typology society post-industrial

This stage is also called traditional or agrarian. Prey species dominate here. economic activity- farming, fishing, mining. The vast majority of the population (approximately 90%) is employed in agriculture. The main task of the agrarian society was the production of food, just to feed the population. This is the longest of the three stages and has a history of thousands of years. In our time, most of the countries of Africa are still at this stage of development, Latin America and Southeast Asia. In a pre-industrial society, the main producer is not man, but nature. This stage is also characterized by rigidly authoritarian power and land ownership as the basis of the economy.

industrial society

In an industrial society, all forces are directed to industrial production in order to produce the goods necessary for society. industrial revolution has borne fruit - now the main task of agrarian and industrial society, consisting in simply feeding the population and providing them with basic means of subsistence, has faded into the background. Only 5-10% of the population employed in agriculture produced enough food to feed the entire society.

post-industrial society

The transition to a new type of society - post-industrial - takes place in the last third of the 20th century. Society is already provided with food and goods, and various services are coming to the fore, mainly related to the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge. And as a result scientific and technological revolution there was a transformation of science into a direct productive force, which became the main factor in the development of society and its self-preservation.

Along with this, a person has more free time, and, consequently, opportunities for creativity, self-realization. At that time technical developments are becoming more knowledge-intensive, theoretical knowledge is becoming more important. The dissemination of this knowledge is ensured by a super-developed network of communications.

Social development can be reformist or revolutionary. Reform (from fr. reforme, lat. reformare - to transform). Revolution (from lat. revolutio - turn, coup). Social development: - this is any degree of improvement in any area of public life, carried out simultaneously, through a series of gradual transformations that do not affect the fundamental foundations (systems, phenomena, structures); - this is a radical, qualitative change in all or most aspects of social life, affecting the foundations of the existing social system.

Types: 1) Progressive (for example, the reforms of the 60-70s of the XIX century in Russia - the Great reforms of Alexander II); 2) Regressive (reactionary) (for example, the reforms of the second half of the 80s - early 90s of the XIX century in Russia - "Counter-reforms" of Alexander III); 3) Short-term (for example, the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia); 4) Long-term (for example, the Neolithic revolution - 3 thousand years; the industrial revolution of the XVIII-XIX centuries). Reforms can take place in all spheres of public life: - economic reforms - transformation of the economic mechanism: forms, methods, levers and organization of the country's economic management (privatization, bankruptcy law, antimonopoly laws, etc.); - social reforms - transformations, changes, reorganization of any aspects of public life that do not destroy the foundations of the social system (these reforms are directly related to people); -- political reforms-- changes in political sphere public life (changes in the constitution, the electoral system, the expansion of civil rights, etc.). The degree of reformist transformations can be very significant, up to changes in the social system or type of economic system: Reforms of Peter I "reforms in Russia in the early 90s. 20th century IN modern conditions two ways of social development - reform and revolution - are opposed to the practice of permanent reform in a self-regulating society. It should be recognized that both reform and revolution “cure” an already neglected disease, while constant and possibly early prevention is necessary. Therefore, in modern social science, the emphasis is shifted from the "reform - revolution" dilemma to "reform - innovation".

Under innovation (from the English. innovation - innovation, innovation, innovation) is understood as an ordinary, one-time improvement associated with an increase in the adaptive capabilities of the social organism in these conditions. In modern sociology, social development is associated with the process of modernization. Modernization (from French moderniser - modern) is the process of transition from a traditional, agrarian society to modern, industrial societies.

Classical theories of modernization described the so-called "primary" modernization, which historically coincided with the development of Western capitalism. Later theories of modernization characterize it through the concepts of "secondary" or "catch-up" modernization. It is carried out in the conditions of the existence of a “model”, for example, in the form of a Western European liberal model, often such modernization is understood as westernization, that is, the process of direct borrowing or planting.

