineering is being formed in Brazil.

IN last years countries with cheap labor found themselves in a more favorable position than countries with raw materials.

The second most important factor was scientific and technological progress. Mechanical engineering production is becoming more complex, therefore, countries producing mass products and producers of complex high-tech products are being singled out, specialization and cross-country cooperation are developing.

A feature of mechanical engineering in developed countries compared to developing countries is the most complete structure of mechanical engineering production and an increase in the share of electrical engineering; high quality and competitiveness of products; hence the high exportability and large share of engineering products in total cost exports (Japan - 64%, USA, Germany - 48%, Canada - 42%, Sweden - 44%).

General engineering is far from homogeneous in developed and developing countries. In the first group of countries, machine tool manufacturing, heavy engineering, and equipment production predominate; in the other, agricultural engineering. The leaders in the machine tool industry are Germany, the USA, Italy, Japan, and Sweden. The entire group of developing countries accounts for only 6% of machine tool production.

The electronics industry has rapidly advanced in the electrical industry. There are two sub-sectors of the electronics industry: military-industrial and consumer electronics.

The first is the lot of economically developed countries, the second (requiring a large number of cheap labor) has become common for developing countries. Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Mauritius export household appliances even to developed countries.

In the mechanical engineering industry itself, the process of internationalization of production has been developing in recent years. This process is carried out mainly between industrialized countries, where about 9/10 of the mechanical engineering capacity and more than 9/10 of the R&D volume are concentrated. In mechanical engineering, flexible automated production and computer-aided design systems are being introduced. Japan and the USA play a leading role in the production of equipment for these systems.

The structure of transport engineering has also changed. Shipbuilding and the automobile industry developed intensively. Moreover, the relocation of shipbuilding and rolling stock production to developing countries.

Locomotives are produced in India, Brazil, Argentina, and Türkiye. Among the production of wagons, Mexico, Egypt, Iran, and Thailand stand out.

Noticeable changes have also occurred in the automotive industry. Japan took first place, overtaking the USA, then France, Italy, Spain, and Great Britain. Truck production is concentrated in the USA, Japan, CIS countries, Russia and Canada. Auto assembly, in addition to Brazil and the Republic of Korea, has spread throughout the world in recent years. The automobile industry in China is growing significantly, stimulated by the development of automobile assembly in “free economic zones.”

Basically, the role of individual regions of the world in the location of mechanical engineering is as follows: the countries of North America account for more than 30% of global mechanical engineering production, the countries of Western Europe account for 25-30%, and the countries of East and Southeast Asia account for 20%.

By the most important indicator, reflecting the scale of development of the industry, the cost of mechanical engineering products among developed countries is led by the USA, Japan and Germany. Other countries are significantly inferior to them in terms of the scale of mechanical engineering. The share of developed countries in the world's mechanical engineering is about 90%.

In the CIS countries, the machine-building complex accounts for 30% of the cost of industrial products. These countries occupy an intermediate position between economically developed and developing countries of the world.

In general, the bulk of mechanical engineering output is still concentrated in developed countries. The shift of mechanical engineering to countries with cheap labor was due to the energy crisis. Despite this, the share of developing countries (especially countries of “new industrialization”) in the production of engineering products continues to remain insignificant, and there is no need to talk about fundamental changes in global engineering.

2. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOCATION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

machine-building complex industry

Placement factors are considered to be a set of various spatially unequal conditions and resources, the use of which achieves the best results in terms of the selected criteria and the stated purpose of the located production facilities.

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important thing is the presence of public demand for products, qualified labor resources, in-house production or the ability to supply construction materials and electricity. But in general, mechanical engineering belongs to the industries of the so-called “free placement”; it is less influenced than any other industry by factors such as the natural environment, the availability of mineral resources, water, etc. At the same time, the location of mechanical engineering enterprises is strongly influenced by a number of economic factors, especially the concentration of production, its specialization, cooperation, and labor intensity. individual species products, convenience of transport and economic relations arising in the process of cooperation between machine-building enterprises. The specialization of mechanical engineering has reached a very high development. Subject specialization, technological specialization, and part specialization are widespread in the industry. Specialization in mechanical engineering is determined by the profile of mechanical engineering enterprises and the nature of the products produced - mass, large-scale, small-scale, individual. The release of mass products reduces the possibility of creating the entire technological process at enterprises and contributes to the development of technological specialization.

The development of all types of specialization in mechanical engineering has led to exceptionally wide cooperation, both between its enterprises and with factories in other industries supplying structural materials, plastic products, glass, etc. At the same time, they specialize in the production of not only mass products (for example, cars, radios and other household appliances), but also small-scale and even individual ones (production of the largest turbine of 1200 thousand kW in St. Petersburg). The location of mechanical engineering is determined to a large extent by the labor intensity of the products, the level of qualifications of the labor used, as well as the peculiarities of specialization and cooperative relations of enterprises. The level of metal intensity in itself is not a determining factor in the location of mechanical engineering. Many types of mechanical engineering products, characterized by high metal consumption, are also labor-intensive. Mass and large-scale production finished products reduces the cost of its production so much that it justifies long-distance transportation that occurs in the course of cooperative relations or deliveries of products to consumers. The deep specialization of factories forces them to resort to seemingly unprofitable transportation. The existence of this type of transportation is inevitable in the conditions modern organization mechanical engineering production. The production of small-scale or individual products is episodic and cannot determine the location of enterprises for its production depending on metallurgical bases and consumers. The creation of complexes of interconnected mechanical engineering production in certain regions of the country is difficult due to the very fragmented specialization of the industry and its enterprises. The Volzhsky Automobile Plant, for example, has more than 300 subcontractors who supply it with over 1,000 components and 500 types of materials. They account for more than 55% of the cost of car production.

The creation of all related enterprises in the area where the main consumer enterprise is located, with a small variety of supplied products and materials, turns out to be impossible. The production of final types of mechanical engineering products that go to other branches of mechanical engineering itself or the national economy is intended to satisfy the entire national economy, everyday life and exports. Consumers of these types of products are located in all regions of the country and abroad. Therefore, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the location of mechanical engineering enterprises cannot be guided by the factor of consumption of its products. Only certain types of products intended for use in specific natural conditions or for certain mining and geological conditions, are produced in the areas of their consumption (most often agricultural machines, machines and mechanisms for the forestry industry, mining equipment). The noted features of the location of mechanical engineering determine the large role and importance of the transport factor in the implementation of cooperative supplies and provision of finished products to consumers. The rhythm of the work of conveyors and production lines of machine-building plants depends on the smooth work of both related enterprises and transport. A developed transport network and the ability to use different types of transport between cooperating enterprises increases the reliability of intra- and inter-district connections. As a result of the sharp reduction in the cost of transporting products by all types of transport, the proximity of product suppliers now plays a much smaller role than in the past.

In the conditions of developed specialization of machine-building plants in the production of certain types of products, the unification of the production of certain types of machines, equipment, parts and tools produced at different but related enterprises in the industry is becoming increasingly important. This process also has a strong impact on the location of mechanical engineering. Unified products make it possible to provide a wider range of consumers to each enterprise, thereby strengthening and developing intra-district ties, facilitating zoning of sales of products of related enterprises.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRY

IN territorial organization The industries are distinguished by the following main machine-building regions:

a) Central region

b) Volga region

c) Ural region

The economy of the Central region received an industrial orientation earlier than other territories. Only from the end of the 19th century. here began the accelerated development of mechanical engineering, the production of steam locomotives, boilers at Kolomenskoye and Sormovskoye ( Nizhny Novgorod) factories. Industry developed particularly rapidly during the pre-war five-year plans. It was then that most of the currently operating large machine-building plants were created here: aviation (Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod), automobile, bearing, watch, machine-tool, heavy engineering, etc.

A feature of the Center's industry remained its focus on the production of products that do not require a large mass of raw materials and fuel (not raw materials, fuel, energy, metal-intensive types of products), but that place high demands on the quality of work and qualifications of workers (labor-, knowledge-intensive).

Briefly consider regional aspect location of mechanical engineering industries, then the leading position among the mechanical engineering regions not only of Russia, but also of the CIS will be occupied by the Central Economic Region. Until recently, it accounted for more than 1/2 of the production of passenger cars, a significant part of the automotive industry, and 90% of mechanical engineering products for light industry. Almost 80% of products were exported to other regions and abroad. The development of high-tech production here is largely due to the presence of qualified personnel, research and design organizations.

The Northwestern economic region is part of the Central region of Russia. The main share of mechanical engineering production falls on St. Petersburg, where energy, radio engineering, optical-mechanical engineering, marine shipbuilding, carriage building, and machine tool manufacturing are concentrated. Kaliningrad is an important center of maritime shipbuilding.

The Volga region is the country's largest automobile manufacturer. There are all the necessary prerequisites for the development of this industry: the region is located in a zone of concentration of the main consumers of products, is well provided with a transport network, the level of development of the industrial complex allows for the organization of broad cooperation ties.

