In the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), in Article 37, it is written: "Labor is free: everyone has the right to freely dispose of their abilities for work, to choose their occupation and profession." Everyone has the right to work. However, the female half Russian Society still limited in this right. Yes, women work, but they cannot realize themselves in the economic sphere as they would like: they are limited by law, they are morally suppressed. All this can be attributed to the gender problem. What is gender?
Gender - this is the social aspect of relations between men and women, which is manifested in all areas of public life, including politics, economics, law, ideology, culture.
Regardless economic stage(cycle) or type of social economic development in the professional sphere of employment, women face a number of serious problems that testify to their unequal position compared to men. Gender discrimination throughout the history of women's involvement in social production was the main feature of the development of the labor market.
In the labor market, gender discrimination manifests itself in the following ways:
- 1) discrimination in employment;
- 2) wage inequality;
- 3) obstacles to promotion;
- 4) the lack of women in leadership and their excess in executive positions of lower and middle levels;
- 5) the presence of "male" and "female" professions;
- 6) Prohibitions on professions (the Labor Code lists a number of professions that women are not recommended to engage in and are allowed only in exceptional cases);
- 7) different systems training for men and women;
- 8) the problem of double employment of women (fatigue from the combination of domestic and professional work).
The nature of manifestations of gender discrimination in the labor market can be objective and subjective. Objective character of discrimination women in the labor market is related to their family and reproductive roles. Women have less time and opportunities to pursue careers, work non-stop, tight schedules and work overtime. Subjective nature of discrimination of women is related to the prejudice of employers that "a woman is the worst employee", and this assessment has nothing to do with the professional characteristics of a competitive woman. Therefore, preference is given to a man when hiring, when a woman leaves first, her career growth is also limited.
Wage inequality manifests itself to a greater extent through gender segregation in the labor market and to a lesser extent through direct discrimination, when women are simply paid less than men for the same job.
Gender occupational segregation- Distribution of men and women in jobs of different status within the professional structure. Distinguish between horizontal and vertical occupational segregation. Horizontal occupational segregation occurs when men and women work in different industries (industry segregation) or in different occupations (perform different types labor).
There are many professions that are stereotyped as "female" or "male". Thus, the professions of a nanny, a nurse, an educator, a cook in children's institutions, a librarian, a seamstress are perceived as "female". And the professions of a driver, financier, builder, broker are recognized as "male". The process of division of professions into "female" and "male" occurs when the "natural" social roles of men and women are transferred to the professional structure. The social nature of this phenomenon is confirmed by the fact that in different societies the same professions can be considered "female" or "male". For example, the profession of a successful medical practitioner or accountant in Soviet period were considered "feminine", and in European culture (and in modern Russia) these professions are more "male", which is associated with their prestige. Occupational characteristics such as "male" or "female" are often associated with "prestigious" or "non-prestigious".
In Russia, there is also sectoral segregation in the field of employment. The ratio of the indicator of the feminization of the industry and the level of wages in this industry is inversely proportional to almost all sectors of the national economy of Russia, i.e. the higher the proportion of women working in the industry, the lower the level of wages.
Vertical (hierarchical) occupational segregation means the presence of gender differences in the structure of positions held. It is supported either by recruitment for various professions within the same professional group (elementary school teacher - senior school teacher, university teacher), or by keeping women at lower levels of labor organization.
The modern market in the Russian Federation has revealed a pronounced gender orientation in the change in the structure of employment in the labor market: the reduction of women in all sectors of the economy, their share in jobs that require high professional skills and knowledge, especially in the field of intellectual work, the concentration of women in industries with unstable and legislative vulnerable employment, including in the informal economy.
More favorable conditions for women's activities remained in educational institutions, medicine, the service sector, when using heavy physical labor, as well as in social sphere. Women are more often employed in secondary jobs.
The role of women in the work of teachers, teachers, doctors, nurses and other professionals is significantly underestimated, since these professions are not considered prestigious and work in these areas is not considered difficult or rewarding. great benefit. But in reality, not every man could teach, teach, heal, work with children or people in general. Thus, it can be seen that the role of women is underestimated in comparison to what benefits they bring.
The insecurity of the socio-economic status of women is due to the imperfection of the system legal regulation labor relations - the absence of legislative norms on certain aspects of the problem, non-compliance with the current labor legislation, especially by private entrepreneurs. The regulatory role of the state in the field of labor relations in the post-reform period has significantly weakened. Working women during pregnancy and caring for a small child found themselves in a difficult situation. When dismissed in connection with a reduction in staff, the liquidation of an enterprise, the pre-emptive rights of women are often not taken into account and their illegal dismissals are allowed. When hiring, men have an advantage. Private employers refuse to provide women with maternity leave, do not pay sick leave, they do not give work books to workers, they are often forced to work only by oral agreement. Social guarantees in the field of labor relations, established by the legislation for women, have been lost.