In essence, this modernization is a worldwide process of displacement of local, local types of cultures and social organization by "universal" (Western) forms of modernity.

There are several classifications (typologies) of society:

1) pre-written and written;
2) simple and complex (the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of management of a society, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor, in complex societies there are several levels of management and several social strata of the population located from top to bottom as income decreases);
3) primitive society, slave-owning society, feudal society, capitalist society, communist society (a formational sign acts as a criterion in this typology);
4) developed, developing, backward (the criterion in this typology is the level of development);
5) compare the following types of society (traditional (pre-industrial) - a, industrial - b, post-industrial (information) - c) along the following lines of comparison: - the main factor of production - a) land; b) capital; c) knowledge; - the main product of production - a) food; b) industrial products; c) services; - character traits production - a) manual labor; b) wide application of mechanisms, technologies; c) automation of production, computerization of society; - the nature of labor - a) individual labor; b) preferential standard activity; c) a sharp increase in creativity in labor; - employment of the population - a) agriculture - about 75%; b) agriculture - about 10%, industry - 85%; c) agriculture - up to 3%, industry - about 33%, services - about 66%; - the main type of export - a) raw materials; b) products of production; c) services; - social structure - a) estates, classes, the inclusion of everyone in the team, the isolation of social structures, low social mobility; b) class division, simplification of the social structure, mobility and openness of social structures; c) saving social differentiation, the growth of the middle class, professional differentiation depending on the level of knowledge, qualifications; - life expectancy - a) 40-50 years; b) over 70 years; c) over 70 years old; - human impact on nature - a) local, uncontrolled; b) global, uncontrolled; c) global, controlled; - interaction with other countries - a) insignificant; b) close relationship; c) openness of society; - political life - a) the predominance of monarchical forms of government; no political freedoms; power is above the law, it does not need justification; a combination of self-governing communities and traditional empires; b) the proclamation of political freedoms, equality before the law, democratic reforms; power is not perceived as a given, it is required to justify the right to leadership; c) political pluralism, strong civil society; occurrence new form democracies - "democracy of consensus"; - spiritual life - a) traditional religious values dominate; homogeneous character of culture; oral transmission of information prevails; a small number of educated people; fight against illiteracy; b) new values of progress, personal success, faith in science are affirmed; mass culture emerges and occupies a leading position; training of specialists; c) the special role of science and education; development of individualized consciousness; continuous education. Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society The most common approaches in Russian historical and philosophical science to the analysis of social development are formational and civilizational.

The first of them belongs to the Marxist school of social science, the founders of which were the German economists, sociologists and philosophers K. Marx (1818-1883) and F. Engels (1820-1895). key concept This school of social science is the category of "socio-economic formation".

It is proved that society is constantly evolving. The development of society can proceed in two directions and take three specific forms.

Directions of development of society

It is customary to single out social progress (the trend of development from the lowest level of the material state of the society and the spiritual evolution of the individual to a higher one) and regression (the opposite of progress: the transition from a more developed state to a less developed one).

If we demonstrate the development of society graphically, we will get a broken line (where ups and downs will be displayed, for example, the period of fascism is a stage of social regression).

Society is a complex and multifaceted mechanism, in connection with which progress can be traced in one of its areas, while regression in another.

So, if we turn to historical facts, we can clearly see technical progress(transition from primitive tools to the most complex CNC machines, from draft animals to trains, cars, airplanes, etc.). However back side medals (regression) - destruction natural resources, undermining the natural habitat of a person, etc.

Criteria of social progress

There are six of them:

affirmation of democracy;
the growth of the welfare of the population and its social security;
improving interpersonal relationships;
the growth of spirituality and the ethical component of society;
weakening interpersonal confrontation;
a measure of freedom granted to an individual by society (the degree of individual freedom guaranteed by society).

Forms of social development

The most common is evolution (smooth, gradual changes in the life of society that occur naturally). Features of her character: gradualness, continuity, ascent (for example, scientific and technical evolution).

