68. Write down one example of verbal models discussed in class:
69. Remember the fables of I. A. Krylov. What character traits of people and relationships between people did the author model in them?
70. Make up mathematical models and use them to solve the following problems.
a) The motor boat traveled 255 km upstream of the river and returned to the point of departure, spending 2 hours less on the return journey. Find the speed of the boat in still water if the current speed is 1 km/h.
b) The barge at 10:00 left point A to point B, located 15 km from A. Having stayed at point B for 1 hour and 20 minutes, the barge went back and returned to point A at 16:00. Determine (in km/h) the speed of the river flow if it is known that the barge's own speed is 7 km/h.
71. Required to design electronic circuit, showing the result of a secret vote of a commission consisting of three members. When voting “for”, each member of the commission presses a button. A proposal is considered adopted if it receives a majority of votes. In this case, the light comes on.
72. Create a logic model and use it to solve the following problem.
At international diving competitions, the first five places were taken by athletes from Germany, Italy, China, Russia and Ukraine. Even before the start of the competition, experts expressed their assumptions about their results:
1) the first place will be taken by an athlete from China, and the athlete from Ukraine will be third;
2) Ukraine will be in last place, and Germany will be in second to last place;
3) Germany will definitely be fourth, and China will take first place;
4) Russia will be first, and Italy will be in second place;
5) no, the athlete from Italy will be fifth, and the athlete from Germany will win.
At the end of the competition, it turned out that each expert was correct in only one statement. What places did the participants take in the competition?
73. Establish a correspondence between examples of information models and their types:
74. Match:
75. Give an example of a system whose model can be represented in the form of a graph. Draw the corresponding graph.
76. How many three-digit numbers can be written using the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3, provided that the number should not contain identical digits? Write down all such numbers.
77. To make chains, beads are used marked with the letters: A, B, C, D, E. In the first place in the chain is one of the beads A, C, D. In the second place is any consonant, if the first letter is a vowel, and any vowel , if the first consonant. In third place is one of the beads C, D, E that is not in the first or second place in the chain. How many chains can be created using this rule?
To solve the problem, build and analyze a tree.
78. The diagram shows the roads between four settlements A, B, C, D and the lengths of the roads are indicated.
You can only move along the roads indicated on the map. Determine the shortest distance between the points farthest from each other. To solve the problem, fill out the table:
79. The diagram shows the roads between four settlements A, B, C, D and indicates the length of the roads.
It is known that the shortest distance between the points most distant from each other is 7. Determine at what x this is possible. To solve the problem, fill out the table:
80. Six retail outlets A, B, C, D, E, E are connected by one-way roads (the direction of movement is indicated by arrows, the length of roads in km is indicated by numbers).
81. At orienteering competitions, the participant must run from start to finish, gaining the maximum possible number of points (their possible number for overcoming a particular section is indicated in the figure). What is the highest number of points an athlete can score?
82. The Calculator performer has two teams, which are assigned numbers:
1 – add 2,
2 – multiply by 3.
The first of them increases the current number by 2, the second multiplies it by 3. For example, program 112 converts the original number 1 into the number 15:
1+2=3, 3+2=5, 5*3=15.
How many different programs are there to convert the number 1 to 15?
(advertising)
83. The Calculator performer has two teams, which are assigned numbers:
1 – add 4,
2 – subtract 3.
How many different numbers will be obtained if the executor executes all possible programs consisting of four instructions?
84. The Calculator performer has two teams, which are assigned numbers:
1 – add 1,
2 – multiply by 2.
How many different programs are there to convert the number 1 to 10?
To solve the problem, build and analyze a tree.
85. Two players play the following game. In front of them lies a pile of 6 stones. Players take turns taking stones. In one move you can take 1, 2 or 3 stones. The one who takes the last stone loses. Who wins if both players play correctly - the player making the first move or the player making the second move? What should the winning player's first move be? Justify your answer by constructing a game tree.
86. Two players play the following game. In front of them lie two piles of stones, the first of which contains 1, and the second contains 2 stones. Each player has an unlimited number of stones. Players take turns. The move is that the player either increases the number of stones in some pile by 3 times, or adds 2 stones to some pile. The player wins, after whose move the total number of stones in the two piles becomes at least 17 stones. Who wins if both players play correctly - the player making the first move or the player making the second move? What should the winning player's first move be? Present the solution in tabular form.