During the transition to market economy some of the women of Russia managed to adapt to new relationships and went into business. The Russian Association for the Development of Small Business provides some assistance in this.
Entrepreneurial activity is diverse: women act as co-owners of partnerships with limited liability, joint-stock companies, owners of shops, bars, etc. There is also a small business based on individual labor.
Western experience of life in the conditions of market relations, unfortunately, is not used in Russia. In the West, companies are often run by women, and it has already been noted that there are practically no strikes in these companies, there are fewer bankruptcies, since a woman leader does not put herself above the team, is sociable, democratic, willingly communicates with subordinates, is well informed about what is happening in the company, focused on the details of production, painstakingly studies emerging problems. The intellectual labor market of Western countries is also open to women - the profession of a journalist, lawyer, broker, real estate dealer can be represented by a woman.
A woman in business differs from a man primarily in her diligence, less ambition, greater responsibility, predictability, and a clearer idea of her company and its goals. Women are less likely to panic, more often resort to the advice and experience of others, are prone to collective decisions, and are more proficient in soft conflict technologies. They have more emotionality, the ability to sympathize.
IN Russian Federation as yet there is no program for the development of women's business, which cannot be said about Western countries. In the countries of the European Community there are recommendations for all governments to develop special programs And state structures supporting women's entrepreneurship. Our country needs social protection and clear public policy support for women in business. Must be equal conditions for men and women in this area.
Gender inequality in the labor market is manifested not only in discriminatory phenomena in employment, but also in the gender asymmetry observed in such a phenomenon as unemployment. Gender differentiation exists in the level of unemployment, in the ways and time of finding a job, the reasons for losing it.
Unemployment has a severe impact on women in terms of the duration of the job search, the frequency of hitting and the duration of being in this status. Women's unemployment is more protracted, women often "leave" the household, despairing of finding a job, change the status of the unemployed to the status of housewives, creating the illusion of a "way out of the situation." Most unemployed men quickly find new job, and the bulk of women, ousted from social production, lose it forever.
Unemployment for women is a social evil, accompanied by a reduction in labor productivity, increased competition, provoking a conflict situation, increased social tension, crime, deprivation of family income, reduced opportunities to meet material and spiritual needs, moral infringement of the unsecured, change social status. A stressful situation is growing, psychological and spiritual problems appear, a feeling of resentment, anxiety. Some women feel loneliness with particular force. There is a degradation of personality in connection with the growth of alcoholism, drug addiction, vagrancy. Unable to compete in the labor market, many women find employment in the semi-criminal informal economy. The most typical forms of informal activities are street and market trade, tailoring, tutoring, translations and private lessons, cleaning apartments and offices, cooking, looking after children, the sick and the elderly. Prices for services in this area, as a rule, are low and depend not so much on the level of qualifications, but on the demand for a particular type of service in the region, on relations with the owner.
There are more women with higher and secondary specialized education than men. Education is a form of self-affirmation, material independence, the acquisition of a certain social status. In addition, women have long penetrated the so-called male professions - science, culture, health care, jurisprudence, journalism, etc. Almost a number of industries have become feminized.
Many sociologists and representatives of patriarchal theory raise the question: does a woman need work? Most women answer that work is necessary not only in the interests of women themselves, but also of society. At the same time, the essence of the problem associated with the economic, social and moral aspects of the way of life is precisely determined.
As we can see, the alienation of women from the sphere of the economy, their limited right to dispose of their work - all this is unjustified discrimination on the part of the male population of the planet, because women can contribute to the development of the economy no worse than men.
A woman in the economic sphere acts as a secondary worker, women's influence in this area is too low: men can be heads of large enterprises, occupy main and leading positions, while the role of a woman is expressed only in the position of a middle and lower-level specialist.
I believe that the state should help women in business development, train and appoint not only men to leadership positions, but also influence legislatively and through means mass media in relation to women.
Text | Nikolay IVANOV
Photo | MXgroup
Tatyana Kunchenko, General Director of the Far Eastern automotive holding MXgroup, is convinced that the Far East can become a region of advanced development. Moreover, development based on modern environmental principles, which are actively promoted by Russian President Vladimir Putin.
Tatyana Ivanovna, what, in your opinion, are the priorities needed in government programs ah development of the Far East?