The second form of social development is revolution (quick, deep changes; a radical upheaval of social life). The nature of revolutionary change has radical and fundamental features.

Revolutions can be

short-term or long-term;
within one or more states;
within one or more areas.

If these changes affect all existing public spheres (politics, everyday life, economics, culture, public organization), then the revolution is called social. Such changes cause strong emotionality, mass activity of the entire population (for example, such Russian revolutions as the October, February).

The third form of social development is reforms (a set of measures aimed at transforming specific aspects of society, for example, economic reform or educational reform).

Systematic model of typologies of social development D. Bell

This American sociologist delimited world history into stages (types) regarding the development of society:

industrial;
post-industrial.

The transition from one stage to another is accompanied by a change in technology, form of ownership, political regime, lifestyle, social structure of society, mode of production, social institutions, culture, population.

Pre-industrial society: characteristics

There are simple and complex societies. A pre-industrial society (simple) is a society without social inequality and division into strata or classes, as well as without commodity-money relations and the state apparatus.

In primitive times, gatherers, hunters, then early pastoralists, farmers lived in a simple society.

The social structure of a pre-industrial society (simple) has the following features:

small size of the association;
primitive level of development of technology and division of labor;
egalitarianism (economic, political, social equality);
priority of blood ties.

Stages in the evolution of simple societies

groups (local);
communities (primitive).

The second stage has two periods:

tribal community;
neighborly.

The transition from tribal communities to neighboring ones became possible thanks to a sedentary lifestyle: groups of blood relatives settled close to each other and were united both by marriages and by mutual assistance regarding joint territories, by a labor corporation.

Thus, pre-industrial society is characterized by the gradual emergence of the family, the emergence of a division of labor (inter-gender, inter-age), the emergence of social norms that are taboos (absolute prohibitions).

Transitional form from a simple society to a complex one

The chiefdom is a hierarchical structure of a system of people that does not have an extensive administrative apparatus, which is an integral part of a mature state.

According to the size criterion, this is a large association (more than a tribe). There is already horticulture without arable farming and a surplus product without surplus. Gradually, there is a stratification into rich and poor, noble and simple. The number of management levels - 2-10 and more. Modern examples of chiefdoms are: New Guinea, Tropical Africa and Polynesia.

Complex pre-industrial societies

The final stage in the evolution of simple societies, as well as the prologue to complex ones, was the Neolithic Revolution. A complex (pre-industrial) society is characterized by the emergence of a surplus product, social inequality and stratification (castes, classes, slavery, estates), commodity-money relations, an extensive, specialized management apparatus.

It is usually numerous (hundreds of thousands - hundreds of millions of people). Within the framework of a complex society, consanguineous, personal relationships are replaced by unrelated, impersonal ones (this is especially evident in cities, when even cohabitants may be unfamiliar).

Social ranks are replaced by social stratification. As a rule, a pre-industrial society (complex) is referred to as stratified because the strata are numerous and the groups include only those who are not related to the ruling class.

Signs of a complex society by V. Child

There are at least eight of them. The signs of a pre-industrial society (complex) are as follows:

People are settled in cities.
Non-agricultural specialization of labor is developing.
A surplus product appears and accumulates.
There are clear class divisions.
Customary law is replaced by legal law.
Large-scale public works such as irrigation are born, and pyramids are also emerging.
Overseas trade appears.
There is writing, mathematics and elite culture.

Despite the fact that the agrarian society (pre-industrial) is characterized by the emergence of a large number of cities, most of the population lived in the countryside (a closed territorial peasant community, leading a subsistence economy, which is poorly connected with the market). The village is oriented towards religious values and traditional way of life.