The Volzhsky Automobile Plant was built in Togliatti in 3.5 years (1967-1971) and in terms of its technical equipment of workshops, level of automation and mechanization is a leader in the country's automotive industry. VAZ has extensive connections with Volga region enterprises (Nizhnekamsk plant, Volzhsky RGI plant, Dimitrovgrad plants in the Ulyanovsk region), as well as with enterprises specially built for VAZ in other regions of the country, for example with the Vologda Bearing Plant.

KamAZ is Russia's largest enterprise for the production of heavy-duty trucks. It consists of seven factories: automobile, engine, press frame, forging, foundry, wheel, repair and tool factories. KamAZ has more than 100 related enterprises that supply the necessary components. The Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant was founded in 1941 on the basis of the evacuated ZIL. A series of all-terrain UAZ vehicles designed for small-portion cargo transportation have been created here.

The traditional industry of the Volga region is river shipbuilding, the largest center is Astrakhan.

The largest machine-building centers: Samara (machine tool building, bearing production, aircraft manufacturing, automotive and tractor electrical equipment, mill-elevator equipment, etc.); Saratov (machine tool building, production of petrochemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, aircraft manufacturing, electrical products, etc.); Volgograd (tractor building, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.); Ulyanovsk (machine tool manufacturing, aircraft manufacturing, automotive manufacturing, engines, sprinkler systems, etc.); Togliatti (VAZ Enterprise complex - leading in the country's automotive industry, production of equipment for the cement industry); Nizhnekamsk (complex of enterprises of the Kama Automobile Plant for the production of trucks and diesel engines).

Important centers of mechanical engineering are also Kazan and Penza (precision engineering), Syzran (equipment for the energy, petrochemical industries, agricultural engineering, etc.), Engels (90% of trolleybus production in the Russian Federation). The greatest prospects for development in the Volga economic region lie in the automobile and tractor industries.

The Urals were the first “real” mountainous region that Muscovite Rus' reached in its expansion. While the method of smelting pig iron on coal remained unknown, the Urals with its high-grade ores, rich forests and free labor force played a very important role in world metallurgy. In the Urals, giant plants were built in Magnitogorsk (it is the largest in the world, producing up to 16 million tons of steel per year), in Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk and Novotroitsk. Most of the hundreds of small Ural metallurgical plants have switched to metalworking and mechanical engineering, but about two dozen of them continue to produce high-quality steels.

Ural specializes in the heavy engineering industry. Factories in this industry are characterized by high consumption of metal and provide machinery and equipment to enterprises of the metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining chemical complexes. It is characterized by both enterprises producing parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) or enterprises specialized in the production of certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators), as well as universal ones, producing in serial or individual execution of different types of equipment (“Uralmash”).

So, to summarize: the third major region of concentration of mechanical engineering production is the Urals. In terms of production volume, the region is inferior to the Central and Volga regions.

In 2009, the structure of output of the listed groups was as follows: (in percent) investment mechanical engineering - 18; high-tech mechanical engineering - 14.6; tractor and agricultural - 2.7; mechanical engineering for light and food industries - 2.6; automotive industry - 30.6; other sub-sectors of mechanical engineering - 31.5.

There are, however, other classifications of mechanical engineering branches. So, for example, according to the technical and economic features of production, which determine the main differences in the requirements for the conditions for locating enterprises, metal-intensive, labor-intensive and knowledge-intensive mechanical engineering are distinguished: according to the technologies used - low-cost and costly (medium- and high-tech).

In the structure of industrial production as a whole, mechanical engineering occupies a leading position, as evidenced by the data in Table 1.

Table 1 - Structure of production by main industries


All industry
electric power industry
fuel industry

Oil producing
Oil refining

Coal
Ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Chemical and petrochemical industry.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking
Forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries
Construction materials industry
Light industry
Food industry

Thus, a fifth of the industrial output produced in the country comes from mechanical engineering.

Rice. 1. Share of GDP and automotive products in the worldproduction

The automotive industry is the leading branch of mechanical engineering in industrialized countries. It stimulates the development of many industries, employment of the population in the production and maintenance of automotive equipment, increases trade turnover, strengthens the monetary system, and determines the need for products throughout industry. In countries with the most developed automotive industry, the industry's share in the total volume of mechanical engineering products is 38-40% in Western Europe, 40% in the USA, and 50% in Japan. As a result, the share of the automobile industry in the gross domestic product of the USA and France is 5%, in Japan and Germany 9-10%. Countries leading in terms of GDP are also leaders in the global automotive industry.

In the exports of industrialized countries, the share of finished passenger cars by value is 7-8% of the total volume and 13-15% of exports of machinery and equipment. The automobile industry was one of the levers for the rise of everything material production in post-war Japan and Germany. It plays a progressive role in the nationwide rise in manufacturing and services in Spain, South Korea, Mexico and Brazil, Poland and the Czech Republic. Many countries including the USA, leading countries of Western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand have almost reached their limit in terms of saturation with passenger cars (USA 740 cars per 1000 inhabitants). In Russia, achieving a level of motorization of 150 cars per 1000 inhabitants in 5 years can be considered the most important socio-economic task.

Currently, the Russian automotive industry employs up to 1 million people, and the share of the automotive industry in the mechanical engineering industry of the Russian Federation is 33%, which is a fairly high indicator of the economic situation of the industry. Due to excise taxes, VAT, contributions to pension and other funds, automobile factories are one of the main sources of income for budget system states. After vodka and tobacco, a car is one of the most profitable types of goods for the budget. On average, from one ton of mass of a produced car, the income to the budget is equivalent to approximately 2.0-3.0 thousand US dollars.

The automotive industry, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of cars, also the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.

The largest factories created numerous branches. Thus, in addition to four factories in Moscow, JSC ZIL has branches specialized in the production of units, components, parts, blanks and spare parts in Smolensk, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Petrovsk, Penza, Ryazan, and Yekaterinburg.

Car engines are made not only by the parent enterprises themselves, but also by a number of specialized factories. Most of these factories were located outside automobile manufacturing centers. They supply their products through cooperation to several car factories at once. The automotive industry produces bearings for all sectors of the national economy. It consists of more than a dozen factories located in most economic regions of the country. Each of the factories specializes in the production of certain standard sizes of bearings and supplies them to various enterprises in the country.

Automotive manufacturing enterprises are located in various parts of the country, but the vast majority of production is concentrated in old industrial areas of the European part with a high concentration of road transport. The main areas where the automotive industry is located are: central, Volgo-Vyatsky, Povolzhsky. The role of the Moscow region is especially great, where ZIL, the Likinsky Bus Plant, and factories for the production of bearings and components are located.

Passenger cars of the highest and middle class are produced in the Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Ural (Izhevsk) regions; small cars - in the Volga region (Tolyatti), mini cars - in Serpukhov.

Medium-tonnage trucks are produced by factories in the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.

Small-tonnage and heavy-duty vehicles are produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)

A network of bus factories has been created in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volga-Vyatka (Pavlovo), Ural (Kurgan), North Caucasus (Krasnodar) regions.

There is a trolleybus plant in Engels.

Specialized enterprises for the production of motors are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, and Zavolzhye.

Railway engineering is one of the oldest branches of mechanical engineering, relatively highly developed in pre-revolutionary Russia and reconstructed in the 60s. The technical process in transport in the post-war years led to a change in types of traction: the replacement of low-efficiency steam locomotives with more efficient and powerful electric and diesel locomotives, an increase in the carrying capacity of cars, and the creation of new types of cars for the transportation of specialized, liquid, bulk cargo. Modern diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger and special freight cars are not only material-intensive products that use a variety of structural materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, wood, glass, but are also equipped with sophisticated equipment - powerful diesel engines, electric motors, refrigeration units, heating units for special tanks, pneumatic installations for unloading bulk materials.

The concentration of locomotive production in the Central region (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga) has increased sharply; in the city of St. Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for broad and narrow gauge are supplied primarily by enterprises in the Central region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are produced in Nizhny Tagil, Altaisk, and Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Ural); for the metro - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.

Kirov region, one of the largest regions in the Non-Chernozem zone Russian Federation, located in the northeast of the European part of Russia and is part of the Volga region federal district. The total area of the territory within modern borders is 120.8 thousand square kilometers (0.7% of the area of the Russian Federation). The population of the region is 1461.3 thousand people.

The region's mechanical engineering industry is represented by enterprises in the aviation, electrical, machine tool and tool industries.

JSC Electrical Machine-Building Plant named after JSC is actively developing new types of modern products. Lepse", producing, along with the main products (more than 600 types of aviation electrical units), kitchen and household appliances (Gamma-7-01 food processors, Vodoley electric pumps), automotive components; power tools, electric motors, electrode steam boilers; medical equipment, electrochemical metal processing complexes.