First of all, I must say: as a resident and native of Vladivostok, it is very valuable for me that the President of Russia and the Government of the Russian Federation set the development of the Far East region as a priority. This is a well-founded choice of priority: our region has a unique geographic location, in particular, the neighborhood with actively developing countries Asia-Pacific region, huge natural wealth - minerals and renewable natural resources, such as fish and aquatic biological resources, forest…
It is quite realistic in the foreseeable future to turn the Far East into a prosperous region, attractive for doing business. The package will play a key role tax breaks, which are developed by the government and must be approved by legislators, the formation of priority development areas (TORs) - now, as you know, the law on TORs is being considered. In addition, it is necessary to support the most promising sectors of the economy of the Far East region - the fishing industry; Agriculture; mining industry: coal, mining and metallurgical, diamond mining industries; forestry and woodworking industry, electric power industry; engineering.
The development of the automotive industry in the Far East is of great importance. First of all, this is a project of the Sollers company, approved by the President of the country Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. We, representatives of the automotive business, are actively working with the products of this company. It is equally important to set up production of other machine-building products: the region has experience, personnel, backlog, and production capacities for this.
And of course, one of the fundamental sectors of the economy of the Far East is the transport complex. The Far East is a key region for the formation of a global transport corridor through the territory of Russia between the Asia-Pacific countries and Europe. Already today, active transport construction is underway: new highways are being built, railway lines are being built and modernized, in particular the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Mainline, new airports and seaports. But the volume of construction, the financing of this construction needs a cardinal increase.
I cannot but mention the prospects in the Far East for such an industry of the 21st century as tourism. It is now one of the fastest growing service industries worldwide. And the Far East has great prospects to form several tourism clusters at once, developing at the expense of domestic and inbound tourism. Such a cluster needs to be created around Vladivostok, Nakhodka and the Primorye gambling zone.
In Soviet times, Vladivostok was a closed city, and tourism in Primorsky Krai was not encouraged, especially international tourism. Meanwhile, Vladivostok is not accidentally called the Russian San Francisco. This is a city of unique architecture - with a slight touch of Chinese architectural style, traditions, cultural atmosphere of a seaside city. Primorsky Krai as a whole is a long summer (in the southern regions of the Krai): almost like in Sochi. But at the same time, unique nature - hills, forest, ocean, in which it is comfortable to swim not only in summer, but also in the second half of spring and the first half of autumn ...
Initial steps to form tourism cluster are being made. The APEC-2012 summit made it possible to draw much attention to Vladivostok. Unique facilities built for the summit attract the attention of tourists, new congress and exhibition venues have become centers of event and business tourism, both Russian and global. Of great importance for the region is the creation of the residence of the President of Russia on Russky Island.
Primorsky Krai is not the only territory in the Far East region that is attractive for summer holidays, business and event tourism, and which is very important to open for Russian and international tourism.
Development programs for the Far East include the formation of a modern infrastructure, financial and business, and the creation of other most comfortable conditions that attract the attention of investors. Much has been done in the development of infrastructure in preparation for the APEC summit in Vladivostok, but this is only the groundwork for the formation of a modern business and economic infrastructure in the Primorsky Territory and the region as a whole.
It is important that the result of the implementation of government programs is not only the development of economic sectors, but also the improvement of the living conditions of the Far East, since the development of the economy is, first of all, modern human resources. Therefore, it is important to address the problems of financing social development region, programs to support education, create comfortable living conditions and housing construction, develop education and culture, healthcare and sports.
There is a lot of work - for the federal government, and for the regional, and for the municipal, and for business, and for public organizations.
- What is needed for success?
First of all, consistency, that is, firstly, the formulation of a clear list of goals and objectives for the development of the region, and secondly, the complex nature of their implementation. This requires the unification of efforts of all levels of government, on the one hand, and business institutions, as well as civil society, on the other.
The creation of a "double" post of presidential envoy to the Far East - Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation for the Far East, contributed to the systemic approach and pooling of efforts. This post is held by Yuri Petrovich Trutnev, an experienced politician and manager who has worked both at the federal and regional levels. This post unites in the hands of one person the threads of managing the region within the framework of the presidential and government verticals. The creation of the federal Ministry for the Development of the Far East was also of great importance - in Lately it is headed by Alexander Sergeevich Galushka, formerly a major businessman and co-chairman of Delovaya Rossiya. That is, such a minister does not have any difficulties in understanding with business. Great contribution to comprehensive development The Far East is brought in by the governor of Primorsky Krai, Vladimir Vladimirovich Miklushevsky, a former federal official who moved to the regional level initially in order to raise the Far East federal university. Later he was entrusted to lead the region. This is a prominent scientist, a leader with a global mindset, recently successfully re-elected for a second term as governor, as well as other heads of the regions of the Far East.