Characteristic features of pre-industrial society

The following features of a traditional society are distinguished:

Agriculture occupies a dominant position, which is dominated by manual technologies (the energy of animals and people is used).
A significant proportion of the population is in rural areas.
Production is focused on personal consumption, and therefore market relations are underdeveloped.
Caste or estate classification system of the population.
Low level of social mobility.
Large patriarchal families.
Social change is proceeding at a slow pace.
Priority is given to the religious and mythological worldview.
Homogeneity of values and norms.
Sacralized, authoritarian political power.

These are schematic and simplified features of a traditional society.

Industrial type of society

The transition to this type was due to two global processes:

industrialization (creation of large-scale machine production);
urbanization (resettlement of people from villages to cities, as well as the promotion of urban life values in all segments of the population).

Industrial society (originated in the 18th century) is the child of two revolutions - political (the French Revolution) and economic (the English Industrial Revolution). The result of the first economic freedoms, a new social stratification, and the second - a new political form (democracy), political freedoms.

Feudalism has been replaced by capitalism. In everyday life, the concept of "industrialization" has become stronger. Its flagship is England. This country is the birthplace of machine production, new legislation and free enterprise.

Industrialization is interpreted as the use of scientific knowledge regarding industrial technology, the discovery of fundamentally new sources of energy that made it possible to perform all the work previously carried out by people or draft animals.

Thanks to the transition to industry, a small proportion of the population was able to feed a significant number of people without the procedure for cultivating the land.

Compared with agricultural states and empires, industrial countries are more numerous (tens, hundreds of millions of people). These are the so-called highly urbanized societies (cities began to play a dominant role).

Signs of an industrial society:

industrialization;
class antagonism;
representative democracy;
urbanization;
the division of society into classes;
transfer of power to the owners;
little social mobility.

Thus, we can say that pre-industrial and industrial societies are actually different social worlds. This transition obviously could not be either easy or quick. It took Western societies, so to speak, the pioneers of modernization, more than one century to implement this process.

post-industrial society

It gives priority to the service sector, which prevails over industry and agriculture. The social structure of the post-industrial society is shifting in favor of those employed in the aforementioned area, and new elites are also emerging: scientist and technocrats.

This type of society is characterized as "post-class" in view of the fact that it shows the collapse of entrenched social structures, identities that are so characteristic of an industrial society.

Industrial and post-industrial society: distinctive features

The main characteristics of modern and postmodern society are shown in the table below.

Characteristic	Modern society	postmodern society
1. The basis of public welfare
2. Mass class		Managers, employees
3. Social structure	"Grainy", status	"Cellular", functional
4. Ideology	sociocentrism	Humanism
5. Technical basis	Industrial	Informational
6. Leading industry	Industry
7. The principle of management and organization	Management	Coordination
8. Political regime		Self-government, direct democracy
9. Religion		Small denominations

Thus, both industrial and post-industrial society are modern types. The main distinguishing feature of the latter is that a person is not considered primarily as an “economic person”. A post-industrial society is a “post-labor”, “post-economic” society (the economic subsystem loses its decisive significance; labor is not the basis social relations).

Comparative characteristics of the considered types of development of society

Let us trace the main differences that have a traditional, industrial and post-industrial society. Comparative characteristics presented in the table.

Comparison criterion	Pre-industrial (traditional)	Industrial	post-industrial
1. Main production factor
2. Main production product	Food	Industrial goods
3. Features of production	Exceptionally manual labor	Widespread use of technologies and mechanisms	Computerization of society, automation of production
4. Specificity of labor	Individuality	Predominance of standard activities	Encouraging creativity
5. The structure of employment	Agriculture - approximately 75%	Agriculture - approximately 10%, industry - 75%	Agriculture - 3%, industry - 33%, services - 66%
6. Priority View export	Mainly raw materials	Manufactured products
7. Social structure	Classes, estates, castes included in the collective, their isolation; little social mobility	Classes, their mobility; simplification of the existing social structures	Preservation of the existing social differentiation; an increase in the size of the middle class; professional differentiation based on qualifications and level of knowledge
8. Average duration life	40 to 50 years old	Up to 70 years old and above	Over 70 years
9. The degree of human impact on the environment	Uncontrolled, local	Uncontrolled, global	controlled, global
10. Relations with other states	Minor	Close relationship	Complete openness of society
11. Political sphere	Most often, monarchical forms of government, lack of political freedoms, power is above the law	Political freedoms, equality before the law, democratic transformations	Political pluralism, a strong civil society, the emergence of a new democratic form

So, it is worth recalling once again the three types of social development: traditional, industrial and post-industrial society.