87. The table shows the cost of transportation between neighboring railway stations. Construct a diagram corresponding to the table:
88. Roads were built between settlements A, B, C, D, E, the length of which is shown in the table.
Determine the shortest path between points A and D (assuming that you can only move along constructed roads). To solve a problem using a table, build a diagram, then go from the diagram to the tree.
89. Transportation between settlements A, B, C, D, E is carried out by three companies, which presented the cost of their services in tabular form. Which company provides the minimum fare from A to B?
90. Four football teams: the Italian team “Milan”, the Spanish team “Real”, the Russian team “Zenith”, the English team “Chelsea” met in the group stage of the Football Champions League. They were trained by coaches from the same four countries: Italian Antonio, Spaniard Rodrigo, Russian Nikolai, Englishman Mark. It is known that the nationality of all four coaches did not coincide with the nationality of the teams. It is required to determine the coach of each team if it is known:
a) Zenit does not train with Mark and Antonio;
b) Mark is not the head coach of Milan.
91. The swimming competition was in full swing when it became clear that the first four places would be taken by boys from the top five. Their names: Valery, Nikolai, Mikhail, Igor, Eduard, surnames: Simakov, Chigrin, Zimin, Kopylov, Blinov (names and surnames are named in random order). There were experts who predicted that Kopylov would take first place, Valery would take second, Chigrin would take third, and Eduard would take fourth. But none of the guys took the place they predicted for him. In fact, Mikhail won first place, Simakov second, Nikolai third, Blinov fourth, and Chigrin did not make it into the top four. State the first and last name of each leader.
92. Four married couples live in Norilsk, Moscow, Rostov and Pyatigorsk (one couple in each city). The names of these spouses: Anton, Boris, David, Grigory, Olga, Maria, Svetlana, Ekaterina. Anton lives in Norilsk, Boris and Olga are spouses, Grigory and Svetlana do not live in the same city, Maria lives in Moscow, Svetlana lives in Rostov. In what city does each couple live?
93. Roads were built between settlements A, B, C, D, E, the length of which is shown in the table.
94. The diagram shows roads between settlements A, B, C, D, E and their lengths are indicated. Determine which two settlements are farthest from each other (provided that you can only travel along the roads indicated on the diagram). In your answer, indicate the shortest distance between these settlements.
95. The figure shows a diagram of roads connecting cities A, B, C, D, E, F, G. On each of the roads you can only move in one direction, indicated by the arrow. How many different routes are there from city A to city G?
96. Establish a correspondence between field types and field values in a relational database:
100. A fragment of the “Details” database is presented below in tabular form.
The answers to tasks 1–20 are a number, or a sequence of numbers, or a word (phrase). Write your answers in the fields to the right of the assignment number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
1
Write down the word (phrase) missing in the diagram.
2
In the given series, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write down this word (phrase).
Preventive measure; personal guarantee; pledge; House arrest; undertaking not to leave and proper behavior.
3
Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the achieved social status.
1) husband; 2) sister; 3) doctor; 4) student; 5) seller; 6) Yakut.
4
Choose the correct judgments about human cognitive activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Perception is a form of rational knowledge.
2. Only knowledge that cannot be clarified or refuted in the future is considered true.
3. One of the criteria of truth is practice.
4. Ordinary knowledge, unlike scientific knowledge, does not lead to true knowledge.
5. One of the forms of sensory knowledge is representation.
5
Match between distinctive features and the types of societies they illustrate: for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.
6
In country Z urban population growing faster than agriculture. What other signs indicate that country Z is developing as industrial society? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The state guaranteed the personal freedom of citizens and creates conditions for individual self-realization.
2. There is a formation of class social structure.
3. Religious organizations play a key role in public life.
4. Natural exchange (barter) predominates.
5. Mechanization of production took place.
6. Production is concentrated in large enterprises in industrial areas.
7
Select the correct judgments about the consumer's savings and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The growth of consumer savings is facilitated by an increase in his income.
2. The absence of shortages of goods helps to increase savings.
4. Savings are boosted by increased income tax.
5. Growth leads to more savings. consumer spending.
8
Boris Mikhailovich owns a passenger car And land plot and periodically pays the appropriate taxes. Establish a correspondence between the examples and the elements of the tax structure: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
9
Company Y provides cleaning services. Find examples of firm Y's short-run fixed costs in the list below and write down the numbers under which they appear.
