A thrifty housewife knows perfectly well what and where the money goes, because she manages the family budget; expenses and income are an important topic for her. Spending money recklessly is not an easy task. Regularly taking into account your income and expenses, you will certainly begin to analyze and discover where you are spending irrationally. Once you have an accurate picture of your expenses, you will be able to manage them. That is, plan a personal budget or the budget of your family.
Planning a budget means calculating income and expenses for a certain period. A personal budget is formed from the income of one person and expenses are aimed at his personal needs. Often young families prefer to have a separate budget, wanting to save financial independence. With this model, each spouse keeps track of only personal funds, and decisions about large expenses can be made jointly.
The family budget consists of the income of all family members, and, accordingly, expenses are also directed at everyone. Planning and accounting for personal funds is easier than for family ones.
Every family has a dream, a goal, the implementation of which requires global financial investments, for example, purchasing your own home. Careful and accurate accounting of income and expenses will help you realize this dream. In planning family budget, both family members should be involved in managing household finances, and everyone should be interested in filling the “piggy bank” as efficiently as possible and in spending money economically.
When maintaining a joint family budget, it is necessary to take into account the item of expenses for personal needs, meaning the money that family members will dispose of at their own discretion. Ideally, personal expenses do not exceed 20-30% of the family budget, although everything depends on the income and desires of the spouses.
Before you start drawing up a financial plan, you need to find out how much and on what the family spends per month:
- Using a notepad or one of the many computer programs During the month, record in detail all expenses by category.
- Summarize.
- Then you need to figure out for yourself and your family the order of purchases: what is needed now and what can wait. Before planning, it’s a good idea to conduct an audit: what you already have and what you urgently need.
- Let's sum up all expected income.
Expense planning
Regardless of income, the main items of expenditure in families are the same: mandatory and desirable.
Mandatory expenses ensure the satisfaction of vital needs:
- repayment of loans, debts;
- taxes;
- payment for housing;
- Food;
- transportation costs, car maintenance;
- household chemicals;
- personal hygiene items;
- necessary clothes, shoes.
Before taking out a loan, consider how much you need it, whether you can repay it on time and without damaging the family budget. If you already have loans, try to pay them off as soon as possible and not get involved in others.
Share of food expenses in general structure is the most important for characterizing well-being. If you spend more than 50% of your total income on essential food, then you have a poor person's budget.
Calculate all mandatory expenses and subtract them from your income. How to use the remaining amount for the greatest benefit for the family? Make several lists of desired purchases, regardless of whether you fit into this amount. Desires are many, possibilities are limited. Analyze and leave on your lists the most important things for your family today.
Involve children in discussing income and expenses. This contributes to the economic maturation of the younger generation, fosters respect for money, and protects children from dependent attitudes. In addition, joint planning teaches you to respect and take into account each other’s interests, and allows you to avoid conflicts over money in the future.
When planning your family budget for a month in advance, do not forget about upcoming family holidays and congratulations to your family and friends.
If you don’t want to keep track of personal income and expenses throughout the year, although this is desirable, select 4 months by season: winter, spring, summer, autumn - and figure out what and how much money is spent on.
If you don't have enough money, it means you either don't have enough income or have high expenses.
Economists note that with a decrease in income, the share of expenses on food increases and the share of expenses on education, culture, treatment, recreation, and entertainment decreases.
It is worth thinking about increasing your income. How to do this?
The famous businessman and billionaire Steve Jobs, recalling his youth, once said that when he lacked money, he did not run to earn money, he sat down to think.
It is common to find families wondering where their money is being spent. After transferring wages, they can spend more than half of their income in a week, and then borrow money from friends or, even worse, take countless bank loans. In addition, lack of money often becomes the cause of domestic quarrels and divorces in families. So what is it, what are the advantages and disadvantages of doing it?
Be sure to read my review on the topic and how I came to this only at 37 years old, exactly 1.5 years ago.