Among the large industrial enterprises of the region is OJSC Kirov Machine-Building Plant named after. 1 May", the largest enterprise in Russia producing special equipment for construction and operation railways. The Kirovo-Chepetsk Chemical Plant is one of the largest manufacturers of fluoropolymer products in Russia.

In total, there are 446 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises located in the Kirov region. The machine-building complex of the region includes 74 large and medium-sized enterprises (for 2007 - more than 32.3% of the gross regional industrial product of the Kirov region), employing more than 30% of the industrial production personnel of the region's industry and concentrated about 17% of the value of the main industrial - production assets of the region (Table 1).

Machine-building enterprises in the region produce such products as electric motors, low-voltage equipment, electric and gas kitchen stoves, wires and cables for various purposes, switching products, metal-cutting and woodworking machines, elevators, winches, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, various electrical household appliances. equipment, etc.

For a number of important products (bare wire for overhead power lines, a large number of products for completing aircraft equipment, some products of the defense industry, the MPD-2 self-propelled motor platform, etc.), the Kirov region is the only manufacturer in Russia.

In the industry structure of production of the machine-building complex of the region, mechanical engineering occupies a leading position (86.3% of the volume of output of industrial products and services in the machine-building complex of the Kirov region).

There are several large sub-sectors in the region's mechanical engineering: power engineering, hoisting and transport engineering, electrical industry, chemical and petroleum engineering, machine tool and tool industry, inter-industry industry, instrument making, automotive industry, tractor and agricultural engineering, road construction and municipal engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries and household appliances (shares of industries - Fig. 2).

Table 2 - Main indicators of the mechanical engineering complex of the Kirov region in 2009

Indicator name	Meaning
Number of large and medium enterprises
Number of employees by primary activity (PPA) for large and medium-sized enterprises, thousand people.
Volume of products (works, services) produced by a full range of enterprises at current wholesale prices, billion rubles.
Industrial production index, %
Profit of profitable enterprises (for large and medium-sized enterprises), million rubles.
Loss of enterprises (for large and medium-sized enterprises), million rubles.
Number of unprofitable enterprises in the total number of large and medium-sized enterprises, %
Average annual total accounting value of fixed assets (by main type of activity), million rubles.
Volume of investments in fixed capital, million rubles.
Export (machinery, equipment and vehicles), million dollars.
including to the CIS countries, million dollars.
Imports (machinery, equipment and vehicles), million dollars.
including from the CIS countries, million dollars.

Table 3 - Indices of physical volume of production of engineering products by large and medium-sized enterprises in the region

	in % compared to last year
Name of industry, sub-industry
Mechanical engineering and metalworking, total
1. Mechanical engineering
including:
Diesel engineering
Lifting and transport mechanical engineering
Railway engineering
Electrical industry
Chemical and petroleum engineering
Machine tool and tool industry
Tractor and agricultural engineering
Mechanical engineering for light and food industries and household appliances
Production of sanitary and gas equipment and products
2. Industry of metal structures and products
3. Repair of machinery and equipment

In recent years, significant changes have occurred in the machine-building complex, as evidenced by the dynamics of production volumes by industry and sub-industry (Table 2).

Rice. 2 Structure of mechanical engineering in the region

It should be noted, however, that since mechanical engineering provides the production of an extremely wide range of different types of products intended for different groups of consumers, the development trends and dynamics of the industrial production index in various sub-sectors of mechanical engineering may differ significantly, since the situation in sub-sectors is significantly influenced by factors specific to for each sub-sector.

The decline in production in the electrical industry and material handling machinery at the end of the 1990s turned out to be quite deep, but in these sub-sectors there has been a rapid rise in the last three years, associated with a number of reasons: for the electrical industry - an increase in the investment activity of RAO "UES of Russia" , receipt of large export orders by Russian enterprises; for material handling machinery - industrial growth and an increase in transport volumes. Growth is also observed in railway engineering, the industry of metal structures and products, and repair of machinery and equipment.

In some industries, there is a constant decline in production volumes - chemical and petroleum engineering, tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries and household appliances.

In other sub-sectors, production volumes fluctuate in both positive and negative directions.

The most significant drop in production is observed in the machine tool and tool industries, tractor and agricultural engineering. Machine tool industry largely determines the technological level of mechanical engineering itself and many other industries, and therefore the protracted decline in this sub-industry, indicating extremely low volumes of investment in updating the machine tool fleet, also speaks of the accumulating technological lag of Russian mechanical engineering from the mechanical engineering of foreign industrialized countries .

Mechanical engineering and metalworking in the region as a whole have been constantly reducing production volumes in recent years, which indicates a negative trend in the development of the complex in the Kirov region.

The mechanical engineering industry of the Kirov region is especially strongly influenced by the situation with the military-industrial complex (hereinafter - MIC), since half of the region's large mechanical engineering enterprises are defense industry enterprises.

The significance of defense industry enterprises in the Kirov region and their current state are characterized by the following indicators. The average number of employees at defense industry enterprises is about 30 thousand people, or 78.1% of those working in mechanical engineering or 6.8% of those working in all sectors of the regional economy.

Based on the results of work in 2007, defense industry enterprises produced 54.3% of mechanical engineering products or 20.4% of industrial products in the region in terms of production volumes of all marketable products.

The decline in production in the defense industry in 1991-97. turned out to be especially profound, and largely determined the lag of the index of industrial production in mechanical engineering and metalworking from the corresponding index for the entire industry of Russia.

If we compare the defense industry with other sectors of mechanical engineering in terms of the range of products produced, it will turn out to be the most extensive. This is due both to the variety of defense industry products produced and to its complexity. Although high-tech science-intensive products are also produced by civil engineering, the development and production of most of these products is concentrated in the defense industry.

Considering the production of defense industry products, one more circumstance can be noted. Defense industry enterprises produce products not only for military purposes, but also for civilian purposes, and in large volumes. Conversion of existing production into civilian production is still a distraction cash defense enterprises. Also, the decline in production rates is affected by the need to constantly maintain the mobilization capacities of enterprises.

As a result, the indicators of the mechanical engineering industry of the Kirov region in 2009 are significantly lower than similar parameters for the Russian mechanical engineering industry as a whole (the average index of mechanical engineering production in Russia in 2009 is 111.7%).

The share of unprofitable enterprises in the total number of large and medium-sized enterprises in the machine-building complex of the region in 2009 was 37.7%. There is a positive trend in this indicator, since back in 2008 the share of such enterprises was 42.6%. The indicators of the Kirov region in terms of the number of unprofitable enterprises are comparable to the all-Russian ones.

The degree of depreciation of fixed assets of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the mechanical engineering and metalworking industries exceeds average for industry. Only chemical and petrochemical enterprises have a higher degree of wear. This conclusion is confirmed by data from a market survey of industrial enterprises conducted at the end of 2005 by the Center for Economic Research under the Government of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as CEC). They show that almost 60% of mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises in Russia (excluding the medical equipment industry) are equipped with equipment manufactured before 1980, and the average age of machinery and equipment exceeds 20 years.

The situation in the defense industry is somewhat better - there about 30% of machinery and equipment are more than 20 years old; but still, most of the machinery and equipment was purchased more than 10 years ago.

The high average age of machinery and equipment has a significant impact on the amount of depreciation of fixed assets, since mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by a higher share of machinery and equipment in the structure of industrial fixed assets than the industry average.

In recent years, the problem of the technological structure of production has worsened in the region, which is based on the replacement of outdated technologies and fixed assets with modern ones. Accordingly, the processes of degradation of production potential are increasing every year: the degree of depreciation of fixed assets of machine-building enterprises in the region is more than 50%, including about 72% for machinery and equipment (with an annual increase of 1.5-2%), and the share production corresponding to the fifth technological structure (which emerged in developed countries in the 90s) is less than 10%.

The process of steady aging and deterioration in the quality of engineering and production personnel is growing (the average age of engineers is 50-60 years), which is largely predetermined low level wages and the lack of the necessary set of social events, and at the same time the loss of prestige of mechanical engineering professions for young people. As a result, qualifications sharply decrease and the continuity of generations is lost.

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In industrialized countries, where crises and production declines recur periodically, changes in the current market environment least affect the production of the latest high-tech products, which creates certain impulses to overcome crisis situations. Mechanical engineering in Russia has recently been characterized by a diametrically opposite trend - an accelerated decline in the production of the most advanced equipment. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over previous years, although not of sufficient quality, but still of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.

The collapse of the unified machine-building complex of the USSR into separate republican blocs sharply aggravated the problems of machine-building in Russia, since at the same time foreign economic relations in the field of trade in machinery and equipment, which had been debugged for decades, had collapsed and thanks to which a certain balance had emerged in the saturation of sectors of the Russian national economy with modern technology.