1. costs of purchasing detergents
2. rent for the company office
3. costs of paying salaries to administrative employees
4. costs of repaying interest on a previously taken loan
5. costs of paying piecework wages workers
6. payment for electricity
10
The graph shows the change in demand for Cell phones new models: the demand line D has moved to a new position D 1 (P is the price of the product, Q is the quantity of the product). Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. consolidation of companies providing services mobile communications
2. reduction in prices for popular phone models
3. approval of a flat tax scale
4. height purchasing power population
5. increase in the cost of landline services telephone communication
11
There are various social norms in society. Which of the following examples illustrate the manifestation of corporate social norms?
1. When meeting familiar people, it is customary to say hello and extend your open right hand for greeting.
2. Certain rules of behavior are observed at the enterprise; wearing uniforms or a formal suit (for management representatives).
3. Explosives, flammable liquids, gas canisters and weapons cannot be carried on the subway.
4. Members of a political party at meetings use the symbols of this association.
5. Every year, men, representatives of the Khakass people, gather at their ancestral mountains on a certain day and are treated to national dishes.
12
In country Z, sociologists studied the degree to which television news programs were popular in society. Below are the results of the answer to the question: “Why do you watch news programs broadcast on television?”
What conclusions can be drawn based on the data presented? Choose the correct positions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The vast majority of respondents in country Z do not watch news programs.
2. About half of respondents want to know what is happening in the country and in the world.
3. A quarter of respondents watch news programs out of habit.
4. A quarter of respondents indicated that news helps them take their mind off work problems.
5. Groups of television viewers for whom news is important for work and who watch it out of habit are approximately equal in size.
13
Choose the correct judgments about democracy, its basic values and characteristics and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Absent in democracy public control over government activities.
2. In a democracy, the people have the unconditional right to decide their own destiny.
3. The individual is recognized as the highest value in a democratic state.
4. The signs of democracy include the subordination of the court to the legislative bodies.
5. One of the principles of democracy is political pluralism.
14
Establish a correspondence between the powers and the subjects of government exercising these powers
15
In country Z, the government is formed by a bloc political parties, who won the parliamentary elections. Select from the list below the features that indicate that in country Z parliamentary elections take place according to a proportional system, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. it is possible to nominate independent non-party candidates
2. the number of parliament members depends on the percentage of votes received by the party
5. The candidate who receives the majority of votes in the election wins
16
Which of the following refers to the constitutional duties of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
2. treat natural resources with care
3. pay legally established taxes
4. testify in court
5. determine your nationality
6. participate in social and political activities
17
In the Fadeev family, the husband works, and the wife runs the household. Which of the following objects are considered personal property of each spouse? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. A car received by my wife as a gift from her parents.
2. Salary received monthly by the husband.
3. Studio apartment, received by the wife as an inheritance from her first husband.
4. Country cottage area, bought by my husband six months before marriage.
5. A garage purchased by the spouses during their marriage.
6. Profit of a hotel complex owned by spouses.
18
Select the circumstances under which a citizen has the right to a replacement military service upon conscription by alternative civil service.
1. performing military service is contrary to his beliefs or religion
2. has a child and raises him without a mother
3. has a provided state system scientific certification academic degree
4. is a guardian or trustee of a minor brother or minor sister in the absence of other persons obligated by law to support these citizens
5. is a representative of one of the small nations and leads a traditional way of life
19
Choose the correct statements about children's rights and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. According to the law, the fundamental rights of the child include, first of all, the right to live and be raised in a family.
2. The law recognizes a child as a person who has not reached the age of majority.
3. From the age of fourteen, a child has the right to express his opinion when deciding issues in the family that affect his interests.
4. Minors aged 14 to 18 years are allowed to make transactions with the written consent of their parents, adoptive parents or trustees.