Industrial society - a type of economically developed society in which the predominant industry national economy is industry.

An industrial society is characterized by the development of the division of labor, mass production of goods, mechanization and automation of production, the development of mass media, the service sector, high mobility and urbanization, and the growing role of the state in regulating the socio-economic sphere.

1. Industrial approval technological order as dominant in all public spheres(from economic to cultural)

2. Change in the proportions of employment by industry: a significant reduction in the share of people employed in agriculture (up to 3-5%) and an increase in the share of people employed in industry (up to 50-60%) and the service sector (up to 40-45%)

3. Intensive urbanization

4. Emergence of the nation-state, organized on the basis of a common language and culture

5. Educational (cultural) revolution. The transition to universal literacy and the formation national systems education

6. Political revolution leading to the establishment of political rights and freedoms (ex. all suffrage)

7. Growth in the level of consumption ("revolution of consumption", formation of the "welfare state")

8. Changing the structure of working and free time (the formation of a "consumer society")

9. Change in the demographic type of development ( low level birth rate, mortality rate, increase in life expectancy, aging of the population, i.e. growth in the proportion of older age groups).

Post-industrial society - a society in which the service sector has a priority development and prevails over the volume of industrial production and agricultural production. IN social structure post-industrial society, the number of people employed in the service sector increases and new elites are formed: technocrats, scientists.

This concept was first proposed by D. Bell in 1962. It recorded the entry in the late 50s and early 60s. developed Western countries that have exhausted the potential of industrial production, in a qualitatively new stage development.

It is characterized by a decrease in the share and importance of industrial production due to the growth of the service and information sectors. Service production becomes the main area economic activity. Thus, in the United States, about 90% of the employed population now works in the field of information and services. Based on these changes, there is a rethinking of all the basic characteristics of an industrial society, a fundamental change in theoretical guidelines.

Thus, a post-industrial society is defined as a "post economic", "post labor" society, i.e. a society in which the economic subsystem loses its defining significance, and labor ceases to be the basis of all social relations. A person in a post-industrial society is no longer considered as an "economic person" par excellence.

The first "phenomenon" of such a person is considered the youth riot of the late 60s, which meant the end of the Protestant work ethic as the moral basis of Western industrial civilization. The economic growth ceases to act as the main, especially the only guideline, goal of social development. The emphasis is shifting to social and humanitarian problems. The priority issues are the quality and safety of life, self-realization of the individual. New criteria for well-being and social well-being are being formed.

A post-industrial society is also defined as a "post-class" society, which reflects the disintegration of the stable social structures and identities characteristic of an industrial society. If before the status of an individual in society was determined by his place in economic structure, i.e. class belonging to which all other social characteristics were subordinated, now the status characteristic of an individual is determined by many factors, among which an increasing role is played by education, the level of culture (what P. Bourdieu called "cultural capital").

On this basis, D. Bell and a number of other Western sociologists put forward the idea of a new "service" class. Its essence lies in the fact that in a post-industrial society, not the economic and political elite, but the intellectuals and professionals who make up the new class, have power. In reality, there was no fundamental change in the distribution of economic and political power. Claims about the "death of the class" also seem clearly exaggerated and premature.

However, significant changes in the structure of society, associated primarily with a change in the role of knowledge and its carriers in society, are undoubtedly taking place (see information society). Thus, we can agree with D. Bell's statement that "the changes that are fixed by the term post-industrial society may mean the historical metamorphosis of Western society."