Family budget – balance of family income and expenses for a specified period of time.
Advantages of maintaining a family budget:
- General picture of family income for the period - main and additional earnings. This is the basis from which you should build on your capabilities for planned costs.
- Full control of family expenses. To avoid disputes, the spending picture will always show who spent the money on what. In the future, the dynamics of costs for each item will allow them to be adjusted depending on preferences and informed choice.
- Accumulation of funds and minimization of debts.
- major purchases and travel. The dynamics of the main cost items allows you to plan major events in a certain period using previously accumulated funds.
- Discipline. increases discipline in the life of every person.
Disadvantages of maintaining a family budget:
- Full transparency of the income and expenses of all family members, which not everyone may like.
- The ability to get hung up on the idea of saving, go beyond boundaries and infringe on yourself and other family members in any needs.
Principles of maintaining a family budget:
Income and expenses must be divided into items. Their number can be any at the discretion and convenience of everyone. For example, at first, expense items may be more detailed: food, household goods, rent payments, telephone payments, other payments for children's sections and school lunches, etc. Later, it would be better to combine some of the expenses. For example, all required monthly payments in one article.
For the first two months, it’s enough to simply record your income and expenses by item. In the future, the budget must be planned for the future, at least for one period in advance.
It’s more convenient to record expenses every day and check balances Money(cash, bank cards, accounts, electronic money etc.).
If distributed correctly, the family's expenditure budget should not exceed the income budget. In this way, a reserve portion will be formed, which can be accumulated or spent on necessary needs. It is recommended that the monthly reserve be at least 10% of income.
It is advisable to divide the reserve part into at least two components - the acquisition of useful purchases and an emergency reserve. The latter is necessary as a “spare cushion” in the event of a sudden loss of permanent income (dismissal, reduction), deep financial crisis, unforeseen circumstances.
Methods of maintaining a family budget:
- “the old fashioned way” - a thick notebook with manual notes and calculations on a calculator: a time-consuming and inconvenient option in terms of analysis and dynamics;
- maintaining a detailed, convenient table in Microsoft Office Excel on any computer, using an individual approach;
- services for budgeting (online websites and mobile applications) with the ability to choose the most convenient and appropriate one.
- There may be duplication, for example, maintaining an express budget in mobile application for quick fixation of costs and a more detailed budget with analysis and dynamics in Microsoft Excel.
An example of maintaining a family budget in Excel in our family.
how to make a family budget In addition to maintaining a table in Excel, I recommend daily accounting of expenses and income in special applications for maintaining a family budget, for example, Home Accounting, which, among other things, can be installed as an individual or family application, i.e. on 2 devices on Android, Windows or iOS.
I can recommend the free AbilityCash program, which I use myself, you can download it from this link
Home accounting allows you to quickly understand where the money is going and where there are reserves for saving.
Explore different programs and choose the one that is convenient for you. It is important that the program has the ability to divide expenses into different items, obtain spending statistics for each item, and use various data filters.
Many families do not take into account the nuances of correctly managing the family budget, so many problems arise. financial issues in family.
To avoid this, it is worth learning the three most important accounting rules.
No. 1. Determine the exact total amount of income for the month. You will have to take all the income for the month and, by adding, find out the total amount.
No. 2. Calculate all monthly necessary expenses and payment of bills. In other words, find out the inevitable waste of money per month.
No. 3. Subtract the amount of unavoidable expenses from the principal amount of income. And only distribute the remaining amount to other side expenses.
So, there remains a certain sum of money. How to competently manage it further? Family is a big responsibility and everyone has their own personal needs. In order to satisfy the major needs of each family member, for example, purchasing seasonal outerwear or shoes, from each monthly income You should save approximately 10% of your income. When the time comes to buy one of the family members an important new thing, or an unexpected spending situation suddenly arises, the family will already be ready for it. The accumulated amount will be able to cover such expenses.
Now let us turn to the problem of a person’s place in the relations of distribution and consumption.