5. From the age of 16, a child, according to the law, can independently manage his property.
Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
20
Worldview is a system of generalized views on the world and the place _______ (A) in it, on the attitude of people to the reality around them and themselves, as well as the basic _______ (B) people determined by these views, their beliefs, ideals, principles of cognition and activity, value orientation. Worldview is not all views and _______ (B) about the world around us, but only their utmost generalization. The content of the worldview is grouped around one or another decision of _______ (D) philosophy. The _______ (D) worldview is actually represented by the group and the individual. Worldview is the core of social and individual consciousness. Developing a worldview is a significant indicator of the maturity of not only an individual, but also a certain _______ (E), social class. In its essence, worldview is a socio-political phenomenon that arose with the advent of human society.
The words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.
Select one word (phrase) after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words (phrases) in the list than you will need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1. items
2. subject
3. social group
4. life positions
5 people
6. reason
7. abilities
8. performances
9. main question
Part 2.
First write down the number of the task (28, 29, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (extracts)
Article 19. General conditions criminal liability Only the sane are subject to criminal liability individual who has reached the age established by this Code.
Article 21. Insanity
A person who, at the time of committing a socially dangerous act, was in a state of insanity, that is, could not realize the actual nature and social danger of his actions (inaction) or control them due to a chronic mental disorder, temporary mental disorder, dementia or other painful condition, is not subject to criminal liability. psyche. 2. A person who has committed a socially dangerous act provided for by criminal law in a state of insanity may be sentenced by the court coercive measures medical nature provided for by this Code.
Article 23. Criminal liability of persons who committed a crime while intoxicated.
A person who commits a crime while intoxicated due to the use of alcohol, drugs or other intoxicating substances is subject to criminal liability.
Article 24. Forms of guilt
A person who committed an act intentionally or through negligence is considered guilty of a crime.
An act committed only through negligence is recognized as a crime only in cases where it is specifically provided for by the relevant article of the Special Part of this Code.
Article 25. Crime committed intentionally
A crime committed intentionally is an act committed with direct or indirect intent.
A crime is recognized as committed with direct intent if the person was aware of the social danger of his actions (inaction), foresaw the possibility or inevitability of the occurrence of socially dangerous consequences and desired their occurrence.
A crime is considered committed with indirect intent if the person was aware of the social danger of his actions (inaction), foresaw the possibility of socially dangerous consequences, did not want to, but consciously allowed these consequences or was indifferent to them.
Article 26. Crime committed through negligence
A crime committed through negligence is an act committed through frivolity or negligence.
A crime is considered to be committed due to frivolity if a person foresaw the possibility of socially dangerous consequences of his actions (inaction), but without sufficient grounds, he arrogantly hoped to prevent these consequences.
A crime is considered committed through negligence if a person did not foresee the possibility of socially dangerous consequences of his actions (inaction), although with the necessary care and forethought he should and could have foreseen these consequences.
Article 28. Innocent causing of harm
An act is recognized as committed innocently if the person who committed it did not realize and, due to the circumstances of the case, could not realize the social danger of his actions (inaction) or did not foresee the possibility of socially dangerous consequences occurring and, due to the circumstances of the case, should not or could not have foreseen them. The act is recognized. also committed innocently if the person who committed it, although he foresaw the possibility of socially dangerous consequences of his actions (inaction), could not prevent these consequences due to the discrepancy of his psychophysiological qualities with the requirements of extreme conditions or neuropsychic overload.
List two circumstances in which causing harm is considered an innocent act.
Show answer
The response must indicate the following circumstances:
The person did not foresee the possibility of socially dangerous consequences of his actions;
The person could not prevent these consequences due to his psychophysiological qualities.
How are the laws defined? General terms criminal liability? Based on social science knowledge, indicate the age at which a person who has committed a crime is subject to criminal liability.
Show answer
The correct answer should be:
1) the general conditions of criminal liability are determined: only a sane individual who has reached the age established by this Code is subject to criminal liability;
2) the age of criminal responsibility is indicated: 16 years old general rule, 14 years for those who have committed especially dangerous crimes.
What two forms of guilt are called in the law? Using social science knowledge and media materials, give one example that specifies each of these forms.
Show answer
The response must include the following elements:
1) two forms of guilt are named:
Carelessness;
2) examples are given that specify each of these forms, for example:
Production and sale of counterfeit documents;
Violation of the conditions of storage of paintings in the museum, which led to damage to valuable paintings.
Other examples may be given.
Some believe that punishment for a number of crimes should be tougher, since only severe punishment will force potential offenders to abandon their intentions. Based on social science and historical knowledge, give three arguments against the position stated above.