INFORMATION SOCIETY - a concept that actually replaced at the end of the 20th century. interesting radio-controlled helicopter at a low price order the term "post-industrial society". For the first time the phrase "I.O." was consumed American economist F. Mashlup ("The Production and Diffusion of Knowledge in the United States", 1962). Mashloop was one of the first to study the information sector of the economy on the example of the United States. In modern philosophy and other social sciences, the concept of "I.O." rapidly evolving as a concept for a new social order, which differs significantly in its characteristics from the previous one. Initially, the concept of "post-capitalist" - "post-industrial society" is postulated (Dahrendorf, 1958), within which the production and dissemination of knowledge begins to dominate in the sectors of the economy, and, accordingly, a new industry appears - the information economy. The rapid development of the latter determines its control over the sphere of business and the state (Galbraith, 1967). stand out organizational bases this control (Baldwin, 1953; White, 1956), when applied to social structure, signify the emergence of a new class, the so-called meritocracy (Young, 1958; Gouldner, 1979). Information production and communication become a centralized process (the "global village" theory of McLuen, 1964). Ultimately, the main resource of the new post-industrial order is information (Bell, 1973). One of the most interesting and developed philosophical concepts of I.O. belongs to the famous Japanese scientist E. Masuda, who seeks to comprehend the future evolution of society. The main principles of the composition of the future society, presented in his book "The Information Society as a Post-Industrial Society" (1983), are as follows: "the basis of the new society will be computer technology, with its fundamental function to replace or enhance human mental labor; the information revolution will quickly turn into a new productive force and will make possible the mass production of cognitive, systematized information, technology and knowledge; the potential market will be the "frontier of the known", the possibility of solving problems and the development of cooperation will increase; the leading branch of the economy will be intellectual production, the products of which will be accumulated, and the accumulated information will become spread through synergistic production and share use"; in the new information society, the "free community" will become the main subject of social activity, and the "participatory democracy" will be the political system; the main goal in the new society will be the realization of the "value of time". Masuda offers a new, holistic and humane utopia of the 21st century, which he himself called "Computopia", which includes the following parameters: (1) the pursuit and realization of the values of the time; (2) freedom of decision and equality of opportunity; (3) the rise of various free communities; (4) synergetic relationship in society; (5) functional associations free from overriding authority. The new society will potentially have the ability to achieve an ideal form of social relations, since it will function on the basis of synergistic rationality, which will replace the principle of free competition of an industrial society. From the point of view of understanding the processes that actually take place in a modern post-industrial society, the works of J. Beninger, T. Stoner, J. Nisbet. Scientists suggest that the most likely result of the development of society in the near future is the integration of the existing system with the latest means mass communication. The development of a new information order does not mean the immediate disappearance of industrial society. Moreover, there is a possibility of establishing total control over the banks of information, its production and distribution. Information, having become the main product of production, accordingly, becomes a powerful power resource, the concentration of which in one source can potentially lead to the emergence of a new version of a totalitarian state. . This possibility is not ruled out even by those Western futurists (E. Masuda, O. Toffler), who are optimistic about the future transformations of the social order.

The modern world cannot imagine its life without large cities, complex technical mechanisms, and a rapidly developing market. Without such phenomena as industrial and post-industrial society, the current era in the development of mankind could not have been formed.

According to economic concepts“industrial society” is commonly understood as a society formed in the course of a complex process of industrialization. Its emergence was facilitated by the emergence and further active development of machine production and the emergence of forms of labor organizations corresponding to a certain time interval, so necessary for achieving scientific and technological progress.

Peculiarities

An industrial society is characterized by mass production of goods, going in a stream, it is equipped with automation and mechanization of labor. Under these conditions, the active development of the market sector, which consists of goods and services, the establishment of a humane attitude in economic sphere, an increase in the managerial role and, at the same time, the formation of a certain segment of the population - civil society. The father of the term "industrial society" the whole world calls a sociologist and philosopher from France -.