The structure of the final products of the domestic mechanical engineering at the turn of the last decades was characterized by “heaviness” and a high degree of militarization. The share of military equipment remained prohibitively high with a sharp lag in production consumer goods and especially equipment for the non-production sector. In the first half of the 80s, the growth in production of investment engineering products completely stopped, and in the second half a decline began, which turned into a landslide in the early 90s.

The decrease in demand in consumer industries forced the mechanical engineering industry to adapt to the conditions of use of its products, increasing the production of universal equipment and introducing primitive technologies. This will lead to the cessation of the production of high-tech products, a further curtailment of mechanical engineering production and, ultimately, to the attenuation of the investment process and the liquidation basic industries economy (except for raw materials with export potential).

The sharp decline in production in the early 90s affected less the production of durable goods, the share of which was above average - mainly passenger cars and the production of household appliances, with the most rapid growth in prices and high profitability of production. Thus, the main feature of the changes taking place was the focus on the production of relatively prestigious products, while the conditions for the production of many others were deteriorating, which was largely due to the protective customs policy of the state, for example, in relation to the automotive industry. Therefore, the relative well-being of some enterprises in this industry is temporary and, in conditions of constantly rising production costs and growing competition from foreign manufacturers, a decline and periodic stoppages of production are inevitable.

The state of mechanical engineering was also aggravated by the high level of concentration and monopoly of production. Among 2/3 of enterprises, each produces over 75% of a certain type of product, that is, in fact, it is its monopoly producer.

A distinctive feature of the recession of 1991-1993 was the relative stability of the development of industries and sub-industries producing mobile equipment, while output fell in industries producing technological equipment. The reason is the higher liquidity of mobile equipment relative to equipment that requires installation, the production of which began to exceed effective demand as a result of the overaccumulation of the consumer's fleet of this equipment. This gave rise to serious financial and production problems, which led to the shutdown of a number of major enterprises.

The main reason for this situation is a sharp drop in investment activity and a decrease in demand for machinery and equipment. The volume decreased especially capital investments into the production of equipment for construction and agricultural engineering, and the demand for investment engineering products in 1993 decreased by 3-4 times compared to 1990.

The intensification of the machine-building complex should be considered in two aspects. Firstly, the intensification of mechanical engineering production within the complex, that is, the production of advanced equipment with minimal labor costs, and, secondly, the intensification in sectors of the national economy, taking place on the basis of the introduction the latest cars, equipment, instruments and devices produced by machine builders. These directions of intensification are closely interconnected and cannot be carried out in isolation from one another. Primary, of course, is the production of machinery and equipment in the mechanical engineering complex, and the efficiency of other sectors of the national economic complex as a whole depends on how mechanical engineering copes with the assigned tasks.

The pace of implementation of achievements of scientific and technological progress largely depends on the state of affairs within the machine-building complex, on how quickly machine builders can switch to the production of new generations of equipment and equip various sectors of the national economy with them.

The main directions of intensification within the machine-building complex. First of all, this is an update of the production apparatus of machine-building enterprises. In the processes of its renewal, it is extremely important to determine the tasks of the current day and prospects, put into action all the levers and incentives and make them work for the final result. The task of the current day is to activate the human factor and, on this basis, maximize possible use created potential. Indeed, the human and basic industrial production resources used in the machine-building complex, when used rationally, according to our estimates, allow us to obtain 1.5-1.7 times more products. In other words, by putting things in order in your own house, called the machine-building complex, now with virtually no additional costs, due to organizational factors you can obtain significant volumes of additional products needed by the national economy. No less important is the transfer of mechanical engineering to the next, higher level of production automation based on the use of robotic production. Expansion of needs various industries national economy and complexes of interconnected production in terms of nomenclature, quality, productivity and reliability of equipment and the constant replacement of existing technological processes with more advanced ones force machine builders to abandon traditional methods design and organization of production of machinery and equipment. World practice shows that the most effective here are the transition to automated design and manufacture of machines and devices using modern computer technology and merging the processes of design and manufacture of modern machines into a single chain. This approach speeds up the design and production of machines several times and makes the achievements of scientific and design ideas real today, and not in the distant future. The priority sectors at the first stage of reconstruction of the machine-building complex will be: machine tool building, instrument making, electronics and electrical engineering, in which it is extremely important to change the state of affairs. First of all, precisely because they serve as the basis for creating real prerequisites for re-equipping the production apparatus of mechanical engineering itself with new equipment and technologies. It is very important to redistribute the forces and resources of the second echelon of machine builders, who are busy maintaining equipment in working order. Huge material and labor reserves are also hidden here. Accelerated renewal of the production apparatus in mechanical engineering, and then rejuvenation of the equipment fleet in other sectors of the national economy will make it possible to reduce the number of repairmen and equipment on which spare parts are produced and parts are restored by 2-3 times compared to the current one, and this also promises a lot billion dollar savings.

Naturally, these problems cannot be solved with the current level of technical equipment in mechanical engineering. Therefore, the key problem of reorienting the latter to an intensive path of development is the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in the mechanical engineering complex, implying the large-scale introduction of new machines and equipment, effective technological processes, and the use of advanced structural materials. An important reserve for the accelerated implementation of scientific and technological progress in the engineering complex is improvement organizational structure the latter, which should be carried out simultaneously with the further deepening of specialization and the development of cooperation in the production of machinery and equipment.

Introduction
1 The importance of the industry in the national economic system
2 Current state industries in Russia
3 Industry development prospects
Conclusion
List of used literature
Applications

Introduction

Mechanical engineering is part of the industry called “Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking”. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and devices, various types of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment. Currently, mechanical engineering in Russia consists of a number of independent industries, which includes over 350 sub-sectors and industries

Mechanical engineering produces means of labor - machinery and equipment, instruments and computers, transmission devices, vehicles - for all sectors of the national economy. It produces consumer goods, mainly durable (cars, televisions, watches, etc.). By the mid-80s, in the total volume of mechanical engineering production, means of production accounted for 88.9%, consumer goods - only 11.1%, which indicated that the domestic mechanical engineering industry was not focused on the needs of the mass consumer

This test will reflect not only the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the factors for the location of its industries and sub-sectors. But the current state of the complex, prospects and options for exiting the difficult economic situation that has arisen today are also characterized.

Taking into account the specifics of this topic, the structure of the study allows us to consistently highlight in the first chapter theoretical issues (role and significance, specific location, industry structure) of the machine-building complex, in the second - the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex, in particular in the aviation industry, in the third The chapter will highlight the prospects for the development of the mechanical engineering and metalworking industry (using the example of the aviation complex)

1 The importance of the industry in the national economic system

The machine-building complex is a collection of industries that produce a variety of machines. He is the leader among inter-industry complexes. This is due to several reasons. Firstly, the machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, accounting for almost 20% of the products produced and everyone working in the Russian economy. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprise sizes than industry as a whole (the average enterprise size in the industry is about 1,700 workers, compared to less than 850 for industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products; the structural and technological complexity of mechanical engineering products requires a diverse and skilled workforce

Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of share in gross output (in 1990 - 30%) and industrial production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of share in industrial production assets, as well as in the structure of exports (18%)

Secondly, mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, everyday life, and transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy is materialized through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and production of electronic computer equipment. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out. Therefore, the main economic purpose of mechanical engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

The industry structure and features of the location of the mechanical engineering complex of the Russian Federation are as follows:

a) Mechanical engineering location factors

Science intensity It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without widespread implementation scientific developments. That is why the production of the most complex modern equipment (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Focus on scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the location of mechanical engineering enterprises

Metal intensity The mechanical engineering industries involved in the production of products such as metallurgical, energy, and mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of this type of product usually try to be located as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals

Labor intensity From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high qualifications of labor. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of mechanical engineering industries gravitate to areas of the country where the population concentration is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and technical personnel. The following sectors of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk)

The military-strategic aspect can be considered as a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are located far from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities (for example, FSUE Kumertau Aviation Enterprise)

Table 1. Grouping of mechanical engineering industries by location factors

Placement factor

Share of industries located taking into account this factor in the production of complex products, %

Gravity towards:

areas with a developed scientific base

areas where labor resources are concentrated

areas of product consumption

metallurgical bases

b) Features of the industry structure and geography of the complex

Over the years Soviet power in different areas former USSR The largest machine-building enterprises were created, producing almost all the necessary technological equipment for all sectors of the national economy. But domestic mechanical engineering is characterized by an extremely high degree of territorial concentration, especially in the European part of the country, and an insufficient level of specialization and intersectoral cooperation. In addition, many large machine-building plants and production associations were designed and formed as universal ones, according to the principle of “subsistence farming”, with a full range of procurement, auxiliary and repair industries. Therefore, in the coming years, the industrial, territorial and technological structure of mechanical engineering must undergo fundamental changes, the main directions of which should be improving product quality, deconcentration, increasing the level of specialization and cooperation of production, reducing irrational transport and other costs

Heavy engineering. Factories in this industry are characterized by high consumption of metal and provide machinery and equipment to enterprises of the metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining chemical complexes. It is characterized by both enterprises that produce parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) or enterprises specialized in the production of certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators), as well as universal ones that produce in series or individual execution of different types of equipment (“Uralmash”, St. Petersburg Metal Plant, etc.)