History knows several ways to satisfy people's needs for the most necessary, useful, as well as for the futile, even harmful. One of them is self-sufficiency. In this case, all proportions in the economy are determined directly by the producer - consumer, which acts as “the only one in two persons.” For some people, begging, collecting alms, etc. become a way to satisfy their needs. in this case the proportions depend on the charity, the mercy of the one who gives. There is also a known way of satisfying needs as violence, when the object of need is taken away by force from another, of course, weaker and dependent one. This method is certainly inhumane and unfair. In addition, sooner or later it leads to resistance by the victim of violence and the death of the one who creates such a cruel system. And finally, society also knows such a way to satisfy needs as exchange based on equivalent compensation or equivalent exchange, in which the ratio of the quantities of goods and services exchanged is established directly between goods (“goods for goods”) or through money. This method of determining proportions is the most promising and is consistent with humane human nature.
The income of an individual and society consists of a number of sources. This can be wages, and income from capital placed in a bank, and rent for land, and dividends on existing shares, and amounts received as an inheritance or won, for example, in a lottery, etc. The amount of income, its stability, reliability sources influence human behavior in a market economy.
Fluctuations in income are associated with differences in ownership relationships. You can rise to the top of the social pyramid of wealth, for example, by receiving an inheritance. However, it is known that a significant portion of the super-rich people reached this position as a result of their own bold actions and effective investments funds into profitable enterprises. And only very few fortunes were formed by coincidence without the participation of their owners.
The market economy makes strict demands on people. The vast majority of people work a lot and intensively to earn money. So, from 1973 to 1985 pp. The working week of the average American has increased from 40.6 to 48.8 hours. According to US experts, the majority of Americans are chronically sleep-deprived and suffer from nervous stress. Difficulties increase if the American's social level is below average.
Both in countries with developed market economies and in those countries where only the first steps towards the market are being taken, there are rich and poor.
How to determine the line below which the standard of living can be defined as poverty? For this purpose, a living wage is established, which determines the minimum means to support a person’s livelihood. The calculation of such a minimum in Ukraine is based primarily on determining, based on minimum nutritional standards, a set of the most necessary products, the consumption of which will provide 2237 kcal per day on average per person. It includes: bread, milk, potatoes, meat, eggs, vegetables, fish (per year, bread is about 130 kg, milk - 123 liters, potatoes - 124 kg, etc.). This food set is listed at current prices. Then other minimum necessary expenses for manufactured goods, medicines, rent and utilities are calculated. It is assumed that in total amount food expenses account for 68% of income.
The cost of the minimum necessary monthly consumption expenditures, allowing to maintain the health of a person of the century and her life activity, is the “poverty line”: if income per person does not reach living wage This means that there are no conditions even for maintaining physical existence.
The set of necessary goods and services is specified in relation to various categories population and regions. This is due to the fact that the needs of a pensioner are lower than those of a working person (for example, daily transportation costs are not required), and the highest cost of a food package is for children and adolescents over 7 years old.
State-established pensions, scholarships, minimum size wages. However, the state was unable in the 90s pp. XX century raise their level to a subsistence level. At the end of 1998 More than 50% of the country's population has low incomes below the poverty line. Therefore, “targeted assistance” from the state to those most in need, that is, poor social groups, is of particular importance.
The reason for property inequality is differences in the social status of different groups of the population. In civilized countries programs state aid, which are financed from general tax revenues, are addressed to persons who are unable to earn a living (disabled people and children supported by their parents). There are also help social security and unemployment compensation. Assistance and compensation programs help reduce inequality in income distribution.
The income received by the employee is often redistributed within the family. A study conducted in our country showed that not only parents help children during their formative years, but also adult children mainly help elderly parents living separately. Such assistance somewhat reduces the gap in income between those who are working and those who are unable to work.