Show answer
The answer may include the following arguments:
1) intimidation of the population is not main goal punishments;
2) experience shows that the inevitability of punishment, rather than its cruelty, is more effective in preventing crime;
3) severe punishment, including the death penalty, is too high a “payment” for possible judicial errors;
4) as historical experience has shown, the population gradually got used to the severity of punishment in the form of torture and executions and began to treat them as spectacles.
Other arguments may be given.
What meaning do social scientists put into the concept of “sensory cognition”? Drawing on knowledge from your social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the forms of sensory cognition, and another sentence containing information about one of these forms.
Show answer
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: sensory cognition is the initial stage of cognition, giving direct knowledge about objects and their forms. (Another definition similar in meaning may be given)
2) one sentence with information about the forms of sensory cognition, based on knowledge of the course, for example: “The forms of sensory cognition include sensation, perception, and representation.” (Other sentences can be composed containing information about the forms of sensory cognition)
3) one sentence containing information about one of the forms of sensory cognition, for example: “Among the sensations, sound, auditory, taste and other sensations are distinguished.”
(Any other sentences can be composed that contain correct information about one of the forms of sensory cognition)
Proposals must be formulated correctly and not contain elements that distort the meaning of the concept and/or its aspects.
Sentences containing essential errors are not counted towards the assessment.
Name and illustrate with examples any three characteristics of a family of a partner (democratic) type.
Show answer
The correct answer may include named And illustrated following signs, let's say:
1) the lack of a clear division and consolidation of male and female responsibilities (for example, in K.’s family, the husband and wife work and perform household duties together);
2) joint discussion of the family budget (for example, once a month L.’s family members jointly discuss upcoming purchases and distribute family budget);
3) taking into account the opinions of children when resolving family issues (for example, in N.’s family, the decision on how to spend the winter holidays is made taking into account the opinions of the children).
Other relevant examples may be given and other features illustrated.
A complex scientific experiment is being conducted in the laboratory of a chemical institute. Changes are constantly being monitored. The received data is processed and analyzed according to established criteria. Name three methods scientific research mentioned in the task conditions. Based on social science knowledge, identify and briefly describe another method used in science.
1. Science and education as areas of spiritual culture
2. Science and education as social institutions society
1) functions of education in modern society
2) the development of science as a factor of social progress
3) state regulation of science and education
3. The influence of education on science
1) training of scientific personnel in higher education
2) formation of young people’s ideas about scientific activity and the status of a scientist
4. The impact of science on education
1) studying the basics of science as part of school subjects
2) turning universities into research centers
5. Prospects for further convergence of science and education
Possible other number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, question or mixed forms.
By completing task 29, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills on the content that is more attractive to you. For this purpose, select only ONE of the statements below (29.1-29.5).
Choose one of the statements proposed below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised).
When expressing your thoughts about the raised problem (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained from studying the social studies course, relevant concepts, as well as facts of social life and your own life experience. (Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)
29.1 Philosophy “The only global culture is the culture of how to share your cultural values” (M. Castells)
29.2 Economics “If you see the price, then it automatically influences you” (W. Buffett).
29.3 Sociology, social psychology “The highest and most characteristic of our people is a sense of justice and a thirst for it” (F. Dostoevsky).
29.4 Political Science “Bad power is elected by good people who do not go to the polls” (W. Churchill)
29.5 Jurisprudence “Rights come with responsibilities” (Legal maxim)
From Guest >>
I beg you... answer the questions according to the text!
Taxes - obligatory payments physical and legal entities to the state. Taxes and fees are the main source of income state budget. Paying taxes is one of the main responsibilities of citizens.
Taxes perform the following functions: fiscal (provide financing of government expenditures for the maintenance of the state apparatus, the defense of the country and that part of the non-productive sphere that does not have own income, for example, fundamental science, many educational institutions, libraries, etc.); distributive (redistribute income between different groups of the population in order to smooth out inequality in society); stimulating or anti-inflationary (promote the development scientific and technological progress, increasing the number of jobs, capital investments to expand production by using preferential taxation); educational (restrain the consumption of products harmful to health by imposing increased taxes on them); control and accounting (through taxation, the income of citizens, enterprises and organizations is recorded).
Based on the method of collecting taxes, a distinction is made between direct and indirect taxes.