The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical engineering, mining, hoisting and transport engineering, diesel locomotive and track engineering, carriage building, diesel engineering, boiler building, turbine engineering, nuclear engineering, printing engineering. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European part, the rest in Western Siberia and in the Far East

Production metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of product value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large steel and rolled products production. Enterprises in the Urals produce equipment for sintering factories, blast furnaces and electric melting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.

Factory profile mining engineering– machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and beneficiation of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and the construction materials industry, transport construction. They are, as a rule, located in areas of consumption - in the Urals and Siberia, etc. Domestic mechanical engineering has priority in the development and widespread industrial development of mining and shearers, rotary and walking excavators. These products are manufactured in Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg (“Uralmash”), Shakhty, Kiselevsk and Perm

Products of lifting and transport engineering is of great economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy. people, moreover, more than half - by manual labor. Electric overhead cranes are produced in the Central region (Uzlovsky plant), in the Far East (Bureysk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and in many other cities. Stationary and belt conveyors - in the Volga-Vyatka, Central, Ural regions

Diesel locomotive building, carriage building and track engineering provides railway transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc. Mainline diesel locomotives are produced at one of the oldest machine-building plants - Kolomenskoye, shunting industrial diesel locomotives - mainly in the Central region (Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudiovo, Murom ) and in the Urals. Freight car manufacturing is concentrated in Western Siberia (Novoaltaisk) and Eastern Siberia (Abakan). Passenger cars are produced by the Tver, Demikhovsky and St. Petersburg plants. Track machines and mechanisms (laying machines, rail welding machines, snow clearing machines, etc. are still produced in insufficient quantities and assortment; their production is concentrated in the cities of the European part of Russia - in Kaluga, Tula, Vyatka, Saratov, Engels, Armavir, Tikhoretsk

Turbo construction, which supplies steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the energy sector, is represented primarily by the production associations “St. Petersburg Metal Plant”, “St. Petersburg Turbine Blade Plant”, Yekaterinburg Turbomotor Plant, “Dalenergomash” (Khabarovsk). Sub-industry factories produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and recycling equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The main factors of placement are the availability of qualified personnel and research and development organizations

Nuclear engineering form factories of the main production associations “Izhora Plant” (St. Petersburg) and “Atommash” (Volgodonsk). The factories specialize in the production of pressure vessel reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants

Printing mechanical engineering has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry. Production is concentrated exclusively in the European part of the country - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Rybinsk

Electrical industry. The industry produces more than 100 thousand types of products, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds all sub-sectors of heavy engineering in total. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes

The location of electrical industry enterprises is determined by various factors, where the availability of qualified personnel, specialized research organizations and large consumers play an important role. Currently, the main regions of electrical engineering are the Central, Northwestern and West Siberian regions. The oldest are such enterprises as the Moscow Electric Plant named after V.V. Kuibyshev, St. Petersburg “Electrosila”, Yekaterinburg “Uralelektroapparat” and Novosibirsk transformer plant

Machine tool industry includes the production of metal-cutting machines, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. Plants of the machine tool industry are located in the main machine-building regions. The average size of enterprises is relatively small. Large centers of the machine tool industry are Moscow (plant of lathes and robotic complexes “Red Proletary”), St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Saratov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, etc.

Instrumentation. The products of this industry are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires highly qualified labor and research personnel. Therefore, the bulk of the production potential is concentrated in large and major cities. For example, in Moscow and the Moscow region there are dozens of research, production and production associations specializing in the production, installation and commissioning of automation equipment, software development, design and production of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, office equipment

In the structure of mechanical engineering, the share of instrument making products is about 12%. These high-tech products are the main element of automation systems for process control, as well as management and engineering work, information systems, etc. In instrument making, more than 80% of products are produced by large enterprises (employees range from 1 to 10 thousand people). Among the largest enterprises are JSC “Second Moscow Watch Factory”, Penza Watch Factory

Mechanical engineering for light and food industries . This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitting, clothing, footwear, leather, fur industries, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main factor of location is proximity to the consumer, therefore the vast majority of factories, and more than 90% of the output of commercial products, are located in European zone(mainly Central, Volgo-Vyatsky, Northwestern and Volga regions)

Aviation industry . In the aviation industry, enterprises from almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and working personnel, which led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers. Modern passenger and cargo aircraft are produced in Moscow, Smolensk, Voronezh, Taganrog, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Omsk, Novosibirsk. Helicopters are produced in Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, Ulan-Ude, Kumertau

Rocket and space industry (Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.) produces orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and manned ships and reusable ships of the Buran type, combining high technology with a wide inter-industry complexity of production. Russia accounts for 85% of the capacity of the rocket and space complex of the former USSR

Automotive industry . In terms of production volume, as well as in terms of the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of mechanical engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular goods in retail trade. Over 80% of transported goods are carried by road transport

The overwhelming majority of production is concentrated in old industrial areas of the European part of Russia with a high concentration of traffic and the presence of large transport hubs. The industry has a high level of industrial concentration. More than 1/2 of marketable products, fixed production assets and personnel come from enterprises with more than 10 thousand employees, constituting only 11% of the total. This group includes AMO ZIL and JSC Moskvich (Moscow), JSC GAZ (Nizhny Novgorod), JSC VAZ (Tolyatti), JSC KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny). The main areas of location are Central (more than 1/5 of gross output), Volga, Volga-Vyatka and Ural regions

Agricultural and tractor engineering . The main capacities of agricultural and tractor engineering are located mainly in the North Caucasus, Volga, West Siberian, Ural, Central, Central Black Earth and Volga-Vyatka regions. This is consistent with placement and specialization Agriculture. In agricultural engineering, subject and detail specialization is carried out; significantly fewer factories are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul of equipment

The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, Krasnoyarsk and Taganrog plants, potato harvesters in Ryazan, flax harvesters in Bezhetsk. Various types of tractors are produced in Vladimir, Lipetsk, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk, Petrozavodsk, Barnaul, Bryansk and Cheboksary

Shipbuilding industry . Most enterprises in the industry, despite consuming a significant amount of metal of large parameters, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the presence of cooperative ties with related enterprises. The construction of ships begins on land and ends afloat, so many shipyards are located at the mouths of large rivers or in harbors protected from the sea

The largest maritime shipbuilding area has developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories (Northern Shipyard, Baltic, Admiralteysky, Kanonersky, Nevsky). There are shipbuilding and ship repair plants in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. In the Far East, ship repair centers are Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river highways: the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod), Ob, and Yenisei. The favorable geographical location of such plants makes the construction of ships at such enterprises very effective

If we consider the regional aspect of the location of mechanical engineering industries, then the leading position among the mechanical engineering regions not only of Russia, but also of the CIS will be occupied by the Central Economic Region. Until recently, it accounted for more than 1/2 of the production of passenger cars, a significant part of the automotive industry, and 90% of mechanical engineering products for light industry. Almost 80% of products were exported to other regions and abroad. The development of high-tech production here is largely due to the presence of highly qualified personnel, research and design organizations. Moscow plays a significant role in the structure of production. Here are located the former flagships of the domestic automotive industry JSC Moskvich and AMO ZIL and a huge number of “mailboxes” and conversion industries created on their basis. Moscow is also home to such large engineering giants as JSC Dynamo, Plant named after. Ilyich, several ball bearing factories. The branches of engineering specialization of the Central Economic Region are automotive, locomotive, carriage, river shipbuilding, tractor, agricultural, precision engineering

The second large region of concentration of mechanical engineering production is the Ural-Volga region. In terms of production volume, the region is second only to the Center. The enterprises of the Urals produce 24.6% of all machine tools, 24.4% of forging and pressing equipment and 17% of mining equipment. Large centers are the cities of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Tolyatti, Naberezhnye Chelny and Nizhny Novgorod. It is also necessary to emphasize that the most important defense industry enterprises are concentrated in the Volga-Vyatka economic region (Republic of Udmurtia). In particular, in the capital of the republic there is the Izhevsk Arms Plant, which produces the entire range of light and medium small arms

In the direction from west to east, there is a noticeable increase in costs for capital construction, labor, transportation of raw materials and finished products. If we take the costs of creating machine-building production in the central region as 100%, then costs in Siberia will increase by 7-12%, and in the Far East - by 12-15%. The corresponding increase in production costs will be 13-25%, depending on the specifics of production. Therefore, near sources of raw materials and energy, it is advisable to locate material and energy-intensive production of energy, lifting and transport, car-building and mining equipment. Similar enterprises are concentrated in Altai, Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions. The presence of highly qualified personnel in Novosibirsk and Omsk made it possible to create high-tech enterprises in electrical and radio engineering