But income inequality individual families in a market economy is not only a consequence of disability. Among the reasons for inequality, a popular economics textbook in the United States names differences in abilities (physical and intellectual), in the level of education and professional training, and, consequently, in opportunities to earn money; unequal professional preferences (“tastes”) of people and willingness to take risks; property ownership, market dominance, and artificial “price increases” have a significant impact on increasing income inequality; failures, misfortunes (illness, accident, ruin, unemployment, etc.), discrimination based on gender, age, nationality, skin color.
There has long been a debate among academic economists. Some argue for income equality, pointing out that in this case the consumer extracts the maximum benefit from income. Others believe that income equality undermines incentives to labor activity, to the expansion of production, to risk and ultimately negatively affects the state of the economy, reducing the total amount of income distributed.
What do you think?
In our country, due to the dominance of Bolshevism, there was a tendency towards equalization of wages. It cannot disappear immediately. At the same time, the best workers have always been aware of the injustice of the restrictions on legal wages that have existed for a long time and the immorality of paying for bad work almost equally with good work.
Any income, even quite high, requires constant attention, active efforts to preserve, increase, and rational use. They consequently influence consumption. Public expenditure on goods and services is called consumption. There are no two families or even two people who would spend the funds they have in exactly the same way. However economics highlights some typical features of consumer behavior. What are these traits?
Having become acquainted with some of them, you can determine your attitude towards them and choose the ones that are most acceptable to you for the future.
It has been established that poor families, whose income is limited in size and is not reliable enough, spend most of it on the basic necessities of life - food, clothing, housing. As incomes rise, the costs of purchasing these consumer goods increase, and more and more attention is paid to their quality. So, if society is interested in increasing the consumption of goods and vital services necessary for survival, then it cannot be indifferent to the size of citizens’ incomes. And if it is focused on improving consumption, then it is obliged to take care of the growth of income of its members, creating favorable conditions for this.
Science has established that even with rising incomes, there are limits to the funds spent on food. The share of these expenses grows only up to certain limits, then it stabilizes at a certain level, which, in turn, is determined by rational consumption standards. A person’s confidence in his income and the stability of supply on the market for goods and services eliminates the need to buy “in reserve,” which can be guaranteed and with high quality.
Scientists have noticed another feature in the cost structure. It lies in the fact that expenses on clothes, entertainment, cars and in general expensive items, especially durable ones, usually increase in greater proportion than income. In other words, after satisfying physiological needs and the needs for safety and security, it is important for a person to satisfy the need for respect, recognition of her status, and self-affirmation. It is important for a person not only to survive, but also to be “no worse than others,” which is expressed not only in material well-being, but also in the moral affirmation of her inherent views.
The so-called “wealth effect” also influences consumer behavior. Its essence lies in the fact that of two people with the same earnings, he spends more on satisfying his needs and who, in addition to wages, has an additional source of income. Multiple sources make consumer behavior more confident, stable, and pre-planned.
Thus, the consumer, being a key figure in a market economy, can choose his behavior model depending on a number of conditions (size and stability of income, family composition, consumption structure, difference in level of education and culture, etc.).
Not everyone can show their economic qualities in production, but in the household, especially in conditions of limited resources, lack of money and consumer goods, a change in consumer behavior is necessary. Reasonable saving of electricity, gas, water must be accompanied by overcoming wasteful, uneconomical attitude towards things and products. Careful management of a family household involves taking care of the timely repair of clothes and shoes, their special treatment to protect them from bad weather, the rational use of old things, the preparation and proper storage of the gifts of nature (mushrooms, vegetables, fruits, medicinal preparations), and also teaches how to use wisely in cooking bread, stale milk, skillfully manage a small amount of food.
IN various types economic activity a person demonstrates the level of economic culture she has achieved. And this culture itself serves as one of the criteria of civilization.
Basic Concepts
Own. Job. Entrepreneurship. Living wage. Consumption.
Alienation. Business. Consumer behavior.