In world practice there are following systems by type tax rates: progressive, proportional, regressive. IN progressive system The tax rate increases as the amount of taxable income or the value of property increases. In the proportional tax system, a single tax rate is used, regardless of the absolute value of the tax base (income, profit, property, etc.). The regressive tax system provides for a reduction in the tax rate as the absolute value of taxable income or property increases.
(Based on materials from the encyclopedia for schoolchildren)
1. How is the educational function of taxes defined in the text? Based on social science knowledge and facts of social life, give an example illustrating the performance of this function.
2. Country Z has a significant budget deficit. The government submitted to parliament a bill to abandon the proportional scale and introduce a progressive tax scale. Based on the text and knowledge of the social science course, give one possible argument (explanation) for supporters and opponents of this innovation.
3. Explain the main difference between straight lines and indirect taxes. Using social science knowledge, give one example of each of the named types of tax (be sure to indicate what type of tax you are illustrating).
4. The text names the main functions of taxes. Which one do you think is sometimes called social? Justify (explain) your answer based on the text.
6. Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
3.1 A bird is recognized by its flight;
3.3 Was Napoleon an emperor?;
3.4 ripe apple;
3.5 Drivers, do not break the rules traffic!
4. Determine the truth value of the following expressions:
4.1 Man – it sounds proud!
4.2 The closest ancestor of man is the monkey;
4.3 All people are divided into mentally ill and mentally healthy;
4.4 Never talk to strangers!
4.5 The trial of war criminals took place at the end of the Second World War.
5 Solve problems:
Frank Stockton has a fairy tale called "The Princess or the Tiger?" In it, the prisoner must guess which of the two rooms contains the princess and which contains the tiger. If he points to the first room, he will marry the princess, if to the second, then (quite possibly) he will be torn to pieces by a tiger.
5.1 During the first test, the King declared that both tablets contained either true or false statements.
1 room:“Either there is a tiger in this room, or the princess is in another room.
2nd room:"The princess is in the other room."
Which room should the prisoner choose?
5.2 The next day the King made the task more difficult. He set a condition regarding room No. 1. If the Princess is in this room, then the statement on the tablet is true, but if it is a tiger, then it is false. In room No. 2, everything was the other way around: if the statement on the tablet is false, then there is a princess in the room, and if true, then there is a tiger.
The signs read:
1 room: "
2nd room: "There are princesses in both rooms."
Which room should the prisoner choose?
(Smullyan R., Princess or Tiger? M., 1985)
6. On the table there is milk, lemonade, kvass, and water in a bottle, glass, jug and jar. In which vessel is each of the liquids located, if it is known that; a) water and milk are not in a bottle; b) a vessel with lemonade stands between a jug and a vessel with kvass; c) the jar contains neither lemonade nor water; The glass stands between the jar and the vessel with milk.
7. Having identified the substantive meaning of the term, analyzing it as a concept that has a certain characteristic in terms of volume and content:
· Freedom;
· Hottabych;
· Spaceship;
· A television.
8. Give one example of limitations and generalizations of concepts in your notebooks.
Create a logical chain of generalizations and limitations of the following concepts:
· Man;
· Triangle;
· Freedom;
9. Find out whether these expressions are a definition of the concept:
· Baikal is the largest lake in the world;
· Stubbornness is a vice of a weak mind;
· Money is what people die for and why chickens don’t peck;
· A domestic animal is a cow that gives milk;
· A spiral staircase is a staircase that is shaped like a screw.
10.Select concepts whose relationships are represented by Euler circles like this:
IN -
11. Draw schematically, using Euler circles, the relationships between concepts:
university, higher educational institution, academy, school
12. Identify a standard form of thinking (subject, predicate, copula, general quantifier, indicate the type of judgment, graphically depict the relationship between the subject and the predicate of the judgment) the following judgments:
· Some fish do not fly;
· Not all answers were false;
· A good start is half the battle;
· There is a short but wonderful time in the original autumn;
· No one will embrace the immensity.
13. Analyze the questions (formulate the premise of the question, determine its truth, formulate the conclusion):
· Is student Ivanov a member of the trade union?
· What is better than eternal bliss?
· What type of engine does the UFO use?
· Where was the trial of the war criminals of World War II held?
