Question 92. General indicators of the standard of living of the population. Indicators of housing provision for the population and quality of housing The main general indicator of the standard of living of the population is the human development index (HDI). This index is a composite

Fertility is the process of childbirth in the totality of people making up a generation, or in the totality of generations.

The biological basis of fertility is a person’s ability to reproduce offspring. The potential possibility of childbearing - fertility, is realized in the totality of women as a result reproductive behavior, which in society is determined by a system of socially determined needs and is regulated by social and cultural norms, religious traditions, public opinion and other factors.

To determine the intensity of the birth process, they usually use fertility rates.

1. General birth rate. The average population for the year is calculated as the sum of the population numbers on the first day of each month, divided by 12, or, or as half the sum of the numbers at the beginning and end of the year.

Like any general coefficient, it provides only an approximate approximate idea of ​​the intensity of the phenomenon in time and space and is largely related to the age and sex composition of the population and is calculated in relation to the size of the entire population; whereas only women give birth, and not at every age.

———————————————————— 1000

Average annual population

2. Fertility rate. This is a special indicator; it provides more accurate characteristics of fertility. Calculated for women of reproductive age.

Reproductive age (synonym: generative) is the age of a woman at which she is capable of bearing children. The indication of the boundaries of reproductive age in demography characterizes the duration of the reproductive period. As a rule, reproductive age for women is understood to be between 15 and 49 years of age.

The total number of births and the total fertility rate depend on the proportion of women of reproductive age. The larger this share, the more equal conditions, the total number of births and the total fertility rate are greater.

3. Fertility indicators: the fertility rate is clarified; for this purpose, when calculating, the entire reproductive period of women is conditionally divided into separate intervals (15-19, 20-24, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49 years) .

1. General fertility indicator:

Total number of live births per year

—————————————————————————- 1000

Average annual number of women aged 15 - 49 years

2. Age-specific fertility indicator:

Total number of live births per year

in women of the appropriate age

————————————————————— 1000

Average annual number of women

appropriate age

4. The total fertility rate shows how many children, on average, one woman would give birth to throughout her life if the existing birth rate were maintained at each age. Calculated as the sum of age-specific fertility rates calculated for one-year age groups, does not depend on age composition population and characterizes average level birth rate in a given calendar period.

Since practically not the entire population participates in the birth process, and in reality births occur in women of a certain age, a more accurate representation is given by special birth rates - fertility rates. They are calculated either as a general indicator (the number of births per 1000 women of reproductive age, i.e. from 15 to 49 years), or in the form of age-specific fertility rates, for which the entire generative period of women is conventionally divided into separate intervals (15-19 , 20-24, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49 years). The number of births before and after this age interval is insignificant and can be neglected.

Calculation of demographic indicators (fertility, mortality, natural increase).

1.The age structure of the population is determined by the following formula (1.1):

B= number of persons of a certain age group: average annual populationx100%(1.1)

WhereIN - the proportion of people in the corresponding age group.

2. The sex structure of the population is calculated using formula (1.2):

P= number of persons of a certain gender: average annual population x100% (1.2)

WhereP - the proportion of persons of the corresponding gender.

3. Total fertility rate (birth rate) represents the total number of children born alive during the year per 1000 population, and is calculated using formula (1.3):

TDA = total number of births during the year: average annual population x1000 (1.3)

WhereODA - total fertility rate (birth rate).

4. Fertility rate calculated using the following formula (1.4):

P = total number of births during the year: average annual female population of fertile age (15-49years)x1000 (1.4)

WhereP - general fertility rate.

5. Overall mortality rate calculated using formula (1.5):

OPS = total number of deaths during the year: average annual population x1000 (1.5)

WhereOPS

6.Natural increase rate , determined by the difference between the birth rate and total mortality rates (formula 1.6).

EP= OPR-OPS,(1.6)

WhereEP - rate of natural increase,

ODA - total fertility rate (birth rate),

OPS - overall mortality rate.

Using the above formulas, you can determine the main demographic indicators in the region, city, in the service area of ​​the clinic or in a specific therapeutic area.

Example. The average annual population under the supervision of a family doctor is 1,500 people, of which 225 people are under the age of 14 years, 300 are people over 50 years old, 780 are women, 15 children were born in families during the year, and 18 people died. Thus, using formulas 1.1-1.6, we can determine:

*​ age type of the population;

*​fertility;

*​ mortality;

*​ natural population growth.

1) determination of the age type of the population:

share of persons under 14 years old = 225: 1500x100% = 15%

proportion of people over 50 years old = 300: 1500 x 100% = 20%

2) population structure by gender:

proportion of women = 780:1500 x100% =52%;

proportion of men =100% - 52% =48%

3) general birth rate:

OPR =15:1500 x 100% =10%

4) overall mortality rate:

OPS = 18:1500 x 100% = 12%

5) natural growth:

10-12=-2 (%)

Thus, characterizing demographic situation Among the families under observation, it can be noted that the age type of the population is regressive with a predominance of the female population, the birth rate is at a low level, the mortality rate is at an average level, the natural population growth is negative, that is, we can talk about an unnatural population decline. Based on these data, we can conclude that it is necessary to strengthen the activities of nurses in family planning, and attention should also be paid to protecting the health of women and the elderly.