2 Current state of the industry in Russia

This is one of the depressed sectors of Russian industry. The decline in production here began earlier, the slowdown in the rate of decline came later, and the decline in the industry was noticeably deeper than the industry average. Out of several dozen items, it was possible to detect only two types of industry products, the production of which in 1999 was higher than in 1994 - passenger cars and personal computers. For the vast majority of other types of products, production decreased by two or more times. For grain harvesters, for example, 25 times, for household tape recorders - 100

Throughout the period under review, production declined annually in approximately 80% of mechanical engineering and metalworking products. The exceptions were 1996 - the year in which a drop in production was observed for almost all types, and 1999, when production decreased “only” for 63% of types of products

It is almost impossible to identify any groups in mechanical engineering products for which production fell above or below average: the production of both means of production and consumer goods fell rapidly. Nevertheless, enterprises producing equipment for depressed industries found themselves in a relatively worse position: coal and light industries, equipment for rural areas, the needs of mechanical engineering itself (primarily manufacturers of metalworking equipment)

The situation is somewhat better with the production of products aimed either at satisfying social needs, the demand for which is the last to decline (thus, it was possible to avoid a landslide reduction in production in the power engineering industry, the level of bus production is stable), or at the effective demand of the population. Thus, in 1999, there was a tendency to increase the production of refrigerators and freezers, and color televisions. However, a deeper acquaintance with statistics, in particular the production of household appliances, shows that there is a sharp differentiation of manufacturers of the same types of products in their ability to adapt to new conditions. For example, the production of color televisions in 1999 in the Novosibirsk region decreased by 7.7 times, while in the Russian Federation as a whole it increased by 2.4 times

In 2000, industry production growth occurred in all regions with mechanical engineering specialization. Machine-building enterprises located in the regions of the European part of the country are developing more dynamically, while the eastern regions are noticeably lagging behind in increasing production

In 2001, the growth in production volume in the Central region was 41% higher than in 1998, this is due to the production of complete electric trains in the Moscow region and the implementation of a project in Moscow for the production of Renault Megane cars.

The growth of mechanical engineering production in Western Siberia is based on measures to implement a large federal program for the production of equipment for oil gas industry, as well as the possible inclusion of defense enterprises in this region in programs and projects for the development of high-tech industries

There were no noticeable dynamic shifts in the mechanical engineering of Eastern Siberia, however, some growth was provided by heavy, agricultural and transport engineering enterprises

The diagram “Territorial structure of mechanical engineering production in 2001” presents the growth volumes of the mechanical engineering industry by region (see Appendix)

As a result of the implementation of measures to reform and restructure enterprises, the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering has changed somewhat

In the total volume of industrial production, the share of products from the automotive industry, heavy, energy, transport, tractor, agricultural and road construction machinery increased and the share of instrument making, electrical engineering, machine tool and tool industries decreased

I would like to dwell in more detail on the aviation industry, since this sub-industry is closer to me (I work at the Kumertau Aviation Industrial Enterprise)

Russia's achievements as one of the world's leading aviation powers are well known. The types of the first Russian aircraft created at the dawn of aircraft construction were distinguished by the originality of their technical solutions and the fruitfulness of the design search for answers to the challenges of the early twentieth century. In the middle of the century, Soviet aviation certainly met the requirements of the times of severe military trials; a powerful industrial base was created, based on the unity of fundamental aviation science, a network of design bureaus, serial factories - manufacturers of high-class combat aircraft. Modern domestic aviation research and design schools have a high rating in international business circles and organizations, which creates favorable preconditions for the integration of the aviation industry into the global aerospace community. However, significant efforts will be required from the aviation industry to maintain its status as one of the main manufacturers of aircraft equipment and overcome the difficulties associated with unprecedented levels of order reductions by traditional customers of major serial products and deep crisis effective demand for new generation civil aircraft and helicopters

The aviation industrial complex is experiencing problems common to the entire industrial complex:

Acute lack of financial resources,

Non-reimbursement of costs for work in progress, which has become a chronological adjustment of the state defense order,

Exceeding the accumulated debt of ordering ministries in the annual amount of financing of enterprises,

weakening of human resources, etc.

At the same time, objective analysis and forecasts for the development of the global military aviation market, carried out by reputable international analytical centers, indicate an intensification of competition between the leading countries producing military aircraft - the USA, Russia, Great Britain and France, both in production and sales on the world market until 2007, Russian firms Sukhoi, Mikoyan and Yakovlev effectively competed with Boeing and Dassault for fighters, strike and jet trainers

According to data from the defense departments of the United States and Western European countries, Russia has maintained a high level of critical technologies in the military aircraft industry, which is a basic prerequisite for maintaining the competitiveness of the domestic industry in the aircraft industry in general

The domestic aviation industry, despite the difficult financial situation in the economy of the entire national economic complex, managed to maintain leading positions and high scientific and technological potential at a minimum level state support. It is the largest among the defense industries in terms of such indicators as the number of highly qualified personnel, the cost of fixed assets of enterprises, the volume of production and sales of products (about 40% of the total volume of products of the military-industrial complex)

In 2000, with a decline in production of 5.2% in the industry as a whole, the volume of goods and services in the aviation industry increased by 8.1% compared to 1999. Positive trends in the aviation industry continued in the first half of 2001: the largest increase in the output of goods and services among the defense industries was achieved in the aviation industry by 40%, while the average growth for all industries was about 10%.

These data indicate the viability of the aircraft industry, the possibility of economic recovery and, ultimately, Russia’s continued status as the world’s leading aviation power.

In the aviation industry, which traditionally included sub-sectors of the production of light aircraft, heavy aircraft and helicopters, special equipment (aircraft weapons systems), assembly, engine and instrument engineering, the most real organizational, financial and economic gaps arose with the liquidation of line ministries and have not yet been completely resolved. overcome between three main sectors - research, development and production. In the same time world practice the creation of technically complex and hugely capital-intensive aviation complexes led to the need to use the so-called commercial approach not only in relation to the tasks of creating civil aircraft, but also when creating combat aircraft systems. The main requirement of this approach is the existence of a single legal entity with full responsibility for design, development, certification, production and after-sales service

In order to overcome the disunity between design organizations and serial factories, the Ministry of Economy developed, and the Government of the Russian Federation in 1998 approved by its special resolution, the “Concept for the restructuring of the domestic aircraft industrial complex”, the main idea of which was that, on the basis of coordinated actions of federal and regional bodies government controlled, the aircraft manufacturing enterprises themselves create the necessary conditions for the consolidation of existing enterprises into large corporate structures. Currently, programs for the creation of four main independent corporations are under implementation - Ilyushin, Tupolev, Sukhoi and Mikoyan.

Among the holding companies and second-level corporations, it is worth noting OJSC Aviapriborholding, Aerospace Equipment Corporation, Technocomplex Corporation, and the financial and industrial group NK Engines.

The formation, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the further development of integrated complexes,” of the interstate aircraft manufacturing corporation “Ilyushin”, which includes JSC “AK im. S.V.Ilyushina", VASO, "Tashkent Aviation Production Association"

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 1999 N720 was issued on the integration, under the patronage of the state, into the Tupolev company of two main enterprises that create the intellectual and material property of this brand of ANTK aircraft. A. N. Tupolev and JSC Aviastar. When implementing the resolution, not only are the contradictions and disunity between the developer and the manufacturer overcome, but state control over the activities of Russia's largest aviation-industrial complex, Ulyanovsk, is restored (currently the state share in Aviastar OJSC is only 6.69%), as well as State control over the development of strategic aviation complexes carried out by the ASTC team is being strengthened. A.N.Tupoleva

In the aircraft industry, the most advanced work is on the implementation of integrated structures in the defense industry, provided for by the Federal Target Program (“Restructuring and conversion of the defense industry for 2001-2005” (for example, in aircraft and helicopter manufacturing, the integration of six companies created at the first stage into two or three) ; transformation of the created structures into intersectoral ones, transformation of sectoral management bodies into forms adequate to the new structure of the industry

The prospects for the development of the aviation complex will be covered in more detail in the next chapter.

3 Industry development prospects

Now it is obvious to everyone that Russia is in a severe crisis. It is impossible to get out of it without, first of all, giving a realistic assessment and without revealing the reasons for the country being in permanent reproductive collapse

As many economists rightly point out, Russian government all these years, contrary to the facts, it diligently avoided the concept of “crisis” and constantly talked about “stabilization” and “signs of growth.” Preferring to talk about “stabilization”, the Government of the Russian Federation recognized the crisis only in certain areas: “crisis of non-payments”, “budget crisis”, “financial crisis”, etc.