But the issues of consistency, coherence of the work of federal, regional and municipal structures, that is, the authorities, on the one hand, and business plus the public, on the other hand, have not been removed from the agenda in the Far Eastern territories. This is especially true for the involvement of business and civil society institutions in the implementation of government programs, that is, a comprehensive public-private partnership in the development of the Far East region.
- Today, raw material production prevails in the region ...
Yes. This is primarily the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores, diamonds, coal, timber industry, fisheries. At the same time, the task is to develop processing industries. After all, if we are not talking about expensive raw materials, it is quite possible that it is economically unreasonable to transport such raw materials to the European part of the country and, for example, to Europe.
- We see this, for example, in fish products ...
In particular, and not only on it. It is very expensive to transport products, and the adjacent markets - Russian regions and foreign - often cannot provide the necessary volumes of demand for raw materials. This is one of the key obstacles to the development of the economy of the Far East.
And here two options are possible - either a reduction in transport costs, or the supply to the market of processed products, which are obviously more expensive than raw materials. Reducing transport costs (with cost compensation from the budget) is necessary in order for the supply to become profitable. For fish products, for example, I see no other option. Natural profitability will appear only when it reaches another level transport accessibility region, or the creation of processing industries, preferably for the production of final products. After all, processed products are significantly more expensive than raw materials. It's more profitable to release it in the end.
Why isn't this happening en masse?
Significant investments are required to create production capacities with, as a rule, an investment cycle that is usually long enough for processing. Moreover, it is necessary to invest in economic situation fraught with various risks. And also to withstand the tax burden, which turns out to be higher for those involved in processing, high technology: these are VAT, which “winds up” with each new stage of processing, and payments to the state associated with the acquisition of modern, as a rule, imported equipment, and taxes on wages, which are higher for processors due to the fact that more highly qualified specialists are used.
- What types of processing industry should be developed in the Far East in the first place?
I think, first of all, these are productions related to the creation of final products from natural resources mined in the region, fish processing, agricultural products, timber, coal processing and coal chemical production.
I note that in order to develop these industries, the state must more energetically combat the export of capital from raw material supplies, create conditions for this capital to be invested in Russia - in the same processing industries. For this, both the measures to de-offshorize our economy, which are currently being implemented, and the effective protection of property and the protection of businesses from illegal actions of regulatory authorities and authorities are important.
- And also with the export of the raw materials themselves ...
Yes. In the forest, for example, it is quite realistic to effectively resist the export of unprocessed timber. After all, dozens of factories have been built on the Chinese border to process our timber. In fact, we are giving money for the Far Eastern forest to China!
But in addition to the export ban, that is, the stick, there should also be a carrot - the attractiveness of investments in processing. Otherwise, there will be an imitation of processing, and actually raw materials will still be supplied abroad.
Under the conditions of the Russian food embargo, the restoration of supplies to domestic market Far Eastern fish. What does that require?
In Soviet times, the state gave Special attention nutrition of the population and food quality control. Fish and seafood were rightly considered the most important part of the diet, especially for the younger generation. Such was the policy of the state - due to this, the economy of the fishing industry also developed. Perhaps we should return to the policy in the field of the quality of life of people. This will create important incentives for the economy, including for the agro-industrial complex and fisheries. And already their development will allow to form new social conditions, because in the Far East the fishing industry, as a rule, is a city-forming industry and plays a key role in the budgets of the regions, employment of people.
In terms of fish catch, the Far East region ranks first in Russia. And, since the development of the fishing industry is determined by the material and technical base and investments, it is important to maintain the industry at the proper level - with state participation, on the basis of public-private partnership.
In addition, customs clearance and taxation systems should work in such a way that it is profitable for fishermen to supply products to the domestic market, rather than export them abroad.
- Now it is more profitable to carry fish to neighboring countries?
Alas, yes. Far Eastern fishermen are placed in such conditions that it is more profitable for them to relocate to foreign ports, contributing to the development of the fishing industry, for example, in neighboring China, since the cost of fuel, equipment and maintenance in Russian ports is 2-3 times higher than in foreign ones.
To radically change the situation, it is necessary to solve a number of legal, organizational, economic, technical and technological problems at the federal and regional levels, using Foreign experience. So, for example, in some countries - leaders in the world fish market, their own fishermen are not charged for fish resources, preferential prices for fuel are established, soft loans for the construction of ships, carried out state insurance, the costs of Scientific research and protection of fish resources.
At the same time, it is very important to develop processing capacities in the fishing industry. In general, recycling should become main goal economic development of Russia in the coming years. For Russian economy it is very important to abandon the unrestrained exploitation of resources, the sale of subsoil - to protect them for future generations. And switch to environmental principles - the principles of the so-called green economy (GE). Russia, like the whole world, has come to the need to modernize the economy in such a way that, in addition to economic growth improve people's living conditions now and in the future. The principles of the "green" economy make it possible to preserve natural resources in the context of sustainable development.