Self-test questions
1. What is the problem of overcoming alienation? What are the ways to solve it?
2. What does family income depend on?
3. What is consumer culture?
4. What changes a person’s attitude towards work?
5. What is entrepreneurial activity? Under what conditions is it successful?
1. Dictionaries define an owner as a person who independently runs a household. It is clear that he must be endowed with a real right to choose the type of activity according to his own understanding and withdraw from his economic interests; independently organize production, find the best technology for yourself, and finally, freely dispose of the product of labor and the income received. Do economic conditions allow a person to realize himself as an owner?
2. Draw a conclusion from the analysis of the following results of a sociological study conducted in the USA in the early 80s. XX century:
Salary usually ranks one of the top three in importance among other motives for job satisfaction;
Approximately 80% of respondents expressed dissatisfaction with their wages;
Among people with the same salary, people who are older or have higher job positions, those who are more educated and qualified, express less satisfaction with their income; men are less satisfied with their earnings than women;
Approximately 65% of respondents answered that they compare their salary with the earnings of others from time to time, 25% do this often.
3. Pay attention to the data below about determining the level of stress caused by work. Numbers from 10 to 0 mean: the higher the number, the greater the stress.
How do you think this characteristic of the profession may be related to the level of fair wages? Shakhtar - 8.3; police officer - 7.7; journalist, civil aviation pilot - 7.5, politician - 7.0; doctor - 6.8; teacher - 6.2; service worker - 6.0; manager 5.8; farmer - 4.8, economist, postman, architect - 4.0; banker, computer operator - 3.7; engineer -4.3.
Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN in 1947, states that everyone has the right to such a standard of living (including food, clothing, housing, medical care and social services) as is necessary for the health and well-being of himself and his family. family, and the right to security in the event of illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other reason for loss of livelihood due to circumstances beyond his control. What do you think economic conditions ensuring these human rights? Using your family as an example, determine the share of various sources of income in providing conditions for the implementation of these rights.
Brief conclusions to the section
1. Economy is the sphere of social life in which, with the use of labor, benefits, conditions and means of existence of people are created. The standard of living of the population, the degree of satisfaction of needs and improvement of life depend on economic growth.
2. Modern economics- it is socially oriented, mixed economy, in which there are private, state and other forms of ownership and which is regulated, on the one hand, by the market mechanism, and on the other hand, by the state.
3. Economic policy states strengthens and facilitates the action market system, providing the necessary legal framework and promoting competition.
Tax and monetary policy states can be used to stabilize the economy.
4. A person in the economic sphere acts as an owner, worker, and consumer. To successfully perform these roles, an economic culture is required, which presupposes knowledge of the mechanism economic development, methods of economic activity and the legal and moral norms governing it, as well as appropriate behavior.
5. The only reliable way to increase your own well-being and economic potential Ukraine is effective work, rational organization of production, distribution, exchange and consumption in a regulated market economy.
Final review questions
1. What are the main features of a market economy? What are its strengths and weaknesses?
2. Than modern market economy different from a "free" market?
3. Why is it most effective? economic system Is today a mixed economy?
4. What are the main economic functions and the tasks of the modern state?
5. What methods and forms government regulation used by the government to stabilize the economy?
6. Why and how does the state intervene in the market?
7. What opportunities does a person have to use their abilities in the modern economy?
8. What should you do to ensure the well-being of yourself and your family?
Today we will look in detail at what it is family income and expenses. We already know what it is financial plan for a certain period of time (usually a month or a year). It is a list of items of family income and expenses.
The family budget is compiled for:
- control over financial situation families
- achieving financial goals (apartment, car, vacation, education, etc.)
- financial protection of the family (creating cash savings in the form of a reserve fund, investments and pension savings).
A family budget is needed primarily in order to understand WHERE DOES YOUR MONEY COME FROM AND WHERE DOES YOUR MONEY GO?Only by understanding the movement of money in the family can you control it and begin to manage it.