The process of becoming

An industrial society is generally considered to be a society that was founded on the basis that constitutes industry. Industry itself, in turn, is characterized by a number of dynamic structures. Society is characterized by such indicators as the division of labor and the accelerated development of its productivity. For this kind of conditions are very important:

High level of competition.
Rapid development of human capital along with entrepreneurial resource.
Formation of civil society and the necessary management systems.
Education means of global communication.
Progress in the field of quality of life.
High level of urbanization.

The basis for the creation of an industrial society can be the result industrial revolution, as a result of which this large-scale event can be expected to redistribute work force. The number of people employed in agriculture drops sharply when the share of the population employed in industry, trade and other non-agricultural employment begins to rise. This trend inevitably leads to an increase in the number of population in cities.

Features of an industrial society

At this historical stage, there is a progressive growth and development of specialized education, infrastructure, living standards and culture.
Transition from manual to machine production.
global urbanization.
High labor mobility of the urban population and so on.

An industrial society is characterized by the emergence and development of:

Printed products (newspapers).
scientific activity.
Possibility of conducting educational training and so on.

This term defines society economic basis which is determined from the innovative sector interacting with high-performance industry. The post-industrial society is characterized by: a high proportion of innovative and high-quality services. They are concentrated in GDP. Equally important is the ongoing competition in the economic and other spheres of activity. Many economists add to this list a high proportion population involved in a number of services.

Industry, which is within the framework of development in the field of post-industrial society, nourishes the desires of economic agents, the population, which is the main consumer.

Historical information

At the very beginning of the 20th century, the scientist L. Kuraswami, who specialized in the history of economic development Asian countries, the term "post-industrialism" was modeled, later it was introduced into scientific circulation. It acquired its modern shell of meaning in the 1950s thanks to Daniel Bell, a professor at Harvard University.

The main development factor

The basis of a post-industrial society, or rather, it can be called its main component, is human capital, which is made up of professionals, scientific and complex knowledge contained in all vast areas of economic innovation.

Essence

The core of this historical process lies in the growth of the quality of life of people and the area of development in the field of innovative economy which includes the knowledge industry.

Concept

Human capital requires investments in the form of investments. They, in turn, improve its quality.

Occurrence criterion

Many scientists believe that the change in the structure of employment can be called the foundation of a post-industrial society.

Common features between industrial and post-industrial society

They are natural historical processes.
They require the involvement of human labor.

Differences

High labor productivity.
Improved quality of life of the population.
The predominance of an innovative economy, accompanied by venture business and the presence of high technologies.
High cost of human capital.
The industrial society is a product of the industrial revolution.

Offensive industrial age in the relationship between man and nature, it is customary to associate it with victory and final approval in the second half of the 18th century. capitalist mode of production. At this time, a large-scale machine industry arises and begins to develop rapidly. The basis of a new form of organization social production became a capitalist factory.

A characteristic feature of the technology of this period was the invention and distribution in the main industries (textile and engineering) and agriculture of working machines. The use of a mechanical loom, a steam engine, agricultural machines (steam plow, mechanical seeders, reaping machines) led to a sharp increase in industrial and agricultural production, which affected the improvement in living standards and an increase in the population, which by 1800 amounted to 954 million people, and already by 1900 - 1633 million people.

In the 19th century, the volume of production of a number of minerals increased significantly, primarily iron ore and coal. Coal was used in steam engines and in the production of pig iron, so its extraction, according to P. Kuusi, determined everything economic development in this era. In the second half of the XIX century. oil and gas production begins to develop, the production of non-ferrous metals is growing. A characteristic feature of this time is the growth in the number of cities, their consolidation, as well as an increase in the concentration of the population in them. Many new cities are formed at this time around industrial enterprises, subsequently turning into large industrial centers. Throughout the 19th century the development of urban infrastructure, the improvement of waste disposal systems, the provision of cities with agricultural products and the marketing of industrial goods to the agricultural sector continued. The system of transport communications is developing; roads and bridges are being built. Construction material is withdrawn from quarries and quarries, in the vicinity of cities, forests are cut down, which is necessary for the construction of wooden structures. All this has a destructive effect on natural landscapes and ultimately leads to their destruction. They are being replaced by "anthropogenic" landscapes, more suitable for modern man.