14. Restore the missing part of the syllogism:
· “Ay, Moska! Know she is strong, That she barks at the Elephant!” I.A. Krylov
· This student is not an excellent student, as he has satisfactory grades in a number of subjects.
· The novel “War and Peace” is a work of genius, because it is a realistic work.
· Good teachers don't have bad students. This means you are not a good teacher.
· The history of the Ancient world should be studied, because it helps to understand the present.( Marev S.N. Logics. M., 2006).
15. Construct a direct conclusion of the following theses:
· All planets rotate around their axis;
· Some people cannot swim;
· Nobody likes dishonor.
16. Give examples of the use of complete and incomplete induction from your professional communication.
17. Determine which laws of logic are violated in the following definitions:
· A rhombus is a parallelogram with some acute angles.
· A rhombus is a regular quadrilateral with equal sides.
· A rhombus is a parallelogram with one acute angle.
· A rhombus is a parallelogram with equal and perpendicular diagonals.
· A rhombus is a parallelogram with non-perpendicular diagonals.
· Rhombus is a parallelogram shaped like a rhombus.
· A rhombus is a parallelogram with equal sides and mutually perpendicular diagonals.
18. Find errors in the proof:
Cucumbers are unhealthy. It is enough to point out that about 90% of people who died from various infectious diseases systematically ate cucumbers, and no less a percentage of people who were injured in various road accidents ate cucumbers. It has been noticed that of those who suffer from impaired hearing and vision, almost all of them have repeatedly tried cucumbers or ate them constantly.
Tomato is a vegetable; cucumber – vegetable; carrots – vegetable; radish – vegetable; zucchini - vegetable; onion is a vegetable. Tomato, cucumber, carrot, radish, zucchini, onion grow in the garden.
This means that all crops growing in the garden are vegetables.
20. How plausible is the conclusion?
A man walks into a bar. He sits down at the table, but is in no hurry to place an order. The bartender approaches him and asks:
What would you like to drink?
Nothing. I tried alcohol once and didn’t like it.
The polite bartender offers him a cigar.
Thank you, I don't smoke. I tried it, but I didn't enjoy it.
How about you join the card-playing gentlemen at the next table? – the bartender doesn’t give up.
No, excuse me. I don't play cards. I tried it once, but I wasn't interested in the game. And in general, if not for the circumstances, I would not have gone to the bar. But we agreed to meet my son here.
If I understand anything in life, this is your only child,” the bartender suggested with confidence.
Approximate topics of written communications (reports, abstracts) ( tests for students correspondence form training):
1. The concept of logical form and correctness of thinking.
2. The role of formal methods in scientific knowledge.
3. Semiotics is the science of language as a sign system.
4. Logic in the communication process.
5. Thinking and language in the context of logical theory. Logical categories of language.
6. The art of definition.
7. Judgment: simple, complex. Modal propositions.
8. Specifics of deductive inferences.
9. Forms of deductive conclusions from complex premises.
10. Bacon-Mill induction methods.
11. Enumerative and eliminative induction.
12. Inferences by analogy.
13. Application of analogy in scientific knowledge and technology.
14. Modeling as a form of analogy.
15. Problem of understanding.
16. The law of identity and its application in the system of logic.
17. The law of contradiction and its application in logic.
18. The law of exclusion of the third and its application in logic.
19. The law of sufficient reason and its application in logic.
20. The evolution of basic ideas in argumentation. Basic methods of argumentation.
21. Forms of justification in the theory of argumentation.
22. Structure and form of argumentation.
23. Criticism and refutation in argumentation.
24. Rules for constructing evidentiary argumentation.
25. Positional logic of behavior: subjective position in communication.
26. Communication models and argumentation strategy.
27. Hypothesis and the logic of its substantiation.
28. Logical structure of hypothetico-deductive systems.
29. Abductive reasoning and its features.
30. Productive thinking. Information strategies and types of thinking.
31. The role of plausible and demonstrative reasoning at different stages of the cognition process.
32. Non-classical logic.
33. Intuition and logic.
34. Technology of creativity in the context of logical theory.
35. Logical paradoxes. Aporias of Zeno. Russell's paradox.
Questions for self-control:
1. Thinking in the cognitive system.
2. Ways of mutual understanding. Dialogue. Logic of explanation.
3. Stages of the development of logic as a science.
4. Subject and semantic categories of traditional formal logic.
5. general characteristics concepts.