The main task when drawing up a budget is to correctly distribute future income to the necessary expense items, so that ultimately expenses do not exceed income (so that the budget is balanced) and we have enough money to live. To do this, it is necessary to correctly determine the main items of income and expenses in the family.
Family budget income.
D departure - This money or material values, received from a company, individual or any type of activity.
It’s more or less clear with them. There are not many sources of income in the family. First of all, you need to determine WHERE DOES THE MONEY COME FROM?, i.e.how much, where and when do you get. I will give a list of possible sources of income, and you will need to select from it those items that are suitable specifically for your family , write them out and calculate all planned monthly income for all family members. Then you need to add up all these incomes and you will determine total family income for next month.
Cash family income may include cash receipts in the form of:
- 1. Salary for hired work (at the main job, part-time or at your own enterprise)
- 2. Income from self-employment
- 3. Business income
- 4. Dividends on shares
- 5. Interest on bank deposits
- 6. Income from rental real estate (apartments, cottages, garages)
- 7. Income from the sale of real estate
- 8. Income from the sale of products from household plots
- 9. Income from the sale of personal belongings.
- 10. Scholarships
- 11. Pensions
- 12. Child benefits
- 13. Alimony
- 14. Help from family and friends
- !5. Gifts
- 16. Prizes, winnings
- 17. Tax refund
- 18. Grantov
- 19. Inheritances
So you calculated the expected total family income for a month.
In order to draw up a family budget, it is necessary to distribute this money among future expenses. This is already much more complicated. You need to create a classification of expenses that would cover all family expenses as much as possible.
Family budget expenses
Consumption – these are costs, expenses, consumption of something for certain purposes.
Now you need to define WHERE DOES THE MONEY GO, i.e.for what, how much and when you spend. To do this, you need to make a list of all expected expenses.
In general, all expenses can be classified according to several criteria.
1. By importance
- Expenses may be necessary or mandatory
- This is what is vital to us NECESSARY . They provide us with what we need in the first place. These are expenses for food, housing (rent, utilities), transportation, necessary clothing and shoes, necessary goods for home and health, to pay debts (loans, bills and insurance) and definitely for savings in reserve fund families (minimum 10% of income). Those. These are vital expenses that provide a minimum subsistence level for the family. It is recommended that these expenses account for no more than 50-60% of the total budget.
- Expenses may be required . This is what we are WE WANT , but not vital. These are expenses for satisfying our desires and receiving pleasures. This may include: entertainment, the Internet, expensive cosmetics and perfumes, spending on hobbies, fitness, beauty salons, books, trips, etc. things without which during severe financial situation can be done, but with sufficient funding they are already “necessary.”
- Expenses may be “status”- expenses on goods that correspond to a high position in society and income (expensive - clothes, phones, cars, travel, etc.)
- Expenses may be unnecessary - These are expenses for goods that we could easily do without, i.e. expenses on things that are completely unnecessary for us, and sometimes even very harmful to us, see.
When creating a budget, the first thing you need to do is start allocating money to necessary expenses. And plan the remaining money for the second and third group of expenses. It is precisely through these two groups that expenses can be optimized (either reducing or completely eliminating some expense items, or using them more rationally through savings). But you need to urgently get rid of unnecessary expenses; these are the main enemies of the family budget. Read how to reduce family expenses
It is important to decide what is a necessary expense for you and what is just a pleasure that you can give up for a while or forever. If you constantly follow all your desires and pleasures, you will never be able to break out of the circle financial problems! Because your desires will grow along with your income, no matter how large they are.
And to understand what you really need, you need to make a list of needs that you are willing to spend your money on. Then you need to select the vital tasks, and prioritize the rest from most important to least important. Perhaps the least important expenses will be completely unnecessary for you.
2. By frequency
- Recurring Expenses: Expenses that recur regularly. They can be monthly and repeat from month to month (groceries, utilities, transportation, phone, etc.) or annual (taxes, insurance, tuition, vacation).