- What role can the Far East play in the development of the "green" economy?
The Far East can play a key role in shaping GE in Russia. To do this, it is necessary that the modernization of production in the region meets the principles of environmental protection and improvement of people's lives. Here you can refer to the experience of our closest neighbors - South Korea that has adopted green growth as its national strategy.
The transition to GE must be accompanied by investments that would go towards providing loans and tax cuts for businesses using clean technologies, recycling, allocating funds for greening and cleaning water, soil, atmosphere, and research in this area. If the development of the Far East goes along the “green” path, this will be a powerful incentive for the formation of a “green” economy in Russia.
The main value of the Far East region is wild nature, clean fresh water, clean air and picturesque natural landscapes that occupy millions of square kilometers of land and coastal waters. Therefore, the conservation and rational use of this huge resource should be a priority in modernization and in the process of innovative development Far East.
- What is the role of environmental factors in economic development?
In my opinion, decisive. The technogenic (nature-destroying) type of economic development is becoming obsolete, as humanity comes to understand that if you continue to draw on the riches of nature without restoring and protecting it, this can lead to such devastating consequences that it will no longer be possible to reverse.
Now we need to think about the future, about what future generations will get. Economic development can only be sustainable if the environmental factor is taken into account. And it is important to understand this right now, when there is still something to restore and protect.
And what, in your opinion, is the role of the Far East region as a platform for developing a modern environmental policy in Russia?
First of all, I will say that the need for a holistic environmental policy on the scale of the state and the scale of the world community is obvious. It directs human activities in accordance with nature, with the help of the state and political parties, in order to ensure the preservation of the natural ecological balance.
The main priority of environmental policy is the preservation of biodiversity and ecological balance, on which the physical and spiritual health of people depends. Today, all the states of the world spend astronomical sums fighting epidemics and man-made disasters, which could not have happened if people had not destroyed the natural balance.
Recently, quite a lot of attention has been paid to environmental issues - both in the world and in our country, which cannot but inspire. It is too early to talk about the results of Russian environmental programs - they have been operating relatively recently. However, the process has begun, there are certain steps to change the legal framework for environmental activities, the issues of liquidation, disposal and recycling of waste are being addressed, sanctions are being tightened for the negative impact on environment.
- How do you assess the president's active participation in environmental programs?
The fact that the president pays so much attention to environmental and wildlife protection issues, personally oversees a number of environmental programs, sets a high bar for everyone else, motivates and forms a new vision of economic development, taking into account environmental factors.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin is directly involved in five major environmental projects: "Amur Tiger", "Far Eastern Leopard", "Irbis - Snow Leopard", "Polar Bear" and "Belukha - White Whale" and others. This means that the environmental movement in the country and the world environmental movement can count on state support from Russia, on the active participation of one of the world leaders in it.
- What role should business and political parties?
Enterprises and organizations are obliged to take care of the preservation and protection of the environment. Eat legal acts that establish the obligation of enterprises to take into account the impact of the production process on the environment, analyze the impact production programs on humans and the environment and eliminate possible harmful effects.
But at the same time, it is difficult to overestimate the role of a conscious attitude of business to environmental problems. In addition to the social responsibility of business, which has been discussed since the early 2000s, today it is important to pay attention to its environmental responsibility. An initiative of this kind should be put forward by business organizations of various levels. And many coastal companies, in particular our group, were among the first in the country to announce their transition to an environmentally responsible business.
Forming their ideology and program, political parties cannot ignore environmental problems. And the popularization of their programs will contribute to the formation of ecological consciousness of the population. If the party wins the elections, it develops the concept of environmental policy and implements it with the help of legal documents. And the activities of the United Russia party confirm this.
- What role can women politicians and women entrepreneurs play in the environmental movement?
The environmental movement cannot be gendered. It is necessary that everyone in their place realize the importance of caring for the planet on which we live, and, to the best of their ability, contribute to the environmental movement. B
KUNCHENKO Tatiana Ivanovna , CEO MXgroup. After high school, she worked at the Far Eastern Shipping Company. She was a Komsomol organizer, a member of the bureau of the Komsomol committee of the shipping company.
After graduating from the Far Eastern Fisheries Institute, she worked in trade. Since the beginning of the 1990s, she has been engaged in the business of selling auto parts for foreign cars.
Member of the boards of trustees of charitable foundations, organizer of many charity events, such as "Look into the eyes of a child", "Primorye without orphans", etc.
Awarded the Order "For the Glory of the Fatherland", Academician of the International Academy of Patronage.
Married, has a daughter, a son and two grandchildren.