Without considering the crisis comprehensively, the government underestimated the situation and did not conduct a deep analysis that would allow us to fully understand the causes of the crisis and further develop a system of interconnected comprehensive measures to overcome the economic impasse.

For quite a long time, analysis of the state of affairs in the Russian economy was usually associated with an assessment of finances, money circulation, securities markets. And this is determined by the growing role of the financial environment in the functioning of economic relations both domestically and globally. A series of financial crises that have recently unfolded in various regions of the world. In this regard, there is a significant shift in the initial data of the analysis of economic life. Real sector economy somewhere no longer seems to be leading, and a deceptive impression is formed that it is exclusively the power and development of the financial sector that makes states and their peoples rich and prosperous

However, the basis of any economy is industry

The development strategy for this industry for the medium term provides for the introduction of the latest foreign technologies with the possibility of importing equipment, the gradual accumulation of experience in its production at our own facilities, and then the development of domestic priority technologies. At the same time, Russian mechanical engineering, under favorable market conditions, will develop in the following directions:

1) production of modernized machines and equipment for enterprises with obsolete but still functioning production lines;

2) production (including assembly) of high-tech products using imported equipment with the involvement of various forms foreign capital;

3) participation in projects involving the production of technologically complex components for equipment manufactured by foreign companies abroad (inclusion of Russian technologies in the international system of technological cooperation);

4) targeted development of individual production facilities for the production of equipment for high technologies, both on imported and on our own technological base

However, only part of the capacity of the existing machine-building complex, which is mainly concentrated in the regions of the European part of the country, including the Urals (92% of the total industry output in 2002), can ensure the solution to the above programs. Thus, in the medium term, priority in the development of mechanical engineering will remain with the old industrial regions of the west and center of the European part of Russia

The positive dynamics of domestic market demand for machinery and equipment that emerged in 1999 will continue in the coming years. At the same time, we should expect such an increase in the export of certain types of engineering products. The import of a certain part of machinery and equipment, due to the limited import substitution potential of the domestic mechanical engineering industry, will remain at the achieved level. A significant structural shift in the volume of product sales on the domestic market as a result of the import substitution factor is expected for passenger cars. On the global market of machinery and equipment, Russia acts as a supplier of a narrow range of specialized products, primarily military equipment and certain types of energy equipment. Development of Russian exports of machinery and equipment in the forecast period until 2005. may occur with the strengthening of integration trends and the rise of the economies of the CIS countries. At the same time, we should expect an increase in the export of Russian heavy and general engineering products to expand the export of mechanical engineering products to developing countries, the establishment of cooperation within the framework of technical assistance is of particular importance. The potential for Russian exports of weapons and military equipment remains very significant. Successful promotion of this product group to the world market will be achieved through effective political and economic support from the state. The implementation of domestic scientific and technical projects for organizing the production of high-tech engineering products can contribute to a significant increase in exports, the income from which can serve as a fairly significant source of investment in the industry

One of the most important and real sources of attracting investment in industrial sectors in modern conditions is international cooperation, and the aviation industry provides up to 2/3 of the export volume of defense industries, both in the line of civilian products and in the line of aviation weapons and military equipment

The trends of globalization and internationalization, which noticeably intensified after the collapse of the previous geopolitical system, affected primarily the expensive market of high-tech aviation products

In the near future, the competitive environment of this market will be driven by such trends as sales of airplanes and helicopters of previous generations and their modifications to third world countries, development of new projects as a result of joint efforts of several firms from several countries to reduce risks

There is also a tendency when, supporting the desire of Western aircraft manufacturers to make it difficult for Russia to enter global technologies and undermine the competitiveness of Russian exports, the governments of these countries allow the export of military aircraft to regions previously closed for export (supplies to Taiwan, Latin America). In connection with this, as well as other circumstances (significant monopolization in the civil aviation markets, economic difficulties and subsequent limited opportunities for export credit, requirements of most potential importing countries for the certification of domestic civil aviation equipment for compliance with American or Western European requirements), it is necessary to intensify the state regulation in the field of export-import operations with aircraft equipment, eliminating the still existing unproductive competition between domestic aircraft manufacturers and intermediary trading companies, ensuring greater political government support in promoting domestic equipment to world markets and balanced measures to protect the interests of domestic manufacturers in the domestic market

The Russian aviation industry is capable and should become one of the main “locomotives” of the revival of our economy, and become a point of growth. However, this requires the implementation of a balanced and consistent industrial policy, to the extent flexibly adapted to changing external conditions, but without losing sight of the main goal - the preservation and development of the high-tech industry to ensure issues of defense sufficiency, safe operation of aircraft, and effective competition in the open aviation community . The stabilization and development of enterprises in the Russian aviation industry is possible with the implementation of a set of necessary, deeply thought-out and specific measures that address both issues of state support for the aircraft industry and issues under the jurisdiction of the FSVT of Russia, IAC and the Ministry of Trade of Russia.

In order to provide state support for the Russian aviation industry and stimulate sales of domestic aircraft, the Ministry of Economy of Russia, at the proposals of the leading institutes of the aviation industry, leading design bureaus specializing in the creation of civil and military aircraft, developed and submitted to the Government a package of legislative and other regulatory documents documents providing:

Series introduction tax benefits for Russian leasing companies and banks financing the acquisition of domestic aircraft (exemption from road user tax, partial exemption from income tax, etc.);

Reduction of the state duty for registration of aircraft pledge agreements;

Exemption from VAT of imported foreign-made components for domestic aircraft, provided that the imported components do not have Russian analogues;

Exemption from customs duties on previously exported domestic aircraft and those imported back by Russian airlines under temporary import conditions;

Increasing to 85% the limit of state guarantees for leasing projects of domestic aircraft

The adoption of these documents will ensure effective government support for the aviation industry, as well as specialized leasing companies, as it contains deeply thought-out and professionally prepared economic measures to support the system of development, production and supply of aircraft equipment

Conclusion

The urgent needs of the national economy, caused by the need for minimal support for the technological level in the mechanical engineering complex, determine the priorities of structural and investment policy in mechanical engineering. It is necessary to normalize the investment process by restoring demand for equipment and interregional cooperation ties. It is especially important to revive the demand for equipment in basic, life-supporting sectors of the national economy. As a result, it will become possible to revive the most backward branches of mechanical engineering with an undeveloped production structure

In the context of a decline in production in the mechanical engineering industries, it is advisable to limit purchases abroad of equipment, analogues of which are or can be produced in Russia. This will increase the utilization of production capacity and may, in connection with the supply of a number of types of components and equipment, restore broken production and cooperation ties with neighboring countries and former CMEA countries. At the same time, state support is needed for those sub-sectors of the machine-building complex (primarily defense), whose production capacities allow for the technical re-equipment of the country’s production apparatus

To implement the country's structural investment policy, it is necessary to concentrate on priority areas significant funds. But the volume of capital investments generated through own funds enterprises, is currently limited as a result of rising prices for investment resources and due to the catastrophic financial situation the enterprises themselves. One of the additional sources of investment in domestic mechanical engineering is private investment. However, the possibility of attracting private investment is limited by the narrowness of areas for investment. According to some estimates, the investment attractiveness of mechanical engineering as a whole is low, while the rating of industries with an export and raw material orientation is at a high level. At the same time, large-scale attraction of funds from private (domestic and foreign) investors in such sub-sectors as agricultural engineering and mechanical engineering for processing agricultural products in the near future is generally unlikely

Therefore, the main burden of maintaining the viability of mechanical engineering for the basic sectors of the national economy falls on the shoulders of the state

List of used literature

Geography of Russia; population and economy: a textbook for general education institutions.” V.Ya. Rom, V.P. Dronov, M. 1997

“Distribution of productive forces.” V.V. Kistanov, N.V. Kopylov, A.T. Khrushchev, M. 1996

“Economic and social geography”, reference materials. V.P. Dronov, V.P. Maksakovsky, V.Ya. Rom, M. 1997

“Economics of the mechanical engineering industry: teaching aid for university students studying in the specialty “Economics and organization of the mechanical engineering industry.” M.I. Orlova, L.M. Lukashevich, ed. G.A. Krayukhina, M. 1995

“Regional Economics”, edited by prof. T.G. Morozova, M. 1999

“The situation in the mechanical engineering complex of Russia.” “BIKI” No. 55-56, 05/16/2001, pp. 3-5

“Machine-building complex: state and development options in 2001. (Review.)” Prepared based on materials from the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. “The Economist” No. 1, 2001, pp. 32-40

“Innovation sphere: state and prospects.” Ionov M., “The Economist” No. 10, 1999, pp. 37-46

"Air traffic- reliable control" V. Egorov. “Aviapanorama” No. 1 2001, pp. 15-17

"4th Forum of the Russian Helicopter Society." E. Ruzhitsky. “Helicopter” No. 6, 2000, pp. 27-31

"The crisis is over." EXPANS.2000. "Technomir" No. 3-4, 2000, pp. 10-14

"A radical change of course." "Air transport review" ed. A. Komarova, No. 7-8, 2001, p. 6

“Social and labor problems Russian economy in 2000.” E. Anonosekov. “Russian Economic Journal.” No. 10, 2001, pp. 31-40

“Innovative activities in mechanical engineering.” G. Khoroshilov. “The Economist”, No. 7, 1999, pp. 32-40

Federal directory: “Budget, finance, taxes, economics, trade, social sphere, science, defense, security, legality, law and order”, M.: “Rodina-Pro” 2002, issue 6

Mechanical engineering, creating an active part of the main production assets - tools of labor, significantly influences the pace and directions of scientific and technological progress in various sectors of the national economy, the growth of labor productivity and others economic indicators, determining the effectiveness of the development of social production.