3. What are non-financial assets?

4. Composition financial assets national wealth of the country.

5. Options for assessing fixed assets.

6. Name the methods for calculating depreciation for fixed assets.

7. Indicators of movement and condition of fixed assets.

Basic concepts:

Population statistics;

Average population;

Overall growth;

Natural growth;

Mechanical gain;

General growth rate;

Fertility rate;

Mortality rate;

Pokrovsky coefficient;

Infant mortality rate;

Coefficient mechanical gain population;

Working capacity rate of the entire population;

Resident population size;

Labor resources;

Working population.

Population statistics(demographic statistics) studies patterns of quantitative changes in population. In accordance with this main task, it studies: the size, composition and movement of the population; causes and factors of population changes, migration, fertility, mortality, life expectancy. It studies the composition of the population according to various criteria - gender, age, social status, education.

Objectives of population statistics:

1. Study of the number, location, demographic and socio-economic composition;

2. Analysis of reproduction and population dynamics;

3. Determination of the future size of the entire population and its individual contingents.

Population is the starting point for calculating many indicators and is of great economic and social importance. Knowledge of it is necessary for management, economic planning and social development countries. The size of a country is usually judged by its population.

The population is constantly changing due to birth and death rates, as well as due to spatial movement of the population.

The population size is determined by the state at a certain point in time, i.e. as a result of censuses. The census is currently the main method for accurately determining population size. However, population censuses are relatively rare, and population data is constantly required. Therefore, in the periods between censuses, statistical authorities carry out the so-called current population assessment, i.e. carry out calculations based on data last census and materials of current statistics on population movements. Its calculations are updated based on the results of the next census.

There are two categories of population taken into account during population censuses: permanent settlement and existing population. TO permanent population include persons who usually live in a given locality, and cash- all persons who were in a given territory at the critical moment of the census, regardless of whether they reside here permanently or temporarily. To determine the size of the permanent population, the census process takes into account those temporarily absent and temporarily residing. Temporarily absent are permanent residents of a given locality who have temporarily left it. Thus, those temporarily absent are part of the permanent population. Temporary residents make up part of the current population.

The resident population can be determined:

Where is the current population;

Temporarily absent;

Temporary arrivals;

The average population indicator is of great importance in population statistics. Average number population can be calculated using different methods. The most accurate method is the person-years lived by the population. IN in this case The total number of person-years lived by a given population during the period of time being studied is determined and divided by the length of this period. Often the average annual population is determined as half the sum of its size at the beginning and end of the year.

where is the population at the beginning of the year;

Population at the end of the year.

If data is available for several dates that are equal to one another, the calculation can be made using the average chronological simple formula:

If the time distance between the dates is unequal, then the calculation is carried out using the arithmetic (chronological) weighted average formula:

To calculate population changes over time, dynamics indicators are calculated.

The population is the main material component of society and the study of the patterns of its development is of great importance for the country's economy.

For each individual country total number population can change due to two factors:

Natural movement (fertility and mortality);

Migration (mechanical) movement.

However, not only the total population size is changing, but also the composition.

Currently, statistics use four complementary sources of population data:

Population Censuses;

Current accounting of the natural movement of the population and its migration;

Sample and special demographic surveys;

Registers and various population records.

Data from these sources is used for different purposes and cannot replace each other. However, there is a close connection between them: each source complements or continues the other.

The main source of population data is the census, which is conducted once every 10 years. During this process, the population census is carried out in settlements at a certain point in time, which is called the critical moment.

When characterizing population dynamics, two circumstances must be taken into account:

1) you can compare the population of only one category (either permanent or existing);

2) if there were administrative-territorial changes, then the population data should be comparable in relation to the territory.

Total absolute population growth ()

where is natural growth;

Mechanical gain.

S in - S out

where is the number of births;

Number of deaths;

approx. - number of arrivals;

Select - number of people leaving;

Natural growth.

Then approx. - select

Both general and natural, and migration growth can be positive or negative. Absolute increases are interval indicators; they are calculated for certain periods of time (annual indicators are of greatest importance).

Population data is presented on a territorial basis (within administrative-territorial units). Structural indicators are used to characterize the distribution of the population.

This:

1) the share of the population living in certain regions;

2) an indicator of physical population density, which is calculated as the ratio of the population to the area it occupies.

One of the main characteristics of population distribution is its division into urban and rural.

According to the accepted classification, cities are divided into:

Small - with a population of up to 50 thousand;

Medium - 50-100 thousand;

Large - 100-250 thousand;

Large - 250-1 million;

The largest - more than 1 million.

When studying fertility, mortality and natural population growth, statistics first of all determines their absolute sizes, i.e. establishes the number of births, the number of deaths and the difference between these numbers, called absolute indicator natural population growth. These indicators are calculated for a certain period of time - a year, a month, etc.

Relative indicators for these quantities, called coefficients, are also calculated.

Birth rate per 1000 people:

where is the number of births;

Average population.

Death rate per 1000 people:

where M is the number of deaths.

Natural increase rate:

or equal to the difference between the birth rate and death rate:

Natural population growth.

Population vitality rate(Pokrovsky):

shows how many newborns there are per one deceased.

Infant mortality rate (Raths formula):

where - those who died before 1 year of age;

Born;

Born in the year preceding this one.

Specific fertility rate calculated as the ratio of the number of births () to the average number of women of reproductive age (15-49 years old)

Total fertility rate(n) is equal to the product of the special fertility rate and the share of women 15-49 years old in the entire population ()

Balance of migration approx. - select

Overall absolute growth .