On November 19, 2014, Moscow hosted the 8th International Forum “Women in the modern economy: a course for entrepreneurship?” economic development of the country. The forum was held at the Four Seasons Moscow Hotel (Moscow, Okhotny Ryad, 2)
Post release:
More than 130 people took part in the Forum, including women entrepreneurs from 13 regions of Russia. This day was also marked by the presentation of a new initiative - international day Women's Entrepreneurship (WED), which will now take place annually on November 19th. Forum "Women in modern economy: Entrepreneurial Course?”, organized by the Committee of 20, was the first landmark event of this initiative.
The role of women entrepreneurs in the Russian economy is becoming ever more significant. The number of women wishing to open their own business has increased significantly over the past two years, which is an indicator, if not of an improvement in the business climate, then at least, the growing popularity of the very idea of entrepreneurship in Russia. And this is despite the fact that the main barriers and problems lie in the same areas as several years ago - regulation, financing, training and communication between entrepreneurs, noted Elena Fedyashina, Executive Director of NP "Committee 20".
Anna Belova, Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Center for the Development of Entrepreneurship, Professor at the Higher School of Economics and Chairman of the Board of the NP Committee of 20, noted that it is important to support not only individual entrepreneurs, but to create an eco-system and ensure the effective development of its three important components - creating an entrepreneurial culture, stimulating people who embark on the path of entrepreneurship, and ensuring that resources are available to them. Today in Russia, the potential of women's entrepreneurship is underestimated, so it is important for market players and start-ups to assess the situation faster than their competitors and think about what can be offered to the consumer.
And yet, women entrepreneurs, first of all, must and can rely only on themselves. Some achieve such success in their projects that they become a way of building an effective entrepreneurial business even for more experienced Western colleagues. And an example of an amazing woman Svetlana Preobrazhenskaya, Director of the NIL Peasant Farm, the best proof of that. Starting 20 years ago with 20 liters of milk, today the company produces 200 tons per day. The entire range of products (milk, sour cream, cheeses, cottage cheese) are created not only in accordance with the highest quality standards, but also packaged and presented in accordance with the latest market requirements. Having achieved success with a proven product line, NIL continues to follow the latest trends and consumer demands. Has there been a demand for domestic mozzarella? So they study the technology of its production in Italy and start making mozzarella in the Kaluga region. When a delegation from Switzerland comes to their farm, they are surprised to see that we also have cheese dairies in Russia, which even Western farmers should learn from.
In confirmation of the growing business activity Women at the forum presented the results of a study conducted in the fall of 2014 by the "Committee of 20" with the support of the Department for the Development of Small and Medium Businesses of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation and Exxon Mobil Russia.
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KEY FINDINGS FROM THE BUSINESS CLIMATE SURVEY In Russia, it is more difficult for women to lead entrepreneurial activity than the residents European countries. If for men administrative barriers turned out to be more difficult, then for women entrepreneurs a more serious problem was the lack of knowledge and experience in doing business (40% versus 32% for men). Women are extremely interested in correcting this situation, and they are counting on the help of the state and business associations. Entrepreneurs believe that Russia needs additional programs or measures to support women's business (52% versus 28%). Although these studies have shown that the level of education of women entrepreneurs is higher than that of men. Thus, 16% of female entrepreneurs who participated in the survey have an MBA or a Ph.D. degree (against 9% of men) How are women entrepreneurs different from men? First of all - courage and optimism. Russian women are more positive and constructive than men. Their assessments of the business climate in Russia as a whole are significantly higher than those given by male entrepreneurs. This applies both to climate assessments for the country and in the region of doing business. Among women entrepreneurs, there were more of those who intend to leave the business unchanged in the short term, maintaining the turnover at about the same level (28% versus 20% of men). Its full version can be found on the website. |
According to Elena Fedyashina, Executive Director of NP "Committee 20", data from a study assessing the country's entrepreneurial climate, as well as the effectiveness of measures aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses, just highlight the observations that the Committee encounters in the course of working on their mentoring program. With the growth of business activity, the demand for entrepreneurial education is also growing - and this, first of all, is the exchange of experience, receiving mentoring advice from mentors with significant management experience big companies and projects.
Therefore, on the same day, the Committee of 20 held an expert and consulting Mentoring session, organized at the request of regional participants, during which members of the Committee of 20, experienced entrepreneurs, invited experts held master classes and answered questions from entrepreneurs on the following topics: IT -technologies for business development, changes in tax legislation in 2015, work with people.
What to do if there are ideas, energy and experience, but there are not enough funds for their implementation? Fortunately, today in Russia there are and effectively implemented business assistance programs both at the federal and regional levels.