The structure of mechanical engineering includes 19 large complex industries, more than 100 specialized sub-sectors and productions.

Each industry produces products for a specific purpose, has similar technological processes and raw materials used. Based on their role and importance in the national economy, the mechanical engineering industries can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:

IN first group includes sectors that ensure the development of the entire national economy:

instrument making;
chemical engineering;
electrical engineering;
power engineering.

In second group includes industries that ensure the development of mechanical engineering:

machine tool industry;
tool industry.

IN third group includes industries that ensure the development of individual sectors of the national economy:

road construction production;
production of tractors and agricultural machinery;
production of equipment for various sectors of the national economy.

To ensure its leadership, mechanical engineering requires certain conditions. One of them can be represented by the ratio: “1:2:4”. It means that if the rate of development of the country’s economy is taken as one, then mechanical engineering should develop 2 times faster, and its most important industries (electronics, instrument making and others) - 4 times faster. In Russia, this ratio was approximately “1:0.98:1”.

The mechanical engineering industry is distinguished by the widespread development of inter-industry and intra-industry ties, based largely on production cooperation.

Mechanical engineering accounts for more than 3 of the production volumes of commercial products of the Russian industry, about 2/5 of the industrial production personnel and almost 4 of the main industrial production assets.

The range of products of the Russian mechanical engineering industry is very diverse, which causes deep differentiation of its industries and significantly influences the location of production of certain types of products.

In Russia, mechanical engineering is one of the most widespread industries in territorial terms. However, in some areas it has a core significance, while in others its functions are limited mainly to meeting internal needs.

By the nature of the technological process, many branches of mechanical engineering gravitate towards areas of high technical culture. At the same time, these areas are usually quite large consumers of finished products.

The coincidence of sources of raw materials with places of consumption of finished products is the optimal option for locating machine-building enterprises. In this case, transport costs for transporting metal, machinery and equipment are significantly reduced, and conditions arise for establishing connections between mechanical engineering and ferrous metallurgy. Machine-building plants are freed from some operations that are more characteristic of metallurgy, and metallurgical plants get the opportunity to use waste from mechanical engineering and specialize in accordance with its needs.

Given the territorial disunity of raw material bases and the main consumers of machinery and equipment, consumption areas have advantages. The fact is that in mechanical engineering, the consumption of raw materials per 1 ton of finished product averages 1.3-1.5 tons, while the costs of transporting any machine are much higher than the costs of transporting the metal that was used for its production. Therefore, even metal-intensive industries that produce low-transportable products often gravitate toward consumption areas.

Analysis of the conducted scientific research on the problems of location of individual branches of mechanical engineering showed that in resolving issues of their territorial organization there is still no unity either in the formulation of the problem or in the methods of calculation and evaluation of efficiency, which complicates the search for a rational option for the location of mechanical engineering as a whole.

Economic science has many methods for calculating the comparative effectiveness of location options. The main ones are:

calculation for an analogue enterprise (the located enterprise is taken as an analogue for all economic regions; this method is used to calculate the costs associated with the placement of an analogue enterprise for each economic region);
calculation based on a conditional representative (the type of product whose production predominates in the industry is chosen as a conditional representative);
calculation based on actual technical and economic indicators of production (with this method, calculations are carried out for specific industries, and when assessing the efficiency of their placement, more reliable results are obtained);
determination based on optimization calculations (this method using mathematical modeling makes it possible to simultaneously solve many problems of the territorial organization of production).

Among the factors influencing the location of mechanical engineering, specialization and cooperation of production play a significant role.

Specialization gives great opportunities for the use of highly efficient production equipment, as well as automation of production processes. Specialization can be of the following types:

detailed or detailed, which implies the release of individual parts or parts of the finished product;
subject, i.e. responsible for the release of certain final types of products;
technological - production of semi-finished products (casting, various types of blanks) or implementation separate operation and technological process.

Specialization is closely related to cooperation, which involves the participation of several enterprises in the production process of the finished product.

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography.

Science intensity. The production of the most progressive and complex equipment is concentrated in regions and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus, pilot plants in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. Focus on scientific potential is the leading factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.

Labor intensity - These are high costs and highly qualified labor used. The production of machines requires a very large amount of working time. Therefore, many branches of mechanical engineering gravitate to areas with high population concentrations. The development of new types of equipment requires not just human resources, but highly qualified workers and engineering personnel. High labor intensity is inherent in the machine tool industry (Moscow), the aviation industry (Kazan, Samara), and the production of instruments and electronic equipment (Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk).

Metal consumption. The machine-building complex consumes a significant portion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants that produce metal-intensive products (metallurgical, energy, mining equipment) are guided by metallurgical bases. Large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals (Ekaterinburg).

Many branches of mechanical engineering are developing in areas with an economic and geographical position favorable for organizing cooperation. For example, the automotive industry is in the Center and the Volga region. Since the transportation of machines is usually carried out over long distances and in different directions, machine-building plants are located on large transport routes.

Some engineering enterprises focus on consumers of their products, since their products are difficult to transport due to their heavy weight and large sizes. It is more profitable to produce them directly in areas of consumption. For example, tractors for transporting timber are produced in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), combine harvesters for grain harvesting are produced in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog).

Depending on the characteristics of the interaction of such factors as material intensity, labor intensity and energy intensity, heavy engineering, general engineering and medium engineering are distinguished.

Heavy engineering refers to material-intensive industries with high metal consumption and relatively low labor intensity. Heavy engineering includes the production of metallurgical, mining, large-scale energy, lifting and transport equipment, heavy machine tools, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and cars. The location of heavy engineering primarily depends on the raw material base and areas of consumption.

For example, the production of metallurgical and mining equipment is located, as a rule, near metallurgical bases and in areas where finished products are consumed.

One of the most important branches of heavy engineering is the production of equipment for the metallurgical industry. The high metal intensity of the products of these industries and the complexity of transportation led to the location of these enterprises near the centers of development of metallurgy and consumption of these products: Yekaterinburg, Orsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Large centers for the production of mining equipment have been created in Western Siberia - Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo. One of the largest factories for the production of heavy excavators, which are used in the development of lignite deposits in the Kansk-Achinsk basin, was built in Krasnoyarsk.

The production of equipment for the oil and gas industry has developed in oil and gas producing regions - the Urals, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, and Western Siberia.

Power engineering is represented by the production of powerful steam turbines and generators, hydraulic turbines and steam boilers. It is located mainly in large centers of developed mechanical engineering with the presence of highly qualified personnel. The largest centers for the production of turbines for hydroelectric power plants are St. Petersburg and Taganrog (the Krasny Kotelshchik plant, which produces half of all steam boilers in the country). High-performance boilers are produced in Podolsk and Belgorod. St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg specialize in the production of gas turbines. The development of nuclear energy determined the production of equipment for nuclear power plants. Nuclear reactors are produced in St. Petersburg; a major center of nuclear power engineering was formed in Volgodonsk.

Enterprises producing heavy machine tools and press-forging equipment operate in Kolomna, Voronezh, and Novosibirsk.

The main centers of marine shipbuilding have formed on the coasts of the Baltic Sea (St. Petersburg, Vyborg), which specialize in the production of passenger, cargo-passenger, and nuclear-powered icebreakers. On the White Sea, the main shipbuilding center is Arkhangelsk, on the Barents Sea - Murmansk. Timber trucks are produced in these centers.

River shipbuilding is represented by shipyards on the largest river highways: the Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Amur. One of the largest shipbuilding centers is Nizhny Novgorod, where Krasnoe Sormovo JSC produces vessels of various classes: modern passenger liners, river-sea type motor ships, etc. River boats are produced in Volgograd, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Blagoveshchensk.

Railway engineering: Kolomna, Novocherkassk (North Caucasus region), Murom (Nizhny Novgorod region), Medinovo ( Kaluga region), Demidovo.

Car manufacturing (wood raw materials are also needed for the production of cars): Nizhny Tagil, Kaliningrad, Novoaltaisk, Bryansk, Tver, Mytishchi, Abakan Carriage Plant (Khakassia).