Progress in agriculture largely determined the nutritional habits of people during this period. The growth in labor productivity achieved through the use of agricultural machinery led to cheaper products, making them more accessible to the general population. The basis of the diet of most people was still bread, vegetables and fruits, berries, and fish. Potato became widespread during this period - a new crop brought to Europe from the American continent and from there it has already spread throughout the rest of the world. In the countries of the Far East and Southeast Asia, rice, traditional for these regions, constituted a special item in the diet. Poultry and livestock meat was still quite expensive.

Second half of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century. called the age of natural science. At this time, the sciences of the Earth (geology and geography), biology, chemistry, astronomy, physics, etc., experienced an unprecedented flourishing. An evolutionary-historical approach to the analysis of the phenomena of natural and social reality was taking shape. During this period, many researchers, representatives of various scientific fields and specialties are developing certain aspects of the subject of the future unified environmental science. E. Haeckel introduces the term "ecology", which denotes a new branch of knowledge about the relationship of organisms with their environment. There is an accumulation of data on the influence exerted by nature on man and man on nature.

The period in the history of the formation of the relationship between man and nature, which began simultaneously with the onset of the 20th century and continues throughout it, in general, is characterized by the expansion of the expansion of mankind in nature, the settlement of all territories available for living, the intensive development of industrial and agricultural production, the discovery and start of exploitation new ways of releasing and converting energy (including the bond energy of particles of the atomic nucleus), the beginning of the exploration of near-Earth space and solar system in general, as well as unprecedented population growth. Statistics show that in 1920 the Earth was inhabited by 1862 million people, in 1940 - 2295 million, in 1960 - 3049 million, in 1980 - 4415 million people. In 1987, humanity crossed the five-billion mark in numbers. Such indicators of population growth give grounds to speak of a "demographic boom" and build extremely unfavorable forecasts for the development of the situation in the near future. Thus, it is generally accepted that by the year 2000 the number of people exceeded 6 billion people, and demographers suggest that by 2025 humanity will have crossed the eight billion mark. The ongoing process of increasing the number of people living on earth, according to most scientists who study this problem, along with an increase in industrial production and consumption of various natural resources, as well as an increase in the amount of waste from the “life activity” of civilization, will raise the question of the survival of mankind as a whole in the next 100 years. .

Some researchers characterize the modern era as a stage of transition to a post-industrial (information) civilization, meaning that today, in fact, there is a transition to the primacy of the production of information, knowledge and harmonization on this basis of the relationship between man and nature.

A thousandfold excess of the normal number of mankind on the globe cannot but affect the biotic balance of nature. Modern society production and consumption involves such an amount of substances and energy that is tens and hundreds of times greater than the number of human biological needs. For each of us today, many times more is required than for our distant ancestors. If a primitive person consumed 1-2 liters of water, then modern - 200 liters of water per day, i.e. the more civilized the nation, the greater its need. A person takes the substances, energy and information he needs from the natural environment, transforms them into a product useful for himself (material or spiritual) and returns the waste of his activity to nature. Human activity is expressed in an open chain:

Each of these elements has negative consequences:

- tangible now (environmental pollution);
- dangerous in the future (depletion of natural resources, man-made disasters).

From this we can conclude that one of the causes of the modern ecological crisis is the quantitative expansion of human society (lat. expansion - extension, expansion). This creates an exorbitant level and a rapid increase in anthropogenic pressure on nature.