Alexey Shestoperov, Deputy Director of the Department for the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises and Competition of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia spoke about the directions state support women's entrepreneurship: “Since 2005, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia has been implementing a large-scale program to support small and medium-sized businesses with annual funding of about 20 billion rubles. There are more than 40 events aimed at solving targeted problems faced by businesses at different stages of their development. Due to the program, in all regions of the country, entrepreneurs have the opportunity to receive a subsidy for business development, attract a microloan or a loan guarantee, seek advice from specialized business support centers, and become a resident of a business incubator or technopark. It is important to emphasize that the subjects of women's entrepreneurship can participate in the ongoing activities without any restrictions. Already, the activity of women entrepreneurs is very high. On average, about 35% of microloans within the framework of activities created under the program of microfinance organizations in 2013 were provided to women. During the same period, about 40% of small businesses that received grants to start their own business were founded by women. It should be emphasized that in the medium term the implementation of the program will be continued. At the same time, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia is ready to listen to any wishes and proposals from the female entrepreneurial community in order to expand the priorities of the program.”
However, today's realities pose tough challenges for entrepreneurs to create and maintain a business. What can be done, regardless of objective factors? As the discussion of experts showed - a real entrepreneur can do quite a lot.
Top tips from panellists on living in an era of change Svetlana Balanova (IBS), Marina Malykhina (MAGRAMmarketResearch), Stanislav Kostyashkin (ContinentExpress), Igor Nikolaev (FBK), Elena Tarasenko (Turnergroup), Raisa Demina (Velcom) and Alena Popova (startupWomen) can be adopted not only by women entrepreneurs, but also by men.
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RUSSIAN ENTREPRENEUR'S SURVIVAL COURSE IN 2015
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If difficulties do not kill the entrepreneur, then they make him stronger. The most important thing that worries business in Russia is a fuzzy understanding of the future. It is very important for a real entrepreneur to see his business in the long term. Therefore, it is important for him to understand the rules of the game and know that they will not change, especially in hindsight.
MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL RAILWAY TRANSPORT AGENCY
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
SAMARA STATE UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORTATION
Department of Economics and Logistics in Transport
on the topic: “The position of women in the modern economy”
Completed by: student group 1201
M. V. Feoktistova
Accepted: Ph.D. V. V. Lavrus
Samara 2013
INTRODUCTION ................................................ ................................................. ...........3
1. Models of “gender equality” in the sphere of economy .............................................. .4
2. Practical results of the implementation of the model of women's participation in
economy................................................. ................................................. ..............5
3. Demographic Issues and gender equality .............................................6
4. The “new” model of economic gender equality .............................................6
5. Conclusion ............................................... ................................................. ........9
6. Bibliographic list ............................................................... ...............................eleven
Introduction
For almost 80 years now, developed countries world, there is equality between women and men in all spheres of life, including the economy and the labor market.
It should be noted that for the purposes of our study, we will use the specifics of the position of women in the economic sphere of the Russian Federation, which, in my opinion, is most relevant for this work. The democratization of Russian society and the economic reforms carried out in Russia and designed to transfer the country's economy to market relations are gradually reshaping the system of norms and values of modern society in accordance with these processes.
The changes naturally affected the stereotypes and practices of women's participation in the economy. And in this regard, Russian society, having taken the first steps, is still somewhere at the beginning of the path from a kind of socialist patriarchy to egalitarian relations. . The aim of the work will be to determine the current state of the gender structure of the economy (namely, the role and place of women in this structure) and ways to optimize and stabilize it in Russia in the future in accordance with modern gender perceptions of the ratios in this market. In this work, in connection with the solution of the set goal, we will have to solve several sequential tasks: - Let's analyze how the idea of what equal status of men and women in the economy has changed, this is necessary in order to clearly understand the current state of development of the gender aspect the state and structure of the economy and be able to predict its further development, taking into account existing trends. - Let's analyze the current gender status of the economic sector in Russia. - Determine the measures to be taken to achieve "true equality".
Historical evolution of the issue of the role and place of women in the economy Models of "gender equality" in the economy.
The model of equality between the sexes in the economic sphere, which the Soviet state tried to implement in the 1920s and 1930s, was formulated by Marx, Engels, and then Lenin. This model was based on the idea of the need to “liberate women” from domestic exploitation, and in the field of employment “pull up” her position to that of a man. According to this model, the position of a man (both in the economic sphere and in the family) was taken as a standard and was not subject to adjustment. The classics noted that “first of all, for the liberation of a woman, it is necessary to return the entire female sex to social labor, which requires, first of all, that the individual family ceases to be the main economic unit of society. Real liberation will begin only when a mass struggle begins, led by the state-owning proletariat, against the small household, or rather its transformation into a large socialist economy.