- Variable expenses: expenses that are not constant, are made either out of necessity or planned (clothing, shoes, cosmetics, repairs, household appliances, and others).
- Seasonal expenses: preparations for the winter, seasonal clothing, expenses for preparing for school, etc.
- Unforeseen expenses: expenses that arise unexpectedly and unplanned.
When planning a budget for the year, it is better to start with the rarest expenses, that is, first of all, you need to determine the amount of annual and seasonal expenses and gradually set aside money for these expense items throughout the year.
Types of family budget expenses.
And so we finally got to the classification of expense items. This table shows the main categories of family expenses.
|
Required regular payments |
Payment utilities and telephone, loan repayment, tuition and kindergarten fees. |
|
Irregular payments |
Payment for mobile phone, Internet, other services, insurance, taxes, etc. |
|
Eating at home |
Food and drinks for eating at home. |
|
Nutrition outside the home |
Food in cafes, restaurants, canteens, etc. |
|
Transport |
Directions to public transport, taxi, furniture transportation, courier services, etc. |
|
Cloth and shoes |
Expenses for the purchase, repair and tailoring of clothes, linen, shoes |
|
Cosmetics, hygiene and detergents |
Cosmetics, perfumes, hygiene products, detergents and cleaning products, |
|
Health |
medications, dietary supplements, treatment, diagnostics and therapeutic procedures. |
|
Education |
Purchasing literature, textbooks, paying for courses, lectures, tutors, etc. |
|
Sport |
Payment for visits or subscriptions to gyms, swimming pools, gyms, beaches, skating rinks, payment for the services of trainers, rental and purchase of sports equipment. |
|
Rest |
Expenses associated with organizing recreation: vouchers to holiday homes, sanatoriums, and tourist centers; hiking, tourist trips, excursions. |
|
Gifts and holidays |
Expenses related to holidays, significant dates, family celebrations, birthdays, etc. |
|
Pocket expenses |
Funds for small expenses (newspapers, drinks, ice cream, etc.). |
|
Debts and obligations |
Different types of debts |
|
Leisure and hobbies |
Visiting cinemas, theaters, concerts; purchasing collectibles, spending on hobbies. |
|
Homemade pets |
Expenses for keeping pets and birds: food, treatment, training, hygiene, exhibitions, etc. |
|
House, household, household appliances. |
Expenses for the purchase and repair of furniture, household goods and comfort, dishes and the purchase of household and digital equipment. |
|
Repair |
Expenses for the purchase of building materials and tools (wallpaper, paints, glue, varnishes, etc.), services of craftsmen, etc. |
|
Country house, garden plot |
Costs of maintaining the dacha, garden plot, houses in the village: for membership fees, fuel, gas, water, electricity, purchase of seeds, seedlings, fertilizers, garden tools, etc. |
|
Automobile |
Costs for gasoline, garage, parking, repairs and maintenance, parking, fines, washing, insurance, taxes, technical inspection, toll roads etc. |
|
Saving |
Funds set aside in an emergency fund, for vacations or for long-term purchases, pension savings, investments. |
If desired, these expense items can be broken down into smaller ones, deepened and detailed. It is worth taking a closer look at expenses in case of large expenses for any item in order to understand where the money goes, find a reserve for savings and optimize the budget.
For those who do not want to be very detailed and complicate the process of maintaining a family budget, we can offer a simpler cost structure.
- Housing expenses (rent, taxes, insurance, home maintenance, rent)
- Food expenses (groceries, cafes and restaurants)
- Debts (debts, loans)
- Transport expenses (car, public transport, taxi)
- Leisure expenses (vacations, hobbies, cultural events)
- Personal expenses (clothing, cosmetics, entertainment, books, treatment and wellness)
- Savings (reserve fund, pension savings, investments)
- Other expenses.