6. Scope and content of the concept.
7. Types of concepts.
8. Definition of the concept.
9. Generalization and limitation of the concept.
10. Division of the concept.
11. Relations of compatible concepts and incompatible concepts.
12. The concept of judgment.
13. Simple judgment and its logical analysis.
14. Standard forms of simple categorical judgment (“Logical square”).
15. Logical analysis of the issue.
16. Modal judgments.
17. Deductive reasoning.
18. Inductive inferences.
19. Inferences by analogy.
20. Problem of understanding.
21. Definition of the laws of thinking.
22. Law of identity.
23. Law of contradiction.
24. Law of the excluded middle.
25. Law of sufficient reason.
26. Forms of justification.
27. Structure and form of argumentation.
28. Direct and indirect methods of justification.
29. Criticism and refutation.
30. Rules for constructing evidentiary argumentation.
31. Logic of communication.
32. Psychotechnical and technological principles of communication.
33. Business communication strategy.
34. Communication models and argumentation strategy: monologue, argument, discussion.
35. Argumentation tactics. Loyal and disloyal tricks in argumentation. Business success strategy.
Compiled by: Pavlenko A.V., Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Department of Social Communications and Philosophy.
Related information.
What are the guarantees of implementation entrepreneurial activity what does the author call? Name two guarantees. Give one example of how each of them is implemented in practice.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
The right to carry out entrepreneurial activities must be exercised within the boundaries outlined by regulatory legal acts, containing both positive rules of behavior and prohibitions applied in this area. A set of rules, techniques and methods government regulation entrepreneurial activity forms the mode of its implementation. They talk about both a general legal regime that applies to all subjects (for example, a registration regime) and special regime, which covers either a certain part of the subjects of business law (for example, banks, exchanges), or subjects carrying out a certain type of activity (licensing regime).
The constitutional right to carry out entrepreneurial activities is guaranteed. Among the guarantees, first of all, it is necessary to mention the possibility of judicial protection of rights in case of their violation, equal protection of all forms of property, the possibility of limiting rights only on the basis federal law and only to the extent necessary to protect the foundations of the constitutional system, morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of other persons, ensuring the defense and security of the state.
Guarantees of the right to carry out entrepreneurial activities include the possibility of free choice: type, field of activity; territories of activity; organizational and legal form of carrying out activities.
The organizational and legal form of entrepreneurial activity is understood as a set of property and organizational differences, methods of forming the property base, features of the interaction of owners, founders, participants, their responsibility to each other and counterparties.
The current legislation establishes the following organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurial activity: business partnerships (full and limited), business companies (with limited liability, with additional liability, joint stock), production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises. Listed organizations by law Russian Federation are commercial.
In addition to commercial current legislation the possibility of creating non-profit organizations is provided. Non-profit organizations can be created in the form of public and religious organizations (associations), non-profit partnerships, institutions, autonomous non-profit organizations, social charitable and other funds, associations and unions, as well as in other forms provided for by federal laws. In the event that a non-profit organization is granted by law or charter the right to engage in entrepreneurial activities that correspond to the purposes for which this organization was created, the profit from such activities is not distributed among its participants, but is directed toward achieving the statutory goals.
State regulation of business activities can be direct (directive) and indirect (economic)... In market conditions management priority is given indirect methods regulation using various economic levers and incentives.
(I.V. Ershova)
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) two guarantees are indicated:
The possibility of judicial protection of rights in case of their violation, equal protection of all forms of property, the possibility of limiting rights only on the basis of federal law and only to the extent necessary to protect the foundations of the constitutional system, morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of other persons, ensuring the defense and security of the state;
Possibility of free choice: type, field of activity; territories of activity; organizational and legal form of carrying out activities.
2) examples of the implementation of each of them in practice are given, for example:
Dom LLC appealed to arbitration court with a claim against MUP "Vodokanal" regarding violation of contractual obligations;
Individual entrepreneurs Nikolay R and Alexey I. decided to create a general partnership, for which they signed the Memorandum of Association, where they entered information on the composition and amount of the share capital, after which they underwent state registration;
Other examples may be given.
Subject area: Law. Organizational and legal forms and legal regime of entrepreneurial activity