There are three main methods for implementing this model. First, the legislative formalization of equality between the sexes in all spheres of life.
Secondly, the elimination of the economic (and in many respects educational) functions of the family, the complete liberation of women from "petty, not containing anything that would in any way contribute to the development" of domestic work. This provision was to be implemented by transferring all family and household duties of a woman to social production (the state).
Thirdly, the maximum possible involvement of women in social production. At the same time, it was assumed that in the sphere of professional employment, men and women freed from domestic slavery have equal rights.
On August 31, in Astana, within the framework of the International Specialized Exhibition "EXPO-2017", the International Forum "Women for the Energy of the Future" was held. The main topic of discussion was the role and contribution of women in the promotion of innovative ideas in the field of alternative energy and "green economy" based on effective partnership between the state, the business sector and civil society. The participants of the meeting were women parliamentarians, politicians, public figures, scientists and entrepreneurs from different countries peace. Galina Karelova, Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, delivered a welcoming speech at the forum.
The Vice Speaker emphasized the regularity that the issues of increasing the role of women in society and environmental issues are included in almost all the most important international documents on sustainable development, including the 17 goals of the UN 2030 Agenda.
“Improving the way we use energy and other natural resources is a necessity that humanity is facing today. We women simply have to join forces to save the planet for future generations,” the senator said. According to Galina Karelova, the role of women in the development of the "green economy" and alternative energy is especially significant, because, as a rule, it is women who have an increased sense of social responsibility. They realize that not only acute environmental problems, but also social ones are somehow connected with the production and use of energy.
The topic raised at the forum is extremely relevant for all countries, including Russia. “Russian women, women parliamentarians are actively included in this agenda,” continued the Vice Speaker of the Federation Council. “We are not only deeply concerned about the health of future generations, ensuring a high quality of life for families, children, and the state of the environment, but we are also aware of our creative mission.”
Galina Karelova is sure that Russian women can contribute huge contribution in this area of activity, because they have great potential. Yes, Russians are different. high level education and economic activity. According to statistics, women in our country make up 49% of the total number of people employed in the economy. In addition, among the leaders Russian organizations 43% are also the fair sex.
The senator noted that even today women in the country have a great influence on reducing the negative impact on the environment from the use of traditional types energy. They are actively involved in monitoring the state of nature, introducing environmental safety standards, developing modern innovative environmentally friendly and energy efficient technologies.
According to Galina Karelova, 12 large-scale projects are currently being implemented in Russia aimed at creating conditions for maximizing the potential of women leaders. A significant part of them is associated with the development of the "green economy" and innovative approaches to solve environmental problems. These projects include "Women in Development" rural areas”, “Women - towards sustainable industrial growth”, “Women's entrepreneurship”, etc.
The Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council recalled that 2017 was declared the Year of Ecology in Russia. This made it possible to draw special attention of society to issues related, among other things, to the search for new opportunities for the efficient use of alternative energy sources. Within the framework of the Year of Ecology, a large number of programs and held several large-scale events.
Thus, in May of this year, under the auspices of the Federation Council, the eighth Nevsky Environmental Congress was held with great success on the topic “Environmental Education – a Clean Country”, where issues of environmental education and the impact of ecology on health were considered. The issues of "green economy" and women's entrepreneurship were considered on the sidelines of the XXI St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. In addition, with the support of the Federation Council and UNIDO, the Interregional Forum "Women and Entrepreneurship: Problems and Solutions in Europe and the Arab Region" was held. One of the outcomes of the forum was an agreement to expand cooperation between Russia and UNIDO in the development of women's business, social entrepreneurship, and agribusiness. And in July 2017, during the visit of a delegation of Russian women to UNIDO, important issues of creating global alliances aimed at expanding economic opportunities women.
The senator also said that in September 2018, the second Eurasian Women's Forum will be held in Russia, at which the theme of uniting women in order to save the planet for future generations will be actively discussed. The vice-speaker invited all those present in the hall to take part in the upcoming large-scale event.
Galina Karelova told the forum participants that women's activities aimed at improving the life of society are covered on the Internet portal "Eurasian Women's Community". The vice-speaker invited all the forum participants to become active users of the portal and get involved in its work.
“I am sure that holding the Women for the Energy of the Future forum in the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan will give a new impetus to the development of international women's cooperation, strengthening friendly ties between our countries,” the Deputy Chairwoman of the Federation Council noted in conclusion of her speech. Galina Karelova expressed gratitude to her Kazakh colleagues for the fact that the topic of women's participation in the development of the "green economy" and alternative energy was included in the agenda of such a significant international event as EXPO-2017.
Victoria Yezhova, information Agency"Eurasian Women's Community"