Now it is important for you to choose those expense items that are in your family or that you can create own classification expenses. Next, you need to roughly calculate how much money is spent on each item. To do this, it is advisable to keep detailed records of all your expenses for a month (you must carefully record all your expenses, write them down in a notebook, collect checks, receipts.) For calculations, it is very convenient to use a table in Excel or special programs For home accounting. You can see an overview of programs for maintaining a family budget
Standard of living and its quality. A general idea of the conditions in which people live and how satisfied they are with them can be called quality of life. The quality of life covers and characterizes the entire range of its quality, extends to all its aspects, reflects people’s satisfaction with the material and spiritual benefits provided to them, reflects security, comfort, convenience of life, as well as conditions, their adaptability to modern times. requirements, painlessness and life expectancy. The concept of “quality of life” is not usually expressed in numbers.
Concept standard of living to a greater extent har-et quantity. measures of people's well-being and, most often, char-Xia quantity. number indicators.
Main indicators of living standards.
1. Strategy and level of consumption main. types of goods and services in kind. expressed per 1 person, provision of living space, furniture, durable goods. use, cultural and household items. appointments and household everyday life. Is it possible to ensure that the population is provided with schools, kindergartens, etc. To understand how well this level meets people's needs, it is compared with the recommendations of nutritional science. It is recommended to consume bread and potatoes per person. – 80kg per year. Vegetables - 150 kg, fruits - 70 - 80 kg, meat - 60 -70 kg.
2. Den. income of the population per 1 person. or family. Typically, monthly income is measured, and it must be greater than the subsistence level, calculated based on each person’s consumption of the minimum necessary set of goods and services, called consumer basket.
3. Along with cash income society's standard of living is affected. benefits or societies. consumption funds, which include goods and services provided to the state population free of charge or for a limited fee, either in kind or in the form of special services. payments.
4. Property and monetary savings.
5. Child and general mortality, morbidity rates and average duration life.
6. As a determining indicator of the level and quality of life, consider the number of free. time, cat a person has the right to use it at his own choice and discretion.
7. You can judge people’s standard of living by their current consumption. income and prices. The higher the income, the more goods, goods and services a consumer can purchase with his income.
Income, expenses, consumer budget of an individual and family.
Consumer budget called table in which money is compared. income and expenses of an individual or family. Based on such a table, a judgment is formed about the correspondence of income and expenses, and conclusions are drawn about the need to change them to achieve balance.
Real consumer budget reflects real income families, calculated per month or year. R.p.b. is built on the basis of demand, study, analysis, income and consumption statistics dept. rep. groups. population. We use the survey method for compost. real will consume budget.
Diet. consumption budget– theoretically build an ideal budget, where expenses. part is formed based on the rational consumption standards. R.p.b. – a social-economic tool. analysis and the goal to strive for.
In difficult conditions econ. situations to reduce the standard of living. min. will consume budget. In such a b. The expenditure part is compiled on the basis of life. required goods. Taking into account real prices def-xia total den. the amount of income required to cover these expenses. Establishment lived minimum in rubles, as a show. standard of living. When compiling personal and family consumer budgets take into account the main items of income and expenses. Income: salary, pensions, scholarships, benefit payments, income. from personal utility room households, welfare help. Expenses: food, clothing, rent and living expenses. services, cult. needs.
Along with the balances of income and expenses at level. life is influenced by the management of income and consumption and income differentiation. The relationship between living standards, consumption and value. income is called fth consumption: C = MRS* U, where C is the amount of consumption; MPC – propensity to consume (in the form of coefficient K = 0.75); Y – income.
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Propensity to consume– the ratio of the increase in consumption to the increase in income. This tendency to waste is expressed in nature. quantities. If the f-i has the form of a curve, then the MRS decreases and manifests itself. the desire to increase the share of funds going towards accumulation as income grows. If f-i has the form of a straight line, then the MRS is constant.
Income is distributed unevenly among different people and families, i.e. occurs income differentiation. During the transition from centralization. economy to market. similar differential region tendency to deepen. Therefore, government intervention is necessary to regulate these trends.